Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia

Chapter

AP* Sixth Edition

World CivilizationsThe Global Experience

World CivilizationsThe Global Experience

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

Abbasid Decline and Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South Civilization to South and Southeast Asiaand Southeast Asia

12



The Spread of Islamic Civilization

I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras

II. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements

III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia

IV. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia



The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak



The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras

• Abbasid empire weakened, 9th-13th centuries– Peasant revolts

• Al-Mahdi (775-785)– Shi’a unreconciled– Succession not secure



The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras

• Imperial Extravagance and Succession Disputes– Harun al-Rashid

Son of al-Mahdi The Thousand and One Nights Barmicides• Persian advisors

Death followed by civil war

– Al-Ma'mun



Imperial Breakdown andAgrarian Disorder

•Civil unrest•Caliphs build lavishly

–Tax burden increases–Agriculture suffers



The Declining Position of Women in the Family and Society

• Seclusion, veil• Polygyny



Nomadic Incursions and the Eclipse of Caliphal Power

• Former provinces threaten Abbasids• Buyids, Persia

–Take Baghdad, 945–Sultans

• Seljuk Turks–1055, defeat Buyids–Sunnis

Shi'a purges

–Defeat Byzantines, Egypt



The Impact of the Christian Crusades

• 1096, western European Christian knights–Small kingdoms established

• Saladin retakes lands–Last in 1291



An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements

•Urban growth•Merchants thrive



The Full Flowering of Persian Literature

• Persian the court language–Administration, literature

• Arabic in religion, law, sciences•Calligraphy• Firdawsi

–Shah-Nama Epic poem



The Full Flowering of Persian Literature

• Sa'di•Omar Kayyan

–Rubaiyat



Achievements in the Sciences

•Math–Build on Greek work

•Chemistry–Experiments

• Al-Razi• Al-Biruni

–Specific weights



The Spread of Islam,10th-16th Centuries



Achievements in the Sciences

•Medicine–Hospitals–Courses of study



Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion

• Sufis–Mysticism

•Ulama–Conservative–Against outside influence–Greek philosophy rejected

Qur'an sufficient



Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion

• Al-Ghazali–Synthesis of Greek, Qur'anic ideas–Opposed by orthodoxy



New Waves of Nomadic Invasions and the End of the Caliphate

•Mongols–Chinggis Khan

•Hulegu• 1258, Baghdad falls

–Last Abbasid killed



Modern States with a Sizable Muslim Population



The Coming of Islam to South Asia

• By 1200, Muslims rule much of north, central•Conflict between two different systems

–Hindu religion v. Muslim monotheism–Muslim egalitarianism v. Indian caste system



Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasions

• First as traders, 8th century–Attacks lead to invasion

•Muhammad ibn Qasim–Umayyad general–Takes Sind, Indus valleys–Indians treated as dhimmi



Early Islam in India



Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization

• Science, math, medicine, music, astronomy– India influences Arab



From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions

• 10th century, Turkish dynasty established in Afghanistan– Mahmud of Ghazni

Begins invasion of India



From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions

• Muhammad of Ghur– Persian– State in Indus valley– Thence to Bengal– His lieutenant, Qutb-ud-Din Aibak

forms state at Delhi Delhi sultanate rules for 300 years



Patterns of Conversion

• Converts especially among Buddhists, lower castes, untouchables– Also, conversion to escape taxes

• Muslims fleeing Mongols, 13th, 14th centuries



Patterns of Accommodation

• High-caste Hindus remain apart– Muslims also often fail to integrate



Islamic Challenge andHindu Revival

• Bhakti– Devotional cults– Emotional approach– Caste distinctions dissolved– Shiva, Vishnu, Kali especially

• Mira Bai, Kabir, – Songs in regional languages



Stand-off: The Muslim Presence in India at the End of the Sultanate Period

• Brahmins v. ulama– Separate communities



The Spread of Islam toSoutheast Asia

• Shrivijaya

• Trading Contacts and Conversion– Trading leads to peaceful conversion

Sufis important Starting with Sumatran ports



The Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia



The Spread of Islam toSoutheast Asia

• Malacca– Thence to Malaya, Sumatra, Demak (Java)

• Coastal cities especially receptive – Buddhist elites, but population converts to

Islam

• Sufi Mystics and the Nature of Southeast Asian Islam

Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia

Documents

Transcript of Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia