Abbreviations

2SLS Two Stage Least Square

AandM Adaptation and Mitigation AAs Association Agreements (in the ENP

framework of the EU) ABM agent-based modellingACF Arewa Consultative Forum ACHR Asian Centre for Human Rights ACLED Armed Conflict Location and Events

Dataset ADB African Development Bank ADH Académie de Droit International

HumanitaireAF Adaptation FundAFD Agence Française de DéveloppementAFED Arab Forum for Environment and

DevelopmentAHDP Arab Human Development ReportAIACC Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to

Climate Change AIC Akaike’s Information Criterion AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeAIT Asian Institute of Technology AITT Academic-Industrial Think Tank AMU Arab Maghreb UnionAn.1 Annex I country (UNFCCC)An.B Annex B country (Kyoto Protocol)ANHRI Arabic Network for Human Rights

InformationAOSIS Alliance of Small Island StatesAQUA-CSP Concentrating Solar Power for Seawater

Desalination (BMU project)AR Assessment Report (IPCC)AR4 Fourth Assessment Report of the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007)

AR5 Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014)

Arab League League of Arab CountriesARC Agriculture Research Centre, Ministry of

Agriculture and Land Reclamation, EgyptArea A West Bank areas under Palestinian security

and civil affairs control, according to the Oslo Agreement

Area C West Bank areas under full Israeli security and civil affairs control, according to the Oslo Agreement

ASALS Arid and semi-arid lands ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian NationsAU African Union

BDT Bangladesh Taka (Currency)

BIISS Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies

BIPRC Barcelona International Peace Resource Center, Barcelona

BLCI Business Leaders Confidence IndexBMA British Medical AssociationBMU Bundesministerium für Umwelt,

Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit [Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety]

BNLWRP Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Research Project

BP Barcelona Process BPS Badan Pusat Statistik (Central Statistical

Agency)BRAC Bangladesh Rural Advancement CommitteeBSSRS British Society for Social Responsibility in

Science

CA Israeli military ‘Civil Administration’ (Palestinian civil affairs) in the oPt (1979 ff)

CAJ Campaign for the Administration of JusticeCAMRE Council of Arab Ministers Responsible for

Environment (League of Arab States)CARIM Consortium for Applied Research on

International Migration CAST Centre for Advanced Security TheoryCC climate change CCAPS Climate Change and African Political

Stability ProgrammeCCPI Climate Change Perception InventoryCCS Carbon Capture and StorageCC-SLR Climate change induced sea level riseCDI Commitment to Development Index CDIAC Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis

Center CDM Clean Development MechanismCEDARE Center for Environment and Development

for the Arab Region and Europe CE-DAT Complex Emergency Database CER Certified Emissions ReductionCFM community forest management CH4 methaneCHS Commission on Human Security (of UN)CIA Central Intelligence Agency CIDOB Foundation in BarcelonaCIEMAT Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas,

Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (Spain) [Centre for Energy, Environment, and Technology Research]

CIESIN Center for International Earth Science Information Network (New York)

CIM climate-induced migration

819J. Scheffran et al. (eds.), Climate Change, Human Security and Violent Conflict, Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace 8, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-28626-1, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012

820 Abbreviations

CIRCE Climate Change and Impact Research: the Mediterranean Environment

CIRCLE MED Coping with Climate Change in the Mediterranean: Integrated coastal zone management and water management

CISEN Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional [Research Centre and National Security]

CLAC Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate, Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Egypt

CliSAP Integrated Climate System Analysis and Prediction

CLISEC Research Group Climate Change and Security

CMA Commissionerate of Municipal Administration

CMI Marseille Center for Mediterranean Integration

CNA Center for Naval Analysis (USA)CNAS Center for a New American SecurityCNG Compressed natural gasCNRST Centre National pour la Recherche

Scientifique et Technique, Rabat; ENSEM-UH2C Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Electricité et de Mécanique, Casablanca

CO2 carbon dioxideCO2e carbon dioxide equivalentsCONAGUA National Commission of Water (Mexico)COP Conference of the Parties COP 15 15th Conference of the Parties of the United

Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Copenhagen, 2009)

COP 16 16th COP of the UNFCCC (Cancun, 2010)CoS Copenhagen SchoolCRED Centre for Research on the Epidemiology

of Disasters (Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium)

CRIM Regional Multidisciplinary Research Center (of UNAM, Mexico)

CRU Climate Research Unit (University of East Anglia)

CS Copenhagen SchoolCSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in

EuropeCSCW Centre for the Study of Civil War (at PRIO,

Oslo, Norway) CSD UN Commission on Sustainable

DevelopmentCSERS Center for Solar Energy Research and

Studies (Tripoli, Libya)CSIS Center for Strategic and International

StudiesCSP Concentrated Solar Power CSS Copenhagen School of Security Studies CSS Critical Security Studies CSS Council for Science and SocietyCTF Clean Technology Fund

CWC Chemical Weapons Convention

DCDC Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre

DEM Digital elevation modelDEPI DESERTEC employment/industrialization-

policy institute DES demographic and environmental stress DESY Deutsches Elektronen SynchrotonDF Degree of freedomDFID Department for International Development

(UK)DII Desertec Industrial InitiativeDLR German Aerospace Centredn dunum (also: ‘dunam’) Arabic surface

measure, equivalent to 1000 m2

dn/c dunum per capita (unit area per inhabitant)DoD Department of Defense (USA)DOE Designated operational entitiesDoE US Department of Energy DPSIR Driving Force - Pressure - State – Impact -

Response DRC Democratic Republic of CongoDRR Disaster risk reductionDSR Driving Force-State-Response (of UN-CSD)DUN Desertec University Network

EACH-FOR Environmental Change and Forced Migration Scenarios (EU sponsored research project)

EAT event annotation tool EB Executive BoardEC Environmental conflictEC European CommissionECA Economic Commission for AfricaECE Economic Commission for EuropeECOSOC Economic and Social CouncilEEA European Environment Agency EEC European Economic CommunityEEZ Exclusive Economic ZoneEF Ecological FootprintEFM environmentally-forced migration EIA environmental impact assessmentEIB European Investment Bank EIT Economies in transitionEJ exajouleEm-DAT/ Emergency Disasters Database (of theEMDAT Centre for the Epidemiology of Disasters of

Catholic University of Lovain, Brussels) EMDT Electro-Muscular Disruption TechnologyEMP European Mediterranean Partnership EMSA European Maritime Safety Agency ENCOP Environment and Conflicts ProjectENIGH Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de

los Hogares (National Survey of Household Income and Expenditure)

ENP European Neighbourhood PolicyENPI European Neighbourhood and Partnership

Instrument

Abbreviations 821

ENSO El Niño-Southern Oscillation ENVSEC Environment and Security Initiative (OSCE,

UNEP, UNDP, NATO)EOLSS Encyclopaedia for Life Support System

(UNESCO)EPR Ethic Power Relations EQA Palestinian Environmental Quality AuthorityERDA US Energy and Research Development

Administration ES Environmental security ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for

Western AsiaESDP European Security and Defence Policy ESS European Security Strategy (of 2003)ET Environmental threatEU European UnionEUMENA European Union, Middle East and North

AfricaEuroMesco Euro-Mediterranean Study CommissionEVI Enhanced Vegetation Index

FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation

FBIS Foreign Broadcast Information Service FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office FCPF Forest Carbon Partnership Facility FDI Foreign Direct InvestmentsFEMIP Facility for Euro-Mediterranean Investment

and Partnership FENB Fixed Effects Negative BinomialFoEME Friends of the Earth, Middle East (NGO in

Israel, Jordan, Palestinian Territories)FOI Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (Swedish

Defense Research Agency)FPP Forest Project ProtocolFRSC Forum Region Security CommitteeFSC Forest Stewardship CouncilFSI Floor Space IndexFSM Federated States of Micronesia

G5 Group of 5 (five largest emerging economies: Brazil, China, India, Mexico, South Africa)

G8 Group of eight (major industrialized countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, UK, US)

G20 Group of the world’s largest economiesG77 Group of 77 (and China)GA General AssemblyGAM Global Acute Malnutrition GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GCP Gross Cell Product GDP gross domestic productGEC global environmental change GECHS Global Environmental Change and Human

SecurityGEF Global Environment FacilityGEO Global Environmental Outlook

GeoEPR Ethnic Power RelationsGFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction

and Recovery GFN Global Footprint NetworkGHF Global Humanitarian ForumGHG greenhouse gas(es)GIS Geographic information systems GIVAS UN Global and Vulnerability Alert SystemGIZ German Gesellschaft für Internationale

ZusammenarbeitGKMA Greater Kampala Metropolitan AreaGLADA Global Assessment of Land Degradation

and ImprovementGLASOD The Global Assessment of Human Induced

Soil DegradationGLOWA Global Water – Jordan River Project

(coordinated in Tübingen, Germany)GNI Gross National IncomeGOB Government of BangladeshGPCC Global Precipitation Climatology CentreGRID-Arendal collaborating centre of the United Nations

Environment Programme (UNEP)GTZ German Technical Cooperation, Eschborn,

Germany GW gigawatt

Haifa U Haifa University HCF Chlorodifluoromethane or

difluoromonochloromethane is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon

HCF Hamburg Climate FoundationHDI Human Development Index HESP Human and Environmental Security and

PeaceHIIK Heidelberg Institute for International

Conflict ResearchHIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus – Acquired

Immunodeficiency Syndrome HKF Hamburg Climate Protection Fund HRA High risk areaHRH His Royal HighnessHRW Human Rights WatchHSI Hydrological Service of IsraelHSN Human Security NetworkHUGE human, gender, and environmental securityHVDC high-voltage direct currents HWE House of Water and Environment

(Palestinian Water NGO, Ramallah)

IA International AlertIACP International Association of Chiefs of

PoliceIARU International Alliance of Research

UniversitiesIASC Inter-Agency Standing CommitteeIBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and

Development or World Bank ICE Inventory of Conflict & EnvironmentICI Istanbul Cooperation Initiative

822 Abbreviations

ICISS International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty

ICJ International Court of JusticeICRAC International Committee for Armed Robots

ControlICRC International Committee of the Red CrossICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management IDF Israeli Defence ForcesIDNDR International Decade for Natural Disaster

Reduction IDP internally displaced people IEA International Energy AgencyIEMed European Institute of the Mediterranean

(Barcelona)iEVI integrated EVIIFAD International Fund for Agriculture and

DevelopmentIFIs international financial institutions IHDP International Human Dimensions

ProgrammeIIED International Institute for the Environment

and DevelopmentIISS International Institute for Strategic StudiesIMF International Monetary FundIMR infant mortality rate INC Israel’s 2nd National Communication on

Climate ChangeINE Instituto Nacional de Ecología [National

Institute of Ecology, Mexico]INEGI Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y

Geografía e Informática [National Institute for Statistics and Geography, Mexico]

IOM International Organization for MigrationIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

ChangeIPCC WG II Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change, Working Group II IPCRI Israel/Palestine Centre for Research and

Information (NGO, Jerusalem)IR International RelationsIRENA International Renewable Energy AgencyIRIN Integrated Regional Information NetworkISDR United Nations International Strategy for

Disaster ReductionISODARCO International School on Disarmament and

Research on ConflictsIsr IsraelIWA Israeli Water AuthorityIWC Water Commission of Israel, State of Israel,

Ministry of National Infrastructures – now: IWA

IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management

JHU Johns Hopkins UniversityJI Joint Implementation JNF Jewish National FundJNLWD Joint Non-Lethal Weapons DirectorateJPost ‘Jerusalem Post’ – Israeli English-language

daily newspaper

JWC Israeli/Palestinian ‘Joint Water Committee’ (‘Council’) under Oslo-II

KAUST King Abdullah University of Science and Technology

KCC Kampala City Council KEDS Kansas Event Data SystemKEPCO Korea Electric Power Corporation KfW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (German

Reconstruction Bank)KIIDP Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure

Development Project KOSIMOdatabase of the Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research

KNMI Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut [Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute, The Netherlands]

KP Kyoto Protocol KW kilowattKWh kilowatt-hour

l/c/d litres per capita per day (daily per capita rate)

l/d litres per day (daily rate)LBJ Lyndon B. Johnson, former US PresidentLDCF Least Developed Countries Fund LRAU Long-Range Analysis Unit (of NIC, CIA in

the USA)LUCF, land-use changes and forestryLULUCF

m/yr metres per yearm3/c/yr cubic metres per capita per year (annual per

capita rate)MA Millennium Ecosystem AssessmentM-Aff Mean of Affective ItemsMAP Mediterranean Action PlanMARISS Maritime Security Service ProjectMasen Moroccan Agency for Solar EnergyMCCI Mediterranean Climate Change Initiativemcm million cubic metres mcm/yr million cubic metres per year, annual rate M-Cog Mean of Cognitive ItemsM-Con Mean of Conative ItemsMCSD Mediterranean Committee on Sustainable

DevelopmentMD NATO’s Mediterranean Dialogue ME Middle EastMED-CSP Concentrating Solar Power for the

Mediterranean Region (BMU project)MED-EMIP Euro-Mediterranean Energy Market

Integration ProjectMED-ENEC II Energy efficiency in constructionMED-REG II Energy regulatorsMEDSEC Mediterranean Environmental Security

Initiative MEHSEC Mediterranean Environmental and Human

Security Initiative

Abbreviations 823

MEMR Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resource of Kenya

MENA Middle East and North Africa MER Market Exchange Rate METAP Mediterranean Environment Technical

Assistance Programmemm millimetresmm/yr millimetres per year; annual rate of

precipitation ( mm/a)MMO Mediterranean Migration ObservatoryMO Military Order – Decree, issued by the

Israeli occupation forces such as the IDFMoD Ministry of DefenceMODIS Moderate resolution Imaging

SpectroradiometerMoU Memorandum of understandingMPCs Mediterranean partners for cooperation MRV measure report verify; or: Measurement,

Reporting and Verification standardsMSL Mean sea levelMSP Mediterranean Solar Plan MW megawattMWe megawatt (electricity)

N2O nitrous oxideNA North AfricaNAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NAM Non-Aligned MovementNAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNBAR Nadir Bi-directionally Adjusted ReflectanceNC National Communication (UNFCCC)NDI Northern Defence IndustriesNDRD GCC Network for Drylands Research and

DevelopmentNEMA National Environment Management

AuthorityNGO non-governmental organizationNIC US National Intelligence CouncilNLP natural language processing NSS National Solar SystemsNTF-PSI Norwegian Trust Fund Private Sector and

Infrastructure NWC National Water Carrier (basin transfer of

the Upper Jordan to the coast in Israel) NWP Nairobi Work Programme

OAU Organization of African Unity ODA Official Development AssistanceODI Overseas Development Institute, UKODUSD-ES Office of Deputy Under-Secretary of

Defense for Environmental SecurityOECD Organization for Economic Co-operation

and Development OLS Ordinary least square OPCW Organization for the Prevention of

Chemical WarfareOPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries

OPT Occupied Palestinian TerritoriesoPt occupied Palestinian territories (West Bank

and Gaza Strip, 1967 ff.)OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation

in EuropeOslo Oslo-II: The Israeli-Palestinian Interim

Agreement on the West Bank and Gaza Strip (Washington, 1995)

Pal Palestinian PAN Party of National Action (Mexico) PC RGDP Per capita Regional Gross Domestic

ProductPCA Principal Component AnalysisPCF chlorofluorocarbonPEISOR pressure, effect, impact, societal outcome,

and response modelPHG Palestinian Hydrology Group (NGO in the

West Bank and Gaza)PIK Potsdam Institute on Climate Change

Impacts PMT protection motivation theoryPNG Papua New GuineaPNNL Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryPODES Survei Potensi Desa (Village Potential

Survey)PPP Purchasing Power ParityPPRD Prevention, Preparedness and Response to

Natural and Man-made Disasters Programme

PRB Population Reference BureauPRI Party of the Institutionalized Revolution

(Mexico) PRIO International Peace Research Institute, OsloPSA Plataforma Solar de Almeria (Solar Test

Station in Almeria, Spain) PSIDS Pacific Small Island Development StatesPSR Pressure-State-Response model of OECDPV photovoltaicPWA Palestinian Water Authority, Ramallah, West

Bank, oPt (since 1996)

R&D research and developmentRBAS Regional Bureau for Arab StatesRCM Regional Climate ModelRCM Regional Circulation ModelRE renewable energyREDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation

and Forest DegradationRENB Random Effects Negative BinomialRESC Regional Environmental Security ComplexRICARME Research on Global Change in the

MediterraneanROC Receiver Operating Characteristic ROMIS revenue optimized market introductions

strategyROW right-of-way RSC Regional Security ComplexRSCT Regional Security Complex Theory

824 Abbreviations

RUSI Royal United Services Institute (UK)RVCC Reducing vulnerability to climate changeRZ Risk zone

SAKERNAS Survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional [National Labour Force Survey] (Indonesia)

SAR Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

SC Security CouncilSCAD Social Conflict in Africa DatabaseSCCF Special Climate Change Fund UN - United

Nations SCE Southern California Edison SCV variability in land surface attributesSEED Sustainability Education and Economic

Development Center, LBJ School of Public Affairs

SEGOB Secretaría de Gobernación (Ministry of the Interior, Mexico)

SEGS Solar Electric Generation Systems SEI Stockholm Environment InstituteSEMARNAT Secretaría de Medio Ambiente Recursos

Naturales (Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources, Mexico)

SESAME Southernmost European Seas: Evaluationand Modelling of Ecosystem Change

SF Sulphur hexafluorideSFM Sustainable Forest ManagementSG Secretary-GeneralSGVI Standard Growth Value Index SID Societal Infrastructures and Development

ProjectSIDA Swedish International Development

Cooperation AgencySIDS Small Island Development StatesSINC Servicio de Información y Noticias

Científicas [Information Service and Scientific News]

SIRuS Superfluous Injury or Unnecessary Suffering Project

SLR Sea-level riseSMAP Short- and Medium-term Priority

Environment Action Programme SMOM Sovereign Order of the Military Hospitaller

Order of St John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta

SNA social network analysisSOM climate model simulation SPEED Social, Political, and Economic Event

Database ProjectSPI Standardized Precipitation Index SPLA Sudan People’s Liberation Army SPM Summary for Policymakers (IPCC reports)SREX Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and

Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (IPCC Special Report, 2011)

SRREN Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (IPCC Special Report, 2011)

SSP Societal Stability ProtocolSST sea surface temperatureSTART Global Change System for Analysis,

Research and Training STEG Energies Renouvables (Tunisia) SUSENAS Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional [National

Socio-economic Survey]SWB Summary of World Broadcasts SWB Subjective well-beingSWF Sovereign Wealth Fund

TAR Third Assessment Report (of IPCC, 2001)TEN Trans-European NetworksTEPCO Tokyo Electric Power Company TERI The Energy and Resources InstituteTFESSD Trust Fund for Environmentally and

Socially Sustainable Development TFG Transitional Federal GovernmentTIA total impervious area TRANS-CSP Trans-Mediterranen Interconnections for

Concentrating Solar Power (BMU project)TREC Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Energy

Cooperation TWAS Third World Academy of Sciences

UAE United Arab EmiratesUCDP Uppsala Conflict Data ProgrammeUDES Unité de Développement des Equipements

Solaires [Unit for the Development of Solar Equipment]

UEA University of East Anglia (UK)UfM Union for the Mediterranean UK United KingdomUN United Nations UNAM National Autonomous University of MexicoUNCED United Nations Conference on

Environment and Development UNCHE United Nations Conference on the Human

EnvironmentUNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of

the SeaUN-CSD United Nations Commission on Sustainable

DevelopmentUNDDA United Nations Department of

Disarmament AffairsUNDESA United Nations Department of Economic

and Social AffairsUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and

Cultural OrganizationUNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate ChangeUNGA United Nations General AssemblyUNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for

Refugees

Abbreviations 825

UNISDR United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and CrimeUNPD United Nations Population DivisionUNSC United Nations Security Council UNSFIR United Nations Support Facility for

Indonesian RecoveryUNSG United Nations Secretary-GeneralUNU-EHS United Nations University, Institute for

Environment and Human Security in BonnUNU-WIDER World Institute for Development Research

of the United Nations University (Helsinki, Finland)

UNWFP United Nations World Food ProgrammeUP Union Parishad (lowest tier of local

government in Bangladesh)US NSS United States National Security StrategyUS United States of America USA United States of AmericaUSAID United States Agency for International

DevelopmentUSD (US$) United States DollarUSTO Université des Sciences et de la Technologie

d’Oran, Oran [Scientific and Technical University of Oran] (Algeria)

VCAPS Values and Capabilities of Action paths and Priorities in System Environments

VCX value-cost-system VIF Variance inflation factorVRIM Vulnerability-Resilience Indicator ModelVU Free University Amsterdam

WANA West Asia and North AfricaWB World BankWBGU Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der

Bundesregierung Globale Umweltveränderungen [German Advisory Council on Global Change]

WCC World Council of ChurchesWCED World Commission on Environment and

DevelopmentWDI World Development IndicatorsWEU Western European UnionWG Working Group (of IPCC)WGI Worldwide Governance IndicatorsWHO World Health Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WP Nairobi Work Programme ODA - Official

Development Assistance WSTA Water Science and Technology AssociationWTO World Trade Organizationww wastewater

yr year

Biographies of Authors of Forewords

Olusegun Obasanjo (Nigeria); Chief Promoter, Centre forHuman Security, Olusegun Obasanjo Presidential Library.He served as Nigeria’s military Head of State (1976–1979)and President (1999–2007). He recently concluded serviceas Special Envoy to the Secretary General of the United Na-tions to the Great Lakes Region of Africa (2008–2009). Heis a focal point of consultation by world leaders on mattersaffecting the African continent. He was Co-Chairman ofthe Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group on South Afri-ca (1986); Chairperson-in-Office, Commonwealth of Na-tions (2003–2005); Chairperson, African Union Assemblyof Heads of States and Governments (2004–2006). He alsochaired the Group of 77. He is a founding member of theInter-Action Council, a coalition of former heads of statesand presidents. He is a member of the African ProgressPanel and a regular participant of the Clinton Global Sum-mit. He is also a member of the Club of Madrid. PresidentObasanjo played a pivotal role in the regeneration and re-positioning of the African Union – with the African PeerReview Mechanism (APRM) designed to engender andpromote the ideals of democracy and good governance,and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development(NEPAD). He has consistently supported the deepeningand widening of regional cooperation through the Eco-nomic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) andthe Co-prosperity Alliance Zone incorporating Benin, Gha-na, Nigeria, and Togo. He chaired the African Heads ofState and Government Implementation Committee on theNew Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) andrecently led the Africa Union delegation to monitor theTogolese general elections as Head of Delegation (2010).President Obasanjo was also involved in international medi-ation efforts in Namibia, Angola, South Africa, Mozam-bique and Burundi. He founded the Africa Leadership Fo-rum in 1988 and the Centre for Human Security in 2009.

Address: Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, Olusegun ObasanjoPresidential Library Foundation. Presidential BoulevardOke-Mosan, P.M.B 2066 Sapon, Abeokuta Ogun StateNigeria.Email: <Obasanjonig@yahoo.com>.Website: <www.ooplfoundation.org>.

Connie Hedegaard (Denmark) had already been workingwith climate issues for several years by the time she beganher appointment as the EU’s first ever Commissioner forClimate Action in February 2010. In August 2004 she wasappointed as Danish Minister for the Environment. In 2007she was in charge of setting up the Danish Ministry of Cli-mate and Energy, where one of the main tasks was to pre-pare the UN Climate Conference in Copenhagen in De-

cember 2009. Connie Hedegaard began her political careeras a student at the University of Copenhagen. There shestudied literature and history while at the same time pursu-ing a political career that encompassed both Danish and in-ternational politics. In 1984, at the age of 23, she was elect-ed to the Danish Parliament as a member for the Conserva-tive People’s Party, thereby becoming the youngest DanishMP ever at that time, and in 1985 she became Chair of theAtlantic Association of Young Political Leaders. In 1989,Connie Hedegaard became first spokesperson for the Con-servative People’s Party, but chose to leave politics for jour-nalism in 1990. Besides her political career, Connie Hede-gaard has had a long career in journalism. In 1990, she be-gan working as a journalist on the Danish nationalnewspaper Berlingske Tidende. In 1998 she became head ofthe news bulletin service Radioavisen at the Danish Broad-casting Corporation, after which she hosted the current af-fairs programme Deadline on the television channel DR2.Between 1998 and 2004 she also wrote for the Danish na-tional daily newspaper Politiken. Apart from working as apolitician and journalist, Connie Hedegaard has sat on anumber of committees and boards, including chairing theCentre for Cultural Cooperation with Developing Coun-tries (CKU) and as a member of the board of the DanishParliament's Democracy Foundation. Lastly, she has re-ceived various prizes for her involvement in and contribu-tions to social debate, due in great part to her wide-rangingactivities as a lecturer and author. Her publications includeDa klimaet blev hot [When the climate got hot], publishedin Denmark in 2008, as well as contributions to several an-thologies and topical books. Connie Hedegaard lives inBrussels and in Hellerup, Denmark with her husband,Jacob, and their two sons.

Address: Ms Connie Hedegaard, Commissioner for ClimateAction, European Commission, European Commission, DGClimate Action, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium.Email: <connie.hedegaard@ec.europa.eu>.Website: <http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/hede-gaard/index_en.htm>.

Christiana Figueres (Costa Rica) was appointed as the newExecutive Secretary of the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) by UN Secre-tary-General Ban Ki-moon on 17 May 2010. The appoint-ment was endorsed by the Bureau of the Convention. MsFigueres has been involved in climate change negotiationssince 1995. She was a member of the Costa Rican negotiat-ing team and represented Latin America and the Caribbeanon the Executive Board of the Clean Development Mecha-nism (CDM) in 2007, before being elected Vice-President

828 Biographies of Contributors

of the Bureau of the Conference of the Parties 2008–2009.In 1995 she founded the Center for Sustainable Develop-ment of the Americas (CSDA), a non-profit think tank forclimate change policy and capacity-building, which she di-rected until 2003. From 1994 to 1996, she served as Direc-tor of the Technical Secretariat Renewable Energy in theAmericas (REIA). Ms Figueres began her life of public serv-ice in 1982 as Minister Counsellor at the Embassy of CostaRica in Bonn, Germany. She served as Director of Interna-tional Cooperation in the Ministry of Planning in CostaRica (1987–1988), and was then named Chief of Staff to theMinister of Agriculture (1988–1990). Ms Figueres hasserved on the boards of several non-governmental organiza-tions involved in climate change issues, including the Volun-tary Carbon Standard. She is also a widely published au-thor on the design of climate solutions, and has been afrequent adviser to the private sector on how to play a lead-ership role in mitigation. Ms Figueres holds a master’s de-gree in Anthropology from the London School of Econom-ics, and a certificate in Organizational Development fromGeorgetown University. She was born in San José, CostaRica in 1956, and is married with two children.

Address: Ms Christiana Figueres, Executive Secretary of theUnited Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange (UNFCCC), P.O. Box 260124, 53153 Bonn, Ger-many.Email: <secretariat@unfccc.int>.Website: <http://www.unfccc.int>.

Dr. R.K. Pachauri has been the Chief Executive of TERIsince 1981, designated initially as Director and since April2001 as Director-General. In April 2002 he was elected asChairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC), which was established by the World Mete-orological Organization and the United Nations Environ-ment Programme in 1988. IPCC along with former VicePresident Al Gore has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize

for the year 2007. Dr. Pachauri has a PhD in Industrial En-gineering and a PhD in Economics. He has served on sever-al international and national committees including member-ship of the Economic Advisory Council to the PrimeMinister of India, the Advisory Board on Energy (ABE)which reports directly to the Prime Minister of India, andhas been a Senior Advisor to the Administrator of the Unit-ed Nations Development Programme and several others.He has been President (1988) and Chairman (1989–90) ofthe International Association for Energy Economics(IAEE). He has been President of the Asian Energy Institutesince 1992. In April 1999, he was appointed Member of theBoard of Directors of the Institute for Global Environmen-tal Strategies, Japan and continues to hold this appoint-ment. Dr. Pachauri was awarded the ‘Padma Bhushan’ in2001 by the President of India and he was also bestowedthe ‘Officier De La Légion D’Honneur’ by the Governmentof France in 2006. He has been active in several interna-tional forums dealing with the subject of climate changeand its policy dimensions. He was conferred with the ‘Pad-ma Vibhushan’, the second highest civilian award, for hisservices in the field of science and engineering in January2008 by the President of India. He has been appointed asDirector, Yale Climate and Energy Institute from July 2009.He has been conferred with the ‘Commander of the Orderof Leopold II’ by the King of the Belgians in July 2009; the‘Commander of the Order of the White Rose of Finland’by the Prime Minister of Finland in February 2010 and‘The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star’ by HisMajesty Akihito, Emperor of Japan, in April 2010.

Address: Prof. Dr. Rajendra K. Pachauri, Director-General,TERI, Habitat Place, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003,India.Email: <pachauri@teri.res.in>. Website: www.teriin.org.

Biographies of Contributors

Frank Biermann (Germany/The Netherlands) is professorand head of the Department of Environmental Policy Anal-ysis of the Institute for Environmental Studies at the VUUniversity Amsterdam, The Netherlands. He is also direc-tor-general of the Netherlands Research School for Socio-economic and Natural Sciences of the Environment(SENSE); director of the Global Governance Project, a net-work of twelve European research institutions (glogov.org);and chair of the Earth System Governance Project, a ten-year global research programme under the auspices of theInternational Human Dimensions Programme on GlobalEnvironmental Change (IHDP). His most recent publica-tions are (co-ed. with P. Pattberg and F. Zelli): Global Cli-mate Governance Beyond 2012: Architecture, Agency andAdaptation (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010); (co-ed.

with B. Siebenhüner): Managers of Global Change: The In-fluence of International Environmental Bureaucracies(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009); (co-ed. with B. Sieben-hüner and A. Schreyögg): International Organizations inGlobal Environmental Governance (London: Routledge2009).

Address: Prof. Dr. Frank Biermann, Institute for Environ-mental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Email: <frank.biermann@ivm.vu.nl>.Website: <http://www.ivm.vu.nl/frankbiermann>.

Ingrid Boas (UK) is a Ph.D. candidate at the University ofKent, UK. Her research focuses on the securitization of cli-mate-related migration. The Ph.D. project is funded by theUK Economic and Social Research Council and is part of a

Biographies of Contributors 829

larger research programme on: ‘The Securitization ofForced Migration: Changing Ideas and Beliefs about Dis-placement and Their Impact on Security.’ Before joiningKent, she was with the Department of Environmental Poli-cy Analysis of the Institute for Environmental Studies at theVU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands. She is a fellowof the Earth System Governance Project and co-ordinatorof the Climate Refugee Policy Forum; she has also beenmanager of the 2009 Amsterdam Conference on the Hu-man Dimensions of Global Environmental Change.

Address: Ms Ingrid Boas, University of Kent, Departmentof Politics & International Relations, University of Kent,Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NX, United Kingdom.Email: <ib70@kent.ac.uk>.Website: <http://www.kent.ac.uk/politics/about-us/staff/members/boas.html>.

Hans Günter Brauch (Germany): Dr., Adj. Prof. (Privatdoz-ent) at the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, Free Uni-versity of Berlin; fellow of the Institute on Environmentand Human Security of the United Nations University(UNU-EHS) in Bonn; since 1987 chairman of Peace Re-search and European Security Studies (AFES-PRESS). He iseditor of the Hexagon Book Series on Human and Envi-ronmental Security and Peace (HESP), and of Springer-Briefs in Environment, Security, Development and Peace(ESDP) with Springer-Verlag, He was guest professor of in-ternational relations at the universities of Frankfurt onMain, Leipzig, Greifswald, and Erfurt; research associate atHeidelberg and Stuttgart universities, and a research fellowat Harvard and Stanford Universities. He teaches at theFree University of Berlin, at SciencePo (Paris), and at theEuropean Peace University (EPU, Schlaining, Austria). Hehas published books, reports, book chapters, and articleson security, armament, climate, energy, and migration, andon Mediterranean issues in English, German, Spanish,Greek, French, Danish, Finnish, Russian, Japanese, Portu-guese, Serbo-Croatian, and Turkish. Recent books in Eng-lish: (co-ed. with Liotta, Marquina, Rogers, Selim): Securityand Environment in the Mediterranean. ConceptualisingSecurity and Environmental Conflicts, 2003; Environmen-tal Dimension of Human Security: Freedom from HazardImpact, 2005; Threats, Challenges, Vulnerabilities andRisks in Environmental and Human Security, 2005; (co-ed. with Oswald Spring, Mesjasz, Grin, Dunay, Chadha Be-hera, Chourou, Kameri-Mbote, Liotta): Globalization andEnvironmental Challenges: Reconceptualizing Security inthe 21st Century, 2008; (co-ed. with Oswald Spring, Grin,Mesjasz, Kameri-Mbote, Chadha Behera, Chourou, Krum-menacher): Facing Global Environmental Change: Envi-ronmental, Human, Energy, Food, Health and Water Secu-rity Concepts (2009); (co-ed. with Oswald Spring):Reconceptualizar la Seguridad en el Siglo XXI (2009); (co-ed. with Oswald Spring, Mesjasz, Grin, Kameri-Mbote,Chourou, Dunay, Birkmann), Coping with Global Environ-mental Change, Disasters and Security – Threats, Challeng-es, Vulnerabilities and Risks (2011).

Address: PD Dr. Hans Günter Brauch, Alte Bergsteige 47,74821 Mosbach, Germany.

Email: <brauch@afes-press.de>. Website: <http://www.afes-press.de> and <http://www. afes-press-books.de/>.

Michael Brzoska (Germany) is Scientific Director of the In-stitute for Peace Research and Security Policy and Professorof Political Science at the University of Hamburg, Germany,Chair of the Foundation Council of the German Founda-tion for Peace Research, and Principal Investigator in theCLiSAP (Climate System Analysis and Prediction) pro-gramme at the University of Hamburg. He studied eco-nomics and political science in Fribourg (Switzerland) ob-taining a diploma in economics and a Ph.D. andHabilitation in political science. He has worked as co-direc-tor of the Arms Trade and Arms Production Team at theStockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI),Solna, Sweden, as Assistant Professor in Political Science atthe University of Hamburg, and as Director of Research atthe Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC),Bonn, Germany. He has published widely on economic andpolitical issues related to armed conflicts, arms productionand trade, military spending, civil wars, and sanctions. Hislatest books are (co-editor with Axel Krohn): OvercomingArmed Violence in a Complex Word (Opladen – Farming-ton Hills: Budrich University Press, 2009); and (co-editorwith George Lopez): Putting Teeth Into the Tiger: Improv-ing the Effectiveness of Arms Embargoes (Bingley: EmeraldPress, 2009).

Address: Prof. Dr. Michael Brzoska, Beim Schlump 83, D-20144 Hamburg, Germany.Email: <brzoska@ifsh.de>.Website: <http://www.ifsh.de/IFSH_english/personal/m_brzo.htm>.

Halvard Buhaug (Norway) is a Senior Researcher at theCentre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW) at the Peace Re-search Institute Oslo (PRIO), and leader of the CentreísWorking Group on Environmental Factors in Civil War. Heholds a Ph.D. in political science, awarded by the Norwe-gian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim(2005). His research interests include the security implica-tions of climate change and the geographic aspects ofarmed conflict. He has been a central contributor to the re-cent trend towards spatial disaggregation of civil war re-search with the introduction of geo-referenced conflict dataand geographic information systems (GIS) tools. His workhas appeared in a wide selection of peer-reviewed academicjournals, including Geopolitics, International Organization,International Studies Quarterly, Journal of Conflict Reso-lution, Journal of Peace Research, Political Geography, andProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of theUSA. In addition, he is the author and co-author of severalbook chapters.

Address: Dr. Halvard Buhaug, PRIO, PO Box 9229 Grøn-land, 0134 Oslo, Norway.Email: <halvardb@prio.no>.Website: <http://www.prio.no/CSCW/People/Person/?oid=21476>.

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Joshua W. Busby (United States) is an assistant professor atthe LBJ School of Public Affairs and the Crook Distin-guished Scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for Interna-tional Security and Law at the University of Texas at Austin.He holds a Ph.D. in political science from GeorgetownUniversity. He is the author of Moral Movements and For-eign Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).He served as an outside reviewer of the National Intelli-gence Council’s assessment of climate change and nationalsecurity, and has written reports on climate change and se-curity for the Council on Foreign Relations (2010, 2007),the German Marshall Fund (2010), the Brookings Institu-tion (2009), the Center for a New American Security(2008), for Security Studies (2008), and for the WoodrowWilson International Center and the UN High-Level Panelon Threats, Challenges, and Change (2004).

Address: Assistant Prof. Dr. Joshua W. Busby, PO Box Y,LBJ School of Public Affairs, University of Texas-Austin,Austin, TX 78713, USA.Email: <busbyj@mail.utexas.edu>. Website: <http://www.utexas.edu/lbj/faculty/busby/>.

Alexander Carius (Germany) is director and co-founder ofadelphi. He has worked on global environmental changefor almost two decades. He is a leading expert on environ-ment, conflict, and cooperation with more than 50 papers,reports, articles, and books published on this subject. Fornearly ten years he has been a driving force behind politicalprocesses on climate change, security, and conflict preven-tion, advising government agencies in Germany, the UnitedStates, Finland, Sweden, and Switzerland, as well as interna-tional institutions including the EU, OSCE, NATO, andseveral UN bodies. His tasks include vulnerability assess-ments, facilitation of stakeholder dialogues, policy brief-ings, and providing strategic advice on programme androad map development. He is a member of the advisoryboard to the German Government on crisis prevention,and serves as senior expert in the UN expert group on en-vironment, conflict, and peacebuilding in which climatechange is a central topic. Among his recent publications are(with Dennis Tänzler) Future Landscapes of Conflict orCooperation? Climate Security Needs Transatlantic Leader-ship (Washington: German Marshall Fund); (with AchimMaas and Janina Barkemeyer) Climate Change and Securi-ty: Two Scenarios for the Indian-Pacific Ocean IslandStates (Brussels: European Commission); (with AnnabelleHoudret and Annika Kramer) The Water Security Nexus.Challenges and Opportunities for Development Coopera-tion (Eschborn: GTZ); (with Achim Maas) “CambioClimático, recursos naturals y conflicto”, in: Revista es-pañola de desarrollo y cooperación, 26, 99-120.

Address: Mr Alexander Carius, adelphi, Caspar-Theyss-Straße 14a, 14193 Berlin, Germany.Email: <carius@adelphi.de>.Website: <www.adelphi.de>.

Anis Chowdhury (Australia/Bangladesh) is Professor ofEconomics, University of Western Sydney (Australia), cur-rently working at the Department of Economic and SocialAffairs of the United Nations (UN-DESA) in New York as

Senior Economic Affairs Officer. He is founder and manag-ing editor of Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy; obtainedPh.D. from the University of Manitoba, Canada; taught atthe University of Manitoba, the National University of Sin-gapore, and the University of New England (Australia). Hehas published extensively on East and South-east Asia. Fur-thermore, he has been a consultant to UNDP, ILO, theCommonwealth Secretariat, and the Islamic DevelopmentBank, and a visiting fellow at UNU-WIDER, the ReserveBank of San Francisco, and the Institute of Southeast AsianStudies (Singapore).

Address: Prof. Dr. Anis Chowdhury, School of Economics& Finance, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797,Penrith South DC, NSW 1797, Australia.Email: <a.chowdhury@uws.edu.au>.

Olivier Degomme (Belgium) is a medical doctor fromGhent University who has specialized in epidemiology atthe University of Louvain. He received a Ph.D. in 2010based on a thesis studying mortality patterns in Darfurwhere he used epidemiological modelling to examinetrends during the conflict. He has experience in quantita-tive techniques for analysing the health and nutrition im-pact of conflicts and wars, and was one of the founders ofthe Conflict Database on health and nutrition surveys (CE-DAT) of the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology ofDisasters (CRED). His recent publications include: (co-au-thor with D. Guha-Sapir) “Patterns of mortality rates inDarfur conflict”, in: The Lancet, 375,9711 (23 January 2010);“Mortality and nutrition surveys by Non-Governmental or-ganisations. Perspectives from the CE-DAT database”, in:Emerging Themes in Epidemiology, No. 11. He recentlyjoined the International Centre for Reproductive Health,University of Ghent as research director.

Address: Dr. Olivier Degomme, De Pintelaan 185 P3, 9000Gent, Belgium.Email: <Olivier.Degomme@UGent.be>.

Kerstin Fritzsche (Germany) works as project manager atadelphi. She focuses on renewable energy, climate changeand security, and on various topics linking economy, envi-ronment, and politics to questions of stability and peace.Her regional focus is on the countries of the Middle Eastand North Africa (MENA). She has contributed to a varietyof projects dealing with climate change and conflict insouth-west Asia, the energy strategies of selected OPECcountries, and renewable energy policies in MENA states.Besides her work at adelphi, Kerstin Fritzsche is a part-timeresearch assistant and Ph.D. candidate at the Center forNear and Middle Eastern Studies (CNMS) at the Philipps-University in Marburg. There, her research focuses on polit-ical parties in the Maghreb and their perspectives and ap-proaches towards Euro-Mediterranean cooperation as wellas social, economic, and environmental challenges.

Address: Ms Kerstin Fritzsche, adelphi, Caspar-Theyss-Straße 14a, 14193 Berlin, Germany.Email: <fritzsche@adelphi.de>.Website: <www.adelphi.de>.

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Gasmelseid, Tagelsir Mohamed (Sudan) is an AssociateProfessor at the King Faisal University, Al Ahsaa, Saudi Ara-bia. He was trained at the Maastricht School of Manage-ment, at Delft University of Technology (The Netherlands),and at the University of Khartoum (Sudan), and holds aPh.D. in management information systems. Since 1995, hehas been involved in field research and training in water re-source management and decision support issues, workingclosely with the United Nations Mission in Sudan (UN-MIS) and the European Commission (EC) in various areasin Sudan. He is particularly interested in complex environ-mental systems research, system innovation, and the de-ployment of information systems for improved decision-making in unstable situations and post-conflict transitions.He has written widely on the management of water re-sources and the use of integrated decision-making tools andconflicts among stakeholders in various conference pro-ceedings, and edited the Handbook of Research on Hy-droinformatics: Technologies, Theories and Applications.He contributed to the World Water Forum in 2000 in TheHague (The Netherlands), in 2003 in Kyoto (Japan), and in2009 in Istanbul (Turkey) as a discussant, presenter, key-note speaker, and workshop leader. Among his major publi-cations are: “A system innovation oriented integration ofManagement Information Systems in Urban Water Manage-men”, in: Handbook of Research on Hydro informatics:Technologies, Theories and Applications (Hershey, PA: IGI,2010): 389-405; “A Multi Agent Negotiation Framework toPromote Decentralization in Resource Bounded Environ-ments: the case of Gezira Scheme in Sudan”, in: Proceed-ings of the international conference on information andcommunication technologies: From theory to practice. Da-mascus, Syria, 24-28 April 2006; “Towards improved learn-ing in the water environment in developing countries”, in:Proceedings of the IHP-UNESCO International Symposi-um on ‘The Learning Society and the Water Problems’,Paris, 2-4 June 1999.

Address: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tagelsir Mohamed Gasmelseid,Department of Computer Information Systems, College ofComputer Sciences and Information Technology, KingFaisal University, Al Ahsaa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.Email: <tgasm@kfu.edu.sa>; and <tagelsir.gasmelseid@gmail.com>. Website: <www.kfu.edu.sa>.

Debarati Guha-Sapir (India/Belgium) is Director of theWHO collaborating Centre for Research on the Epidemiol-ogy of Disasters (CRED) and Professor at the University ofLouvain, Research Institute Health and Society, Brussels.She holds an Adjunct Professorship at Tulane UniversityMedical Centre (New Orleans) for Health and Humanitari-an Aid. Trained at Calcutta University, Johns Hopkins Uni-versity, and University of Louvain she holds a Ph.D. in epi-demiology. Since 1984, she has been involved in fieldresearch and training in emergency and humanitarian aid is-sues, working closely with WHO, United Nations HighCommissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), United NationsDevelopment Programme (UNDP), and the EuropeanCommission (EC) in various regions of the world. She isparticularly interested in health systems research, epidemi-

ology in unstable situations, and international policy relatedto relief and post-conflict transition. She has written widelyon the epidemiology of disasters and conflicts in journalssuch as The Lancet, Tropical Medicine and InternationalHealth, and Epidemiologic Reviews. Most recently, she re-ceived the Peter Safar Award at the 16th World Congress onDisaster and Emergency Medicine, Victoria, Canada.Among her major publications are: “Cyclone Nargis in My-anmar: Lessons for public health preparedness for cy-clones”, in: American Journal of Disaster Medicine, 4,5(2009); “Health impact of the 2004 Andaman Nicobarearthquake and tsunami in Indonesia”, in: Prehospital andDisaster Medicine, 24,6 (2009); and Thirty years of naturaldisasters 1974-2003: The numbers (Presses Universitaires deLouvain: Louvain-La-Neuve, 2004).

Address: Prof. Dr. Debarati Guha-Sapir, Centre forResearch on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED),Department of Public Health, Université Catholique deLouvain, 30.94 Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs, 1200 Brussels,Belgium.Email: <CRED@esp.ucl.ac.be>.Website: <www.cred.be>.

Judith Nora Hardt (Germany/France) is a Ph.D. fellow atthe University of the Basque Country, Spain. She holds aBachelor of Science in International Forest Ecosystem Man-agement from the University of Applied Sciences Eberswal-de, Germany (2005) and a Diploma of Advanced Studies inInternational Relations from the University of the BasqueCountry (2009). Her research focuses on environmental se-curity, human security, global environmental governance,and environmental justice. Her Ph.D. project is financed bythe Basque Government through the scholarship “Pro-gramme for the Training of Research Personnel” of the De-partment of Education, Universities, and Research.

Address: Ms Judith Nora Hardt, Avda. Madrid 28 6 B,20011 San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain.Email: <jnora.hardt@posteo.de>.

Cord Jakobeit (Germany) is a full professor of Political Sci-ence and Chair of International Politics at the University ofHamburg. He is the speaker of a graduate school on ‘re-gional powers’ and acts as Vice-President of the Academyof Sciences in Hamburg. His research focuses on regionalpowers, theories of international relations, transnationalnorm-building networks, political and economic develop-ment in sub-Saharan Africa, and on the link between envi-ronmental change, migration, and conflict. His most recentpublications include a book on theories of European inte-gration (with A. Grimmel [in German], 2009) and an arti-cle (with R. Kappel and U. Mückenberger [in German],2010): on “Civilization of World Order”, in: Leviathan,38,3: 411-427.

Address: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit, Universität Ham-burg, Institut für Politikwissenschaft (IPW), Allende-Platz 1,20146 Hamburg, Germany.Email: <cord.jakobeit@uni-hamburg.de>.

Tasos Karafoulidis (Greece) was a fellow of the State Schol-arships Foundation in Greece and in 2011 he obtained a

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Ph.D. at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.He graduated as a political scientist from the Departmentof International and European, Economic, and PoliticalStudies at the University of Macedonia in Thessaloniki. Hereceived an M.Sc. in International Relations and SecurityStudies from the University of Southampton. His currentresearch focuses on the relations between conceptions ofpower and security, securitization theory, and aggregate na-tional power. He teaches courses on ‘International Institu-tions’ and ‘Institutions and Function of the EU’ for the Or-ganization of Vocational Training in Greece.

Address: Mr Tasos Karafoulidis, 1, Mina Vista, 54352, Thes-saloniki, Greece.Email: <karafu@gmail.com>.

Bo Kjellén (Sweden) has been Senior Research Fellow atthe Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) since 2003. Aformer diplomat, he has been Ambassador in Hanoi andUnder-Secretary for Administration and Personnel. Concen-trating on multilateral economic cooperation, he served atthe Swedish EU mission twice and was also Head of thePrivate Office of the OECD Secretary-General. He was Am-bassador and Permanent Representative to the OECD 1985-1990. He was appointed Chief Negotiator at the Ministryof Environment 1990, leading Swedish delegations to theRio Conference on Environment and Development in 1992and the delegations in the climate negotiations 1990-2001.He acted as Chairman of Plenary Working Group I of thepreparatory committee for the Rio Conference and asChairman of the Negotiating Committee for the UN Con-vention to Combat Desertification 1993-1997. He was a Vis-iting Fellow, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Researchat University of East Anglia, UK 2003-2004, and he hasbeen Co-chairman of the European Capacity Building Initi-ative since 2004 and Co-chairman of the European ClimatePlatform since 2006. Among his recent publications are: ANew Diplomacy for Sustainable Development: the Chal-lenge of Global Change (London and New York, Routledge,2008); and “Justice in global environmental negotiations:the Case of Desertification”, in: Jonas Ebbesson andPhoebe Okowa (eds.), Environmental Law and Justice inContext (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009):333-347.

Address: Amb. Bo Kjellen, Storgatan 22 A, 75331 Uppsala,Sweden.Email: <bo.kjellen@sei.se>.

Jasmin Kominek (Germany) is a Ph.D. candidate in sociol-ogy at the University of Hamburg, Germany. Her researchfocuses on path dependency, which she applies using a mul-ti-level approach. She is a member of the Research Groupon Climate Change and Security, KlimaCampus Hamburg,Germany, where she seeks to apply sociologically gainedmodel bases in mathematical models of human-environ-ment interaction such as cascading effects and tippingpoints in a search for preventive intervention strategies. Pre-viously, she studied mathematics at the University of Ham-burg, Germany. In her Diploma thesis in pure mathematicsshe has proven a theorem in analytical number theory ap-plying tools from algebraic number theory. Besides her

studies she co-founded and managed a start-up and waspresident of the student self-administration of two interna-tional dormitories. For about ten years she has taught math-ematically talented students, half of the time in a researchproject at the Department of Education at the University ofHamburg. Related publications include: Kominek, J.(2004): “Mathematische Gedankenspiele beim ‘Gassi’ Ge-hen mit dem Hund des Nachbarn”, in: Nolte, M. (Ed.),Der Mathe-Treff für Mathe-Fans; Fragen zur Talentsucheim Rahmen eines Forschungs- und Förderprojekts zubesonderen mathematischen Begabungen im Grundschula-lter (Hildesheim: Franzbecker Verlag): 172-202.

Address: Ms Jasmin Kominek, Research Group ClimateChange and Security (CLISEC), Institute of Sociology, Kli-maCampus, University of Hamburg, Grindelberg 7, # 2014,D-20144 Hamburg, Germany.Email: <jasmin.kominek@zmaw.de>. Website: <http://clisec.zmaw.de/Jasmin-Kominek.1116.0.html> and <www.clisec-hamburg.de>.

Dennis Kumetat (Germany) has been a Ph.D. scholar at theLondon School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)since 2008, before which he obtained two master’s degreesin history and Middle Eastern studies from the AmericanUniversity of Beirut (2008) and from the University of Co-logne (2007). He is working on energy- and climate-change-related issues with a particular focus on renewable energypolicy in Arab OPEC states. Amongst his publications arethe working paper “Lebanese Perceptions of German Midd-le East Policies” for the German Institute for Strategic andSecurity Affairs (12/2008), and the study “Energy Systemsin OPEC Countries of the Middle East and North Africa”(with N. Supersberger, D. Tänzler et al.) (2009) He is a vis-iting researcher at the German Wuppertal Institute for Cli-mate, Energy, and Environment, where he currently co-au-thors the study “Transcontinental energy interconnectionsfrom an Algerian perspective”, a joint project with the Cen-tre de Recherche en Economie Appliquée pour le Dévelop-pement (CREAD), Algiers. He is a member of the Interna-tional Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS), the RoyalGeographical Society, and of the German Middle EastStudies Association for Contemporary Research and Docu-mentation (DAVO). He currently serves as an LSE KuwaitProgramme Ph.D. Scholar at the Kuwait Programme onDevelopment, Governance, and Globalisation in the GulfStates.

Address: Mr Dennis Kumetat, Department of Geographyand Environment, London School of Economics and Politi-cal Science, Houghton St., London WC2A 2AE, UnitedKingdom.Email: <d.kumetat@lse.ac.uk>.Website: <www.dennis-kumetat.de>.

Gerrit Kurtz (Germany), graduate student in internationalrelations at the Universities of Berlin and Potsdam. Re-search assistant at the chair in international organizationsand public policy held by Prof. Dr. Andrea Liese, Universityof Potsdam. He specializes in the work of international or-ganizations, especially of the United Nations, and securitypolitics.

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Address: Mr Gerrit Kurtz, Universität Potsdam, Lehrstuhlfür Internationale Organisationen und Politikfelder, Karl-Marx-Str. 67, 14482 Potsdam, Germany.Email: <gerrit.kurtz@uni-potsdam.de>.

Eric F. Lambin (Belgium) divides his time between the Uni-versity of Louvain, Belgium, where he is professor in theDepartment of Geography, and Stanford University, wherehe occupies the Ishiyama Professorship in the School ofEarth Sciences and at the Woods Institute for the Environ-ment. He works on land change and human-environmentinteractions in different parts of the world. These projectscombine remote sensing, socio-economic data, and spatialmodels. Currently, he focuses his research on land use tran-sition, the impact of economic globalization on landchange, and spatial epidemiology. He was Chair of the in-ternational scientific project Land Use and Land CoverChange (IGBP/IHDP LUCC) from 1999 to 2005. He is aForeign Associate at the U.S. National Academy of Sciencesand Fellow of the European and Belgian Academies of Sci-ences.

Address: Prof. Dr. Eric F. Lambin, Department of Geogra-phy, Bâtiment Mercator, University of Louvain, place L. Pas-teur 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.Email: <Eric.Lambin@uclouvain.be>.

Kalev Leetaru (United States) is Coordinator of Informa-tion Technology and Research at the University of Illinois’Cline Center for Democracy, Senior Research Scientist forContent Analysis at the Institute for Computing in the Hu-manities, Arts, and Social Science, and a Center Affiliate ofthe National Center for Supercomputing Applications. Hisaward-winning work centers on the application of high-per-formance computing to grand challenge problems usingmassive-scale document archives such as news and opensources intelligence. He wrote the only unclassified 30-yearanalysis of the complete public contents of the Westernopen source intelligence services, and his latest book, DataMining Methods for the Content Analyst: An Introductionto the Computational Analysis of Content, is an introduc-tory survey of the entire field of computational approachesto data analysis, and will be published by Routledge in au-tumn 2011. He holds three US patents and more than 50University Invention Disclosures and has been an invitedspeaker, panellist, and discussant at venues including Har-vard, Columbia, Stanford, UC Berkeley, and the Library ofCongress, while his work has been profiled in venues as di-verse as the New York Times, Columbia Journalism Re-view, MSNBC, Que Leer, US News & World Report, Polit-ico, Library Quarterly, and the American Council onEducation’s The Presidency.

Address: Mr Kalev Leetaru, Coordinator of InformationTechnology and Research, Cline Center for Democracy,2001 South First Street, Suite 207, Champaign, IL, 61820,USA.Email: <leetaru@illinois.edu>.Web: <http://www.illinois.edu/~leetaru/>.

Peter Michael Link (Germany) is a post-doctoral scientistat the Research Group Climate Change and Security

(CLISEC) of the KlimaCampus Hamburg and at the Insti-tute of Geography of the University of Hamburg, Germany.His main research interest is the numeric modelling of soci-etal and economic impacts of climate change in differentregions of the world. The current focus of his research ison the implications of changes in water availability in theNile basin on societal stability. In his doctoral thesis he as-sessed the economic impacts of a shutdown of the Atlanticthermohaline circulation on the fisheries in the BarentsSea. He has also published on the ecological and economicconsequences of agricultural land use changes in northernGermany. P. Michael Link holds a diploma in Geographyfrom the Christian-Albrechts-University in Kiel, Germanyand a B.A. in Environmental Sciences from the Universityof California in Berkeley.

Address: Dr. P. Michael Link, Research Group ClimateChange and Security (CLISEC), Institute of Geography, Kli-maCampus, University of Hamburg, Grindelberg 7, # 2014,D-20144 Hamburg, GermanyEmail: <michael.link@zmaw.de>.Website: <www.clisec-hamburg.de>.

Shuaib Lwasa (Uganda) is a Lecturer, Department of Envi-ronmental Management, Makerere University. He is a geog-rapher with over 12 years’ experience of university teachingand research at Makerere University, Uganda. His work hasfocused on property rights, environmental management,livelihood systems, and vulnerability assessment in both ru-ral and urban areas. He has led multi-disciplinary and inter-disciplinary research teams on applied geospatial technolo-gies in coupled social and environmental systems. He com-pleted his tenure as a Regional Research Scientist with ‘Ur-ban Harvest’ of CGIAR and project leader working on thelinkages between poverty and environment in urban sys-tems with a focus on innovative strategies to mediate the in-tertwined conditions. His recent publications have concen-trated on adaptation of cities to climate change, land andproperty rights, vulnerability assessment, and the urbaniza-tion of poverty. He is currently associated with the UN-Habitat ‘Cities in Climate Change Initiative’ focusing onKampala. He was the convener and scientific chair of Afri-ca-GIS 2009 in Kampala, Uganda.

Address: Dr. Shuaib Lwasa, Department of EnvironmentalManagement, School of Forestry, Environmental and Geo-graphical Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environ-mental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kam-pala, Uganda.Email: <lwasa_s@arts.mak.ac.ug> or <shuaiblwasa@gmail.com>.Website: <www.staff.mak.ac.ug/~slwasa>.

Achim Maas (Germany) works as project manager at adel-phi. His main areas of work are the interlinkages and be-tween natural resources, violent conflict and peace on alllevels of society. Within these areas, the security implica-tions of climate change as well developing analytical frame-works and methods are core topics. Regionally, he hasworked on the South Caucasus, several Asian regions, thePacific Small Island States, and Latin America. Currently,he works primarily on the role of climate change for peace

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and stability, early warning systems and indicators for envi-ronment-related conflicts and the consequences of deliber-ate environmental modification. He authored and co-au-thored several reports and papers on climate change andsecurity, including (with Chad Briggs, Alexander Carius,Vicken Cheterian, Kerstin Fritzsche, Bernice Lee and Den-nis Tänzler): Shifting Bases, Shifting Perils. A Scoping Studyon Security Implications of Climate Change in the OSCERegion (Berlin: adelphi/Chatham House/CIMERA, 2010);“Climate Change, Adaptation and Peace” in Wiley Interdis-ciplinary Review Climate Change 1,5 (2010); and (with Iri-na Comardicea): “Contextual Instability: The Making andUnmaking of Environment” (paper presented at the Turkuconference “Security in Futures - Security in Change” on 3–4 June 2010). Beyond this, he is a member of the Environ-ment, Conflict & Cooperation newsletter editorial staff.

Address: Achim Maas, adelphi, Caspar-Theyss-Straße 14a,14193 Berlin (Germany).Email: <maas@adelphi.de>.Website: <www.adelphi.de>.

Clemens Messerschmid (Germany) is a hydrogeologistwho graduated in applied geology from the RWTH,Aachen and is a Ph.D. candidate with the Universities ofGöttingen and Freiburg. He has been working in the Pales-tinian territories since 1997 on well drilling and water sup-ply with GTZ (1997-2000) and on groundwater modelling,recharge investigation, and management options with thePalestinian Water Authority (PWA), BGS, and the Universi-ty of Newcastle (2001-2004). His Ph.D. research focuses ongroundwater recharge in shared Palestinian-Israeli aquifers.Among his technical publications are: Deep-seated aqui-cludes in a fractured carbonate environment, West Bank(Prague: IAHS, 2003); Conceptual recharge in Wadi Natuf(Zacatecas, Mexico: IAHS, 2004); The Israeli SeparationBarrier and Palestinian Water Resources (Amman: HWE,2004). Currently a freelance consultant, he technically andstrategically advises international and Palestinian waterprojects: PWA, Negotiations Support Unit (NSU), DED,ERM, Oxfam-GB, SIWI, and the World Bank. Among hishydropolitical publications and papers are: Hegemony andCounter-Hegemony over Shared Aquifers (London: LSE,2007); What price Cooperation? (Amman: HWE, 2007);(co-author with M. Zeitoun; S. Attili, 2008): “AsymmetricAbstraction and Allocation: The Israeli-Palestinian WaterPumping Record” in: Groundwater, 47,1 (January-Febru-ary): 146-160; The silent stakeholder - The role of the publicin the Palestinian water sector (Ramallah: PALAST, 2009).

Address: Mr Clemens Messerschmid, PO-Box 38383, 91383E-Jerusalem, Israel/Palestine.Email: <clemensmesserschmid@yahoo.de>.

Chris Methmann (Germany) is a research associate andPh.D. candidate at the Chair for International Politics atthe University of Hamburg. His main areas of interest in-clude global political economy and environmental change,poststructuralist approaches to international relations, andthe link between environmental change, migration, andconflict. He is currently working on the mainstreaming ofclimate change in global politics. Most recent publication:

(2010): “Climate Protection as Empty Signifier: A DiscourseTheoretical Perspective on Climate Mainstreaming inWorld Politics”, in: Millennium, 39,2: 345-72.

Address: Mr Chris Methmann, Universität Hamburg, Insti-tut für Politikwissenschaft (IPW, Allende-Platz 1, 20146Hamburg, Germany.Email: <chris.methmann@uni-hamburg.de>.

Ruchi Mudaliar (India) holds an MA in Psychology and iscurrently pursuing a Ph.D. on the topic “An Exploratorystudy of Human-Climate Interface and behavioural adapta-tion in Indian coastal cities”. She has been working as aSenior Research Fellow with the Indian Institute of ForestManagement (IIFM), Bhopal since 2009, mainly onprojects such as “A behavioural study of climate stress andcoping in coastal cities of India” and “Behavioural mappingof urban settlements towards changing climate”. At the un-dergraduate level, she was awarded the Director’s Medal(gold medal) for “overall best outgoing student” by the In-stitute for Excellence in Higher Education, Bhopal (2004),and she received an award of excellence for being the topPG student in MA Psychology (2007) from the SarojiniNaidu Govt. Girls’ PG Autonomous College, Bhopal. Shehas presented papers at national and international confer-ences on climate change and behavioural issues.

Address: Ms Ruchi Mudaliar, P.O. Box 357, Nehru Nagar,Bhopal, 462003, India.Email: <mudaliar.ruchi@rediffmail.com>.

Paul Isolo Mukwaya (Uganda) is a part-time Lecturer, De-partment of Geography, Geo-informatics and Climatic Sci-ences, Makerere University. He is currently finishing hisPh.D. studies at the same university. He completed his Mas-ter of Philosophy degree in social change specializing in ge-ography from the Norwegian University of Science andTechnology [NTNU]. He also holds a Bachelor of Arts de-gree in geography from Makerere University, Kampala,Uganda. He has been consultant to UNHabitat, UNDP,and IFPRI. He has research interests in climate change andhuman security, urban systems analysis, transport planning,and institutional analysis.

Address: Mr Paul Isolo Mukwaya, Department of Geogra-phy, Geo-informatics and Climatic Sciences, School of Envi-ronmental and Geographical Sciences, Makerere University,P.O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda.Email: <pmukwaya@gmail.com< or <mukwaya@arts.mak.ac.ug>.Website: <www.mak.ac.ug/geography> and <http://paul-mukwaya.freeiz.com>.

Syed Mansoob Murshed (Bangladesh/The Netherlands/UK) is Professor of the Economics of Conflict and Peace atthe Institute of Social Studies (ISS) in the Netherlands andis also Professor of International Economics at BirminghamBusiness School, University of Birmingham, UK. He wasthe first holder of the rotating Prince Claus Chair in Devel-opment and Equity in 2003. He was a Research Fellow atUNU/WIDER in Helsinki where he ran projects on “Glo-balization and Vulnerable Economies” and “Why SomeCountries Avoid Conflict, While Others Fail”. He is the au-

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thor of six books and over 100 book chapters and journalarticles. His latest book published in 2010 is ExplainingCivil War (Cheltenham – Northampton: Edward Elgar). Heis on the editorial boards of Peace Economics, Peace Sci-ence and Public Policy (PEPS), and Civil Wars. His re-search interests are the economics of conflict, resourceabundance, aid conditionality, political economy, macro-economics, and international economics.

Address: Prof. Dr. Syed Mansoob Murshed, Institute ofSocial Studies (ISS), Kortenaerkade 12, 2518 AX, TheHague, The Netherlands; and The Birmingham BusinessSchool, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, BirminghamB15 2TT, United Kingdom.Email: <murshed@iss.nl>.

Peter F. Nardulli (United States) is Professor of PoliticalScience and Law at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the founding Director of the Cline Center forDemocracy, and the editor of a book series with the Uni-versity of Illinois Press: Democracy, Free Enterprise and theRule of Law. He has been on the faculty at UIUC since1974 and served as department head in Political Sciencefrom 1992 until 2006. He is the author of six books on var-ious aspects of the legal process and empirical democratictheory. He has authored a number of articles in journalssuch as the American Political Science Review, PublicChoice, Political Communication, Political Behavior, and anumber of law reviews. He is currently directing a globalstudy on the Societal Infrastructures and DevelopmentProject (SID). SID uses a number of technologically ad-vanced, innovative methodologies to examine the impact ofpolitical, legal, and economic institutions on a wide rangeof societal development indicators (economic growth, hu-man rights, societal stability, environmental quality, educa-tional attainment etc.). Current projects involve using datafrom the SID project’s Social, Political and EconomicEvent Database (SPEED) project to examine the impact oncivil unrest of such things as climate change, natural re-sources, socio-cultural animosities, and political institutions.

Address: Prof. Dr. Peter F. Nardulli, Cline Center forDemocracy, 2001 S. First St., Suite 207, Champaign, IL61820, USA.Email: <nardulli@ad.uiuc.edu>.Website: <www.clinecenter.uiuc.edu>.

Beth Njeri Njiru (Kenya) is a tutorial fellow and a research-er at Kenyatta University, School of Environmental Studiesin Nairobi, Kenya. She is a graduate of the University ofNairobi (undergraduate degree in education, geography,and mathematics; postgraduate degree in populationstudies). Her postgraduate training involved researchmethods and writing of research projects. She is a Ph.D.student at Kenyatta University working on a study entitled“Adapting to Environmental Changes Among the MaasaiPastoralists of Kajiado County, Kenya”. She has attendedvarious national and international courses on research andactively participated in workshops and conferences. Her re-search focuses on climate change issues in arid and semi-arid areas of Kenya.

Address: Ms Beth Njeri Njiru, Kenyatta University, Environ-mental Education, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.Email: <bettynjiru2002@yahoo.com>.

Angela Oels (Germany) is a post-doctoral researcher in theCluster of Excellence on Integrated Climate System Analy-sis and Prediction (CliSAP) at the University of Hamburg(funded by the German Research Council). She is complet-ing a two-year project on “The Securitization of ClimateChange in Science and Politics: The Example of Climate-Change-Induced Migration” in late 2011. She obtained aPh.D. in Environmental Sciences from the University ofEast Anglia, Norwich (UK). For her Ph.D. she evaluatedtwo deliberative inclusionary Local Agenda 21 processes inGermany and the UK over a two-year period. She workedas Assistant Professor in International Relations at the Uni-versity of Hamburg from 2002-2009, teaching introductionto political science, theories of international relations, glo-balization and global governance, migration, securitizationand poststructuralism, etc. Her current research focuses onthe discursive construction of ‘climate refugees’ as a securi-ty issue in politics, science, and media. She has contributedbook chapters on climate change as a security issue and hasa forthcoming article in GEOFORUM on the changing riskconstructions of climate change from 1985-2010.

Address: Dr. Angela Oels, Schrammsweg 33, 20249 Ham-burg, Germany.Email: <mail@angelaoels.de>.Website: <www.angelaoels.de>.

Úrsula Oswald Spring (Mexico), full time Professor/Re-searcher at the National University of Mexico (UNAM) inthe Regional Multidisciplinary Research Center (CRIM),national coordinator of water research for the NationalCouncil of Science and Technology (RETAC-CONACYT),and first Chair on Social Vulnerability at the United Nation-al University Institute for Environment and Human Secu-rity(UNU-EHS). She was the founding Secretary-General ofEl Colegio de Tlaxcala; General Attorney of Ecology in theState of Morelos (1992-1994) and National Delegate of theFederal General Attorney of Environment from 1994-1995.As Minister of Ecological Development in the State ofMorelos (1994-1998) she initiated the plantation of 30 mil-lion trees, promoted environmental education from child-hood on, and managed the production of drinking waterfor the whole population with a reduction of 65% in infantmortality due to water-borne illnesses. Between 1998 and2000, she was President of the International Peace Re-search Association (IPRA), and later General Secretary ofthe Latin-American Council for Peace Research (2002-2006). Úrsula Oswald Spring studied medicine, clinical psy-chology, anthropology, ecology, and classical and modernlanguages, and obtained her Ph.D. from the University ofZürich (1978) and the post-doctorate from Mexico. For herscientific work she received the Price Sor Juana Inés de laCruz (2005), the Environmental Merit in Tlaxcala, Mexico(2005, 2006), and the UN Development Prize. She was rec-ognized as Women Academic in UNAM (1990 and 2000);and Women of the Year (2000). She works on non-violenceand sustainable agriculture with groups of peasants and

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women and is President of the Advisory Council of thePeasant University. She has published 46 books and morethan 328 scientific articles and book chapters on sustaina-bility, water, gender, development, poverty, drug consump-tion, brain damage due to under-nourishment, peasantry,social vulnerability, genetic modified organisms, bioethics,and human, gender, and environmental security (HUGE),peace and conflict resolution, democracy, and conflict ne-gotiation.

Address: Dr. Úrsula Oswald Spring, CRIM-UNAM, Av. Uni-versidad s/n, Circuito 2, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, CP62210, Mor., Mexico.Email: <uoswald@gmail.com>.Website: <http://www.afes-press.de/html/download_oswald.html>.

Felix Ries (Germany) studied social anthropology, the so-cio-economics of rural development, and media science(MA, University of Göttingen) with a focus on the relation-ship between society and the environment. The interfacebetween anthropogenic climate change and conflict is ofparticular interest and his MA thesis examined conflictsarising from a climate-related afforestation project. Aftergraduating he worked for leading development agencies inthe areas of adaptation to climate change and the interfacebetween global warming and insecurity. He is currentlyworking on a project to support the capacities of Pacific Is-land countries to adapt to the adverse effects of climatechange in the area of land-based natural resources and toreduce emissions from deforestation and forest degrada-tion (REDD). He is currently based in Fiji.

Address: Mr Felix Ries, Lortzingstr. 38, 28209 Bremen, Ger-many.Email: <felixries@web.de>.

Parul Rishi (India) holds a Ph.D. in Psychology and hasworked as an Assistant Professor in the Faculty of HumanResource Management at the Indian Institute of ForestManagement (IIFM), Bhopal for the last 17 years. She is aprolific writer and has published about 65 papers in differ-ent international and national journals and volumes. She isthe recipient of several awards such as the Witkin OkonjiAward (2008) of the Jacobs Foundation, Germany, a Cana-dian International Development Agency (CIDA) fellow-ship, an ITTO fellowship (2004), the ARTS fellowship ofthe International Association of Applied Psychology atXi'an, China, the Young Scientist Award of the Indian Sci-ence Congress. She was also awarded the Dr. Hari SinghGaur Award in the year 2009 for excellence in managementteaching under the 3rd IES National Teachers’ Awards. Shehas visited the USA, Canada, South Africa, Norway, Ger-many, and China on various academic visits. Currently sheis engaged in teaching, training, research, and consulting as-signments focusing primarily on behavioural perspectives offorest and environmental issues, stress management andpersonality development, and environmental leadership,and her recent research focuses on the behavioural map-ping of climate change in India. She has edited: Environ-mental Issues: Behavioural Insights (Jaipur: Rawat Publica-

tions, 2009), and she contributed 7 chapters onenvironment issues.

Address: Dr. Parul Rishi, P.O. Box - 357, Nehru Nagar, Bho-pal - 462003, India.Email:<parul@iifm.ac.in> and <rishiparul@rediffmail.com>.Website: <www.iifm.ac.in>.

Tore Rørbæk (Denmark) holds a B.Sc. and an M.Sc. in Po-litical Science from the University of Copenhagen. He hasbeen a Lecturer in International Politics at the Royal Dan-ish Defence College and an Instructor in International Re-lations Theory at the University of Copenhagen. He spe-cializes in Sociology of Science approaches to the academicfield of international relations and the visual dimension ofinternational politics.

Address: Me. Tore Rørbæk, University of Copenhagen.Institute for Political Science. Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353København K, Denmark.Email: <zpr764@alumni.ku.dk>.

Delf Rothe (Germany) is a doctoral student writing his dis-sertation at the University of Hamburg. He is also a re-search assistant to Prof. Annette Jünemann at the HelmutSchmidt University, Hamburg. He obtained a master’s de-gree in political science from the University of Hamburg in2008. In his master’s thesis he studied the growing role ofadaptation policies in the international climate regime frompost-structuralist and constructivist perspectives. Since April2009 he has received a Ph.D. scholarship from the Hein-rich Böll Foundation in Germany. His main research inter-ests are securitization theory, international climate govern-ance, and interpretive approaches in international relations.His Ph.D. thesis focuses on how the securitization of cli-mate discourses transforms climate politics at the interna-tional, regional, and national levels. He has published onadaptation policies in the climate regime in the journalIntergenerational Justice Review (3/2009), and on riskmanagement approaches in climate governance in Interna-tional Relations (forthcoming).

Address: Mr Delf Rothe, Helmut Schmidt University, Insti-tute of International Relations, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043Hamburg.Email: <drothe@hsu-hh.de>.Website: <http://www.hsu-hh.de/juenemann/index_7CEvadwjsoJ8Kpa1. html>.

Jayant K. Routray (India) is Professor of Regional and Ru-ral Development Planning, and Coordinator of the DisasterPreparedness, Mitigation, and Management interdiscipli-nary academic programme at the Asian Institute of Tech-nology, Bangkok. He has an academic background in geog-raphy and regional planning and has been engaged inteaching, research, and outreach activities over the last 30years, with varied interests in rural-regional developmentplanning, disaster risk reduction and management, climate-change-induced adaptation, and sustainable development.Among his major publications are: (with M. Mustafa Sa-roar, 2010): “Adaptation in situ or retreat? A multivariateapproach to explore the factors that guide the people’spreference against the impacts of sea level rise in coastal

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Bangladesh”, in: Local Environment, 15,7: 663-686; (withM. Mustafa Saroar, 2010): “In situ adaptation against sealevel rise (SLR) in Bangladesh: does awareness matter?”, in:International Journal of Climate Change Strategies andManagement, 2,3: 321-345.

Address: Prof. Dr. Jayant K. Routray, Regional and RuralDevelopment Planning, School of Environment, Resourcesand Development (SERD), Asian Institute of Technology(AIT), Pathum Thani 12120, Bangkok, Thailand.Email: <routray@ait.ac.th>.

Pedram Rowhani (Luxembourg/UK) joined the Universityof Sussex in the UK as a Lecturer in Geography in 2011.His research interests focus on the complex interactions be-tween climate, ecosystems, and human society within theEarth system. In his Ph.D., which he received in 2008 fromthe University of Louvain, Belgium, he analysed the inter-annual variability in terrestrial ecosystems and its conse-quences for biodiversity and human health using remotesensing and GIS and a variety of statistical tools. As aWorld Bank consultant, he spent the following two years atthe Global Land and Water Laboratory at McGill Universi-ty, Canada, studying climate-crop interactions using climateand crop models. Currently, he continues working on thecomplex human-climate-ecosystems interactions and focus-es his research on the environmental and societal impactsof extreme weather events.

Address: Dr. Pedram Rowhani, Department of Geography.Chichester 1, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UnitedKingdom.Email: < P.Rowhani@sussex.ac.uk>.

Sujan Saha (Bangladesh/Denmark) is an independent re-searcher and consultant. He holds an M.Sc. from the Nor-wegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim,Norway. He was awarded the Erasmus Mundus Scholarshipfor Applied Ethics by the European Commission. He hasworked with many European and Scandinavian institutesand NGOs. His current research interests are in the humandimension of climate change, particularly in cooperative so-cial responsibility, climate adaptation, human rights, andmigration and security issues. He has also participated andpresented papers in various international conferences andworkshops. Currently, he works with ActionAid, Denmarkas a ‘Sustainability Educator’. He is also involved with theEarth Charter Initiative in its youth chapter.

Address: Mr Sujan Saha, Randersgade 63, 5 TH, 2100København Ø, Denmark.Email: <sujan.csr@gmail.com>.Website: <http://www.ms.dk/sw13950.asp> & <http://www.earthcharterinaction.org/content/>.

Md. Mustafa Saroar (Bangladesh) is Associate Professor ofUrban and Rural Planning Discipline at Khulna Universityin Bangladesh. He obtained his Ph.D. in climate adaptationfrom the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) in Bangkok,Thailand as a Norwegian Government Scholar. He com-pleted his Master‘s in regional development planning at theTechnical University of Dortmund, Germany as a DAAD(German Academic Exchange) scholar. He is a bachelor in

Urban and Rural Planning. He also has a Master of Busi-ness Administration (MBA) degree. His research interestsinclude climate adaptation, wetland management, disastermanagement, and urban environmental management. Hehas more than 10 publications in refereed journals and con-ference proceedings. Among his major (recent) publicationsare (with Jayant K. Routray, 2010): “Adaptation in situ or re-treat? A multivariate approach to explore the factors thatguide the people’s preference against the impacts of sea lev-el rise in coastal Bangladesh”, in: Local Environment, 15,7:663-686; (with Jayant K. Routray, 2010): “In situ adaptationagainst sea level rise (SLR) in Bangladesh: does awarenessmatter?”, in: International Journal of Climate ChangeStrategies and Management, 2,3: 321-345.

Address: Dr. Mustafa Saroar, Regional and Rural Develop-ment Planning, School of Environment, Resources andDevelopment (SERD), Asian Institute of Technology (AIT),Pathum Thani 12120, Bangkok, Thailand.Email: <st105227@ait.ac.th> and <saroar.mustafa@yahoo.com>.

Jürgen Scheffran (Germany) is Professor at the Institute forGeography and head of the Research Group ClimateChange and Security (CLISEC) in the KlimaCampus Excel-lence Cluster of the University of Hamburg, Germany. Un-til summer 2009 he held faculty positions at the Depart-ments of Political Science and Atmospheric Sciences at theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) wherehe also was a researcher in the Program in Arms Control,Disarmament and International Security, and the Centerfor Advanced BioEnergy Research. After his Ph.D. in phys-ics at Marburg University he worked at the Technical Uni-versity of Darmstadt, the Potsdam Institute for Climate Im-pact Research, and as Visiting Professor at the University ofParis (Sorbonne). His research and teaching interests in-clude: energy security, climate change, and sustainable de-velopment; human-environment interaction and complexsystems analysis; technology assessment, conflict analysis,and international security. He has served as consultant tothe United Nations, the Technology Assessment Bureau ofthe German Parliament, and the Federal EnvironmentalAgency, and he was part of the German delegation to theclimate negotiations in New Delhi in 2002 (COP-8). Be-sides CLISEC, recent projects include, the ConflictSpaceproject, the Renewable Energy Initiative and relatedprojects funded by the US Department of Energy, the Ener-gy Biosciences Institute and the Environmental Council atUIUC. He has published numerous journal and book arti-cles, is co-editor of Global Responsibility and Wissenschaftund Frieden, and has edited a special issue of the journalComplexity. Recent books include: (co-ed. with Khanna,M., Zilberman, D.): Handbook of Bioenergy Economicsand Policy (Heidelberg-Berlin: Springer, 2010); (co-ed. withBlaschek, H., Ezeji, T.): Biofuels from Agricultural Wastesand Byproducts (Ames, Iowa: Wiley/Blackwell, 2010); (co-ed. with Mascia, P.N., Widholm, J.): Plant Biotechnologyfor Sustainable Production of Energy and Co-Products(Heidelberg et al: Springer: 2010); (co-ed. with Kropp, J.):Advanced Methods for Decision Making and Risk Manage-ment in Sustainability Science (New York: Nova Science,

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2007); (co-ed. with Billari, F., Fent, T., Prskawetz, A.):Agent-Based Computational Modelling in Demography,Economic and Environmental Sciences (Heidelberg-Ber-lin: Springer/Physica, 2006).

Address: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Scheffran, Research Group Cli-mate Change and Security (CLISEC), Institute of Geogra-phy, KlimaCampus, University of Hamburg, Grindelberg 7,# 2015, D-20144 Hamburg, Germany.Email: <juergen.scheffran@zmaw.de>.Web: <http://www.clisec-hamburg.de; http://www.uni-hamburg.de/geographie/personal/professoren/scheffran/index.html>.

Janpeter Schilling (Germany) is a research associate anddoctoral student in the research group Climate Changeand Security (CLISEC) at the Institute for Geography ofthe University of Hamburg, Germany. He is a member ofthe School of Integrated Climate System Sciences (SICSS)at the KlimaCampus in Hamburg. His main research inter-ests are the linkages between climate change and conflict aswell as vulnerability and adaptation to climate change, par-ticularly in Africa. In his doctoral thesis he focuses on theimplications of climate change for pastoral conflicts innorthern Kenya. He has published on climate change andconflict in general and especially in northern Africa. Heholds a diploma degree in geography from the Universityof Hamburg.

Address: Mr Janpeter Schilling, Research Group ClimateChange and Security (CLISEC), Institute of Geography, Kli-maCampus, University of Hamburg, Grindelberg 7, # 2014,D-20144 Hamburg, Germany.Email: <Janpeter.Schilling@zmaw.de>.Website: <www.clisec-hamburg.de>.

Hannington Sengendo (Uganda) is an Associate Professorin the Department of Architecture and Physical Planning,Makerere University. He is an Urban Planner, Housing, andEnvironmental Management Consultant. He holds a Ph.D.in urban housing and planning with over 25 years’ practicalworking experience in teaching, research and field studies,housing policies, environmental management, gender issuesetc. He has held many senior positions, including Head ofthe Department of Geography and Dean of the Faculty ofArts, Makerere University, among others.

Address: Prof. Dr. Hannington Sengendo, Department ofArchitecture and Physical Planning, College of Engineering,Design, Art and Technology, Makerere University, P.O. Box7062 Kampala, Uganda.Email: <hsengendo@arts.mak.ac.ug>.

Dan Smith (UK) is the Secretary-General of InternationalAlert and Chairman of the UN Peacebuilding Fund’s Advi-sory Group. He began research on issues of peace and con-flict in the 1970s and was the co-author of one of the earlyoutputs in what came to be Myriad’s State of … series of at-lases, The War Atlas, co-authored with Michael Kidron in1983. He is a prolific author with a publications list includ-ing 16 books as author, co-author, editor, or co-editor, andover 100 articles and chapters in scholarly journals andbooks. This includes successive editions of The State of the

World Atlas (latest edition 2008) and The State of the Mid-dle East. Among writings for a specialist readership, he wasthe author in 2003 of the overview report of the Joint Ut-stein Study of Peacebuilding: Towards a Strategic Frame-work for Peacebuilding – and co-authored the pioneeringreport: A Climate of Conflict (2007) on the links betweenclimate change, peace, and war. He blogs on internationalpolitics at <www.dansmithsblog.com>. His previous posi-tions include Director of the International Peace ResearchInstitute, Oslo (1993-2001) and Director of the Transnation-al Institute, Amsterdam (1991-1993). Fellowships include theNorwegian Nobel Institute (2001) and the Hellenic Foun-dation for Foreign and European Policy (2003). Honorarypositions include Chairman of the Institute for War &Peace Reporting (1992-2006). He was awarded the OBE in2002.

Address: Mr Dan Smith, 346 Clapham Road, London, SW99AP, United Kingdom.Email: <dansmith@international-alert.org>.Website: <www.international-alert.org>.

Todd G. Smith (United States) is a Ph.D. student at theLBJ School of Public Affairs, Austin, Texas. He previouslyworked with Médicins Sans Frontières in Ethiopia and Chi-na, and with Impumelelo Innovations Award Trust in SouthAfrica, where he was the primary author of the tenth vol-ume in Impumelelo’s Series of Best Practice, which focusedon environmental programmes. He holds a JD from EmoryUniversity and an MA in public affairs from the LBJ School.

Address: Mr Todd G. Smith, PO Box Y, LBJ School of Pub-lic Affairs, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX 78713,USA.Email: <tgsmitty@gmail.com>.

Andy Spiess (Germany) is the founder president of theGulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Network for DrylandsResearch and Development (NDRD), a regional scientificorganization with the core objective of establishing a sci-ence-policy interface to increase response capacity and miti-gate environmental change in the Arab Gulf states. Besidesthis honorary position, her research in pursuit of a cumula-tive habilitation is in analyzing the state of human securityin the GCC member states (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar,Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates) from multiple per-spectives and in particular on the future implications of theenvironment-security nexus. This transdisciplinary approachis based on the hypothesis that declining ecosystem serviceswill act as a driver of social destabilization and already pre-vailing threats to security will be further amplified. Whilecurrently concentrating on her first monograph evaluatingthe concept of tourism development through the lens ofhuman security in Saudi Arabia, she has authored severalscholarly articles, has a long record of voluntary academicservice, and serves as a reviewer in several peer-reviewedjournals.

Address: Dr. Andy Spiess, GCC Network for DrylandsResearch and Development (NDRD), Riyadh 11461, SaudiArabia.Email: <a.spiess@ndrd.org>. Website: <www.ndrd.org>.

Biographies of Contributors 839

Shawn M. Strange (United States) holds an MS in Commu-nity and Regional Planning from the University of Texas atAustin. His focus is on sustainable development in transi-tioning economies and the integration of informal econo-mies into rapidly urbanizing regions. He is currently manag-er of the Sustainability Education and EconomicDevelopment (SEED) Center, an initiative of the AmericanAssociation of Community Colleges (AACC) which pro-vides strategic guidance and detailed resources for commu-nity colleges to dramatically ramp-up their programmes toeducate America’s 21st century workforce.

Address: Mr Shawn M. Strange, PO Box Y, LBJ School ofPublic Affairs, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX 78713,USA.Email: <shawn.strange@gmail.com>.

Mohammad Zulfan Tadjoeddin (Indonesia): Ph.D., Lectur-er in Development Studies at the University of Western Syd-ney. He has held visiting research posts at Queen ElizabethHouse, University of Oxford and at the International Insti-tute of Social Studies (ISS), The Netherlands. His publica-tions have appeared in: Economics of Peace and SecurityJournal, European Journal of East Asian Studies, Journalof the Asia Pacific Economy, Journal of Development Stud-ies, Journal of East Asian Studies, Journal of InternationalDevelopment, Journal of Peace Research (JPR), and OxfordDevelopment Studies. His article was selected as the run-ner-up for the JPR Article of the Year Award 2007. He wasawarded the Best Indonesian Young Researcher 2003Award (in social sciences) by the Indonesian Institute forSciences (LIPI) and has received scholarships from the gov-ernments of Australia, the Netherlands, Indonesia, and theUnited States.

Address: Dr. Mohammad Zulfan Tadjoeddin, School ofSocial Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia..Email: <z.tadjoeddin@uws.edu.au>.

Dennis Tänzler (Germany) works as a senior project man-ager at adelphi. His research focuses on climate and energypolicies as well as on peace and conflict studies. In 2007and 2008 he served in the Policy Planning Unit of the Ger-man Foreign Office as an expert on climate and energy pol-icies. During this time he contributed to the preparation offoreign policy initiatives in the area of climate and energysecurity. Dennis Tänzler has ten years of experience in in-ternational and European environmental policy and policyintegration, climate change and institutional aspects of envi-ronment, and conflict and cooperation. He has providedin-depth analysis on the security implications of climatechange and contributed to interdisciplinary research onnew methodologies for vulnerability assessment. He is theprogramme director on the environment, conflict, and co-operation platform (www.ecc-platform.org). He holds mas-ter’s degrees in political science as well as in North Ameri-can studies and in cultural sciences.

Address: Mr Dennis Tänzler, Adelphi, Caspar-Theyss-Strasse14a, 14193 Berlin, Germany.Email: <taenzler@adelphi.de>.

Ole Magnus Theisen (Norway) is a Ph.D. candidate at theNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)and the Centre for the Study of Civil War at the Interna-tional Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO). He holds amaster’s degree in political science from the NTNU. Hismain research interests are on resource scarcities, climatechange, and intra-national violent conflict with a focus onsub-Saharan Africa. His main publications are: “Blood andSoil? Resource Scarcity and Internal Armed Conflict Revis-ited”, in: Journal of Peace Research, 2008; (co-author withHalvard Buhaug and Nils Petter Gleditsch): “Implicationsof Climate Change for Armed Conflict” (2010), in: RobinMearns and Andrew Norton (eds.): The Social Dimensionsof Climate Change: Equity and Vulnerability in a WarmingWorld (Washington, DC: The World Bank).

Address: Mr Ole Magnus Theisen, Institute for Sociologyand Political Science, Dragvoll, Building 9, Level 5, 7491,Trondheim, Norway. Email: <ole.magnus.theisen@svt.ntnu.no>. Website: <http://www2.svt.ntnu.no/ansatte/ansatt.aspx?id=867>.

Maria Julia Trombetta (Italy/The Netherlands) is a re-searcher at Delft University of Technology, The Nether-lands. She obtained a Ph.D. in international politics fromthe University of Wales, Aberystwyth and degrees from theUniversity of Pavia and from Bocconi University, Milan. Shehas been a Fulbright Scholar at the Albany Law School, Al-bany NY. Her main research interests are critical securitystudies and environmental and energy governance. Her re-search focuses on how the securitization of non-traditionalissues (such as environmental ones) has contributed totransforming security practices and institutional arrange-ments. She is currently working on a project on the concep-tualization of energy security in Europe and its implica-tions. She has contributed book chapters on environmentalsecurity and on the securitization of the environment in-cluding the recent “Rethinking the Securitization of Envi-ronment: Old Beliefs, New Insights” in Thierry Balzacq(ed.) The Sociology of Securitization (London: Routledge,2010), and published on climate change and security in theCambridge Review of International Studies. She is finaliz-ing a monograph on environmental security.

Address: Dr. Maria Julia Trombetta, Jaffalaan 5 2628 BXDelft, The Netherlands.Email: <M.J.Trombetta@tudelft.nl>.

Oscar Edoror Ubhenin (Nigeria) holds a B.Sc. in politicalscience from Edo State University, Ekpoma and an M.Sc. inpublic administration from the University of Benin, BeninCity in Nigeria. He previously worked for the Edo state leg-islature for almost eight years in a variety of functions. Cur-rently he is a lecturer in public administration at the Am-brose Alli University, Ekpoma, and is the author or co-author of numerous publications on public policy, conflictresolution, and social research methods. His most impor-tant recent publications are: “Nigeria’s response to the glo-bal financial crisis”, in: The Nigerian Journal of Politics andPublic Policy (2010), 6,1-2: 24-41; “The dynamics of Niger-ia’s population policies”, in: Africana (2010), 4,2: 213-238;

840 Biographies of Contributors

(co-author with F. Aiya): “Methodological challenges ofenumerating the costs of Niger Delta conflict”, in: Journalof Human Security (2010), 6,2: 58-71; (co-author with S. En-abunene): “Youth restiveness and credible alternatives to vi-olence in Nigeria”, in: Journal of Human Security (2011),7,1: 53-67.

Address: Mr Oscar Edoror Ubhenin, Department of PublicAdministration, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria.Email: <oscarubhenin@yahoo.co.uk> and <nsdd37@gmail.com>.Website: <http://www.aauekpoma.edu.ng>.

Janani Vivekananda (UK) is Senior Climate Change and Se-curity Adviser in International Alert’s Security and Peace-building Programme. Her research work includes exploringhow aid effectiveness and better governance can buildresilience to climate stress and contribute to peacebuilding.Her recent publications include: Climate Change and Gov-ernance: Rethinking adaptation – Lessons from Nepal, Ini-tiative for Peacebuilding (London, International Alert,2011); (with Dan Smith) Climate Change, Conflict and Fra-gility: Understanding the linkages. Shaping effective re-sponses (London, International Alert, 2009), and (withDan Smith) A Climate of Conflict: The links between cli-mate change, peace and war (London, International Alert,2007).

Address: Ms Janani Vivekananda, 346 Clapham Road, Lon-don, SW9 9AP, United Kingdom.Email: <Jvivekananda@international-alert.org>.Website: <www.international-alert.org>.

Linda Wallbott (Germany) received an MA in Political Sci-ence, Governance, and Public Policy from the TechnicalUniversity of Darmstadt (Germany) and is research assist-ant of the Professorship ‘International Relations and Theo-ries of Global Order’ at Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universi-ty, Frankfurt on Main, Germany. She is also a Ph.D.candidate at the Cluster of Excellence 243 ‘Formation ofNormative Orders’. From 2008-2009 she worked as a re-search assistant on the project ‘Transnational Justice andDemocracy’ at the Technical University of Darmstadt.While her previous research and practical working experi-ence has focused on the role of private actors in global gov-ernance (CSR/CSecR), her Ph.D. project deals with therole and effectiveness of justice arguments in internationalenvironmental negotiations. Her publications include:“Calling on Peace. The International ICT Sector and theConflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo”, in: Deitel-hoff, Nicole; Wolf, Klaus Dieter (eds.): Corporate SecurityResponsibility? Private Governance Contributions to Peaceand Security in Zones of Conflict (Basingstoke: PalgraveMacMillan, 2010: 85-105).

Address: Ms. Linda Wallbott, Juridicum, Senckenberganlage31, 60325 Frankfurt/ Main, Germany.Email: <linda.wallbott@normativeorders.net>. Website: <http://www.gesellschaftswissenschaften.uni-frank-furt.de/index.pl/ndeitelhoff_team_lwallbott>.

Peter Wallensteen (Sweden) has been Dag HammarskjöldProfessor of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala Univer-

sity since 1985, as well as the Richard G. Starmann, Sr. Re-search Professor of Peace Studies at the Kroc Institute forInternational Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame, In-diana, USA since 2006. He directs the Uppsala ConflictData Programme (UCDP) and the Special Program on theImplementation of Targeted Sanctions (SPITS). His bookUnderstanding Conflict Resolution: War, Peace and theGlobal System (Sage, 32011, also in an Arabic translation) isused in teaching around the world. Together with IsakSvensson he has just published The Go-Between. Jan Elias-son and the Styles of Mediation (USIP Press, 2010). Recent-ly the UCDP team report A New Start for EU Peacemak-ing? came out (Uppsala 2010). He co-edited (with AndersMellbourn) Third Parties and Conflict Prevention (Gid-lunds 2008) and (with Carina Staibano) International Sanc-tions. Between Words and Wars in the Global System(Routledge 2005). He has published a number of bookchapters as well as articles in Journal of Peace Research,Negotiation Journal, Conflict Management and Peace Sci-ence, Asia-Europe Journal, and Géoéconomie on topicssuch as conflicts, mediation, the United Nations, conflictprevention, academic diplomacy, and sanctions.

Address: Prof. Dr. Peter Wallensteen, Bredmansgatan 7 A,75224 Uppsala, Sweden.Email: <peter.wallensteen@pcr.uu.se>.Websites: <www.pcr.uu.se>, <www.ucdp.uu.se>, <www.smart-sanctions.se>.

Kaiba L. White (United States) is a research associate onthe Climate Change and African Political Stability(CCAPS) programme at the Robert S. Strauss Center forInternational Security and Law, Austin, Texas. Her profes-sional and academic work has focused on climate change,renewable energy, and geographic information systems(GIS). She holds an MA in environmental policy and plan-ning from Tufts University.

Address: Ms Kaiba L. White, PO Box Y, LBJ School of Pub-lic Affairs, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX 78713,USA.Email: <kaibawhite@gmail.com>.

Steve Wright (UK) is a Reader in Applied Global Ethicsand Co-Director of the Praxis Centre at Leeds Metropoli-tan University, UK. He holds a Ph.D. in Peace and ConflictResearch from the University of Lancaster (1987). Prior toestablishing this Centre with colleagues, he was the Direc-tor of the Omega Foundation (1989-2005); Principal PolicyOfficer, Manchester City Council working for the Passen-ger Transport Authority on a range of public transport is-sues (1989-1995); and the first Head of Manchester CityCouncil’s Police Monitoring Initiative (1984-1988). He iscurrently on the boards of the Dialogue Society, the MinesAdvisory Group, Privacy International, the ThresholdGroup on Unconventional Weapons, the InternationalCommittee for Robot Arms Control, and the Lentz Foun-dation. His work on torture, surveillance, small arms, andnew police technologies has led to awareness-raising andpolicy changes around the world. His publications include:An Appraisal of the Technologies of Political Control,(Strasbourg: STOA, 1998); A systems approach to analysing

Biographies of Contributors 841

sub-state conflicts (Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing,2006); Preparing For Mass Refugee Flows - The CorporateMilitary Sector (London: Pluto, 2007).

Address: Dr. Steve Wright, Leeds Metropolitan University,School of Applied Global Ethics, Faculty of Health andSocial Sciences, Bronte Hall, Headingley Campus, BeckettPark, Leeds LS6 3QS, United Kingdom.Email: <s.t.wright@leedsmet.ac.uk>.Website: <http://www.leedsmet.ac.uk/international/age/>.

Index

A

Aberystwyth School 208Abkhazia 658Abu Dhabi 373, 378

Masdar Initiative 382Abubakar 536Academie de Droit International Hu-

manitaire (ADH) in Geneva 353, 364, 397

Active Denial vehicle 357Adams, William 755adaptation

definition of 224adaptive capacity 92, 107, 157, 292,

309, 375, 387, 469, 529, 623, 696, 698, 746, 802, 805, 806, 808, 812, 816

adaptive control 103–105adaptive governance 815adaptive cycle 105adelphi research 92Afghanistan 77, 536Africa

adult literacy rates 494arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) 513, 518, 520childhood malnutrition rates 498climate change and violent conflict 25, 26, 44, 167, 409, 410, 803, 804deforestation 302drinking water accessibility 499drought frequency 491empirical assessment of drought and civil war in sub-Saharan Africa 46–50globalization 506government effectiveness 502government stability 504, 505health care expenditures 500infant mortality rates 496life expectancy at birth 497nurses and midwives 501pastoralism 513, 514politically motivated violent events 507primary school enrolment rate 495voice and accountability 503

vulnerability and climate change 463, 464, 471–474, 476, 477, 480–482, 484, 485, 488wildfire frequency 492

African Development Bank (ADB) 532African Union (AU) 689Agent-based modelling (ABM) 109,

815agro-industry

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states 377, 378, 380, 384

air pollution 214, 229Aitutaki Declaration on Regional Secu-

rity Cooperation, 1997 652Akaike’s Information Criterion

(AIC) 565, 566Al-Amin, Mohammed 536Alaska 659Albania

GHG emission reduction obligations 751hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747population growth 742

Alexandria 734Algeria 769

agricultural land/production 744climate change impacts 735, 736climate-related hydro-meteorologi-cal hazards 739GHG emission reduction obligations 752hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747population growth 742urbanization rate 743vulnerability and climate change 467, 479

Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) 246, 252

al-Qaida network 536Amazon 411American Psychological Association

(APA) 619Amnesty International 341, 353, 354,

361, 365, 367, 533, 534Anderson, Jason 256Angola

vulnerability and climate change 468, 469, 476, 479

Annan, Kofi 13, 690Antarctic 99, 530, 727Anthropocene 5, 6, 195, 207–209, 213,

217, 218framework for analysis 208, 209human security concept 217, 218Era 685, 746, 810

Antigua 576anti-personnel landmines 355aquifer 321, 328, 331, 332, 374, 426

coastal 321, 428, 429Eastern Aquifer Basin (EAB) 426Gaza 428Mountain Aquifer 426, 427, 452Western Aquifer Basin 431

Arab Circle Renewable Energy 400Arab Forum for Environment and De-

velopment (AFED) 391, 729, 730, 735, 740, 744

Arab Human Development Report (AHDR) 387, 391, 394

Arab Region State of Implementation on Climate Change 729

Arab spring 719, 748, 749, 762Arabellion 21, 719, 766Arabian Gulf/Sea 413, 613Arabian Gulf University in

Bahrain 729Arctic 167, 411, 662, 687

melting of sea ice 656, 727Arewa Consultative Forum (ACF) 537argumentative discourse analysis 247,

248arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs)

Africa 513, 518, 520Armed Conflict Location and Events

Dataset (ACLED) 487armed conflict, see climate change, se-

curity implications/violent conflict arms control 106, 814arms market 367arms race 106, 107arms trade 320arms trafficking 342Arthus-Bertrand, Yann 262, 267Asian Centre for Human Rights

(ACHR) 606Assam 57, 80

844 Index

Assessments of Impacts and Adapta-tions to Climate Change (AIACC) 776

Association of Southeast Asian Na-tions (ASEAN) 378

Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation 727

atmospheresystem-system interaction 96

Australia 656, 658, 659, 771climate refugees 292Greens party 292Labour party 292

avian flu 243AXA 256

B

BAe Systems 358Baghdad 413Bahrain 679

environmental degradation, re-source depletion, and climate change 374, 378–380, 387, 390, 391, 393–396, 398–400, 402

Ban Ki-moon 9, 10, 12, 13, 190, 250, 256, 283, 530, 651

Bangkok 614Bangladesh 80, 145, 306, 307, 352, 688

Arakan Rohingya National Organization 606climate change 576, 595, 600, 601conflict constellations due to migration 600fundamentalist Islamic country 601Harkat-ul-Jihad-al Islami (HUJI) 606Islamic Oikya Jote 606madrasas (Islamic religious schools) 601, 605, 606National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) 576, 605population pressure/density 636Qomi Madrasa Education Board 606Rohingya Solidarity Organization 606sea-level rise 367

Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies (BIISS) 600

Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) 601

Bangladesh Rural Advancement Com-mittee (BRAC) 604, 605

Bangladesh, sea-level risearea description 579, 580climate awareness and adaptation efficacy model 581–590climate change and sea-level rise (CC-SLR) 575–578, 581–584, 586–590

High Risk Area (HRA) 578mean sea level (MSL) 579measurement of familiarity with cli-mate change and extreme weather events 581, 582, 584measurement of perception 581measurement of tacit and intuitive knowledge 582, 583multiple regression model 586–588ordinary least square (OLS) 584, 589policy implications and evaluation 589, 590principal component analysis (PCA) 575, 584, 586, 589protection motivation theory (PMT) 587review of coastal impacts 577, 578Risk Zone (RZ) 578statistical measures for checking the reliability and usability of the data 582variance inflation factor (VIF) 586

Barah, Abul 536Barcelona Declaration of 1995 723,

724Barcelona International Peace Re-

source Center (BIPRC) 764Barcelona Process (BP) 719, 720, 722,

724, 725, 740, 759, 765BASIC countries (Brazil, South Africa,

India, China) 814BBC 262Beck, Ulrich 18, 19, 234, 770Beckett, Margaret 8, 151, 674behavioural research/science 614, 626Belfer Center for Science and Interna-

tional Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School 772

Ben Ali, Zine el-Abidine 769Ben Gurion University 438Benin 576

vulnerability and climate change 469, 479

Bertelsmann Foundation 773Biketawa Declaration, 2000 652biodiversity 95, 98, 329, 534, 686, 693,

740, 810, 811loss of 685, 690 marine 653Nigeria 534

Biological and Toxin Weapons Con-vention of 1972 363

biomass 100biopolitical governance 199biopolitics 160biosphere systems 96Blair, Anthony 675blue-sea fishing 656Boer, Yvo de 250, 256

Boko Haram uprising (Nigeria) 529, 533, 534, 536, 537

Bolivia 699Bosnia and Herzegovina

GHG emission reduction obligations 751hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747population growth 742

Botswanavulnerability and climate change 478, 479

Bouazizi, Mohammed 769Brazil 699Bread for the World 256Bretton Woods institutions 14BRIC states 232British Medical Association

(BMA) 358British Society for Social Responsibility

in Science (BSSRS) 354Brown, Gordon 256, 675Brundtland Commission Report,

1987 693Brundtland, Gro Harlem 7Burkina Faso 306

vulnerability and climate change 466, 479

Burundi 77vulnerability and climate change 468, 479

Bush administration 172, 189, 262, 277, 680, 687

Bush, George H. W. 262Bush, George W. 7, 342Business Leaders Confidence Index

(BLCI) 710

C

Cairo 119Calderón, Felipe 339, 341Cameron, David 675Cameroon

vulnerability and climate change 469, 475, 479

Canada 771conceptualization of human security 14

capabilitydefinition 102deprivation of 102

capacity development/buildingconceptualization of 710–712efficiency of innovation-based 715improving climate security 27, 28, 805, 806information systems, role of 714–716lack of effective 710

Index 845

technological acquisitions 715, 716thematic fragmentation of 710transition management 712–714urban water management 708–716

Cape Verdevulnerability and climate change 476, 477, 479

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) 383

Carbon Finance Unit 813carbon footprints 382Cartagena Declaration on

Refugees 293Casablanca 734cascading process 21, 110, 770, 781Castilla-La Mancha electricity

plant 757Center for a New American Security

(CNAS) 7, 157Center for Environment and Develop-

ment for the Arab Region and Eu-rope (CEDARE) 764

Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) at Columbia University 475, 476

Center for Naval Analysis (CNA) 7, 157, 167, 187, 249, 470, 696

Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) 7, 249

Central African Republic 468, 470, 472, 479, 701

Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and the European Mari-time Safety Agency (EMSA) 779

Centre for Research on the Epidemiol-ogy of Disasters (CRED) 71–73, 75, 562

Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW) 563

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) 755, 757

Chad 537vulnerability and climate change 476, 479

chemical weapons 358Chemical Weapons Convention

(CWC) 355, 360, 362, 363Chiapas 57Chicago 352Chile 233China 658

climate change negotiations 673, 678, 687Ming cultures 318Qing civilizations 318Tang dynasty 318

Christian Aid 303, 598civil protection 779civil society 133, 402, 690, 776

civil unrest/conflict/warcaused by or related to underdevelopment 633climate change 224, 228country-specific distributions 66–70Disruptive State Acts Index 63, 64, 66El Salvador 66, 67, 69gauging the effects of climate-related disasters 71–75global trends 63–65identifying concentrations 66, 70Intensity of Political Protest measure 62, 63, 66Intensity of Political Violence measure 62, 65, 66Intensity of State Repression Index 63, 66Nicaragua 66, 68, 69non-state actors 62Philippines 66, 68, 70–72raw distributions 66risk and rainfall variability 47–50Sierra Leone 66, 67, 69Social, Political, and Economic Event Database (SPEED) 61–75state actors 62, 63sub-Saharan Africa 46–50weak states 600

civilian refuges 354Clean Development Mechanism

(CDM) 230, 232, 233, 380, 698, 813Adaptation Fund 297

climate changeanthropogenic 123archaeological studies 318behavioural adaptation 628catastrophic effects 530causal relationships 3, 91, 95, 96causes and impacts 618changing security contexts and conceptions 106climate variability vs. anthropogenic change 5, 6climatic optima and climatic pessima 745competing notions of security 673, 674decision-making and adaptive con-trol role 103–105desertification 374dimensions 530disaster mortality 468ecosystem diversity loss 223energy challenge and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant accident, March 2011 772environmental change and human-ec-ological relations discourses 224–229

environmental change and social change impacts 105, 106environmentally-forced migration (EFM) 326, 816extreme weather events 223fragile states 80–82, 814framing hazardous natural events and vulnerability 225, 226global CO2 emissions 233globalisation 599, 600Gulf region 374, 375heat wave mortality in Europe 745Holocene to the Anthropocene 5, 6human action framework 104, 105human behaviour 616–620human beings and societies impacts 102human capabilities and actions 102, 103human health 80human responses impacts 101–105human security 21, 22, 91, 194–197, 266, 559, 797–799human values and needs impacts 101human well-being impacts 188human, societal, and political stability 107, 108human-climate interaction 613, 614, 619–621, 628knowledge about and its effects on behaviour 626, 627large-scale migration link 291leads to population movement 304link between global and local level decisions 133, 134, 146marine ecosystems in the Arabian Gulf 373, 374mental health issues 616migration 23, 80, 199, 200, 351, 352, 375, 376, 383, 384, 797, 799, 801, 802, 812militarization of future response 352, 367mitigation 695, 696, 814natural disaster 71–73, 224–229natural hazards projections 738, 739, 745, 747natural resources scarcity 227new discourse on cooperation 452North Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes 321object of climatology in the natural sciences 3physical and societal impacts of 16political effects of hazardous natural events 226‘polluter pays’ principle and the ‘ability-to-pay’ principle 813precipitation projections 735–738

846 Index

climate changeproactive securitization of 765projections of a best-case scenario 259psychological dimensions/impacts 616, 617, 620psychosocial impacts 619refugee crisis 291regional climate model projections 375, 376regional impacts 695reports on social impacts 301resource scarcity effects 57rising global temperatures 93, 94, 351, 374, 513, 518, 729, 730, 813Roman optimum 5, 745sea-level rise (SLR) 223, 374, 375, 575–590, 651, 653, 657securing global circulation 197–201sensitivity context of 96–98social interaction models 108–111social interactions and instabilities 105–111Societal Infrastructures and Devel-opment (SID) project 58, 59, 70, 71, 73–75societal instability and resilience 106–108sovereignty of states and shrinking maritime territories 656–662stability against escalating threats 107stability of the climate system, eco-systems, and economic systems 107stress on natural resources and resil-ience of ecosystems 99, 100temperature increase projections 374, 729, 730threats, disasters, and impacts overview 331typology of people’s attitudes 627urban water resources 707, 708, 713vulnerability and risks 101–103

Climate Change Perception Inventory (CCPI) 621

climate change, adaptationadaptation efficacy 577, 578, 581– 590agenda for action 81–83agriculture 448aid effectiveness 82behavioural adaptation, and well-be-ing of people 613, 614Blue Peace 449, 450capacities of ecosystems 811climate-proofed peace-building 83, 88conflict-sensitive 82, 83, 88cope with, manage, or adjust to changing conditions 576, 577

dealing with uncertainty 83, 84disaster risk reduction (DRR) measures 228, 229, 231, 232donors’ adaptation options 448–451dynamics of human-climate interface 620enhancing governance 85, 86enhancing institutional flexibility 87, 88enhancing the knowledge base 84ensuring the effectiveness 83–88ensuring the right approach for action 81–83evaluation and outlook 88, 89food and water security risks 447GEF 86, 87Germany 450, 451Gulf region 380implementation of strategies 144–146institutional mechanisms 82, 86, 87IPCC options 446Israel 445, 448–451Israeli-Palestinian water conflict 444–451linked sectoral approaches 82MENA region 774–778migration as strategy 797, 812mitigation, development, and disas-ter management 198, 202national proactive actions 387Palestine 446–451reasons for context-sensitive policy 228, 229Reducing Emissions from Deforesta-tion and Forest Degradation (REDD+) 698–703sequencing 85UNFCCC 86, 88, 232, 235water supply and demand 447World Bank climate funds 86, 87

climate change, concepts/approachesbalanced policy 223, 224case study approach 596cascading processes 21, 110, 770, 771, 781channel approach 411common but differentiated conver-gence proposal 813conceptual and model analyses 18constellation approach 411contraction and convergence 813cornucopian perspectives 780deniers 18determinists 17discourse analyses 18empiricists 17factor approach 410–413framework development 412, 413

global risk society 18, 19human needs theory 529, 532–534, 538human security perspective 185–190, 192, 194–199, 201, 202human, gender, and environmental security (HUGE) 14, 317, 342, 344internal/external transformation 412linking of scientific concepts 3, 4micro approach 596overlay approach 410–413path dependency theory/concept 110, 118, 123, 133, 134, 144–146PEISOR model 20, 317, 319, 324, 325, 720, 726–728policy analyses 18principles for proactive policy 813–816regional security complexes (RSCs) 411–413, 419relative deprivation theory 529, 532–534, 537, 538research needs and conceptual challenges 806–813scenario analyses 18sceptics 17security/violent conflicts 409–413theoretical and empirical analyses 18threat multiplier concept 410Triptych approach 813VCAPS 111, 115, 119–121, 126

climate change, filmsAn Inconvenient Truth documenta-ry, 2006 151, 166, 262, 268, 283COP15 opening film Please Help the World 273, 277–285Earth, 2007 262, 267, 268Home, 2007 262Le Syndrome du Titanic, 2009 262The Day after Tomorrow film 151, 187

climate change, international policy/negotiations

AOSIS members 252Brazil 232, 673, 678BRIC states 232CDM system 232, 233, 235China 232, 673, 678, 687European Union 8, 9, 14, 188, 189, 193, 195, 196, 199, 251, 262, 277, 675, 679, 680, 687, 754France 9G8 248Germany 8–10, 187–191, 249goals and instruments revised 229–234Greece 764

Index 847

India 232institutional background 248IPCC 234, 235, 248Japan 10, 687Kenya 10NATO 249, 373Netherlands 675NGOs 248, 250–253, 256, 262Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) 673, 675–677, 679, 681paternalistic and hegemonic setting regime 234–237policy evolution and milestones 229–231policy implementation of adaptation and Kyoto mechanisms 231–234policy mitigation results 233, 234Russia 687securitization of 9, 20, 22, 23, 91, 106, 151, 158–161, 175, 185, 243, 248–254, 260–269, 276–278, 285, 286, 669–672, 679, 681, 799–801Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 166, 174, 175, 669, 676–681Spain 10subject positions and representative speakers 256sustainable development 685UNFCCC 189, 191, 195, 196, 229, 231–235, 248–250, 253, 254, 262, 687–689, 691United Kingdom 8, 151, 187–191, 674, 675, 677United Nations 9–11, 674–681, 686–693USA 151, 186–189, 192, 193, 196, 199, 249, 251, 262, 277, 680, 687

climate change, model framework of social interaction and conflict 20, 21, 111

conflict and cooperation 20, 113– 115evaluation and outlook 123, 124extended interaction model of pro-duction and conflict 115–118Nile River basin conflict case study 118–124social action and interaction 111–113

climate change, regions/countriesAfrica 463, 464, 470–488Algeria 467, 479, 735, 736Angola 468, 469, 476, 479Bahrain 374, 378–380, 387, 390, 391, 393–396, 398–400, 402Bangladesh 575–590, 595, 600, 601Benin 469, 479Botswana 478, 479Burkina Faso 466, 479Burundi 468, 479Cameroon 469, 475, 479

Cape Verde 476, 477, 479Central African Republic 468, 470, 472, 479Chad 476, 479Comoros 478, 479Congo 469, 479Cote d’Ivoire 479Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) 465, 470, 473, 476, 478–481, 483, 487Djibouti 49, 479Eastern Africa 517, 518Egypt 119, 375, 376, 467, 473, 479, 483, 735, 736, 776, 777Equatorial Guinea 475, 477, 479Eritrea 468, 477, 479Ethiopia 463, 465, 467–469, 472, 473, 476, 479–481, 483, 486Gambia 468, 476, 479Ghana 469, 479, 480Greece 266–268, 735Guinea 468, 479Guinea-Bissau 476, 479Gulf Region 373, 377–384India 613–615, 619–628Israel 430, 434, 439–440, 442, 443, 445, 448–451, 454, 455Jordan 736Kenya 469, 472, 478, 479, 513– 525Kuwait 374, 378Lebanon 736Lesotho 475, 479Liberia 479Libya 475, 477– 479, 735, 736Madagascar 466, 469, 472, 479– 481, 483Malawi 466, 472, 473, 479, 480Mali 479, 480Mauritania 468, 478, 479Mauritius 475, 477– 479Mediterranean region 424– 426MENA region 118, 119, 719, 726–749, 774–782Mexico 321–324, 326–333Morocco 467, 469, 478, 479, 735, 736Mozambique 466– 469, 476, 479, 480, 484Namibia 478, 479Nepal 77, 82, 84, 85Niger 465, 468, 476, 479, 481, 482Nigeria 465–467, 469, 472, 473, 479– 483, 485Nile River basin 118, 119North Africa 767, 768, 776, 777occupied Palestinian territories (West Bank and Gaza Strip) 433Pacific 651–662Palestine 439, 440, 443, 444, 446–451, 453–455

Qatar 374, 378, 380, 381Rwanda 466, 468, 469, 473, 479, 484Sao Tome and Principe 479Saudi Arabia 377, 379–383, 387, 390, 391, 393–396, 399, 400, 402Senegal 469, 479, 480Seychelles 475, 476, 478, 479Sierra Leone 468, 469, 479Somalia 465, 466–469, 476, 478–481South Africa 467, 469, 477– 480, 486Spain 735Sudan 465–469, 472, 473, 478–481, 736Swaziland 469, 479, 484Syria 736Tanzania 466, 470, 479, 484Togo 468, 479Tunisia 467, 475, 479, 735, 736Uganda 469, 472, 473, 479, 546United Arab Emirates (UAE) 374, 380–383, 387, 390, 391, 393, 395–402WANA region 719, 728, 729, 749Yemen 373, 376, 378–384Zambia 479, 480Zimbabwe 467, 469, 472, 478, 479, 484

climate change, reportsNational Security and the Threat of Climate Change report of CNA 157, 167, 187, 249, 598, 696North Africa: The Impact of Cli-mate Change to 2030 report of NIC/CIA 766– 769Solana Report 8, 189, 195, 301Stern Review 78, 156, 187, 598UNSG report of 2009 7, 9– 11, 13, 17, 188, 190, 192, 195, 373, 669, 671, 672, 674, 679– 681, 695, 697World in Transition Climate Change as a Security Risk report of WBGU 8, 9, 157, 187, 189, 529, 531, 696, 746, 768, 769

climate change, research/conceptual challenges

actors, networks, and conflicts 810, 811climate-society interaction ap-proaches and models 808cooperation, coalition formation, and global governance 815, 816emission reduction and efficiency of natural resource use 813empirical research 807, 808fair distribution and climate justice 813, 814fourth sustainability revolution 317, 344, 749, 780–782, 806

848 Index

climate change, research/conceptual challenges

methodological challenges 806, 807principles for proactive policy 813–816risks, instabilities, and conflicts re-duction and management 814stakeholder participation and alter-native dispute resolution 814, 815sustainable development and sus-tainable peace 812, 813transdisciplinary science 809, 810viability, adaptation, and resilience 811, 812

climate change, securitization ofabsence of extraordinary measures 191–194actors, coalitions, and storylines 248–254de-politicization of international cli-mate governance 254disciplinary debate and its political implications 243, 246discourse coalitions and storylines 250–252environmental conflicts 151, 152, 158–161evaluation and outlook 254institutional background 248, 249metaphorical vocabulary 249, 250, 255, 256Palestinian-Israeli water conflict 423, 424political implications/politicization of 253, 254subject positions and representative speakers 256

climate change, security implications/violent conflict

adaptation policy/measures 81–88Africa 25, 26, 44, 167, 409, 410, 803, 804anomalies in sea surface tempera-ture (SST) and the number of armed conflicts 93architecture of entitlements 227Asia 804, 805Bangladesh 600, 601causal linkages, chains, and feedbacks 19–21causal links 599, 600civil unrest/war 71–75, 228climate-change-induced migration 600climate-induced decline in food production 531, 696, 746, 748climate-induced degradation of freshwater resources 531, 696, 746climate-induced increase in storm and flood disasters 531, 696, 748

climatization of security 197–201concepts and approaches 17–21, 409–413conditional factors and context 52conflict constellations (WBGU) 113, 696, 746–749conflict-sensitive climate policies 703cooperative policies and capacity building 27, 28, 805, 806destabilizing effects and SID data 70discourse and action 174, 175drivers and doubters 174earlier studies discourse 166, 167early phase of the debate 7Eastern Africa 559–563, 566–569emergence as a security issue 186–190empirical assessments and pathways 92–94environmental degradation linked to instability 599environmentally-induced migration 261, 531, 532, 696, 749European Union 768, 769factors shaping the discourse 173–175fragile states 80–82fuelled a series of scientific studies 243future research needs and conceptu-al challenges 50–52, 806–813genealogy of the debate 152–161geographic disaggregation 50–52global environmental agenda trends 259global prevalence in the early 1990s 43global risk society 18, 19governance structures 77, 78government-sponsored reports/studies 57, 58Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states 378–380, 401–403human security concepts and discourses 6, 11–17increase the frequency, intensity, or duration of violent conflict 695incremental effects 73–75Iraq 413–419lack of adequate data 463, 464literature review 598–601MENA region 746–749, 766–769, 775, 776Mexico 326–331, 337–340Middle East 24, 25, 802, 803migration of climate refugees to the slums of Dhaka 595, 601–607

national defence documents 165, 170–175National Security and the Threat of Climate Change report of CNA 157, 167, 187, 249, 598, 696national security impacts debate 7, 8national strategy documents 165, 167–170, 172–175new military doctrines and state response 355, 356new weapons technology and state response 351–353, 367, 368Nigeria 529, 534–539non-military threats 342, 343Pacific 26, 27, 651–662, 804, 805Palestinian-Israeli water conflict 423, 424, 430–433peacebuilding challenge 697, 698, 703political debate 188–190possible pathways to conflict 94principles for proactive policy 813–816quantitative research 45, 46rainfall patterns and civil war in the sub-Saharan Africa 46–50Reducing Emissions from Deforesta-tion and Forest Degradation (REDD+) 699resource competition, and conflict amongst pastoral communities 513resource scarcity, economic/social inequalities, and mass migration 599resource-based conflicts among the pastoral communities of Kenya 513–525review of empirically recorded envi-ronmental conflicts between 1980 and 2005 92, 93risk of conflict 77, 78– 81, 86–88risks and disaster management 198–202scientific debate 186–188security sector practice 172social inequality 228Social, Political, and Economic Event Database (SPEED) project 58–75social tensions/instability rise 227, 228systematic and integrated assess-ment is still lacking 91theoretical foundation/perspectives 3–45, 190–202threat multiplier 6, 157, 189, 190, 198, 202, 227, 261, 399, 516, 674, 676, 696, 697

Index 849

threat to national, international, and human security 185trigger vs. background effects 51, 52types of literature 17, 18UNGA resolutions and debates 7, 9–11, 188, 190, 192, 195, 373, 651, 669, 672, 674, 676–679, 681United Kingdom debate/perspec-tive of national security 7, 8, 169–171, 173, 175UNSC debate 7–11, 166, 188, 189, 192, 195, 373, 669, 672–677, 679–681UNSG report of 2009 7, 9–11, 13, 17, 188, 190, 192, 195, 373, 669, 671, 672, 674, 679–681, 695, 697US debate/perspective of national security 6, 7, 166, 168–175, 766–768WBGU report of 2007/2008 8, 9, 157, 187, 189, 529, 531, 696, 746, 768, 769widening understanding 51

Climate Change: Global Risks, Chal-lenges and Decisions conference, March 2009 401

Climate Change, Social Stress and Vio-lent Conflict conference in Ham-burg, November 2009 4, 5

Climate Impact Relief Fund 297Climate Institute 186Climate Investment Funds of World

Bank 87climate justice 235, 813climate model simulation (SOM) 318climate paradox 781climate refugeeClimate Refugee Protection and Reset-

tlement Fund 297–299climate refugee 186, 200

causal mechanisms of the climate–migration nexus 307, 308comparing most similar cases 308, 309constraints and limitations politics 298, 299construction of threat to human security 201context-sensitive theoretical framework 309, 310definition of 291, 292, 305–307Dhaka (Bangladesh) 595–607drought and water scarcity 306estimating numbers of future 304evaluation and outlook 298, 299exact number of 292, 293extreme weather events 307financial support and compensation 297–299global governance 291–295, 297, 299

in-depth case study research 308international burden-sharing principle 295, 296international convention to protect 305methodological principles for future research 302, 307–310new regime for protecting 294–296planned relocation and resettlement principle 295politicized debate 310, 311projections of future numbers 301, 303quest for numbers and the state of the debate 302–307research attention 202research tends to overvalue ecologi-cal drivers 311resettlement instead of temporary asylum principle 295scientifically unsound results of many approaches 310, 311sea-level rise 306sui generis regime for the recogni-tion, protection, and resettlement 294, 297

climate risk 103, 467, 468Climate Risk Index 106climate security 106, 113, 123, 151, 173,

193, 196, 197, 202, 245, 249, 254, 343, 351, 423, 467, 481, 529, 537, 669, 676, 677, 798, 810, 813, 815

concepts and approaches 17–21climate stress 95–97, 101, 380, 613, 615,

616, 619, 621, 623, 624, 626, 628, 804, 812

coping with 624, 625India 615, 616

climate system 95, 96, 157, 229, 243, 515, 687, 726, 746, 781, 807, 808, 810

definition 99climate variability 6, 77, 122, 187, 560,

563, 564climate-induced migration (CIM), see

environmentally-forced migration (EFM)

climate–migration nexus 302, 308, 309, 311

climate-society interaction/analysis 21, 95, 110, 123

evaluation and outlook 124integrated assessment framework 94–98model of water allocation decisions in the Nile basin 123scheme of a laboratory 117sensitivities 96, 97

sensitivities in relationships between causes and effects 98stability concept 107, 108variables in the framework 126

climatizationdevelopment 200security 185, 191, 197, 200–202

climatology 3Cline Center for Democracy 59Clinton administration 157, 189, 262Clinton, Hillary 341Club of Rome 756, 757

Limits to Growth report 152, 229, 391, 685

cluster bombs 353coastal aquifer 321, 428, 429Cold War 106, 153, 207Commission on Global Governance

690Commission on Human Security

(CHS) 12, 14, 194, 213, 214, 217Commitment to Development Index

(CDI) 470common security 106community forest management

(CFM) 699community security 194, 343Comoros

vulnerability and climate change 478, 479

Comparative Constitutions Project 59Complex Emergency DATabase

(CE-DAT) 562computer simulations 100Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 757,

759, 762–764confidence-building measures 697, 814conflict

definition 3, 4, 531ethno-religious 529inter-ethnic armed 521intra-ethnic skirmishes 529sub-national and low-intensity 155

conflict management 160conflict prevention 190, 811conflict resolution 113, 343, 811, 812,

814, 815Congo

vulnerability and climate change 469, 479

consilience 4Consortium for Applied Research on

International Migration (CARIM) 778

Convention Governing the Specific As-pects of Refugee Problems in Afri-ca, 196 293

850 Index

Convention on Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons, 1996 363

conventional riot weapons 356Cook Islands 652Copenhagen School (CoS) 13, 14, 158,

159, 161, 165, 167, 185, 190–194, 197, 201, 202, 208, 210, 243–246, 253, 260, 261, 263–265, 275, 281, 285, 326, 670, 671, 675

cornucopian perspectives 780Corporate Leaders Group on Climate

Change 256Correlates of War project 59Corruption Perceptions Index by

Transparency International 560Cote d’Ivoire

vulnerability and climate change 479

Council for Science and Society (CSS) 354

Council of Arab Ministers Responsible for the Environment (CAMRE) 753

Credit Suisse 382crisis intervention 814crisis management 356, 814crisis prevention 814crisis stability 106Critical Security Studies (CSS) 207,

208, 210, 212, 213, 216, 217Croatia

GHG emission reduction obligations 751hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747population growth 742

Crutzen, Paul 5, 19, 195, 208, 685Cuba 675, 676Cyprus 659

GHG emission reduction obligations 750hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747population growth 742

D

Darfur region 262, 560, 688, 689Darling, Alistair 256Dead Sea 426, 452decision-making process

path dependency theory/concept 138–142, 144rationale choose 103

deep-sea mining 656Deepwater Horizon oil platform 653deforestation 214, 326, 327, 329, 538

Africa 302Germany 301

Haiti 599Reducing Emissions from Deforesta-tion and Forest Degradation (REDD+) 698–703

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) 532, 699

vulnerability and climate change 465, 470, 473, 476, 478–481, 483, 487

demographic and environmental stress (DES) 45

DenmarkMinistry of Foreign Affairs 283

desalinationIsrael 443, 445

desecuritization 191, 208, 260, 412Desert Research Institute, Negev 435DESERTEC

Academic-Industrial Think Tank (AITT) 761revenue optimized market introduc-tions strategy (ROMIS) 761concept 755–757, 760–764, 766, 771, 773, 780–782

DESERTEC employment/industriali-zation-policy institute (DEPI) 761

DESERTEC Foundation 756, 757, 760, 761

DESERTEC GmbH 760DESERTEC Industrial Initiative

(Dii) 755, 759–761, 764Desertec University Network

(DUN) 760, 762desertification 309, 560, 686

Gulf region 374Mexico 321, 329, 330Sahel region 80

Designated Operational Entities (DOEs) 233

developmentassistance militarization 201climatization of 200policy 301studies 13

Dhaka 614flood-prone slum 597migration of climate refugees to the slum areas and violent conflicht impacts 595, 601–607

Di Caprio, Leonardo 262Diel BGT Defence 356Digital Chart of the World server 564digital elevation model (DEM) 472Diouf, Jacques 378disaster

countries most vulnerable to 466disaster management 111, 169, 198–

202Kampala City 552, 553

disaster mortality 465, 468, 474, 488

disaster preparedness 175disaster relief 814disaster research 811disaster risk reduction (DRR) 228,

229, 231, 232disaster-preparedness 544discourse theory 671Disruptive State Acts Index 63, 64, 66Djibouti

vulnerability and climate change 49, 479

Dominican Republic 307drainage systems 550–552, 556drinking water

Africa 499Driving Force – Pressure – State – Im-

pact - Response (DPSIR) model of EEA 20, 726

Driving Force-State-Response (DSR) model of UN-CSD 19, 20, 726

droughtAfrica 491East Africa 517Ethiopia 47Greece 268Kenya 519, 520Mali 306sub-Saharan Africa 46–50, 309USA 259

drug trafficking 320, 339Dubai 373Durkheim, Emile 529, 533Duru-salam (Islamic sect) 537Dworkowitsch, Arkadi 256dynamic competition model 100

E

early warning system 108, 216earth history 5, 810Earth Policy Institute 186Earth Sciences, Hebrew

University 436Earth System sciences 195, 207, 208,

225Eastern Africa

cyclone wind exposure 489droughts 517flood frequency 490Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) indicator 561, 562, 565, 566, 569internally displaced people (IDP) 561migration 520variability in land surface attributes (SCV) 562, 563, 565–567

Eastern Africa, malnutrition, armed conflict and resource variability impacts 559

conflict data 563

Index 851

control variables and socio-econom-ic data 564, 565data and method 561–565debate and evaluation 565, 567–569environmental change indicators 563, 564malnutrition 565, 566nutrition indicator 561–563results 565–567statistical model 565study area 560, 561violent conflict 566, 567

Eastern Aquifer Basin (EAB) 426East-West conflict 106Ecologic 92ecological footprint (EF) 395ecological growth model 100ecological processes 811ecological security 106ecological systems 707Economic and Social Commission for

Western Asia (ESCWA) 722, 729Economic and Social Council

(ECOSOC) 9, 18, 678, 690Economic Commission for Africa

(ECA) 722Economic Commission for Europe

(ECE) 722economic growth 118, 228economic security 194economic sustainability 107economic theory 101, 102ecosystem

adaptive capacity of 107, 811stability and resilience of 99, 100usable resources of 102

ecosystem degradation 388ecosystem diversity 223ecosystem productivity 562, 564ecosystem services 559, 576, 691ecosystem variability 567Egypt 232, 770

agricultural land/production 744Agriculture Research Centre (ARC) 776climate change impacts 735, 736, 776, 777climate-related hydro-meteorologi-cal hazards 739environmental degradation, re-source depletion, and climate change 375, 376food insecurity 748GHG emission reduction obligations 752hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation 776

Nile River basin water conflict 119–123population growth 742rainfall 737spring 351urbanization rate 743vulnerability and climate change 119, 467, 473, 479, 483water resources 737

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 514, 727, 807

El Salvador 10, 341civil unrest 66, 67, 69

electro muscular disruption technolo-gy (EMDT) 364

EM-DAT natural disasters database 47, 466

Emmerich, Roland 187energy supply security 774energy efficiency 772Engfeldt, Lars-Göran 691Enhanced Vegetation Index

(EVI) 562–567Environment and Conflicts Project

(ENCOP) 7, 92environmental capacity 469Environmental Change and Security

Project of Woodrow Wilson Center 92

environmental conflict 174convergence of resource manage-ment and conflict 156, 160evolution of the research agenda 155, 156genealogy of the debate 152–161governmentalization of global security 151, 152, 159–161human security concept 156narrative 673, 674return of climate change debate 156–161securitization of 151, 152, 158–161

environmental conservation 108environmental damage 616environmental degradation 20, 51,

153–155, 158–160, 195, 212, 214, 298, 309, 544, 564

environmental deterioration 304environmental deterrence 212environmental ethic 343environmental impact assessment

(EIA) 776environmental insecurity 227, 599environmental intervention 217environmental management 556environmental marginalization 45environmental migration

Kenya 520methods for conducting empirical research 595, 596

environmental non-governmental organization 186

environmental peacemaking 43environmental pollution 116environmental refugee, see also cli-

mate refugeedefinition 186, 291, 292, 303, 305, 598object of scientific controversy 302

environmental resource management 227

environmental security 15, 153, 175, 186, 194, 227, 676, 724

categories of research on 43challenges and opportunities for fu-ture research 50–53, 155conceptualization of 151, 152, 327critical deconstructiont of three concepts 209–213, 218debate on 159definition 209eco-centred concept 210, 211, 213, 218empirical large-N studies 52human-centred concept 210–213, 219interactions between scarcity and distribution 49state-centred concept 209–212, 218

environmental stress 44, 95, 106, 188, 743, 744

environmental studies 13environmental variability 559environmental vulnerability 44, 52,

807environmentally displaced

persons 292, 294environmentally-forced migration

(EFM), see also Mexico, environ-mentally-forced migration (EFM)

climate change impacts 326, 816complex process with many causes 324, 325conceptual comments 318–321definition 318human security perspective 317MENA region 778, 779methodological observations 316–318PEISOR model 324, 325

Equatorial Guineavulnerability and climate change 475, 477, 479

Erdan, Gilad 443Ericsson, John 755Eritrea

vulnerability and climate change 468, 477, 479

Ethic Power Relations (EPR) 47

852 Index

Ethiopia 46, 232, 520Corruption Perceptions Index 560drought 47Human Development Index (HDI) 560malnutrition and armed conflict 560, 561, 565, 566Nile River basin water conflict 120–122vulnerability and climate change 463, 465, 467–469, 472, 473, 476, 479–481, 483, 486

ethno-communal violence 633Euphrates and Tigris region 118, 413–

415, 417, 418Euro-Mediterranean Area for Civil

Protection 779Euro-Mediterranean dialogue

5 + 5 dialogue 723Athens Declaration, 2002 724Barcelona Convention, 1976 723, 724Barcelona Declaration, 1995 723, 724Barcelona Process (BP) 719, 720, 722, 724, 725, 740, 759, 765Blue Plan 724Cairo Declaration, 2006 749Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM) 778EuroMesco network 724European Civil Protection Mechanism 779European Mediterranean Partner-ship (EMP) 719–725, 749, 750, 757, 759, 765, 778Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI) 723Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) 724Mediterranean Committee on Sus-tainable Development (MCSD) 724Mediterranean Environment Techni-cal Assistance Programme (METAP) 724Mediterranean Environmental and Human Security Initiative (MEHSEC) 724, 755, 764, 765, 774, 780Mediterranean Environmental Secu-rity Initiative (MEDSEC) 724, 755, 764, 765Mediterranean Forum for Dialogue and Cooperation 723Mediterranean partners for coopera-tion (MPCs) 723NATO’s Mediterranean Dialogue (MD) 723

Prevention, Preparedness and Re-sponse to Natural and Man-made Disasters Programme (PPRD) 779proactive securitization of migration policy 765, 766Short- and Medium-term Priority En-vironment Action Programme (SMAP) 722, 724sustainable co-development 773Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) 719–725, 749, 750, 755, 757–759, 761, 764–766, 775, 778–781

Euro-Mediterranean dialogue, energy cooperation/initiatives

commercialization of solar thermal electricity plants 757DESERTEC concept 755–757, 760–764, 766, 771, 773, 780– 782Facility for Euro-Mediterranean In-vestment and Partnership (FEMIP) 759MED-EMIP (Euro-Mediterranean Energy Market Integration Project) 759MED-ENEC (energy efficiency in construction) 759Mediterranean Solar Plan (MSP) 755, 757–761, 764, 766, 771, 773, 780–782Trans-Mediterranean Renewable En-ergy Cooperation (TREC) 755, 756, 781

Euro-Mediterranean Energy Market In-tegration Project (MED-EMIP) 758

EuroMesco network 724European Emission Trading

System 698European Environment Agency

(EEA) 20, 309European Investment Bank (EIB) 722,

759European Mediterranean Partnership

(EMP) 719– 725, 749, 750, 757, 759, 765, 778

European Neighbourhood and Part-nership Instrument (ENPI) 759

European Security and Defence Assembly 723

European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) 723

European Space Agency (ESA)Martitime Security Services Project (MARISS) 356

European Union (EU) 662border control policy 356Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) 779

climate change and migration 765, 766climate change negotiations and in-ternational security 8, 9, 14, 188, 189, 193, 195, 196, 199, 251, 262, 277, 675, 679, 680, 687, 754, 768, 769Cross-Border Cooperation 725EFFISEC (integrated security check-points project) 356Environmental Change and Forced Migration Scenarios (EACH-FOR) 308environmental policy for the Mediterranean 749, 750Establishing an Environment Strate-gy for the Mediterranean communication 749European Commission 8, 356, 722, 725, 754, 758, 759, 768European Neighbourhood and Part-nership Instrument (ENPI) 725European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) 722, 725European Security Strategy 749, 765EUROSUR programme 356Frontex 356General Directorate (DG) on Exter-nal Relations 750GHG emission reduction obliga-tions of Mediterranean EU countries 750High Representative and Commission 749Horizon 2020 749, 766INDECT surveillance projects 356Mediterranean Solar Plan (MSP) 755, 757–761, 764, 766, 771, 773, 780–782migration policy 376Neighbourhood Investment Facility 725new surveillance projects and pro-tecting the borders 355, 356, 358OPERMAR (strategic research roadmap) 356Research Framework Programmes 750security industrial complex 356Security Strategy in December 2008 189SOCBAH (Thales, Galileo, Finmec-canica unmanned aeriel surveillance project for border control) 356Solana Report 8, 189, 195, 301, 410STABOSEC (Standards for Border Security Enhancement) 356

Eurosolar 761event annotation tool (EAT) 60exclusive economic zones (EEZs) 652,

656– 658, 660, 661

Index 853

extreme weather events 108, 223, 305, 389, 464, 471, 560, 674, 707, 770

Bangladesh 581, 582, 584climate refugees 307Pacific 655South Asia 309

Exxon Valdez tanker disaster in Alaska 534

Ezra, Gideon 443

F

Facility for Euro-Mediterranean Invest-ment and Partnership (FEMIP) 759

failed states 197, 214federalism 414Federated States of Micronesia

(FSM) 652Ferrero-Waldner, Benita 189Fiji 652– 655Finmeccanica 356fishing rights 652flood

Eastern Africa 490management in Kampala City 543–556Morocco 738

Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) 297, 378, 397, 474, 699, 748, 765

food insecurity 392, 415, 529, 531, 560, 604, 748, 770

causes of 560Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states 396–398

food security 14, 44, 107, 194, 226, 559, 653, 748

climate variability 560Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states 377, 378Kenya 519–521

food sovereignty 397Foreign Broadcast Information Service

(FBIS) 60foreign direct investments (FDI) 378Forest Carbon Partnership Facility

(FCPF) 699, 701forest degradation 698forest governance 702forest management 702Forest User Groups 701Forum Regional Security Committee

(FRSC) 651Foucault, Michel 160, 198, 234, 311, 671fragile states 123, 464, 534, 537, 688,

689climate change impacts 80–82, 814

Franceclimate change negotiations 9

GHG emission reduction obligations 750hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747population growth 742

Fraunhofer Institut Chemische Technologie 357

freedom from fear 11–13, 15, 194, 213–216

freedom from hazard impacts 16, 17, 213, 216

freedom from want 12, 13, 15, 194, 213–215

Freedom House indicators 476freedom to live in dignity 12, 13, 213,

215, 216Fresnel solar power plant in Puerto Er-

rada (PR2) 757Friends of Human Security 12,Friends of the Earth Middle East

(FoEME) 186, 437Friends of the Earth Europe 256fuel scarcity 351functional security 779fuzzy set theory 106FYR Macedonia

hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747GHG emission reduction obligations 751population growth 742

G

G5 14G8 8, 14, 19, 193, 195, 248, 772–774, 781

summit in Heiligendamm, June 2007 8

G20 14, 195, 390, 688, 782G77 14, 189, 673, 675, 676, 680, 681Gabriel, Sigmar 256Galtung, Johan 153Gambia

vulnerability and climate change 468, 476, 479

game theory 108, 123Gandhi, Mahatma 367Gaza 426, 428, 429, 431–433, 440, 443,

446Gaza aquifer 428gender discrimination 316Geneva Convention Relating to the

Status of Refugees, 1951 292, 294–296, 299, 659

Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1967 293

Genome project 363Geo-coded version of the Ethnic Pow-

er Relations (GeoEPR) dataset 488

geo-ecology 344geographic information systems

(GIS) 464, 472, 479geopolitics 160German Advisory Council on Global

Change (WBGU) 8, 113, 146, 249, 256, 295, 410, 411, 415, 768, 769, 775, 782

World in Transition Climate Change as a Security Risk report 8, 9, 157, 187, 189, 529, 531, 696, 746, 768, 769

German Aerospace Centre (DLR) 755, 757

German Marshall Fund 768German Technical Cooperation, Esch-

born, Germany (GTZ) 699Germanwatch 256Germany

Air Shield project 356climate change negotiations and in-ternational security 8–10, 187–191, 249decision to move out of nuclear en-ergy for electricity generation by 2022, June 2011 719, 772deforestation 301Environment Ministry report of 2002 598Federal Ministry on the Environ-ment, Nature Protection, and Nucle-ar Safety 8, 756, 758Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) 699largest donor in the Palestinian wa-ter sector 450, 451

Ghana 10vulnerability and climate change 469, 479, 480

Gini coefficient 635–637, 639, 641, 643–649

Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) indicator 561, 562, 565, 566, 569

Global Assessment of Human Induced Soil Degradation (GLASOD-UNEP) 318

Global Assessment of Land Degrada-tion and Improvement (GLADA) 318

Global Change and the Earth Systema Planet under Pressure report 685

global economic data (G-Econ) 569Global Environment Facility

(GEF) 86, 87, 297, 298, 722, 813global environmental change

(GEC) 8, 14, 16, 207–214, 216– 218, 315, 318, 326, 599, 726

Global Environmental Change and Human Security (GECHS) 11, 156, 214

global financial crisis of 2008 109, 323

854 Index

Global Footprint Network (GFN) 395global governance 247, 317, 815

migration/climate refugees 291– 295, 297, 299protection of climate refugees 293, 294securitization of 161

Global Humanitarian Forum (GHF) 256, 303

Global Impact and Vulnerability Alert System (GIVAS) 692

Global Precipitation Climatology Centre 47

Global Risk Data Platform 471global risk society 18, 19global security 14, 212, 343

governmentalization of 151, 152, 159–161

Global South 227global warming 11, 14, 79, 151, 152, 161,

301, 614, 617, 626, 713Global Water – Jordan River Project

(GLOWA) model 452globalisation 63, 226

Africa 506climate change 599, 600regressive 324

González, García 10good governance 13, 82, 85, 160, 544Goodman, Sherry 157Gore, Al 7, 151, 166, 189, 191, 243, 250,

256, 262, 276, 283Governance Vulnerability index 483Greece

climate change impacts/policy 266– 268, 735, 764forest fires, 2007 263, 268GHG emission reduction obligations 750Human Security Network (HSN) 266–268hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747population growth 742

Green Climate Fund 196green economy 693green technological transfer 233greenhouse gases (GHG) 4, 17, 19,

223, 230, 231, 234, 236, 327, 729, 749, 755, 756, 761, 763, 772, 774, 810, 813, 814

Greenland 99, 515, 530, 727Greenpeace 144, 145, 186, 256, 277, 303GRID raster 475, 478, 479GRID-Arendal 764GRID-Europe flood dataset 472Gross Cell Product (GCP) 564–567gross domestic product (GDP) 120,

232, 466, 543, 560, 564, 565

Gross National Income (GNI) 474, 475, 635

Guatemala 307, 341Gucht, Karel de 301Guinea

vulnerability and climate change 468, 479

Guinea-Bissauvulnerability and climate change 476, 479

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states

Arab Human Development Reports 391, 394despotism, profit, and the manipula-tion of science 393–396economic development 391economic growth and sustainability orientation 394, 395energy efficiency initiatives 382, 383energy policy 399, 400food insecurity, responses and challenge 396–398food security 377, 378oil rents and the transformation of the political economies 378, 379overseas investments in the agro-industry 377, 378, 380, 384political reform 391population growth 390renewable energy initiatives and potential 382, 384, 400scrutinizing the stressors 398–401social contract, rentier mentality, and disillusionment 392, 393vulnerability to external shocks or stresses 379water resources/scarcity 399

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states, environmental/climate change

adaptation and mitigation measures 380development to a shifting security paradigm 389–392future research agendas 383, 384growth of CO2 emissions 380, 381, 399marine ecosystems in the Arabian Gulf 373, 374, migration 383, 384mitigation as a threat to their economies 399progressive resource degradation, socio-economic and environmental consequences 388, 389regional climate model projections of seasonal average temperature 375, 376,

security paradigms 378–380sustainable future 380–383threats, national security and the role of stakeholder engagement 401–403vulnerability of infrastructure and investments 383water resources 374

Gulf of Mexico 657Gulf Stream 530, 727

H

H Bomb 353Habermas, Jürgen 671habitus 275Haiti 153, 304

deforestation 599earthquake, January 2010 692

Hamburg Climate Protection Fund (HKF) 756

harmless weapons 354Hassan bin Talal, HRH Prince 756havioural science 627health security 14, 194, 315Hedegaard, Connie 284Heidelberg Conflict Barometer 92high-voltage direct currents

(HVDC) 755Himalayas 577HIV/AIDS 10, 198, 320, 340, 524, 602Ho Chi Minh City 614Hobbesian perspectives 317, 343, 775,

780Holocene 3, 5, 6, 207, 685, 745Holy See 659homeland security 185, 317Honduras 341Hong Kong 360Honiara Declaration on Law Enforce-

ment Cooperation, 1992 652Hulot, Nicholas 262human capabilities 102Human Development Index

(HDI) 102, 470, 488, 560Niger 537

Human Development Report 14, 194, 195, 262, 530

human displacement 375human health 568

climate change 80human needs 15, 21, 95, 101

theory 529, 532–534, 538human rights 15, 397, 539, 671

abuse 354legislation 363sub-lethal weapons 365, 366violations 361

Human Rights Watch 341

Index 855

human security 12, 13, 57, 168, 213, 215, 216, 227, 266, 343, 387, 529, 532, 599, 673, 696, 713, 714, 812

broader concept of 43, 106Canada 14climate change impacts 6, 11–17, 91, 185, 266, 559, 797climate refugees 201concept of 156, 213–218, 463critical deconstruction in the con-text of the Anthropocene 217, 218definition 11, 106, 188, 392environmental dimension 16, 17, 213–218environmentally-forced migration (EFM) 317freedom from fear 11–13, 15, 213–216freedom from hazard impacts 16, 17, 213, 216freedom from want 12, 13, 15, 213–215goal 12North Africa 375policy-focused approach 16redefined in terms of homeland se-curity of the global North 185resource variability 564, 568rests on a wide range of human val-ues and capabilities 98scientific discourses 13–16UNDP approach 12, 194, 213, 214, 652United Nations debate 11–13

Human Security Network (HSN) 12, 16, 266–268, 764

human trafficking 330, 383human values 21, 95, 808human vulnerability 52, 196, 198, 202human, gender, and environmental se-

curity (HUGE) 14, 317, 342, 344humanitarian intervention 175human-nature interrelationship 326Hurricane Andrew 307Hurricane David 307Hurricane Katrina 103, 137, 263, 268,

277, 307, 599Hutton, John 380Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–

2015Building Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters 231

I

Iceland 687India

Hindu-Muslim violence 640India, climate change/stress

coastal zones (Veraval) impacts 613–615, 619, 620–628

psychological analysis of the human-climate interface 613, 621–628sea-level rise (SLR) 613–615, 620, 627vulnerable to global warming impacts 613

Indian Ocean tsunami, 2004 307Indigenous and Tribal Peoples

Convention 703Indonesia 699, 702

annual National Socio-economic Surveys (Susenas) 641BPS-Statistic Indonesia (Badan Pusat Statistik – Central Statistical Agency) 640contemporary violent conflicts 633forestry sector 698Gini coefficient 635–637, 639, 641, 643–649PODES-village potential survey 640population pressure/density 636, 637violence in Aceh and Papua 640

Indonesia, population pressure, ine-quality, and violence links in Java

estimation strategy 641evaluation 646, 647inequality impacts 638, 639, 643–647neo-Malthusian and social justice perspective 633, 637, 645–647population and demographic factors 637–639, 641–643, 645–647routine violence data 639–641

industrial revolution 5, 327, 517, 810, 813

inequalityGini coefficient 635–637, 639, 641, 643–649horizontal 633, 635, 636, 639inverted-U relationship between in-come and violence 633, 635, 643, 644, 647types of 635vertical 633, 636, 637, 639, 643, 646, 647

infant mortality rate (IMR) 47, 49Information Operations Center at the

Naval Postgraduate School 360infra-red lasers 367Inhumane Weapons Convention 363Institute for Coastal Research of the

Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht cooperate 4

Institute of Migration 341integrate knowledge 19Integrated Climate System Analysis

and Prediction (CliSAP) at the Uni-versity of Hamburg 4, 28

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) 776

Intensity of Political Protest measure 62, 63, 66

Intensity of Political Violence measure 62, 65, 66

Intensity of State Repression Index 63, 66

Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) 294

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 14, 78, 79, 151, 167, 192, 232, 234, 243, 248, 262, 351, 352, 374, 383, 414, 443, 446, 518, 598, 653, 687, 695, 696, 698, 754, 765

assessment reports 188, 530, 691, 752circulation models 729establishment of 691Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), 2014 91, 186, 188, 195, 201First Assessment Report 302Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) 7, 8, 91, 156, 166, 188, 276, 391, 409, 465, 546, 578, 719, 727, 730, 739, 740Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Cli-mate Change Adaptation (SREX) re-port, 2011 199 763Renewable Energy Sources and Cli-mate Change Mitigation (SRREN) report 762Second Assessment Report (SAR) 230Special Report on Renewable Ener-gy Sources and Climate Change Mit-igation report 763, 764Synthesis Report, 2007 727, 728, 735, 738Third Assessment Reports (TAR) 166, 230, 576, 626Working Group II 11, 188, 202, 230, 578, 727, 744

internal knowledge 715internally displaced people (IDP) 200,

293, 524, 561International Alert (IA) 249International Commission on Interven-

tion and State Sovereignty (ICISS) 197, 214

International Committee for Robot Arms Control (ICRAC) 360

International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) 360, 363, 659

SIrUS (Superfluous Injury and un-necessary suffering) project 361

International Court of Justice (ICJ) 658

International Decade for Natural Dis-aster Reduction (IDNDR) 229

856 Index

international financial institutions (IFIs) 722, 758

International Fund for Agriculture and Development (IFAD) 397

International Human Dimensions Pro-gramme (IHDP) 11

International Humanitarian Law (IHL) 364, 365

International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) 771

International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)

Growing Temperatures, Growing Tensions report 441, 449

International Institute for the Environ-ment and Development (IIED) 397

International Monetary Fund (IMF) 658

International Organization for Migra-tion (IOM) 200, 292, 318

International Peace Research Institute (PRIO) 48, 92, 153, 563, 565, 567

International Relations (IR) 161, 245, 278, 768

International Renewable Energy Agen-cy (IRENA) 382, 401

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 701

Ionatron 357Iran 413–418Iraq

Arab-Kurdish relations 414, 416fragile and unstable state after 2003 invasion 413highly fragmented and polarized population 415Kurdish population 414political and socio-economic challenges 414, 415population growth 414, 415Sunni-Shi’ite divides 414, 415water resources 415

Iraq, climate change and security im-pacts

altering regional security dynamics 418, 419evaluation and outlook 419identifying critical issues 414–416Iran 413–418potential hotspot for climate-in-duced conflicts 413regional environmental security complex 417, 418regional security complex 416, 417Saudi Arabia 416–418Syria 414, 416 –418Turkey 413–418

IROBOT 367

Islamist fundamentalism 606Islands First 680Israel

agriculture and irrigation 448annual rainfall volume 424, 428desalination industry 443, 445Hydrological Service 434hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747Knesset committee 426, 435, 438military Civil Administration (CA) 444population growth 742rainfall stations 436renewable energy policy 442urbanization rate 743Zionist movement 438

Israel, climate change impacts/policyacademic scarcity discourse 435–437adaptation measures 445, 448–451CO2 emissions 442, 443demand vs. supply management 445denial of a Palestinian water crisis 439discourse 434–439, 454, 455dissenting discourse 437, 438donor discourse 440–442efficiency myth in conservation and efficient water 438energy balance and mitigation plans 442epistemic figure of unlimited water availability 438, 439GHG emission reduction obligations 752National Communication on Cli-mate Change (INC) 430, 434, 439, 442, 445proposed solutions and mitigation 442, 443storyline of making the desert bloom 438

Israel, water policy/resources 426, 429, 435

adaptation options in the water sector 445National Water Carrier (NWC) 425past and present water supply 434scarcity myth and reduced availability 434, 435simulations of changes in water availability and irrigation demands in the Jordan River region 427state of 425, 426security implications 423supply-side management and ever-in-creasing total water consumption 428

water level fluctuations in Lake Tiberias 429water production since Oslo agreement 446

Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information (IPCRI) 438

Israeli Water Authority (IWA) 434, 439

Israeli-Palestinian water conflict, cli-mate change impacts 423, 424, 430–433

adaptation measures 444–451agriculture 448Blue Peace 449, 450convergence 453, 454donors adaptation options 448–451downward revision of Palestinian allocations 441ecological discourse on scarcity 440, 441equitable water allocation 455evolution of CO2 emissions by fuel in the energy sector 442evolution of greenhouse gas emissions 443food and water security risks 447Germany 450, 451IPCC options 446Joint Water Committee (JWC) 429, 439, 451, 453outlook and evaluation 454, 455proposed solutions and cooperation 451–454proposed solutions and mitigation 442–444research needs 454riparian relations 429, 430shared benefits and positive sum games 452, 453shared interests and common threats 452shortcomings in the political discourse 441, 442water supply and demand 447

ItalyGHG emission reduction obligations 750hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747population growth 742

J

Japan 673climate change negotiations 10, 687meltdown of several nuclear reac-tors in Fukushima, March 2011 719, 766, 770– 772, 781Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) 770

Index 857

jasmine revolution 719, 769Jerusalem

rain frequency 423, 424, 436Joint Implementation (JI) 230, 813Jordan 769

climate change impacts 736GHG emission reduction obligations 752hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747population growth 742urbanization rate 743water consumption 432water resources 737

K

Kacou, Alberic 534Kampala City

annual rainfall 546economic and demographic growth 543, 544environmental impact assessment (EIA) 552extensions of the built environment from hills to valleys 549Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area 549Kampala Drainage Master Plan, 2002 555low-income settlements 543, 544population growth 547–550, 556spatial development patterns and built-up area 550urbanization process 550, 556wetlands 551

Kampala City Council (KCC) 549, 551–553, 555, 556

Kampala City, flood management and planning regime

disaster management planning 552, 553drainage basins 548drainage systems 550–552, 556drivers of flood 547–552evaluation and outlook 556flood hazard reduction and govern-ance systems 543flood zones 546floods from the land/sewers 547landscape characteristics and hydrology 546managing surface water 556policies and laws related to floods 554, 555policy frameworks 553–556process model of vulnerability to flooding 544, 546structure planning 552, 553

total impervious area (TIA) increase 544

Kampala Institutional and Infrastruc-ture Development Project (KIIDP) 552

Kansas Event Data System (KEDS) 478, 479, 487

Kazakhstan 771Kennan, George 262Kennedy School of Government, Har-

vard University 19Kennedy, David 256Kenya 46, 57, 80, 232

cattle rustling and banditry activities 520–522climate change negotiations 10food security situation 519–521Matuu 513, 515, 517, 519, 521, 524Meat Commission 520, 524Ministry for the Development of Northern Kenya and Arid Lands 524Ministry of Minerals and Natural Resources 524pastoral communities 514regular rainfall 515Tana River area 518, 522vulnerability and climate change 469, 472, 478, 479water resources 519, 521, 525

Kenya, pastoral communities and cli-mate change impacts

arrival of environmental migrants 514, 522background 513, 514community efforts 524conceptual framework 516, 517displacement 520, 521drought 519, 520effects on pastoralists’ livelihood 518–521effects on social settings 523evaluation and recommendations 524, 525Maasai 519, 521migration 520, 522NGOs and international community efforts 524, 525pasture and water 519problem statement 514–516resource-based conflict 521–523response by the government 524

Kenyatta University Library, University of Nairobi 513, 517

Kinarty, Noam 439King Abdullah University of Science

and Technology (KAUST) 381King, David 151, 398

King’s College 394Kiribati 576, 652, 655, 656, 658, 660,

661KlimaCampus Hamburg 4knowledge

base 84lack of 309levels of 614management 230meta-cognitive 619power 311scientific 16, 154, 225, 774

KOF Index of Globalization 478Kolkata 614Konaté, Mama 256Korea Electric Power Corporation

(KEPCO) 382Kosovo 658, 661Kronberg Middle East Talks 773Kuwait 399, 413

environmental degradation, re-source depletion, and climate change 374, 378

Kuznets hypothesis/equation 105, 633, 643, 644, 647

Kyrgyzstan 77

L

Lake Kinneret 452Lake Tiberias 425, 437Lake Victoria 546, 551, 556land degradation 560, 562, 564, 568LandScan 472land-use changes and forestry

(LULUCF) 753Laos 699Lawan, Abubakar 536League of Arab State 680, 720, 723,

729, 759Council of Arab Ministers Responsi-ble for the Environment (CAMRE) 730

Lebanonclimate change impacts 736GHG emission reduction obligations 752hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747population growth 742urbanization rate 743water resources 737

Lesothovulnerability and climate change 475, 479

Liberia 532, 701vulnerability and climate change 479

858 Index

Libya 355, 769, 770agricultural land/production 744climate change impacts 735, 736climate-related hydro-meteorologi-cal hazards 739General People’s Committee for General Security 356GHG emission reduction obligations 752hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747population growth 742urbanization rate 743vulnerability and climate change 475, 477–479

life expectancyAfrica 497

lightening projection weapons 357Little Ice Age 5, 92livelihood security 14, 17, 575–578, 581–

583, 587, 589living systems

environmental change impacts on the viability of 99

Lloyds Banking Group 256local knowledge 709Lockheed Martin 358London School of Economics 400Los Angeles 352Lotka-Volterra model 100Luz Co. 755

M

MAARS robotic platform 365Madagascar

vulnerability and climate change 466, 469, 472, 479–481, 483

Malawivulnerability and climate change 466, 472, 473, 479, 480

Maldives 292, 294, 660, 662Mali

drought 306vulnerability and climate change 479, 480

malnutritionEastern Africa 559–569rates in Africa 498

MaltaGHG emission reduction obligations 750hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747population growth 742

Malthusian perspectives 155, 158, 167, 559, 638

Mara Salvatrucha gang 341marine ecosystems 373, 653Market Exchange Rate (MER) 564

Markey, Edward 172Marshall Islands 576, 652, 658, 660Masdar Carbon unit 380, 383Masdar Initiative 382, 400Masdar Institute for Science and Tech-

nology (MIST) 382mathematical tools 100Mauritania

climate-related hydro-meteorologi-cal hazards 739vulnerability and climate change 468, 478, 479

Mauritiusvulnerability and climate change 475, 477–479

Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg 4

Max Planck Institute in Mainz 19Mayan civilisation 318, 319Meadows, Denis 391Measurement, Reporting and Verifica-

tion standards (MRV) 196, 233, 699

Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) 724

Mediterranean Climate Change Initia-tive (MCCI) 755, 764

Mediterranean Environmental and Hu-man Security Initiative (MEHSEC) 724, 755, 764, 765, 774, 780

Mediterranean Environmental Security Initiative (MEDSEC) 724, 755, 764, 765

Mediterranean Green Development Investors’ Forum 764

Mediterranean Migration Observatory (MMO) at Panteion University of Athens 778

Mediterranean regionBlue Plan 720, 724, 739, 740geographic definitions 720–722medium concept of 721narrow concept of 720security dialogue 722, 723wide concept of 721climate change 424–426

Mediterranean Solar Plan (MSP) 755, 757–761, 764, 766, 771, 773, 780–782

Mediterranean space 720, 721, 723MED-REG Association of Energy

Regulators 759Merkel, Angela 256Met Office Hadley Centre 8Mexico

annual precipitation 327, 328Constitution 334corn imports and import quota 323

decline in socio-economic condition 334demographic dynamics 334, 335desertification 321, 329, 330ejido lands 334environmental degradation and cli-mate change 321–324, 326–333environmental scarcity 327–329environmental stress 330, 331General Director of Immigration 341Instituto Nacional de Investiga-ciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) 330labour market 323maquila (assembly) sector 322marginalization at the municipal lev-el in 336Ministry of Interior of Mexico 341Ministry of Land Reform 334Ministry of the Environment 329money laundering 341National Commission of Water (CONAGUA) 328organized crime gangs and direct violence 323, 324, 338, 339overgrazing of the common land reserves 330Party of National Action (PAN) 335, 341Party of the Institutionalized Revolu-tion (PRI) 335persistent socio-economic crisis since the 1980s 334production and consumption of corn 322Riod.MEx research association 329risks of recurrent natural hazards 340river basins 328, 329, 330salinization of aquifers 331, 332sewage water 329social networks 330soil erosion and salinization 330urbanization process 328war against drug trafficking 339, 341water resources 321, 322, 328–330

Mexico City 327, 328, 329, 334Mexico, climate change

anthropogenic impacts 331–333environmentally-forced migration as societal outcome 333–337potential effects on corn cultivation 333precipitation change scenarios by 2050 332sea-level rise 331

Index 859

Mexico, environmentally-forced migra-tion (EFM)

children born with at least one unau-thorized immigrant parent 340cooperation with the USA 341–343crime gangs in Central America 341demilitarizing by shifting the refer-ent objects from the state to the migrants 342–344evaluation and policy outlook 342–344framing a wider soft security context 342Merida Agreement 342, 344militarization of the borders 315number of immigrants in the USA 319, 320policy response 340–342remittances sent from the USA to Mexico 338rural areas to towns (internal rural-urban migration) 315, 331, 334, 335societal outcome and security threats 337–340US repatriation policies 340USA/Canada (transnational migration) 315, 331, 336–338

microwave systems 357Middle East

Arab spring 719, 748, 749, 762climatic developments and predictions 738definitions of 721, 722resource conflicts 118

Middle East and North Africa (ME-NA) region

concepts of 722geographic definitions 720–722revolutions in 2011 as a cascading process 769, 770, 781

Middle East and North Africa (ME-NA) region, climate change im-pacts/policy

adaptation and mitigation measures 774–778assessing environmental and cli-mate-induced migration 778, 779civil protection 779conflict constellation 746–749developing alternative livelihoods for people in drylands 778, 779diaspora scenario 775disaster reduction scenario 775distress and survival scenario 775Euro-Mediterranean Climate Change Network 766food production 744–746, 748fourth sustainability revolution 780–782

GHG emission reduction obligations 754human system impacts 739knowledge base improving through research 778–782knowledge to action initiatives 754–766Mediterranean Climate Change Ini-tiative (MCCI) 764migration impacts 765, 766migration scenario 775mission reduction obligations 750–natural hazards increase projections 738, 739, 745, 747PEISOR Model 726, 727physical effects 118, 119, 719, 727–739, 774policy context and proactive sustain-able policies 766–774policy response, awareness, diagno-sis, and implementation 749–754politically plausible security scenarios 775population growth 741, 742precipitation changes projections 735–738proactive international security scenarios 775, 776protest and civil war scenario 775revolutions in 2011 as a cascading process 771scenario for combating desertification 775scenario for peaceful solutions of lo-cal water and soil conflicts 775scenario of Euro-Mediterranean mi-gration conflicts 776scenario of water conflicts and co-operation in the Nile basin 775sea-level rise projections 730–735security implications 766–769societal effects 743–745societal outcomes 774–776societal outcomes and conflict constellations 745–749survival pact concept 780sustainable co-development 773, 774temperature increase projections 729, 730transforming a dual challenge into a dual opportunity 773transmigration scenario 775trigger for unrest in 2011 771urbanization 741, 743virtual water and virtual sun 780water resources impacts 118, 119, 740, 741, 746

migrationadaptation preventing 812Bangladesh 600causes of 602climate change 23, 189, 797, 799, 801, 802, 812climate change and EU 356, 765, 766climate refugees to the slum of Dhaka 601–607climate-induced 80, 291, 301–311climatization 199, 200, 351, 352, 375, 376, 383, 384distinguish between environmental, social, economic, and political causes 304Eastern Africa 520environmentally-induced 189, 266global governance 291–295, 297, 299Kenya 520, 522North Africa 375Pacific 656, 660trigger violent conflicts 595

Miled, Mouldi 762Millennium Development Goals 337,

693Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

(MA) 20Moderate resolution Imaging Spectro-

radiometer (MODIS) data 559, 562–564

Monte Carlo simulations/methods 100, 488

MontenegroGHG emission reduction obligations 751population growth 742

Montevideo Convention 658Montreal Protocol on Substances that

Deplete the Ozone Layer 296Morocco 232

Agency for Solar Energy 761agricultural land/production 744, 745climate change impacts 735, 736climate-related hydro-meteorologi-cal hazards 739flooding 738GHG emission reduction obligations 752hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747population growth 742rainfall 737urbanization rate 743vulnerability and climate change 467, 469, 478, 479

Moussa, Amr 680

860 Index

Mozambiquevulnerability and climate change 466–469, 476, 479, 480, 484

Mubarrak, Hosni 769Mumbai 614, 628Munich Research Centre 18

N

Nadi Framework Initiative, 2000 652Nadir Bi-directionally Adjusted Re-

flectance (NBAR) 563Nagorny Karabakh 658Nakivubo channel 551, 552, 555, 556Namibia

vulnerability and climate change 478, 479

Nasonini Declaration on Regional Se-curity, 2002 652

national security 107, 189, 199, 343, 673, 696

climate change 7, 8NATO

climate change negotiations 249, 373natural disaster

climate change 71–73climate change impact as political issue 224–229framing hazardous natural events and vulnerability 225, 226global occurrence trends 328political effects of hazardous natural events 226

natural hazards 211MENA region 738, 739, 745, 747

natural language processing (NLP) 60Nauru 652, 658, 677, 678neo-Malthusian perspectives 153, 157,

568, 569, 633, 637, 646, 680conflict scenario 634, 645–647

Nepal 701climate change 77, 82, 84, 85

Nepal Swiss Community Forestry Project 701

Netherlandsclimate change negotiations 675environmental strategies at EU 267sea level has been a nation’s welfare issue 267

New America Foundation 256New Economics Foundation 186New Zealand 656, 658, 700Nicaragua 678, 679

civil unrest 66, 68, 69Niebel, Dirk 450Niger 536, 537

Human Development Index (HDI) 537vulnerability and climate change 465, 468, 476, 479, 481, 482

Niger Delta 529, 533–537, 539Nigeria 80, 232

ceaseless crude oil exploration and exploitation 534, 535ecological disasters 534emergence of ethnic-based militias 529high degree of poverty 533history of violent conflict 534Human Development Report 535incidence of poverty 535Sahaba group 536

Nigeria, climate change and violent conflict 529, 534–539

Boko Haram uprising 529, 533, 534, 536, 537failure of public security decision-making structures 538human needs and relative depriva-tion theories relevance 533, 534Niger Delta 529, 533–535, 537, 539vulnerability and climate change 465 –467, 469, 472, 473, 479–483, 485

Nile deltasea-level rise 732, 734

Nile River basin water conflictclimate change impacts 118, 119Egypt 119–123Ethiopia 120–122interactions between four Nile basin countries in the simulation model 121–123model framework of social interac-tion and conflict 120–123schematic overview of systemic fac-tors and interactions 119Sudan 120–122Uganda 120–122

Niue 652, 655Nobel Peace Prize 7, 57, 91, 151, 243,

262, 276, 291Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) 673,

675–677, 679, 681non-governmental organizations

(NGOs) 144, 145, 200, 248, 251–253, 256, 262, 277, 284, 353, 355, 363, 365–367, 378, 523, 553, 562, 569, 598, 602, 604, 690, 762

non-lethal weapondefinition 358ethical questions 358–360United Kingdom 355, 358, 360, 361, 367USA 353–58, 361–363, 367

North Africaagricultural land/production 744Arab spring 719, 748, 749, 762climate change impacts 736, 766–769, 776, 777

definitions of 721food production 736GHG emission reduction obligations 751human security regimes 375hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747migration 375population growth 742resource conflicts 118urbanization rate 743

North American Free Trade Agree-ment (NAFTA) 322, 336, 337, 342

North Korea 659North-South conflict 816Norway 199, 661, 699, 702nuclear energy

German decision to move out by 2022, June 2011 719, 772meltdown of several nuclear reac-tors in Fukushima, March 2011 719, 766, 770–772, 781

nuclear power plant 133, 134nuclear weapons 353nuclear winter 43

O

Obama administration 172, 189, 363Obama, Barack 7, 193, 256, 680occupied Palestinian territories (West

Bank and Gaza Strip) (oPt)agriculture and irrigation 448climate change 433

Official Development Assistance (ODA) 230, 232, 236, 301, 814

Oman 399Authority for Electricity Regulation 382Petroleum Development 383

Omega Foundation 361ordinary least square (OLS) 584, 589Organization for Economic Co-Opera-

tion and Development (OECD) 8, 19, 309, 325, 410, 578, 697

Development Assistance Committee 230, 232, 236, 301, 814Fragile States Group 814Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations 814

Organization for Security and Co-oper-ation in Europe (OSCE) 723, 764

Madrid Declaration on Environ-ment and Security 765

Organization for the Prevention of Chemical Warfare (OPCW) 365

Organization of African Unity (OAU) 293

Index 861

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 399, 535

Ottawa Anti-Personnel Landmine Treaty, 1997 363

Oxfam 256, 303, 367ozone depletion 152ozone regime

London amendments, 1990 297

P

Pachauri, Rajendra 91Pacific (states), climate change impacts

and security implicationschallenges and opportunities 660–662exclusive economic zones (EEZs) 652, 656–658, 661extreme weather events and disasters 655fishing 652, 653, 655–657geographical alteration of produc-tive landscapes 655, 656livelihood degradation 655out-migration of islanders to other countries 656, 660overview 652–655sea-level rise (SLR) 651, 653–657, 660security conceptions 651, 652sovereignty of Pacific island states 656–662

Pacific Island Forum Secretariat 661Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

(PNNL) 469, 470Pacific Small Island Development

States (PSIDS) 655Pakistan 397, 675Palau 652, 677, 678, 680Palestine

Environmental Quality Authority (EQA) 440, 446, 448, 449hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747population growth 742urbanization rate 743water availability 431, 433water consumption 432water resources 737

Palestine, climate change impactsadaptation measures 446–451discourse 439, 440, 454, 455donor relations 440–442farm income development 453projections 440GHG emission reduction obligations 752proposed solutions and mitigation 443, 444vulnerability, scarcity, and security 440

Panama 699Papandreou, Giorgos Andreas 764Papua New Guinea (PNG) 652, 653,

655, 656, 699, 702Paraguay 699Paris School 165, 185, 186, 190, 191, 193,

196–198, 201, 202participatory governance 815pastoralism 513, 515, 517, 519, 520

Africa 513, 514Kenya 513–525

path dependency theory/conceptautomatic-spontaneous agent 140climate change 110, 118, 123, 133, 134, 144–146debate on/current state of research 136, 137decision process 138, 139–142, 144deductions from macro-level path to micro-level decisions 139–141effects of 144formal scheme of a problem-solving process 135ideal type agent 138, 142inclusion of a following behaviour 143, 144macro-level phenomenon of 110modelling of evolving strategies 141–144multi-agent model 142, 143new model frame 138, 139overall problem-solving process 134–137political structures evolve and are reinforced 144–146QWERTY-Keyboard as example of 136, 137rational-calculative agent 141situational analysis and interpretation 137–141value-cost-system (VCX) model 142, 143

peace research 811peace studies 13peacebuilding 79, 82, 83, 85, 88, 226,

695, 697, 698, 703definition of OECD 697, 702institution building, participatory process 698operations 354support economic recovery 697UNEP report 697Utstein study 697

PEISOR (pressure, effect, impact, soci-etal outcome, and response) model 309, 317, 319, 324, 325, 720, 726– 728

MENA region 726, 727Penn World Tables 59

personal security 194Pew Center on Global Climate

Change 256Philippines 77

civil unrest 66, 68, 70–72Philips 256photovoltaic 757

solar farms 442Pilot Programme for Climate Resil-

ience of World Bank 87Plan Bleu Regional Activity

Centre 728planetary security 343Plataforma Solar de Almeria

(PSA) 755, 779poisson regression model 641political ecology 156political security 194population density 471–474, 481, 482population growth 229, 304, 466, 560,

613, 614Bangladesh 636demand-induced scarcity 637, 638Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states 390Indonesia 636, 637Kampala City 547–550, 556MENA region 741, 742North Africa 734

Population Reference Bureau (PRB) 390

portable pain beam weapons 367Portugal

GHG emission reduction obligations 750hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747population growth 742

poststructuralist discourse theory 243, 245

Potsdam Institute on Climate Change Impacts (PIK) 19, 256, 735

precaution through prevention principle 19

Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model of OECD 19, 726

Prevention, Preparedness and Re-sponse to Natural and Man-made Disasters Programme (PPRD) 779

PreventionWeb 471, 472principal component analysis

(PCA) 575, 584, 586, 589protection motivation theory’

(PMT) 587Pulsed Energy Projectiles 357Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) 391,

474, 475, 565

862 Index

Q

QatarEducation City 381environmental degradation, re-source depletion, and climate change 374, 378, 380, 381

Qingtai, Yu 256Quadrocopter 356

R

rainfallIsrael 424, 428, 436Jerusalem 423, 424, 436North Africa 737scenario according to Global Cli-mate Model (GCM) 738variability 463, 567Western Aquifer Basin 431

Rangoon 614Rasmussen, Anders Fogh 277rational choice theory 138Raytheon 357, 358Real Gross Domestic Product

(RGDP) 641Receiver Operating Characteristic

(ROC) 565–567Reducing Emissions from Deforesta-

tion and Forest Degradation (REDD+) 196

climate policy tool 698, 699conflicts and conflict prevention relevance 699–701, 703conflict-sensitive approach 702, 703implementation of 699initial experiences 701, 702mechanisms 700, 701potential positive linkages between REDD-promotion and peacebuilding 702programmes 701readiness 700, 703Reduced Emissions from Deforesta-tion and Degradation (Pro-poor REDD) 702

refugeedefinition 293current legal regime relating 293, 294

Regional Climate Change Index (RCCI) 766

Regional Environment Security Com-plex (RESC) 412, 417, 419

Regional Environmental Change 746regional security 343Regional Security Complex Theory

(RSCT) 409regional security complexes

(RSCs) 411–413, 416, 419regression model 586–588

regressive globalization 324relative deprivation theory 529, 532–

534, 537, 538relative risk (RR) of civil war 48, 49renewable energy 774

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states 382, 384, 400Israel 442networks 761Saudi Arabia 400systems 757

research activism 353Research Group Climate Change and

Security (CLISEC) 4, 5resilience 111, 112

building 77–79, 81, 85, 87, 811climate change 77–79, 81, 85, 87, 811concept of 108, 811ecosystems 99, 100household and community 471, 473–477information availability and accessibility 714, 715

resource variability 564, 568, 569Rheinmetall W&M 357Rice, Susan 256risk

definition 101, 102vulnerability and hazard 465

risk assessments 102risk indicators 106risk management 231, 234, 698risk paradigm 251risk reduction 544risk society 18, 19Roman Empire 5, 745routine violence

confined to the poor and low-in-come people 633, 634demographic factors 634Gini coefficient 635–637, 639, 641, 643–649Java 633–649population pressure 642review of research 635–637

Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) 158

Russia 771climate change negotiations 687

Rwanda 57, 153paroxysm of violence in 1994 644, 645vulnerability and climate change 466, 468, 469, 473, 479, 484

S

Sach, Karsten 256Saddam Hussein 415Saferworld 601

Sahaba group (Nigeria) 536Sahel and West African Club

(SWAC) 410Sahel region/zone 537, 735

desertification 80Sahel syndrome 100Samoa 652, 653Sao Tome and Principe

vulnerability and climate change 479

Sarkozy, Nicolas 256, 724Saro-Wiwa, Ken 535Saudi Arabia 416–418, 536

environmental degradation, re-source depletion, and climate change 377, 379–383, 387, 390, 391, 393–396, 399, 400, 402King Abdullah Nuclear and Renewa-ble Energy City 382King Fahd International Airport 390renewable energy 400

Schäuble, Wolfgang 256Scheer, Hermann 761Schellnhuber, Hans Jochen 19Schmitt, Carl 245–247, 253, 260, 273,

276, 285, 286sea-level rise (SLR) 80, 223, 268, 305,

530, 651, 653, 657, 676Bangladesh 575–590climate refugees 306Gulf region 374, 375India 613– 615, 620, 627Java 636MENA region 730–735Mexico 331Nile delta 732, 734Pacific 651, 653–657, 660small-island states 309

securitization 160, 208, 210, 244, 412absence of extraordinary measures 191–194action types 672actor, speech act, and audience triangle 260–261, 263, 264actors, coalitions, and storylines 244, 248–254argumentative discourse analysis 247, 248audience as the centre of attention 264, 265, 670broader constructivist perspective 161climate change policy 9, 20, 22, 23, 91, 106, 151, 158–161, 175, 185, 243, 248–254, 260–269, 276–278, 285, 286, 669–672, 679, 681, 799–801discourse-sensitive account 244–248

Index 863

discourse-theoretical perspective 246, 247, 671environmental conflicts 151, 158–161, 175functional dimension 672global governance 161heuristic artefacts 672persuading an audience 265–269philosophical 275politicization of 253positive and useful features 259, 260practices and policy tools 672problematizing/critic 245process of 351reference object 670rhetorical action 671rhetorical entrapment 671rhetorical face 247sociological approach/model 670–672speech acts versus discourses 161, 245, 246, 260, 261, 263, 274, 275, 278, 279, 285traditional view of 317visual 273–276, 278, 279, 281–283, 285visual, philosophical, traditional, or sociological 275, 276, 671

securitydefinition 3definitions and climate change 673, 674societal value 3traditional understanding of 673widening, deepening, and sectoralization 343

security concept/approachAberystwyth School 208broader constructivist perspective 161Copenhagen School (CoS) 13, 14, 158, 159, 161, 165, 167, 185, 190–194, 197, 201, 202, 208, 210, 243–246, 253, 260, 261, 263–265, 275, 281, 285, 326, 670, 671, 675cornucopian perspectives 780Critical Security Studies (CSS) 207, 208, 210, 212, 213, 216, 217Hobbesian perspectives 317, 343, 780horizontal widening and vertical deepening 13Paris School 165, 185, 186, 190, 191, 193, 196–198, 201, 202, 670poststructuralist discourse theory 243, 245realist 209, 246, 247, 260relate to climate change 409–413Welsh School 208

security dilemma 107, 775

security studies 13Sekoli, Bruno 256Selex Sistemi Integrati 356Sen, Amartya 102, 392Senegal

vulnerability and climate change 469, 479, 480

sensitivity 96–98, 104, 309, 465, 469, 808

SerbiaGHG emission reduction obligations 751hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747population growth 742

Seychellesvulnerability and climate change 475, 476, 478, 479

Shanghai 614Shani, Uri 434Shell Group 256, 535Shuman, Frank 755Sierra Leone 532

civil unrest 66, 67, 69vulnerability and climate change 468, 469, 479

Silent Guardian systems 357Sistemi Integrati 356Sky TV 256Slovenia 10

GHG emission reduction obligations 750hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747population growth 742

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 166, 174, 175, 669, 674, 676–681

social actor 108, 110–113, 115, 116, 126Social Conflict in Africa Database

(SCAD) 487social contract 19social equity 701social inequality 228social instabilities 105social interactions 105, 108–113, 116social justice 311, 633, 646social network analysis (SNA) 109social networks 102, 110, 112, 115, 134–

136, 145, 306, 309, 310, 316, 330, 331, 336, 342, 617, 812

social research 614social resilience 811social vulnerability 6, 17, 112, 333, 341,

810Social, Political, and Economic Event

Database (SPEED) project 58, 75civil unrest 61–75classifying news reports and the BIN module 60

destabilizing event ontology 60event annotation tool (EAT) 60EXTRACT Suite of Programmes 60, 61global news archive 60information extraction 60natural language processing (NLP) 60overview 59–61SEARCH programme 60societal stability event ontology 61Societal Stability Protocol (SSP) 59, 60–62, 65, 71–75training and testing procedure 61

social-ecological system 225Societal Infrastructures and Develop-

ment (SID) project 58, 59, 70, 71, 73– 75

societal instability 3, 4, 21, 92, 95, 96, 106, 797, 806, 807, 810, 815

societal security 343societal stability 59, 61, 91, 97, 98, 105,

123, 797–799, 806, 807, 813climate change effects 797climate stress 97

Societal Stability Protocol (SSP) 59, 60–62, 65, 71–75

societal vulnerability 47socio-economic stress 95soil degradation 520, 686soil erosion 268, 330, 538, 778soil security 14Solana, Javier 8, 189Solar Electric Generation Systems

(SEGS) 755solar energy 755solar thermal electricity generation

early developments 755solid waste management 443Solomon Islands 652, 653, 656, 658Somalia 153, 520

Corruption Perceptions Index 560Human Development Index (HDI) 560malnutrition and armed conflict 560, 561, 565, 566transitional federal government (TFG) 658vulnerability and climate change 465– 469, 476, 478–481

Somaliland 658, 660South Africa 232, 673

vulnerability and climate change 467, 469, 477–480, 486

South Europehydro-meteorological natural disasters 747

South Korea 659South Ossetia 658Southern California Edison (SCE) 755

864 Index

Sovereign Order of the Military Hosp-italler Order of St. John of Jerusa-lem, of Rhodes and of Malta (SMOM) 659

sovereigntydefinition 658

Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) 382, 384

Spainclimate change impacts 10, 735GHG emission reduction obligations 750hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747population growth 742

speech act theory 244, 245stability

concept of 4, 106, 107strategic 106theory 100

Standard Growth Value Index (SGVI) 710

Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) 47, 50

state security 351Statewatch 356STEG Energies Renouvables 761Steiner, Achim 9Stephen, Marcus 256Stern Review 78, 156, 187, 598Stern, Nicholas 256Stockholm Environment Institute 685Structural Adjustment Programmes

(SAPs) 599structural violence 334Study Group on Europe’s Security

Capabilities 15sub-lethal weapons

critical human rights perspectives 365, 366ICRC Aproaches 363International Humanitarian Law (IHL) approaches 364, 365legal controls 363–365proliferation of the techno-politics of exclusion 366, 367Red Cross Classifications 361use and abuse in the past, present and future 360–363use in Northern Ireland 360

Sudan 80, 396, 520, 523climate change impacts 736climate-related hydro-meteorologi-cal hazards 739Corruption Perceptions Index 560Human Development Index (HDI) 560malnutrition and armed conflict 560, 561, 565, 566

Nile River basin water conflict 120–122vulnerability and climate change 465–469, 472, 473, 478–481

Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) 560

Summary of World Broadcasts (SWB) 60, 62, 66

Sun Power 755survival dilemma 316, 324survival pact 756, 761, 773, 774, 778,

780, 781sustainability transition 19sustainable climate regime 815sustainable development 16, 78, 185,

188–190, 192, 194, 196, 202, 228, 230, 233, 690, 693, 703, 800, 810, 812, 815

new diplomacy and climate change 685

sustainable energy consumption 814policy 719solar energy 761supply 111system 813

sustainable livelihoods 697, 702sustainable management 699sustainable peace 812Swaziland

vulnerability and climate change 469, 479, 484

Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency 450

Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) 441, 450

Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation 450, 701

Swiss Political Affairs Division of the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs 450

syndrome approach 100Syria 414, 416–418, 737, 769

climate change impacts 736GHG emission reduction obligations 752hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747population growth 742urbanization rate 743water resources 737

T

Taiwan 658, 660, 661Taliban 536, 601, 606Tanzania 232, 699

pastoralism 513vulnerability and climate change 466, 470, 479, 484

taser shotguns 367tear gase 356Tearfund 303technological change 111Tel Aviv University (TAU) 437Tellier, Charles 755territorial integrity 652terrorism 15, 351

war on terror 151, 201, 355, 361, 367Thales 358Thielen, Gunter 773Threshold Group at Leeds Metropoli-

tan University 365, 366Tigris 413–415, 417, 418Togo

vulnerability and climate change 468, 479

Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) 770

Tonga 652Toronto Project on Environment, Pop-

ulation and Security 7, 92tourism 652, 735transboundary cooperation 451transboundary water management 816transdisciplinary science 809, 812Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Ener-

gy Cooperation (TREC) 755, 756, 781

transnational organized crime 320transnational security 202Transparency International 560Tunis 734Tunisia 232, 770

agricultural land/production 744climate change impacts 735, 736climate-related hydro-meteorologi-cal hazards 739GHG emission reduction obligations 752hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747population growth 742rainfall 737urbanization rate 743vulnerability and climate change 467, 475, 479

Turkey 413, 414, 416–418GHG emission reduction obligations 752hydro-meteorological natural disasters 747population growth 742urbanization rate 743

Tutu, Desmond 283Tuvalu 268, 306, 308, 576, 652, 655,

658–660

Index 865

U

Uganda 46, 520, 523, 661climate change 546Constitution 553, 554industrial and commercial output 543Kampala Institutional and Infra-structure Development Project (KIIDP) 552Land Act, 1998 554Local Governments Act, 1997 554Ministry of Natural Resources 556Ministry of Works and Transport 549National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) 552–554, 556National Environmental (Wetlands, River Banks and Lake Shores Man-agement) Regulations, 2000 554National Policy for the Conserva-tion and Management of Wetland Resources 556National Water Policy, 1999 555Nile River basin water conflict 120–122pastoralism 513Public Health Act, 1964 555Town and Country Planning Act, 1964 555vulnerability and climate change 469, 472, 473, 479

Ukraine 771UNICEF 475Unilever 256Union for the Mediterranean

(UfM) 719–725, 749, 750, 755, 757–759, 761, 764–766, 775, 778–781

establishment 724member countries 725priority projects 725

United Arab Emirates (UAE)ecocity Masdar 400environmental degradation, re-source depletion, and climate change 374, 380–383, 387, 390, 391, 393, 395–402

United Kingdom (UK)climate change and international negotiations 8, 151, 187–191, 674, 675, 677climate change and national security impacts 7, 8, 169–171, 173, 175Development, Concepts and Doc-trine Centre 7Foreign Office (FCO) 8, 9Ministry of Defence (MoD) 7Patten Commission report 360sub/non-lethal weapons use/development 355, 358, 360, 361, 367

United Nations (UN)Charter 13, 166, 197, 676, 677, 689–691human security policy debate 11–13institutional frameworks and struc-tures for decision-making 690, 691major conference on global change, development, and security 692, 693Millennium Declaration 230need for reform 689–693peacekeeping operations/forces 43, 688, 689, 701principle of sovereignty 296priorities and structures for early ac-tion in emergencies 692Resident Coordinator in Nigeria 534role of science and research 691, 692summit, September 2009 249

United Nations (UN), climate changecontextualization and policy implica-tions of the debates 680, 681functional debate 674–680UNGA debates and resolutions 7, 9–11, 373, 669, 672, 674, 676–679, 681UNSC debates 7–11, 166, 373, 669, 672–677, 679–681UNSG report of 2009 7, 9–11, 13, 17, 188, 190, 192, 195, 373, 669, 671, 672, 674, 679–681, 695, 697

United Nations Commission on Sus-tainable Development (UN-CSD) 19, 309, 653, 677, 693, 726

United Nations Conference on Disas-ter Reduction in Kobe, 2005 231

United Nations Conference on Envi-ronment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, 1992 229, 292, 690

Agenda 21 686, 687, 689, 692, 693United Nations Conference on the

Human Environment in Stock-holm, 1972 209, 686

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 656, 657, 660

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 703

United Nations Department of Eco-nomic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) 697

United Nations Development Pro-gramme (UNDP) 213, 214, 297, 440, 446, 449, 538, 699, 722, 780

Human Development Report 194–196, 262, 475, 530human security 652Niger Delta Human Development Report 535

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 722

United Nations Environment Pro-gramme (UNEP) 9, 44, 153, 262, 291, 303, 305, 472, 690, 697, 722, 729, 740, 764, 780

environmental refugees definition 291, 292, 598establishment of 686Post-Conflict Environmental Assess-ment of Sudan 397

United Nations Forum of Civil Society 690

United Nations Framework Conven-tion on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 18, 88, 104, 229, 303, 414, 677, 698, 810, 814, 815

adaptation fund 86, 232, 235, 661, article 2 107Bali Action Plan 231, 687Cancún Adaptation Framework 196, 200, 201conferences of the parties (COP) 248COP 1 in Berlin, 1995 687COP 7 in Marrakech, 2001 232, 687COP 11 in Montréal, 2005 699COP 13 in Bali, 2007 192, 627, 687, 699COP 15 in Copenhagen, 2009 189, 192, 193, 196, 231, 235, 249, 250, 253, 254, 273, 274, 276, 277, 285, 286, 687, 729, 772, 774COP 16 in Cancún, 2010 81, 189, 192, 196, 235, 254, 772, 774Copenhagen Accord 196, 201, 539, 687establishment 186, 248GHG emission reduction obligations 750–754Kyoto Protocol (KP)/process 79, 189, 195, 196, 231, 234, 249, 253, 262, 276, 380, 383, 687, 750–752, 777mitigation and adaptation 673Nairobi Work Programme (NWP), 2005 231, 232, 235National Communications (NC) 750–752New Delhi Work Programme, 2007 613, 619, 627post-Kyoto regime 16, 772, 814Protocol on Recognition, Protec-tion, and Resettlement of Climate Refugees 295–299Secretariat in Bonn 301, 687, 752

United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) 293, 659, 692

climate change and security implica-tions debates 7, 9–11, 188, 190, 192, 195, 373, 651, 669, 672, 674, 676–679, 681

866 Index

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 200, 292–294, 301, 302, 376

United Nations Humanitarian Affairs Office 301

United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) 199, 464, 488

Global Assessment Report 465United Nations Office of the High

Commissioner for Human RightsGuiding Principles on Internal Displacement 294Operational Guidelines on Human Rights and Natural Disasters Pro-tecting Persons Affected by Natural Disasters 294

United Nations Population Division (UNPD) 48

United Nations Secretary General (UNSG)

Climate Change and its Possible Se-curity Implications report, 2009 7, 9–11, 13, 17, 188, 190, 192, 195, 373, 669, 671, 672, 674, 679–681, 695, 697human security report, March 2010 11–13On Larger Freedom report, 2005 13

United Nations Security Council (UNSC) 690, 691

climate change and security implica-tions debates 7–11, 166, 188, 189, 192, 195, 373, 669, 672–677, 679– 681

United Nations Special Committee of the Implementation of Decolonization 690

United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture 364

United Nations Support Facility for In-donesian Recovery (UNSFIR) dataset 639, 640

United Nations Trusteeship Council 690, 691

United Nations University, Institute for Environment and Human Secu-rity (UNU-EHS) 16, 213, 214, 303 764

United States of America (USA)Africa Command (AFRICOM) 167Border Patrol 320, 337, 338, 341border surveillance and illegal immi-gration along its border with Mexico 355, 356Census Bureau’s American Commu-nity Survey 340Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 766climate change and international negotiations 151, 186–189, 192, 193, 196, 199, 249, 251, 262, 277, 680, 687

climate change and national security impacts 6, 7, 166–175, 766–768Department of Defense (DoD) 7, 151, 167, 187, 189, 199, 277, 354, 358Department of Energy (DoE) 755drought, 1988 259Global Climate Change Security Act 172Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directo-rate (JNLWD) 355, 358Long-Range Analysis Unit (LRAU) of NIC 766Marine Corps at Quantico 355National Defense Authorization Act., 2008 172National Defense Industrial Associa-tion (NDIA) 355National Intelligence Council (NIC) 173, 766National Security Strategy, 1994/1995 189National Security Strategy, 1996 262National Security Strategy, 2008 172National Security Strategy, 2010 173number of Mexican immigrants 319Office of Deputy Under-Secretary of Defense for Environmental Security (ODUSD-ES) 189Quadrennial Defense Review, 2006 172Quadrennial Defense Review, 2010 173repatriation policies 340sub/non-lethal weapons use/development 353–358, 361–363, 367unauthorized migrants 320war in Iraq and Afghanistan 355

Uppsala Conflict Data Programme (UCDP) 46, 48, 563

urban management 549urban water authorities 715urban water management

capacity development/building 708–716holistic stakeholder-oriented approach 715information systems, role of 714–716organizations 707, 708transition management 712–714

urban water regimedynamics of institutions dealing with 716global warming vulnerabilities 713, 714

urban water resourcesaffected by demand-oriented, sup-ply-specific, and spatial considerations 707climate change 707, 708, 713

urbanization 80, 544, 613, 614Kampala City 550, 556MENA region 741, 743rate 743

Utstein study of peacebuilding 697

V

value-cost-system (VCX) model 142, 143

Van Boeven, Theo 364Vanuatu 652variability 559, 560, 563, 567, 569

interannual 565–567, 569vegetation 562, 563, 565, 567, 569

variability in land surface attributes (SCV) 562, 563, 565–567

variance inflation factor (VIF) 586VCAPS (Values and Capabilities of Ac-

tion paths and Priorities in System environments) model 111, 115, 119–121, 126

Veraval (India) 613, 620, 621, 625, 627vertical inequality 633, 636, 637, 639,

643, 646, 647Gini coefficient 635

viability theory 104Vietnam 699Vigilant Eagle 357violent conflict, see also climate

change, security implications/vio-lent conflict

case study approach 596complex phenomenon 596concept of 598horizontal and vertical inequality 635, 636intra-state 196population pressure and inequality 633review of research 635–637

virtual sun 761, 773, 774, 778, 780virtual water 719, 744, 761, 773, 774,

778, 780visual securitization 273–276, 278, 279,

281–283, 285analysis of the COP15 opening film Please Help the World 281–285immediacy, circulability, and ambiguity 279–281need for theory 278–281

Vodafone 256Vortex Ring 357vulnerability

Africa 463, 464, 470–488Algeria 467, 479Angola 468, 469, 476, 479Benin 469, 479Botswana 478, 479Burkina Faso 466, 479

Index 867

Burundi 468, 479Cameroon 469, 475, 479Cape Verde 476, 477, 479Central African 468, 470, 472, 479Chad 476, 479Comoros 478, 479component of risk 465, 466concepts of 465–470conceptual fragmentation character-izes the literature on 465, 466Congo 469, 479Cote d’Ivoire 479countries most vulnerable to climate and political risks 467countries most vulnerable to disaster mortality 468, 469countries most vulnerable to disasters 466definition 101definition of IPCC 465definition of UNISDR 465Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) 465, 470, 473, 476, 478–481, 483, 487digital elevation model (DEM) 472disaster risk literature 466, 467Djibouti 49, 479Egypt 119, 467, 473, 479, 483Equatorial Guinea 475, 477, 479Eritrea 468, 477, 479Ethiopia 463, 465, 467–469, 472, 473, 476, 479–481, 483, 486exposure to climate-related hazards 471–480exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity 469extensions for further research 485–488Gambia 468, 476, 479Ghana 469, 479, 480governance and political violence 471, 476–480Guinea 468, 479Guinea-Bissau 476, 479household and community resilience 471, 473–477indicators of future climate effects 467, 468Kenya 469, 472, 478, 479Lesotho 475, 479Liberia 479Libya 475, 477–479Madagascar 466, 469, 472, 479–481, 483Malawi 466, 472, 473, 479, 480Mali 479, 480management strategies 708Mauritania 468, 478, 479Mauritius 475, 477–479Morocco 467, 469, 478, 479

Mozambique 466–469, 476, 479, 480, 484Namibia 478, 479Niger 465, 468, 476, 479, 481, 482Nigeria 465–467, 469, 472, 473, 479–483, 485Palestine 440physical exposure to climate-related hazards 471population density 471–474, 481, 482results and evaluation 480–484result of socio-economic and politi-cal processes 226review of several exemplars/attributes 465–470Rwanda 466, 468, 469, 473, 479, 484Sao Tome and Principe 479Senegal 469, 479, 480Seychelles 475, 476, 478, 479Sierra Leone 468, 469, 479Somalia 465–469, 476, 478–481South Africa 467, 469, 477–480, 486Sudan 465–469, 472, 473, 478–481Swaziland 469, 479, 484Tanzania 466, 470, 479, 484Togo 468, 479Tunisia 467, 475, 479Uganda 469, 472, 473, 479urban water regime 713Zambia 479, 480Zimbabwe 467, 469, 472, 478, 479, 484

Vulnerability-Resilience Indicator Model (VRIM) 469, 470

W

Waltz, Kenneth 245water agreements 80water cannon 356water conflict

Nile River basin 118–124water crises 816water management 82, 156

authorities 708integrated 715

water pollution 214, 229water resources

Egypt 737Israel 425–429, 434, 435, 737Jordan 432, 737Kenya 519, 521, 525Lebanon 737MENA region 740, 741Mexico 321, 322Palestine 432, 433, 737socio-technical system analysis 713

water rights 333water run-off 550water scarcity 306, 351, 538

MENA region 118water security 14, 226water stress 686water use patterns 426–429weak governance 118, 467weapons of mass destruction 814weapons technology

applications, justifications and markets 354, 355critical human rights perspectives 365, 366ethical questions of non-lethal weapons 358–360future area denial weapons and systems 356–358legal controls 363–365new developments, state response and climate change 351–353, 355, 356, 367, 368proliferation of the techno-politics of exclusion 366, 367revolution in sub-lethal military affairs 353–356search of a new mission 354, 355use and abuse in the past, present and future 360–363

Weber, Max 671Welsh School 208West Asia

urbanization rate 743West Asia and North Africa (WANA)

region, climate changephysical effects of climate change 719, 728, 729, 749

West Bank 426, 428, 431, 440, 444, 446, 451

Western Aquifer Basin 431Western European Union (WEU) 723wildfires 814

Africa 492WinWinD 382Wittig, Peter 10Woodrow Wilson Center 92World Bank 9, 59, 297, 298, 471, 474,

556, 604, 640, 658, 699, 728, 734, 762, 776, 777

Articles for Agreement 87governance indicators 468, 476, 477Climate Investment Funds 87voice and accountability index 476, 483Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience 87World Development Report 2010 9

World Climate Conference, 1979 229World Conference on Natural Disaster

Reduction, 1994 229

868 Index

World Council of Churches (WCC) 529

World Development Indicators (WDI) 474

World Food Programme 396, 466World Health Organization

(WHO) 71, 297, 474, 475, 562World Institute for Development Re-

search of the United Nations Uni-versity (UNU-WIDER) 537, 729

World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 47, 327, 765, 780

World Press Freedom Index 394world risk society 19, 770, 771World Trade Organization

(WTO) 396, 660, 691World Wide Fund For Nature

(WWF) 604Worldwatch Institute 186Worldwide Governance Indicators

(WGI) 394Wuppertal Institute 760

Y

Yemen 769environmental degradation, re-source depletion, and climate change 373, 376, 378–384

Yokohama Strategy and Plan for a Saf-er World. Guidelines for Natural Disaster Prevention, Preparedness and Mitigation 229

YouTube 283Yusuf, Ustaz Mohammed 536

Z

Zambia 699vulnerability and climate change 479, 480

Zeta gang 341Zimbabwe 80

vulnerability and climate change 467, 469, 472, 478, 479, 484

Zoï environment network 764