Abstract Drishti Final

8/2/2019 Abstract Drishti Final

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Drishti

- A vision of an India with an electric bulb in every house of

the country

With the fast growing Indian economy and the dream of becoming super power, wehave become the 5th largest consumer of energy in the world. With an installedcapacity of around 170 GW we are still short of around 70 GW to provide basicelectricity to each and every house of the country. And with this pace we are goingto face a serious blackout condition in the near future if we don’t take some serioussteps. As being in the union minister, our team presents a techno-analyticalapproach to make our dreams come true.

Our approach comprises mainly of :-

• Analysis of the problem and its causes

• Improvement in the technology of the existing system

• Setting up of new generation units by exploiting all possible sources of

energy

• A complete new efficient transmission system for the new generating units asfar as possible

• Connecting the new generating units and the existing system to create highlyefficient distribution system

• Creating an efficient administration to tackle with problems like power theft

• Implementation of the various programs and policies

• Creation of financial aid

ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM AND ITS CAUSES

The analysis part includes a study of the contribution of various sectors in ourcurrent energy scenario which is although dominated by coal. To be realistic weassume that environment is going to be a greater threat to humans than terrorismin the coming future. Hence we have to keep an eye on the emission levels also.

Then we analyze the potentials of various unexploited sources of energy in India &there geographical opportunities. Then we find out the various plans which havebeen implemented and finally the reasons for their little success. Being in the list of countries with most inefficient power system, a proper study on the reasons forthese inefficiencies is a must. The technological backwardness, high T&D loss(up to35%), unscheduled blackouts, load scheduling, power theft, demand supply gap,improper management, administrative corruptions are some of the major causes.

Present energy scenario in india:

The present installed generation capacity from different sources is given as

follows :-

Thermal-106,000 MW

Hydro-34,000 MW



Nuclear-4560 MW

Renewable-17,000 MW

RES

34%

Nuclear

3%

Gas

10%

Diesel

1%

Coal

52%

RES Gas Nuc lear Dies el Coal

India relies principally on coal for 52% of total energy consumption while renewable energy

constitutes only a small fraction of the total energy basket

Due to the reasons such as:

o The demand-supply gap, especially as population increases

o A large untapped potential

o Concern for the environment

o The need to strengthen India’s energy security

o Pressure on high-emission industry sectors from their shareholders

o A viable solution for rural electrification

there was a need for india to move towards sustainable and renewable energy

sources

various renewable sources with their estimated potential and implemented

potential are shown



India’s Technical Potential of Renewable Power in MW

As see from the chart only a few percentage of renewable potential have been

exploited yet …….

India’s appetite for energy is showing no signs of slowing down and its growthrate isexpected to continue to be fairly high.

For years, India’s concern wastempered by the fact that it had abundant coal reserves and that its energyrequirements werenot as substantial as they are today and are projected to be in the future. Withits high economicgrowth, supply can no longer keep up with demand..

Potential of various sources of energy in India their exploitation and

geographical opportunities

➢ Thermal

India is largely dependent on coal for meeting the energy demands of the country.



Thermal power plants, backbone of the electricity systems converting heat energy into electrical energy recordsefficiency between 30 & 50%. Consequently, the balance heat gets dissipated into the atmosphere

Various reasons which account for the low efficiency can be stated as:1.deterioration in equipment performance.2.deterioration in coal quality.3.a lot of energy is wasted in transmission and distributionas our country is mainly dependent oon coal,there is a need to take some steps to increase theefficiency of the existing as well as upcoming thermel power plants.Other issue related to the thermal power plants is the degradation of the environment

The current generation units are mainly dominated by thermal power plants whoseefficiency falls below 35%. The reason for this low efficiency are impropermanagement , low quality of coal and a large amount heat waste heat not utilized ,improper burning of fuel etc. In our scheme we have used combined heat powerplant which utilizes the waste heat during the power generation. Simultaneousgeneration of heat and power near the consumer location is one of the optimalenergy consumption methods (fossil fuel sources energy). The use of waste heatgenerated along with electric power for heating purpose, put the system in optimalCondition. Power-heat coupling strategy that feeds local consumers is a solutionthat is perfectly



accomplished in combined heat and power (CHP) units. Total energy efficiency isincreased effectively in the concentrated system and with microcomputercontrolling tools the utilization factor of the chemical energy in fossil fuels will bemaximized and output gases filtration will minimize also the pollution. It isimportant to note that these units are dispersed generation sources (DG) in thedistribution systems and therefore bring all of the advantages of DG units in the

power grid.

The plant is analogous to IGCC but can be employed on the existing thermal powerplants and so IGCC concept will be used during setting up of new generating units.We also focus on other technological improvements inside the plant like propertrapping of steam using thermodynamic traps, ball float traps etc and many moremethods.

In order to reduce CO2 emissions from thermal power generation, we are using next-generation thermal power technologies aimed at improving plant efficiency andcommercializing carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems.We are using an Advanced Ultra-SuperCritical (A-USC) steam turbine system far

more efficient than existing models, which is designed to increase steamtemperature from 600°C to above the 700°C mark.

We are also using a commercialize carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS)technology designed by Toshiba group to separate and capture carbon dioxide(CO2) emitted from thermal power plants and other such facilities and then store itunderground. The absorbent used to capture CO2, after having selectively capturedCO2 in an absorber tower, is sent to a stripper tower, where it is heated by steamand other external energy and releases CO2. By providing the absorbent that hasreleased CO2 to the absorber tower, we can continuously separate and captureCO2 from exhaust gases.

HYDRO

In order to utilize the potential energy of water to the fullest Small hydro plant(SHP) areintroduced:Small and mini hydel projects have the potential to provide energy in remote andhilly areas where extension of grid system is un-economical

India has 420 small hydro power projects up to 25 MW station capacity with an aggregatecapacity of over 1423 MW.

• An estimated potential of about 15,000 MW of small hydro power projects exists inIndia.

• Similarly for hydro power plant we use a newly invented static excitationsystem using a simulation system designed by Seimen’s group for theinternal power plant system which improves the harmonic content andimproves the power factor. Advantages are more reliable electrified brakestopping of the main generator and less frequent maintainence of the



excitation system. It basically comprises of a series of combination of activeand passive filters.

•

.

nuclear

Presently 19 nuclear power plants in India are there, which generates 4,560 MW (2.9% of total installed base)



The deterioration of domestic uranium resources caused the decline of electricity production from nuclear energy

India has worked hard in developing Thorium based fuel cycle. While there is a limitation in the country's Uraniumdeposit, there are some greater treasuries of Thorium which can multiply the power with the equal mass of fuel by

hundred times. India has reserves of 290,000 tonnes of thorium - about one quarter of theworld total, andthese are intended to fuel its nuclear power program longer-term

transition to thorium-based systems

Wind enegry

Very recently INDIA has been recognized as an “wind superpower”



Wind generation is the fastest growing energy source in this decade and

is expanding at 25% per year.The gross potential for wind

energy is 46000 mw and a technical potential abt 9000 mw.

Wind energy generation has limitation i.e

Because winds do not blow strongly enough to produce power all the time.Energy from wind machines is considered "intermittent," that is, it comes andgoes. Therefore, electricity from wind farms must have a back-up supply fromanother source.

In case of wind energy we are using a new type of air-flow technology which

increases the efficiency of large wind turbines under many different wind

conditions. The approach estimates the flow conditions over the blade surfaces from

surface measurements, and then uses this information in an intelligent controller to

implement real-time actuation on the blades to control the airflow and increase the

overall efficiency of the wind turbine system. The work may also reduce excessivenoise and vibration due to flow separation. Flow control applied on the outboard

side of the blade beyond the half radius could significantly enlarge the overall

operational range of the wind turbine with the same rated power output or

considerably increase the rated output power for the same level of operational

range.



Solar

India is one of the fortunate countries to have abundant resources of renewable energy in the

form of sunlight. We are blessed with 320 days of bright sunshine which can be harnessed togenerate electricity using Solar Photo Voltaic modules and for heating of the medium using Solar Collectors.

In case of solar power we will use a new thermo chemical technology developed bythe engineers at MIT instead of the presently used photovoltaic cell. Thermo-chemical technology is a bit different. It traps the solar energy and stores it in theform of heat in molecules of chemicals. This heat energy can be converted andutilized by humans whenever the need arises. What happens in a conventional solarsystem is that heat gets leached away over time but when, heat is stored using thethermo-chemical fuel it remains stable. This chemical-electrical process makes itpossible to produce a “rechargeable heat battery” that can repeatedly store andrelease heat gathered from sunlight or other sources. In principle, when fuel madefrom fulvalene diruthenium is stored, heat is released, and it “can get as hot as 200degrees C, plenty hot enough to heat your home, or even to run an engine toproduce electricity.”

Ocean energy::



Energy from the ocean can be harnessed in three main forms.these are

1.tidal energy

2.wave energy

3.ocean thermal energy

tidal energy

India has a potential of producing more than 7000MW of energy using this technology, India caninstall these plants in three locations the Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Kambhat and Gulf of Mannar.Durghadhauni Mini Tidal Energy plant with a capacity of 3.65 MW installed in the Sunderbanshas been made operational and is providing electricity to nearly 15000 homes.

Wave energy

Because waves originate from storms far out to sea and can travel long distances withoutsignificant energy loss, power produced from them is much steadier and more predictable, bothday to day and season to season.

2. Wave energy contains roughly 1000 times the kinetic energy of wind,

3. Unlike wind and solar power, power from ocean waves continues to be produced around theclock,

4. Wave power production is much smoother and more consistent than wind or solar, resulting inhigher overall capacity factors;

Ocean Thermal Energy

The main objective of ocean thermal energy or Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion(OTEC) is to turn the solar energy trapped by the ocean into useable energy.As long asthe temperature between the warm surface water and the cold deep water differs byabout 20°C (36°F), an OTEC system can produce a significant amount of power.

Potential[x]



OTEC has a potential installed capacity of 180,000 MW in India.

Current OTEC Projects inIndia[xi]

.

OTEC plants must be located where a difference of about 40 degrees Fahrenheit occursyear round.

Biomass energyBiomass includes solid biomass (organic, non-fossil material of biological origins), biogas (principally methane and carbon dioxide produced by anaerobic digestion of biomass andcombusted to produce heat and/or power), liquid biofuels (bio-based liquid fuel from biomasstransformation, mainly used in transportation applications), and municipal waste (wastes produced by the residential, commercial and public services sectors and incinerated in specificinstallations to produce heat and/or power).The most successful forms of biomass are sugar cane bagasse in agriculture, pulp and paper residues in forestry and manure in livestock residues. It is argued that biomass can directlysubstitute fossil fuels, as more effective in decreasing atmospheric CO2 than carbonsequestration in trees.The most commonmethods are:CombustionGasificationFermentationAnaerobic digestionIndia is very rich in biomass. It has a potential of 19,500 MW (3,500 MW from bagassebasedcogeneration and 16,000 MW from surplus biomass).

The potential available and the installed capacities for Biomass and Bagasse

Electricity from sugarcane bagasseThe proposed plan envisages setting up of a Bagasse based co-generation power plant, either to



be added in an existing Sugar Mill or as a stand alone unit for power generation.it proposes to utilizeSugarcane Bagasse which is a co-product of Sugarcanecrushing, to generate steam from high efficiency, high pressure boiler and run turbine for generationof electricity.

Next comes utilizing the great agricultural base of india i.e. the rice husk. Thetreatment of rice husk as a resource for energy production is a departure from theperception that husks present disposal problems. The concept of generating energyfrom rice husk has great potential, particularly in those countries that are primarilydependent on imported oil for their energy needs. Rice husks are one of the largestreadily available but most underutilized biomass resources, being an ideal fuel forelectricity generation,.. An Indian company called Husk Power Systems is bringingelectricity to some of the most rural parts of India by using rice husks as fuel. Ricehusk is a by-product of the rice growing process and is generally dumped intolandfills, but by using it to build miniature, off-grid power stations, they generateelectricity for around 500 households for 8 to 10 hours a day per each power plantthat requires just 3 employees to operate and maintain.

The rice husk is heated to a point at which they turn into gas that HPS uses to run an engine. "Electricityis generated via an alternator and delivered in three phases at 220 volts. Grids are set up that arespecially suited according to the size of the villages.The power is supplied through the grid that HPSoperates.

"Roughly 1.5 kg of rice husk yields 1 KWh (kilowatt-hour) of electricity. The setup is completelydecentralised,"

Also we are utilizing the urban waste and recycling them to produce electricity by aspecial waste treatment plant. Bio-degradable waste undergoes a process of anaerobic digestion after which they are subjected to Induction Heating. Methanegas is produced, which then powers the methanol fuel cells. The Proposedtechnique ensures complete safety; detectors and valves are installed at variousplaces to detect any minor or major anomalies. All these detectors andvalves are

coordinated and regulated by a main controller.

In villages we will install a large number of biogas plants feeding on the cow dungwhich will work under a microgrid concept.

Geothermal

Geothermal energy is the earth's natural heat available inside the earth.It is estimated that Indiahas about 10000 MWe of geothermal power potential that can be harnessed for various purposes.Mile-or-more-deep wells can be drilled into underground reservoirs to tapsteam and very hot water that drive turbines that drive electricity generators.

Enhanced geothermal system. The term enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), alsoknown as engineered geothermal systems (formerly hot dry rock geothermal),refers to a variety of engineering techniques used to artificially create hydrothermalresources (underground steam and hot water) that can be used to generateelectricity. Traditional geothermal plants exploit naturally occurring hydrothermalreservoirs and are limited by the size and location of such natural reservoirs. EGSreduces these constraints by allowing for the creation of hydrothermal reservoirs in

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deep, hot but naturally dry geological formations.EGS techniques can also extendthe lifespan of naturally occurring hydrothermal resources

EGS technologies use the heat of the earth’s crust to generate electricity.

Traditional geothermal plants draw on naturally occurring hydrothermal resources

at relatively shallow depths. EGS, however, attempts to artificially reproduce the

conditions of naturally occurring hydrothermal reservoirs by fracturing impervioushot rocks at depth, pumping fluid into the newly porous system, and then extracting

the heated fluid to drive an electricity-generating turbine

Then comes the installation of new generating units. Due to the increasing

environmental problems and the decreasing fossil fuels we have to exploit more

and more renewable sources of energy. With an estimated potential of around 95

GW of renewable energy they need to be exploited as far as possible. We will set up

different renewable energy power generating units as par the geographical

locations and the needs. The major among them will be wind, solar, tidal,

geothermal, biogas etc. Basically they will be used as a distributed generation



concept where different generation units of one geographical location are

connected and the power produced by them is collected and distributed according

to the load.

We will also use a waste heat recovery plant for several industries. A large quantityof Flue gases at high temperatures is produced by different parts of the heavyindustries. They are purified internally by purifying equipment like ElectrostaticPrecipitators and are left into atmosphere. At the present condition the heat energyof flue gases is wasted. As the heavy industries are located independently and inmany cases, neither steam nor hot water is needed in their own plants. Therecovery in electric power is most effective method. On the other hand, the mainadvantages can be clean power generation, no production of green house gases(ex: CO2) etc.

Apart from all these we are planning to launch a project on space solar power.Space solar power (SSP) offers the opportunity of breakthroughs in large-scale

power generation and highly flexible power distribution. To validate the vision of SSP, a research project is proposed here to demonstrate basic capabilities of spacesolar power, including a demonstration of long-range wireless power transmissionfrom geosynchronous orbit (GEO) to the surface of the earth using high-energylasers.. Limitations due to beam divergence from microwave transmission with itscompanion large-scale transmitters and receivers can be overcome using the laser-based system outlined here. Advantages of a laser experiment includedemonstration of continuous (24/7) electric power transfer from orbit and receptionon Earth orders of magnitude greater than anything that has been done historically.With laser beaming, “on the shelf” ultralight solar panels, and other early launchopportunities (such as exploitation of NASA Geo QuickRide or suitable alternatives),this milestone appears achievable in a three to five year time frame; perhaps even

before. This proposal is focused on the identification of key technology issues in thereal world, setting the stage for commercial and military space solar power toprovide electricity on-demand where and when needed -- a high priority for nationalsecurity in a world in which currently inexpensive liquid and gaseous hydrocarbonswill be increasingly scarce and more costly, and where powerful new methods areneeded for flexible power delivery and distribution.

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