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™’««‘∑¬“¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ Lasiodiplodia spp.

°“≠®π“ π‘√¿—¬ ·≈– ‡Õ°™—¬ ™Ÿ‡°’¬√µ‘‚√®πå*

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‡™◊ÈÕ√“°àÕ‚√§ Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griff. & Maubl. ‡ªìπ‡™◊ÈÕ√“°àÕ‚√§„πæ◊™·≈–º≈‰¡â∑’Ë ”§—≠À≈“¬™π‘¥ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–‚√§‡πà“„πº≈‰¡â‡»√…∞°‘®¿“¬À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ« „πªí®®ÿ∫—π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡·≈–ªÑÕß°—π¬—ßπ‘¬¡„™â “√‡§¡’ ´÷Ëß àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ ·≈–¬—ßÕ“®®–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥ “¬æ—π∏ÿå∑’Ë°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿ剥⠰“√„™â “√∏√√¡™“µ‘ À√◊Õ°“√§«∫§ÿ¡·∫∫™’««‘∏’ ´÷ËßÕ“®®–„™â®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬åªØ‘ªí°…å∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√¬—∫¬—Èß°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“™π‘¥π’ȉ¥â ®÷߇ªìπÕ’°∑“߇≈◊Õ°Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ëπà“ π„® ·≈–§«√„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠ ”À√—∫∫∑§«“¡π’È πÕ°®“°®–°≈à“«∂÷ß≈—°…≥–¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ Lasiodiplodia spp. µ≈Õ¥®π°“√°àÕ‚√§„πæ◊™·≈–º≈‰¡â ¬—ß¡ÿà߇πâπ∑’Ë®–Õ¿‘ª√“¬∂÷ß°“√„™â®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬åªØ‘ªí°…å„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‡™◊ÈÕ√“¥—ß°≈à“«

§” ”§—≠: Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Botryodiplodia theobromae ‚√§À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ« ™’««‘∏’

”π—°«‘™“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬·¡àøÑ“À≈«ß*ºŸâπ‘æπ∏åª√– “πß“π, e-mail: ekachai@mfu.ac.th

SWU Sci. J. Vol. 25 No. 2 (2009)120

Biology of Lasiodiplodia spp.

Kanjana Niraphai and Ekachai Chukeatirote*

ABSTRACT

Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griff. & Maubl. is an important fungal pathogenin several plants and fruits especially postharvest diseases of many economic fruits. At present,use of chemicals such as Benomyl is popular and widely used in preventing and controllingthis fungal pathogen. However, the chemical residues remained in fruits and/or the developmentof Lasiodiplodia spp. resistant to chemicals are of great concern. As a result, biocontrolespecially the use of antagonistic microbes would be an alternative to serve this purpose.In this article, characteristics, pathogenecity and biocontrol of Lasiodiplodia were discussed.

Keywords: Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Botryodiplodia theobromae, postharvest disease,biocontrol

School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University*Corresponding author, e-mail: ekachai@mfu.ac.th

«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡»« ªï∑’Ë 25 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 2 (2552) 121

∫∑𔇙◊ÈÕ√“°àÕ‚√§ Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. ‡ªìπ‡™◊ÈÕ√“

∑’Ëæ∫Õ¬à“ß·æ√àÀ≈“¬∑—Èß„π‡¢µ√âÕπ·≈–°÷Ëß√âÕπ ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª·≈â«®–·¬°‡™◊ÈÕ√“π’ȉ¥â®“°º≈‰¡â∑’Ë¡’Õ“°“√‡πà“‡ ’¬·≈–·º≈∑’ˇª≈◊Õ°¢Õßµâπ‰¡â (wood staining) ‡™◊ÈÕ√“π’È “¡“√∂°àÕ„À⇰‘¥‚√§„πæ◊™‰¥â¡“°°«à“ 500 ™π‘¥ [1]πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ßæ∫«à“‡™◊ÈÕ√“ Lasiodiplodia ‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ ”§—≠¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥‚√§¿“¬À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«„πæ◊™‡»√…∞°‘®À≈“¬™π‘¥ Õ“∑‘ ‚√§ crown rot ¢Õß°≈⫬ [2, 3] ‚√§‡πà“¢Õß¡–¡à«ß æ◊™„πµ√–°Ÿ≈ â¡ [4]‡ß“– [5] ∑ÿ‡√’¬π [6] ≈‘Èπ®’Ë ·≈–≈”‰¬ [7] ‡ªìπµâπ °“√‡°‘¥‚√§¥—ß°≈à“« àߺ≈„À⇰‘¥§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬°—∫º≈º≈‘µ√âÕ¬≈– 10-15 ·≈–Õ“®®–‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°∂÷ß√âÕ¬≈– 30 „π√–À«à“ß°“√¢π àß·≈–°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“À“°‰¡à¡’°“√®—¥°“√∑’Ë¥’æÕ

”À√—∫°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ ·≈–°“√ªÑÕß°—π‚√§¿“¬À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°‡™◊ÈÕ√“ Lasiodiplodia spp.„πªí®®ÿ∫—π°Á§◊Õ °“√„™â “√‡§¡’ ∑’Ë„™â°—πÕ¬à“ß·æ√àÀ≈“¬ ‡™àπ acetaldehyde [8] ·≈– sulfhur dioxide [9]Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡æ∫«à“¡’ªí≠À“‡√◊ËÕßæ‘…µ°§â“ߢÕß “√‡§¡’„πº≈‰¡â ´÷ËßÕ“® àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ°≈‘Ëπ·≈–√ ™“µ‘πÕ°®“°π’È º≈°√–∑∫∑’Ë ”§—≠Õ’°ª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëß°Á§◊Õ °“√™—°π”„À⇰‘¥°“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“°àÕ‚√§„Àâ¡’°“√µâ“π∑“πµàÕ°“√„™â “√‡§¡’

°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§¥â«¬™’««‘∏’‡ªìπÕ’°∑“߇≈◊Õ°Àπ÷Ëß∑’˧«√®–„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠·≈–‡√àß»÷°…“«‘®—¬∂÷ߧ«“¡‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â „π°“√„™â‡ªìπ¡“µ√°“√ªÑÕß°—π·≈–§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«‡æ◊ËÕª√–‚¬™πå·≈–§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ ¥â«¬‡Àµÿπ’ȇÕß°“√§—¥‡≈◊Õ°®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å∑’ˇªìπ‡™◊Èժؑªí°…å∑’Ë “¡“√∂º≈‘µ “√∏√√¡™“µ‘¡’ƒ∑∏‘Ϭ—∫¬—ÈßÀ√◊Õ∑”≈“¬°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“°àÕ‚√§ ®÷߇ªìπÕ’°¡“µ√°“√Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë ¡§«√‰¥â√—∫°“√»÷°…“«‘®—¬ µ≈Õ¥®π‰¥â√—∫°“√æ—≤π“‡æ◊ËÕ„™â„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§¿“¬À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«·∑π°“√„™â “√‡§¡’„π™à«ß 10 ªï∑’˺à“π¡“ ¡’√“¬ß“π°“√«‘®—¬®”π«π¡“°∑’ˉ¥â»÷°…“∂÷ß°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«„πæ◊™À≈“¬™π‘¥ ‡™àπ °“√„™â‡™◊ÈÕ·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Pseudomonas syringae, P. fluorescens, P. cepacia ·≈– Erwiniaherbicola „π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§æ◊™À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«¢Õß≈‘Èπ®’Ë·≈–≈”‰¬ [7] °“√„™â¬’ µå Candida saitoana„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§¢Õߺ≈·Õª‡ªîô≈ [10] ·≈–¬—ß¡’º≈°“√∑¥≈ÕßÕ’°¡“°∑’Ë· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ∂÷ß»—°¬¿“æ¢Õß°“√„™â®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å°≈ÿࡵà“ßÊ ‡™àπ actinomycetes ·≈– Bacillus spp. µ≈Õ¥®π‡™◊ÈÕ√“∫“ß™π‘¥ „π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡·≈–ªÑÕß°—π‚√§¿“¬À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ« [11,12]

Õπÿ°√¡«‘∏“π¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“‡™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. (synonyms: Botryodiplodia theobromae

Lat., Diplodia natalensis Pole Evans.) ‡ªìπ‡™◊ÈÕ√“∑’Ë¡’§«“¡´—∫´âÕπ„π°“√µ—Èß™◊ËÕ ·≈–¡’™◊ËÕ‡√’¬°‰¥âÀ≈“¬™◊ËÕ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’√Ÿª√à“ßÀ≈“¬·∫∫ (pleomorphism) “¡“√∂°àÕ„À⇰‘¥‚√§„πæ◊™‰¥âÀ≈“¬™π‘¥°√–®“¬∑—Ë«‰ª„π‡¢µ√âÕπ „πªí®®ÿ∫—π°“√®—¥≈”¥—∫¢—Èπ∑“ßÕπÿ°√¡«‘∏“π¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“™π‘¥π’Ȭ—ßÕâ“ßÕ‘ßµ“¡√Ÿª·∫∫¢ÕßSutton [13] ·≈– Barnett and Hunter [14] ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 1

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√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 Õπÿ°√¡«‘∏“π¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ Lasiodiplodia theobromae

‡¥‘¡‡™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ∂Ÿ°®—¥„ÀâÕ¬Ÿà„π Subdivision Ascomycotina, Class Ascomycetes,Order Pleosporales, Family Botryosphaeriaceae ·≈– Genus Botryosphaeria ‚¥¬¡’√“¬ß“π∑’ËÕâ“ß∂÷ß√–¬– teleomorph ¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ L. theobromae ‚¥¬‡√’¬°™◊ËÕ«à“ Botryosphaeria rhodina „πªï 1867 Curtis[15] ‰¥â∑¥≈Õß·¬°‡™◊ÈÕ type material ¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ Physalospora rhodina ®“°µâπ Rosa rubiginosa·≈–√–∫ÿ«à“‡ªìπ‡™◊ÈÕ√“™◊ËÕ Sphaeria rhodina B. & C. æ√âÕ¡°—∫‰¥â∫—π∑÷°™◊ËÕ‡™◊ÈÕ√“π’ȉ«â„πÀπ—ß ◊ÕçGeographical and natural history survey of North Carolinaé ·µà‰¡à‰¥â≈ß√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡‰«â·µàÕ¬à“ß„¥ µàÕ¡“¿“¬À≈—ß Cooke [16] ‰¥â„Àâ§”π‘¬“¡Õ¬à“߇ªìπ∑“ß°“√¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“‡¥’¬«°—ππ’ȉ«â „π™◊ËÕPhysalospora rhodina ‚¥¬Õâ“ßÕ‘ß®“°ß“π¢Õß Berk and Curtis [15] ‡π◊ËÕß®“° Cooke ‡ªìπ∫ÿ§§≈·√°∑’ˉ¥â„Àâ§”π‘¬“¡¢Õß√“™π‘¥π’È ¥—ßπ—Èπ„π°“√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß∂÷ß√“™π‘¥π’È„π™◊ËÕ P. rhodina ®÷ßÕâ“ß∂÷ß¿“¬„µâ™◊ËÕ¢ÕßCooke ·µà‡æ’¬ßºŸâ‡¥’¬« µàÕ¡“„πªï 1970 von Arx [17] ‰¥â®—¥„À⇙◊ÈÕ√“™π‘¥π’ÈÕ¬Ÿà„π Genus Botryosphaeria¥—ßπ—È𠇙◊ÈÕ√“π’È®÷߉¥â√—∫°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ™◊ËÕ‡ªìπ B. rhodina πÕ°®“°π’È ¬—ß¡’√“¬ß“π‡°’Ë¬«°—∫§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å¢Õß√–¬– anamorph °—∫ teleomorph ¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ‚¥¬„πªï 1925 Stevens [18] ‰¥â·¬°ascospore ¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß®“° cotton stems „π√—∞ø≈Õ√‘¥“ ‚¥¬§“¥«à“Õ“®®–‡ªìπ Physalosporagossypina ·µà°Á¬—߉¡à‰¥âæ‘ Ÿ®πå„Àâ·πà™—¥ ·≈–¬—߉¥â·¬°‡™◊ÈÕ√“„π°≈ÿࡇ¥’¬«°—∫ ascomycetes ®“°µâπ‰¡â„πGenera Hicoria, Ilex, Liquidambar, Quercus ·≈– Vitis „πª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ‚¥¬‡™◊ÈÕ√“∑’Ë·¬°‰¥â®“°æ◊™∑ÿ°™π‘¥∑’Ë°≈à“«¡“ “¡“√∂ √â“ß conidia ‰¥â®“°Àπ÷Ëß ascospore ·≈–‰¥â∂Ÿ°æ‘ Ÿ®πå„π¿“¬À≈—ß«à“‡ªìπ‡™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ‚¥¬ Stevens [19] ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ Stevens ®÷߇™◊ËÕ«à“ P. gossypina ·∑â∑’Ë®√‘ß°Á§◊Õ‡™◊ÈÕ√“™π‘¥‡¥’¬«°—π°—∫ P. rhodina ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°Õâ“ß∂÷ß‚¥¬ Cooke π—Ëπ‡Õß Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ ‰¡à‰¥â¡’√“¬ß“π¡“ π—∫ πÿπß“π«‘®—¬π’ȇæ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡·µàÕ¬à“ß„¥ µàÕ¡“„πªï‡¥’¬«°—π Stevens ‰¥â»÷°…“√–¬– teleomorph ¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß´÷Ëß°àÕ„À⇰‘¥‚√§ stem end rot Diplodia „πæ◊™µ√–°Ÿ≈ â¡ ·≈–‰¥â√–∫ÿ«à“‡ªìπ‡™◊ÈÕ√“„πGenus Physalospora ·≈–·¬°‡™◊ÈÕ√“™π‘¥‡¥’¬«°—π‰¥â®“°æ◊™Õ’° Õß °ÿ≈§◊Õ Persea ·≈– Rosa

Kingdom Fungi

Division Amastigomycota

Subdivision Deuteromycotina

Class Deuteromycetes

Subclass Coelomycetidae

Order Sphaeropsidalel

Family Sphaeropsidaceae

Genus Lasiodiplodia

Species Lasiodiplodia theobromae

«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡»« ªï∑’Ë 25 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 2 (2552) 123

®“°°“√‡æ“–‡≈’Ȭ߇™◊ÈÕ√“∑’Ë·¬°¡“‰¥â Stevens æ∫«à“ ascospore ‡¥’ˬ«¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“¥—ß°≈à“« “¡“√∂ √â“ßconidia ∑’Ë¡’≈—°…≥–§≈⓬§≈÷ß°—∫ conidia ¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae À√◊Õ‡√’¬°Õ’°™◊ËÕÀπ÷Ëߧ◊Õ P. gossypina‰¥â ·µàÕ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ ¡’‡æ’¬ß√“¬ß“π¢Õß Stevens ‡∑à“π—Èπ∑’ËÕâ“ß∂÷ß√–¬– teleomorph ¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae„πªï 2006 Crous ·≈–§≥– [20] ‰¥â∑”°“√»÷°…“·≈–· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“‡™◊ÈÕ√“∑’ˇ¥‘¡®—¥Õ¬Ÿà„π FamilyBotryosphaeriaceae π’Ȭ—ß¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—πÕ¬Ÿà¡“°„π√–¥—∫¢Õß phylogenetic lineages ´÷Ë߇°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫≈—°…≥–∑“ß —≥∞“π«‘∑¬“¢Õß°“√ ◊∫æ—π∏ÿå·∫∫‰¡àÕ“»—¬‡æ»¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ ®“°º≈°“√»÷°…“∑”„Àâ GenusBotryosphaeria ∂Ÿ°®”°—¥„Àâ¡’‡™◊ÈÕ√“‡æ’¬ß 2 ™π‘¥ §◊Õ B. dothidea (Moug.: Fr.) Ces. & De Not.·≈– B. corticis (Dermaree & M.S. Wilcox) Arx & E. Müll. · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“‡™◊ÈÕ√“„π GenusBotryosphaeria ‰¡àπà“®–‡ªìπ√–¬– teleomorph ¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae Õ’°µàÕ‰ª

‡™◊ÈÕ√“„π Genus Lasiodiplodia πÕ°®“°‡™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ·≈â« ¬—ß¡’°“√§âπæ∫‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ’°À≈“¬™π‘¥ ‡™àπ „πªï 2004 Pavlic ·≈–§≥– [21] ‰¥â√“¬ß“π‡™◊ÈÕ√“∑’˧âπæ∫„À¡à„π™◊ËÕ L. gonubiensisPavlic, Slippers & M.J. Wingf. ·≈–„πªï 2008 Alves ·≈–§≥– [22] °Á‰¥â√“¬ß“π‡æ‘Ë¡Õ’° §◊ÕL. pseudotheobromae A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous ·≈– L. parva A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves& Crous ‚¥¬¥Ÿ®“°§«“¡·µ°µà“ߢÕß≈—°…≥– ªÕ√凙◊ÈÕ√“√«¡∂÷ß≈—°…≥–∑“ßæ—π∏ÿ»“ µ√凪ì𠔧—≠

≈—°…≥–∑“ß —≥∞“π«‘∑¬“¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae‡™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ‡®√‘≠‰¥â¥’∫πÕ“À“√ potato dextrose agar (PDA) ‡ âπ„¬‡¡◊ËÕ¬—ß

Õ“¬ÿπâÕ¬¡’ ’¢“«≈–‡Õ’¬¥·≈–§àÕπ¢â“ßøŸ ´÷Ëß®–‡®√‘≠‡µÁ¡®“π‡æ“–‡≈’Ȭ߇™◊ÈÕÀ≈—ß®“°‡æ“–‡≈’Ȭ߇ªìπ‡«≈“ 2 «—π‡¡◊ËÕ‚§‚≈π’·°à‡ âπ„¬®–‡ª≈’Ë¬π®“° ’¢“«‡ªìπ ’‡∑“¥” ‡ âπ„¬¡’ºπ—ß°—Èπ ¡’°“√ ◊∫æ—π∏ÿå·∫∫‰¡àÕ“»—¬‡æ»‚¥¬‡ âπ„¬¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“‡¡◊ËÕÕ“¬ÿ¡“°®– √â“ß fruiting body ∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ conidiomata ·∫∫ pycnidia ÷ËßÕ“®¡’™àÕ߇¥’¬«À√◊ÕÀ≈“¬™àÕß°Á‰¥â (√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 ·≈– 3) [4, 23] ¿“¬„πª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬‡ âπ„¬ paraphyses „ ‰¡à¡’ ’(hyaline) √Ÿª√à“߇ªìπ∑√ß°√–∫Õ° (cylindrical) ¡’ºπ—ß°—Èπ (septate) ∫“ߧ√—ÈßÕ“®æ∫«à“¡’°“√·µ°°‘Ëß°â“π “¢“ ¡’ conidiogenous cells „ ‰¡à¡’ ’‡™àπ°—π ºπ—߇´≈≈å∫“ß·≈–‡√’¬∫ √Ÿª√à“߇ªìπ∑√ß°√–∫Õ° ¡’°“√·∫à߇´≈≈å·∫∫ holoblastic Õ“®¡’°“√®—¥‡√’¬ß‡´≈≈å·∫∫‡ªìπª≈âÕß 1-2 ª≈âÕß (annellations) À√◊Õ‡√’¬ßµ—«„π√–π“∫‡¥’¬«°—π‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ¡’§«“¡Àπ“·πàπ¡“°¢÷Èπ (periclinal thickenings) [22, 24] ‚¥¬ conidiogenouscells ®–¡’Àπâ“∑’Ë„π°“√ √â“ß conidia ÷Ë߇ªìπ asexual spores ‚¥¬ √â“ßÕ¬Ÿà∫πª≈“¬¢Õß conidiophores[25] ≈—°…≥–¢Õß conidia ‡¡◊ËÕÕàÕπ®–¡’‡æ’¬ß‡´≈≈凥’¬« „ ‰¡à¡’ ’ √Ÿª√à“ߧàÕπ¢â“ß√’®π∂÷ߧàÕπ¢â“ß°≈¡(subovoid to ellipsoid-ovoid) ª≈“¬¥â“πÀπ÷Ëß°≈¡¡π Õ’°¥â“π Õ∫≈ߧ≈⓬°√«¬ ∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë°«â“ß∑’Ë ÿ¥¢Õßµ—«‡´≈≈å §◊Õ ™à«ß°≈“ß ‰¡à¡’ºπ—ß°—Èπ ºπ—߇´≈≈åÀπ“·≈–ª√–°Õ∫‰ª¥â«¬ granular ·≈–ºπ—߇´≈≈å®–¬—ߧ߉¡à¡’ ’‰ª®π°«à“®–∂Ÿ°ª≈àÕ¬ÕÕ°¡“®“° pycnidia ®“°π—Èπ conidia ®÷ß®–‡√‘Ë¡ √â“߇¡Á¥ ’πÈ”µ“≈‡¢â¡ ·≈– √â“ߺπ—ß°—Èπ (septum) 1 ™—Èπµ√ß°≈“ß ∑”„Àâ·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 2 ‡´≈≈å ¡’√Ÿª√à“ß√’§≈⓬‰¢à ¡’¢π“¥ª√–¡“≥26.2-27 x 14-14.4 ‰¡§√Õπ ºπ—ߥâ“ππÕ°Àπ“ 2 ™—Èπ ·≈–¡’°“√ √â“߇¡Á¥ ’‡¡≈“π‘π∫πº‘«‡´≈≈å¥â“π„π‡√’¬ßµ—«‡ÀÁπ‡ªìπ√‘È«„π·π«¬“« (√Ÿª∑’Ë 4) [22, 24, 26]

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ªí®®—¬µàÕ°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromaeªí®®—¬À≈—°∑’Ë¡’º≈µàÕ°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ¡’À≈“¬Õ¬à“߇™àπ ·À≈àߧ“√å∫Õπ

‰π‚µ√‡®π §à“ pH Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ ·≈–· ß ‚¥¬·À≈àߧ“√å∫Õπ®–™à«¬‡√àß°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õ߇ âπ„¬¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ ‡ âπ„¬®–‡®√‘≠‰¥â¥’„πÕ“À“√∑’Ë¡’πÈ”µ“≈´Ÿ‚§√ ¡Õ≈‚µ ·≈–·ªÑß ·µà‡®√‘≠‰¥âπâÕ¬„πÕ“À“√∑’Ë¡’πÈ”µ“≈ø√—°‚∑ (fructose) ‰´‚≈ (xylose) ·≈–‡´≈≈Ÿ‚≈ πÕ°®“°π’ȇ™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ¬—߇®√‘≠‰¥â¥’„π·À≈àß∑’Ë¡’‰π‚µ√‡®π‡ªìπ‡§´’π ‰Œ‚¥√‰≈‡´∑ ‚æ·∑ ‡´’¬¡‰π‡µ√∑ ·≈–·Õ≈·Õ æ“√“®’π ·µà‡®√‘≠‰¥âπâÕ¬„π ¥’ øïπ‘≈Õ“≈“π’π ·≈– ·Õ≈ ‡¡∏‘‚Õπ’π ·≈–§à“§«“¡‡ªìπ°√¥¥à“ߢÕßÕ“À“√‡≈’Ȭ߇™◊ÈÕ∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡µàÕ°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“®–Õ¬Ÿà„π™à«ß pH 4-5 ·≈– 7.1 [26] Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ ”À√—∫°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“Õ¬Ÿà„π™à«ß 24-30Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ „π ¿“æ∏√√¡™“µ‘Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß ÿ¥∑’ˇ™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae “¡“√∂‡®√‘≠·≈–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥‚√§„πæ◊™‰¥â ®–‡∑à“°—∫ 31.5 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ·≈–µË” ÿ¥§◊Õ 25.9 Õß»“‡´≈‡ ’¬ [4]

· ßÀ√◊Õ™à«ß‡«≈“„π°“√√—∫· ߇ªìπªí®®—¬Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë ”§—≠·≈–¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥µàÕ°“√ √â“ßÀ√◊Õ‰¡à √â“ß pycnidia ¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ‡æ√“–‡™◊ÈÕ√“™π‘¥π’È®—¥Õ¬Ÿà„π°≈ÿà¡¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“∑’˵Õ∫ πÕßµàÕ· ß Ultraviolet (UV) ·≈–· ß ’πÈ”‡ß‘π °“√∑’ˇ™◊ÈÕ√“®–¡’°“√ √â“ß pycnidia ®–µâÕ߉¥â√—∫· ßπ“π∂÷ß16 ™—Ë«‚¡ßµàÕ«—π À“°‰¥â√—∫· ßπâÕ¬°«à“ 4 ™—Ë«‚¡ßµàÕ«—𠇪ìπ√–¬–‡«≈“π“π‡°‘π 23 «—π®–∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√

√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 ‡ âπ„¬ ’¢“«°Õß√«¡°—π‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡°âÕπ¢Õß immature conidia ∑’ËÕÕ°¡“®“° pycnidia ∫√‘‡«≥∑’˵‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ(´â“¬) ·≈– mature conidia (¢«“) (bar ‡∑à“°—∫ 1 ¡‘≈≈‘‡¡µ√) [46]

√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 ≈—°…≥–¢Õß pycnidia ¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae (bar ‡∑à“°—∫ 40 ‰¡‚§√‡¡µ√) [46]

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√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 ‡ âπ„¬ paraphyses (2-3) conidiogenous cells ·≈– conidia ∑’ˬ—ßÕàÕπÕ¬Ÿà (4-7) conidia ·°à· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ√‘È«¢Õ߇¡Á¥ ’™—¥‡®π (9) conidia (bar ‡∑à“°—∫ 1 ‰¡‚§√‡¡µ√) [22]

¬—∫¬—Èß°“√ √â“ß ªÕ√å¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ [24] · ß∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπµË” ÿ¥∑’Ë®–™à«¬°√–µÿâπ°“√ √â“ß pycnidia §◊Õ 15øÿµ‡∑’¬πµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß°—π‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 4 «—π ‡¡◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ °“√ √â“ß pycnidia ®–¡“°¢÷Èπ·≈–®–§ß∑’Ë∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß· ß 180 øÿµ‡∑’¬π ∑—Èßπ’È· ß¡’º≈µàÕ°“√ √â“ß pycnidia ·≈– ªÕ√å¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ ·µà‰¡à¡’º≈µàÕ°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õ߇ âπ„¬¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“·µàÕ¬à“ß„¥ [26]

°“√ √â“ß ªÕ√åÀ√◊Õ conidia ¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â¬“°À√◊Õ‰¡à‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡≈¬∫πÕ“À“√ PDA ª°µ‘ ·µà„π°“√®—¥®”·π°‡™◊ÈÕ√“„π Class Deuteromycetes ´÷Ëß≈—°…≥–‡¥àπ§◊Õ°“√ ◊∫æ—π∏ÿå·∫∫‰¡àÕ“»—¬‡æ»π—Èπ®–„™â≈—°…≥–¢Õß ªÕ√å·≈–°“√ √â“ß ªÕ√凪ì𠔧—≠ [27] ÷Ëß°“√™—°π”„À⇰‘¥°“√ √â“ß ªÕ√å¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae Õ“®∑”‰¥â‚¥¬°“√‡æ“–‡≈’Ȭß√“∫πº≈‰¡â∑’ˇªìπ host µ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘

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‡™àπ ∫πº≈°≈⫬ º≈™¡æŸà [28] ·≈–∑‘È߉«â®πº≈‰¡â¡’≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ¡—¡¡’Ë §◊Õº‘«·Àâß ·¢Áß·≈–¡’ ’¥” conidiomata®–∂Ÿ° √â“ߢ÷Èπ·≈–Ωíßµ—«Õ¬Ÿà„π host ‡æ◊ËÕ√Õ∑’Ë®–ª≈àÕ¬ mature conidia ÕÕ°¡“‡¡◊ËÕ∂÷߇«≈“∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡(√Ÿª∑’Ë 2) Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ ¡’√“¬ß“π°“√™—°π”„À⇰‘¥ ªÕ√å¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ∫πÕ“À“√‡≈’Ȭ߇™◊ÈÕ‰¥â‡™àπ°—π ‚¥¬‡µ‘¡™‘Èπ à«π¢Õß host ¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“≈ß„πÕ“À“√‡≈’Ȭ߇™◊ÈÕ ‡™àπ Alves [22] „™â°“√‡µ‘¡ poplar twigs∑’˪√“»®“°‡™◊ÈÕ≈ß„π 2% potato dextrose (water agar) ∫à¡∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ÀâÕß·≈–„Àâ√—∫· ß∏√√¡™“µ‘Pavlic [21] ™—°π”„À⇰‘¥ ªÕ√å‚¥¬°“√‡µ‘¡ pine needles ∑’˪√“»®“°‡™◊ÈÕ≈ß„πÕ“À“√ 2% malt extract(water agar) ∫à¡∑’Ë 25 Õß»“‡´≈‡ ’¬ ·≈–„Àâ√—∫· ß near UV ®÷ß®– “¡“√∂°√–µÿâπ„À⇰‘¥°“√ √â“ß ªÕ√剥â

‚√§∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°‡™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae‡™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae “¡“√∂°àÕ„À⇰‘¥‚√§°—∫æ◊™‰¥â¡“°°«à“ 500 ™π‘¥ [1] ‚¥¬¡’√“¬

≈–‡Õ’¬¥‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡µ“¡µ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 ·≈–°“√‡°‘¥‚√§ “¡“√∂æ∫‰¥â∑—Ë«∑ÿ°¿Ÿ¡‘¿“§¢Õß‚≈°‚¥¬æ∫‰¥â¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥„π‡¢µ√âÕπ·≈–°÷Ëß√âÕ𠇙◊ÈÕ√“™π‘¥π’ȇªìπµ—«°“√ ”§—≠∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥‚√§„πº≈‰¡âÀ≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«´÷Ëß à«π„À≠à®–ÕàÕπ·ÕµàÕ®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å “‡Àµÿ‚√§∑”„À⇰‘¥§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬µàÕº≈º≈‘µ∑“ߥâ“π°“√‡°…µ√Õ¬à“ß¡“° ‚√§æ◊™∑’Ëæ∫À≈—߇°Á∫‡°’ˬ«¡—°¡’ “‡Àµÿ®“°‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§·Õ∫·Ωß„π√–¬–·ª≈ߪ≈Ÿ°µ—Èß·µà„π√–¬–µ‘¥¥Õ°·µà®–¬—߉¡à· ¥ßÕ“°“√„Àâª√“°Ø ≈—°…≥–Õ“°“√¢Õß‚√§æ◊™À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«®–ª√“°Ø„Àâ‡ÀÁπ„π¢—ÈπµÕπ„¥°Á‰¥â‡¡◊ËÕ ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡‡À¡“– ¡µàÕ‚√§π—ÈπÊ °“√‡¢â“∑”≈“¬À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ®–¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å‚¥¬µ√ß°—∫°“√‡°‘¥·º≈∑’˺‘«¢Õߺ≈‰¡â ‚¥¬‡™◊ÈÕ√“®–‡¢â“∑”≈“¬∑“ß∫“¥·º≈ ªÕ√å¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“Õ“®®–µ‘¥¡“°—∫º‘«º≈‰¡â °‘Ëß °â“π À√◊Õ ∫√‘‡«≥¢—È«º≈µ—Èß·µàÕ¬Ÿà„π «πÀ√◊Õ·ª≈ߪ≈Ÿ° ·≈– “¡“√∂‡¢â“∑”≈“¬º≈‰¡â∑“ß√Õ¬µ—¥∫√‘‡«≥¢—È«º≈ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–‡¡◊ËÕº≈‰¡â‡√‘Ë¡ ÿ° °“√≈ÿ°≈“¡¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“®–‡°‘¥¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«·≈–≈“¡‰ª∑—Ë«∑—Èߺ≈ ∑”„À⇰‘¥º≈‡πà“ ∫“ߧ√—Èßæ∫ fruiting body ¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“‡ªìπ®ÿ¥¥”∫π·º≈¢Õߺ≈‰¡â [29, 30]

”À√—∫‚√§æ◊™¿“¬À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°‡™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae „πº≈‰¡â·≈–æ◊™™π‘¥µà“ßÊ ∑’Ë ”§—≠ ‰¥â·°à

1. ‚√§ stem end rot „πº≈‰¡âÀ≈“¬™π‘¥ ‡™àπ „πÕ“‚«§“‚¥ ‡™◊ÈÕ√“ “¡“√∂¡’™’«‘µÕ¬Ÿà‰¥â∫π„∫‰¡â·Àâß·≈–µ“¡°‘Ëß°â“π¢ÕßµâπÕ“‚«§“‚¥·≈– √â“ß ªÕ√åÕÕ°¡“‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“° „π™à«ßƒ¥ŸΩπ ªÕ√å¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ à«πÀπ÷Ëß®–∂Ÿ°æ—¥æ“‰ªµ‘¥Õ¬Ÿà∫πº≈Õ“‚«§“‚¥ ¢Õ∫‡¢µ¢Õß°“√√–∫“¥¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“®–¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫ ¿“«–·«¥≈âÕ¡∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‚¥¬‡™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ®–‡®√‘≠ßÕ°ß“¡‰¥â¥’„π¿“«–∑’ËÕ“°“»√âÕπ ªÕ√å¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“‡À≈à“π’È®–¬—߉¡à∑”Õ—πµ√“¬·°àº≈Õ“‚«§“‚¥®π°«à“®–∂÷ß√–¬–∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡§◊Õ ‡¡◊ËÕº≈‡√‘Ë¡ ÿ°·≈–‡π◊ÈÕº≈‰¡â‡√‘Ë¡®–π‘Ë¡ [31] „π¡–≈–°Õ°“√‡°‘¥‚√§ stem end rot ®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π√–¬–À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«‡™àπ°—π‚¥¬°“√‡¢â“∑”≈“¬®–‡√‘Ë¡µ—Èß·µàº≈‡√‘Ë¡ ÿ° ‡ âπ„¬¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“®–‡®√‘≠ª°§≈ÿ¡‰ª∑—Ë«∑—Èߺ≈ ·≈–≈“¡‡¢â“‰ª∂÷߇π◊ÈÕ„π º≈®–‡√‘Ë¡‡πà“ ©Ë”πÈ”·≈–º‘«‡À’ˬ« ‡¡◊ËÕµ—¥º≈¡–≈–°Õµ“¡¬“«®–‡ÀÁπ‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ¢â“ß„π‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ ’¥”≈“¡¡“∂÷ߺ‘«πÕ°·≈–·Àâß·¢Áß„π∑’Ë ÿ¥ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡∑’Ë ÿ¥„π°“√‡®√‘≠∫πº≈¡–≈–°Õ§◊Õ 30 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ °Õª√°—∫¡’§«“¡™◊Èπ√à«¡¥â«¬ πÕ°®“°®–°àÕ‚√§„πº≈¡–≈–°Õ·≈⫬—ß¡’√“¬ß“π°“√°àÕ„À⇰‘¥‚√§‡πà“°—∫µâπ¡–≈–°Õ çSunrise soloé „πª√–‡∑»∫√“ ‘≈Õ’°¥â«¬ [32] ‚√§ stem end rot „πæ◊™µ√–°Ÿ≈ â¡°Á‡™àπ°—π ‡¡◊ËÕµ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡ª≈◊Õ°º≈‰¡â®–π‘Ë¡·≈–∫“ß≈ß ’‡ª≈◊Õ°‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ ’πÈ”µ“≈ ‡¡◊ËÕºà“ÕÕ°®–‡ÀÁπÕ“°“√

«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡»« ªï∑’Ë 25 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 2 (2552) 127

‡πà“≈“¡‰ª∂÷ß·°πº≈ ·≈–¢Õ∫¢Õß∂ÿßπÈ” (juice sacs) ‡¡◊ËÕª≈àÕ¬∑‘È߉«â®–π‘Ë¡·≈–‡πà“‰ª∑—Ë«∑—Èߺ≈ °“√‡°‘¥‚√§ stem end rot „π¡–¡à«ß‡™◊ÈÕ√“Õ“®µ‘¥¡“°—∫„∫°≈⫬·Àâß∑’Ë„™â√Õß¡–¡à«ß„π¢≥–¢π àß ‚¥¬°“√‡¢â“∑”≈“¬®–‡¢â“∑”≈“¬∑’Ë∫“¥·º≈∫√‘‡«≥¢—È«º≈¡–¡à«ßÀ≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ« [4] ∑”„À⇰‘¥√Õ¬™ÌÈ“ ’πÌÈ“µ“≈‡¢â¡‰ª®π∂÷ß ’¥”‡ÀÁπ¢Õ∫√Õ¬™ÌÈ“™—¥‡®π ∫√‘‡«≥∫“¥·º≈®–ÕàÕππÿà¡ ™◊Èπ·≈–‡√‘Ë¡¡’Õ“°“√‡πà“ µàÕ¡“‡™◊ÈÕ√“®– √â“ßpycnidia ’¥” ‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“°¡Õ߇ÀÁπ‰¥â¥â«¬µ“‡ª≈à“ [34] πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß°àÕ„À⇰‘¥‚√§º≈‡πà“¢Õ߇ߓ–‚¥¬À≈—ß®“°°“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ√“ ¢π·≈–‡ª≈◊Õ°¢Õ߇ߓ–®–¡’Õ“°“√™È”·≈–‡À’ˬ«¬àπ ¢π¢Õ߇ߓ–®–‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ ’¥”‡°‘¥°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬πÈ”Àπ—°Õ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á« °“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ·≈–°“√‡¢â“∑”≈“¬‡ªìπ·∫∫·Õ∫·Ω߇™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫º≈‰¡â™π‘¥Õ◊Ëπ[5, 28] °àÕ„À⇰‘¥‚√§‡πà“À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«„π∑ÿ‡√’¬π ‚¥¬∑ÿ‡√’¬π¡—°µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ¡“µ—Èß·µà„π√–¬–·ª≈ߪ≈Ÿ°‡™◊ÈÕ√“®–§ß§«“¡¡’™’«‘µ∫πº≈∑ÿ‡√’¬π∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µ—¥·µàß·≈–∑‘Èߺ≈‰«â∑’Ë‚§πµâπ®πº≈·°à‡µÁ¡∑’Ë ‡™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae°àÕ‚√§°—∫∑ÿ‡√’¬π‰¥â¥’·≈–¡’§«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕß‚√§ Ÿß ·º≈„π√–¬–·√°ª√“°Ø‡ªìπ√Õ¬ ’πÈ”µ“≈¡’≈—°…≥–π‘Ë¡µàÕ¡“‡¡◊ËÕ·º≈¢¬“¬¡“°¢÷Èπ ª√“°Ø à«π‡ âπ„¬¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ ’‡∑“ªπ‡¢’¬«¢÷ÈπøŸ∫√‘‡«≥·º≈ Õ“°“√‡πà“®–≈“¡∫√‘‡«≥º‘«≈߉ª®π∂÷ß à«π‡π◊ÈÕ¢Õß∑ÿ‡√’¬π ‡™◊ÈÕ√“®– √â“ß pycnidia ΩíßÕ¬Ÿà„π‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ° ∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˇ°‘¥Õ“°“√ ‚¥¬¡’ à«πª“°‡ªî¥‚º≈àÕÕ°¡“®“°∫√‘‡«≥º‘«‡ª≈◊Õ° ·≈–ª≈àÕ¬ conidia ’¥” ÕÕ°¡“∫√‘‡«≥ª“°‡ªî¥¢Õß pycnidia ∑”„Àâ‡ÀÁπ‡ªìπ‡¢¡à“ ’¥” [6,35]

2. ‚√§ finger tip À√◊Õ black tip rot ·≈– crown rot „π°≈⫬ ‚¥¬‡™◊ÈÕ√“®–‡¢â“‰ª∑”≈“¬º≈°≈⫬∑“ß∫“¥·º≈„π√–¬–‡°Á∫√—°…“ ‚√§π’È√–∫“¥„πÀ≈“¬ª√–‡∑» ‰¥â·°à Õ‘π‡¥’¬ Õ‡¡√‘°“°≈“ß øî≈‘ªªîπ å·≈–‰µâÀ«—π ≈—°…≥–‡¥àπ¢Õß‚√§§◊Õ®–¡’‡ âπ„¬ ’‡∑“¥”‡®√‘≠ª°§≈ÿ¡‰ª∑—Ë« °“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ®–µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ∫√‘‡«≥∫“¥·º≈ ¥À≈—ß®“°°“√µ—¥·µàßÀ«’°≈⫬‡ âπ„¬¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“®–‡®√‘≠∫π·º≈∫√‘‡«≥√Õ¬µ—¥ ·≈–≈“¡‰ª∑—Ë«∑—Èߺ≈∑”„Àâ ’º‘«‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ ’πÈ”µ“≈§≈È”®π∂÷ߥ” „π°√≥’¢Õß‚√§ crown rot ®–‡ª≈’ˬπ¢—È«À«’„Àâ°≈“¬‡ªìπ ’¥”πÕ°®“°π’È ‡™◊ÈÕ√“¬—ß “¡“√∂∫ÿ°√ÿ°‡¢â“∑“ß∫“¥·º≈À√◊Õ‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ∑’Ë©’°¢“¥ ≈“¡‡¢â“‰ª®π∂÷߇π◊ÈÕ°≈⫬∑”„Àâ‡π◊ÈÕº≈‰¡â‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ ’¥” º‘«¥â“ππÕ° à«π∑’˵‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ®–°≈“¬‡ªìπ ’¥” ·Àâß·¢Áß ·≈– √â“ß pycnidia°√–®“¬Õ¬Ÿà∑—Ë« ‡™◊ÈÕ√“‡®√‘≠Õ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«‡¡◊ËÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√‡πà“‡ ’¬¿“¬„π 2-3 «—π [3, 36, 37]

3. ‚√§ soft watery rot „πΩ√—Ëß °“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡√‘Ë¡®“°º‘«¢ÕßΩ√—Ëß¡’°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π ’‡ªìπ ’πÈ”µ“≈™È” ‡√‘Ë¡µ—Èß·µàª≈“¬°â“π≈“¡‰ª‡≈◊ËÕ¬Ê ®π∂÷ߥâ“π≈à“ߢÕߺ≈·≈–∑—Ë«∑—Èߺ≈ „π∑’Ë ÿ¥‡¡◊ËÕ∑‘È߉«â®–¡’°“√ √â“ßpycnidia °√–®“¬∑—Ë«º‘«‡ª≈◊Õ°·≈–‡°‘¥Õ“°“√π‘Ë¡·≈–©Ë”πÈ” Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡°—∫°“√‡®√‘≠Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë 25Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ °“√ßÕ°¢Õß ªÕ√å®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß ÿ¥‰¡à‡°‘π 30 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ·≈–æ∫«à“∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘10 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ªÕ√å¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“®–‰¡à‡°‘¥°“√ßÕ° [38]

πÕ°®“°°“√°àÕ„À⇰‘¥‚√§¿“¬À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«¢Õߺ≈‰¡â ‡™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ¬—ß “¡“√∂°àÕ„À⇰‘¥‚√§°—∫ à«πÕ◊ËπÊ ¢Õßµâπ‰¡â‰¥â ‡™àπ ‚√§¬Õ¥·Àâßµ“¬ (die-back) ÷Ëßæ◊™∑’˵‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§®–¡’Õ“°“√·Àâßµ“¬∑’ˇ√‘Ë¡®“°ª≈“¬¬Õ¥ ª≈“¬°‘Ëß À√◊Õª≈“¬°â“π ·≈â«≈ÿ°≈“¡¡“¬—ß à«π°‘Ëß°â“π “¢“·≈–≈“¡¡“∂÷ß‚§πµâπ¢Õßæ◊™ ¡—°®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π√–¬–∑’˵âπ‰¡âÕ¬Ÿà„π√–¬–æ—°µ—« æ∫‚√§√–∫“¥π’ȉ¥â„π «πº≈‰¡â ‡™àπ «π¡–¡à«ßÀ√◊Õ„πµâπ‰¡âª√–‡¿∑ π [39] ·≈–¬—߇ªì𠓇Àµÿ„À⇰‘¥‚√§¬“߉À≈ (Gummosis) °—∫µâπ‰¡âÕ’°À≈“¬™π‘¥ ‡™àπ „πª√–‡∑»≠’˪ÿÉπ°àÕ„À⇰‘¥‚√§¬“߉À≈°—∫µâπæ’™ (peach) ·≈–·Õæ√‘§Õµ (apricot) [40]„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬æ∫‚√§¬“߉À≈‡°‘¥°—∫µâπ ⡇¢’¬«À«“π ≈—°…≥–Õ“°“√¢Õß‚√§§◊Õ ‚§πµâπ¡’πÈ”¬“ß ’πÈ”µ“≈‰À≈ÕÕ°¡“‡¡◊ËÕ·°–‡ª≈◊Õ°µâπ‰¡âÕÕ° ∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’¬“߉À≈®–¡’≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ·Õàß∫ÿã¡ ‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˇªìπ‚√§

SWU Sci. J. Vol. 25 No. 2 (2009)128

®–‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ ’πÈ”µ“≈¡’¬“ß·Àâß·¢Á߇°“–∑’˵âπ ¡—°®–æ∫¬“߉À≈¡“°„πµÕπ‡™â“µ√ŸàÀ√◊ÕΩπµ° µâπÀ√◊Õ°‘Ëß· ¥ßÕ“°“√¬“߉À≈¿“¬À≈—ß®–‡°‘¥‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ‡πà“≈ÿ°≈“¡·Àâßµ“¬ µâπ â¡¡’°‘Ëßµ“¬‡ªìπÀ¬àÕ¡Ê ‡™◊ÈÕ√“‡®√‘≠≈ÿ°≈“¡‰ªµ“¡°â“πº≈ À√◊Õ≈“¡‡¢â“∑“ߢ—È«º≈ ∑”„À⢗ȫº≈ ⡇πà“‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ ’πÈ”µ“≈ µàÕ¡“®– √â“ß pycnidia¡“°¡“¬ æ◊™„πµ√–°Ÿ≈ â¡ ‰¥â·°à â¡‚Õ â¡‡¢’¬«À«“π ·≈–¡–π“«¡—°· ¥ßÕ“°“√‡ªìπ‚√§π’È °“√·æ√à√–∫“¥ ªÕ√å¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“‡°‘¥®“°°“√·æ√à°√–®“¬µ“¡≈¡ Ωπ À√◊Õ µ‘¥‰ª°—∫‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑“ß°“√‡°…µ√ ‡™◊ÈÕ√“ “¡“√∂‡¢â“ Ÿà·º≈∑’Ë‚§πµâπ‰¥â ‚¥¬°“√°√–‡´Áπ®“°æ◊Èπ¥‘π À≈—ß®“°∑’Ë∑”„Àâ°‘Ëßµ“¬‡™◊ÈÕ√“®–≈ÿ°≈“¡ Ÿàº≈ â¡·≈–∑”„Àâº≈√à«ß [41]

πÕ°®“°π’È ‡™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ¬—ß “¡“√∂°àÕ„À⇰‘¥‚√§°—∫¡πÿ…¬å‰¥â¥â«¬ ‚¥¬°àÕ„À⇰‘¥‚√§°√–®°µ“Õ—°‡ ∫®“°‡™◊ÈÕ√“ (keratitis) ‚√§‡™◊ÈÕ√“∑’ˇ≈Á∫ (onychomycosis) ·≈–‚√§º‘«Àπ—ß∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°‡™◊ÈÕ√“ (subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis) Õ’°¥â«¬ ‚¥¬¡’√“¬ß“π°“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ®“°°“√‡°‘¥∫“¥·º≈∑’Ë —¡º— °—∫ à«π¢Õßæ◊™ ‡™àπ ‰¡â∑’Ë¡’‡™◊ÈÕ√“Õ¬Ÿà·µàæ∫‰¥â‰¡à¡“°π—° [42]

°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§¿“¬À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°‡™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ªÑÕß°—π¥â«¬«‘∏’∑“ß°“¬¿“æ°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«∑“ß°“¬¿“æπ—Èπ Õ“®§«∫§ÿ¡‚¥¬°“√„™âÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘µË” Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß

°“√©“¬√—ß ’ √«¡∂÷ß°“√√—°…“§«“¡ –Õ“¥√–À«à“ß°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“ µ—«Õ¬à“ß°“√„™â§«“¡‡¬Áπ„π°“√ªÑÕß°—π‰¡à„À⇰‘¥°“√√–∫“¥¢Õß‚√§ ‡™àπ °“√‡°Á∫√—°…“º≈Ω√—Ëß∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 10 Õß»“‡´≈‡ ’¬ “¡“√∂¬—∫¬—Èß°“√ßÕ°¢Õß ªÕ√凙◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ‰¥â ·µàÕ“®¡’ªí≠À“«à“À“°‡°Á∫√—°…“º≈Ω√—Ëß∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 10 Õß»“‡´≈‡ ’¬ ·≈â«π”ÕÕ°¡“∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ª°µ‘À√◊ÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ÀâÕß Õ“®®–°≈“¬‡ªìπ°“√‡æ‘Ë¡Õ“°“√‡πà“„À⇰‘¥¡“°¢÷Èπ‰¥â [38]°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“≈”‰¬¿“¬À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 5 ·≈– 10 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ∑”„Àâ “¡“√∂‡°Á∫√—°…“≈”‰¬‰¥âπ“π∂÷ß 12 «—π‚¥¬∑’˧ÿ≥¿“æ¢Õß≈”‰¬¬—ߥ’Õ¬Ÿà [43] ·µàÕ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘µË”Õ“®∑”„À⇙◊ÈÕ√“‡®√‘≠™â“≈ß·µà‰¡à “¡“√∂°”®—¥‡™◊ÈÕ√“‰¥â “‡Àµÿ∑’ˇ™◊ÈÕ√“Ωíßµ—«Õ¬Ÿà „π‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕπ—Èπ‡æ’¬ß‡æ◊ËÕ™–≈Õ°“√ ÿ°·≈–°“√‡ ◊ËÕ¡ ¿“æ¢Õߺ≈‰¡â‡∑à“π—Èπ °“√„™âÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§Õ“®®–„™â„π√Ÿª¢ÕßÕ“°“»√âÕπ Õ“°“»™◊Èπ√âÕπ À√◊ÕπÈ”√âÕπ °“√„™âπÈ”√âÕπ„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√°àÕ‚√§¢Õߺ≈º≈‘µ¡’¢âÕ‰¥â‡ª√’¬∫°«à“°“√„™â “√‡§¡’§◊Õ‰¡à¡’ “√æ‘…µ°§â“ß ‡™àπ °“√§«∫§ÿ¡‡™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae „πº≈¡–≈–°ÕÀ≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ« “¡“√∂„™â«‘∏’°“√®ÿà¡πÈ”√âÕπ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 48 - 49 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 20 π“∑’ °Á “¡“√∂§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§‰¥â„π√–¥—∫Àπ÷Ëß[4, 32] ·µà°“√„™âπÈ”√âÕπ°Á¡’¢âÕ‡ ’¬‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫°“√„™â§«“¡‡¬Áπ§◊Õ‰¡à “¡“√∂§«∫§ÿ¡„π√–¬–¬“«‰¥âπÕ°®“°π’È º≈‰¡âÀ≈“¬™π‘¥‰¡à “¡“√∂∂Ÿ°πÈ”‰¥â¿“¬À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ« ‡æ√“–®–∑”„À⇰‘¥§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬ ‡™àπº≈ µ√Õ‡∫Õ√’Ë ´÷ËßÕ“®∑¥·∑π¥â«¬°“√„™â§«“¡√âÕπ™◊Èπ À√◊Õ°“√„™â√—ß ’„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ ·µà°“√„™â√—ß ’„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«π—Èπ‰¡à·æ√àÀ≈“¬·≈–¡—°¡’º≈¢â“߇§’¬ßµàÕ§ÿ≥¿“æ¢Õߺ≈‘µº≈ ‡™àπ °“√ ÿ°∑’˺‘¥ª°µ‘°“√„™â√—ß ’°—∫º≈‰¡â‡¡◊Õß√âÕ𠇙àπ ¡–≈–°Õ ·≈–¡–¡à«ß„Àâº≈¥’„π·ßà°“√ªÑÕß°—π‚√§ ·µà¡—°‰¡à§ÿâ¡§à“‡æ√“–¡’§à“„™â®à“¬∑’Ë Ÿß¡“° [32]

«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡»« ªï∑’Ë 25 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 2 (2552) 129

°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ªÑÕß°—π¥â«¬«‘∏’∑“߇§¡’°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À≈—߇°Á∫‡°’ˬ«‚¥¬«‘∏’∑“߇§¡’π—Èπ π—∫«à“‡ªìπ«‘∏’Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë„Àâº≈¥’·≈–ª√–À¬—¥

§à“„™â®à“¬ °“√„™â “√‡§¡’Õ“®„™â„π√Ÿª¢Õß°“√©’¥æàπ À√◊Õ„™â«‘∏’°“√®ÿࡺ≈‰¡â≈ß„π “√‡§¡’ „™â·«ä°´å‡§≈◊Õ∫À√◊Õ„™â°“√√¡¥â«¬ “√‡§¡’∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿª°ä“´ ‡ªìπµâπ °“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°‡™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ‚¥¬„™â “√ ‡§¡’ Õ“∑‘‡™àπ °“√§«∫§ÿ¡‡™◊ÈÕ√“„π∑ÿ‡√’¬π „™â “√ imzalil ‡¢â¡¢âπ 500 ppm ™ÿ∫π“π 3 π“∑’ ®–„Àâº≈„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§º≈‡πà“‰¥â¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥‚¥¬≈¥§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬≈¥®“°√âÕ¬≈– 42 ≈ß¡“‡À≈◊Շ撬ß√âÕ¬≈– 8 [6]°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§„πΩ√—ËßÀ≈—ß®“°°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«„™â«‘∏’®ÿࡺ≈≈ß™ÿ∫ “√‡§¡’‡™àπ°—π‚¥¬„™â “√‡§¡’ 2 ™π‘¥§◊Õ™ÿ∫ “√ imzalil ‡¢â¡¢âπ √âÕ¬≈– 0.1 °àÕπ·≈â«®÷ßµ“¡¥â«¬ benomylis ‡¢â¡¢âπ√âÕ¬≈– 0.1 æ∫«à“¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√¬—∫¬—È߇™◊ÈÕ√“‰¥â Ÿß ÿ¥ [4] °“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§„π¡–≈–°Õ ¡’°“√„™â “√‡§¡’√à«¡°—∫«‘∏’∑“ß°“¬¿“æ‰¥â·°à „™â≈¡√âÕπ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 48.5 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ‡ªìπ‡«≈“π“π 3-4 ™—Ë«‚¡ß √à«¡°—∫°“√®ÿà¡À√◊Õ™ÿ∫º≈¥â«¬ thiabendazole (4 °√—¡µàÕ≈‘µ√) [4] “¡“√∂§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§‡πà“¿“¬À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«‰¥â¥’

„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡’°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§‡πà“À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«¢Õß≈”‰¬‚¥¬°“√√¡¥â«¬°ä“´ sulfer dioxide∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ√âÕ¬≈– 2 ‡ªìπ√–¬–Ê √–À«à“ß°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“ “¡“√∂≈¥Õ“°“√‡πà“‡ ’¬¢Õߺ≈≈”‰¬∑”„Àâ “¡“√∂‡°Á∫√—°…“≈”‰¬‰¥âπ“π 1-1.5 ‡¥◊Õπ ·µàÕ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ «‘∏’π’È¡’º≈°√–∑∫µàÕº≈≈”‰¬§◊Õ ∑”„À⇰‘¥Õ“°“√º‘¥ª°µ‘∑’ˇª≈◊Õ°¥â“π„π¢Õß≈”‰¬≈—°…≥–¡Õ߇ÀÁπ‡ªìπ«ß ’πÈ”µ“≈ [44] πÕ°®“°π’È·≈â« ¬—ß¡’√“¬ß“π«à“°“√§«∫§ÿ¡¥â«¬°“√®ÿࡺ≈≈”‰¬„π “√ acetaldehyde ‡¢â¡¢âπ√âÕ¬≈– 40 π“π 12 ™—Ë«‚¡ß “¡“√∂¶à“‡ âπ„¬¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“°àÕ‚√§‰¥â ·µà‰¡à‡À¡“–∑’Ë®–„™â„π∑“ß°“√§â“ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°√–¥—∫§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ∑’Ë„™â‰¥âº≈¡’º≈µàÕ§ÿ≥¿“æ¢Õߺ≈≈”‰¬‚¥¬∑”„Àâ ’‡ª≈◊Õ°¥â“π„π¢Õߺ≈¡’ ’‡¢â¡¢÷Èπ·≈–‡π◊ÈÕº≈‰¡â‡À≈◊Õ߇¢â¡¢÷Èπ‡™àπ°—π √«¡∂÷ß¡’°≈‘Ëπµ°§â“ß„πº≈Õ’°¥â«¬ [8] „πæ◊™µ√–°Ÿ≈ â¡¡’°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚¥¬„™â “√‡§¡’∑’Ë™◊ËÕ 2,4-dichlorophynoxyaceticacid ·µà “√‡§¡’µ—«π’ȇªìπ¬“¶à“‡™◊ÈÕ√“∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘… Ÿß°àÕ„À⇰‘¥Õ“°“√√–§“¬‡§◊Õߺ‘«Àπ—ß µ“ ·≈–√–∫∫∑“߇¥‘πÀ“¬„® [4] À“°„™â„πª√‘¡“≥¡“°Õ“®‡ªìπÕ—πµ√“¬µàÕ‡°…µ√°√‰¥â πÕ°®“°π’È ¬—ß¡’ “√‡§¡’Õ’°™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë„™â§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§„π°≈⫬ §◊Õ benomyl ‡¢â¡¢âπ√âÕ¬≈– 0.08 ·µà„πªí®®ÿ∫—π US environmentprotection authority ‰¥â√–∫ÿ«à“ “√ benomyl Õ“®‡ªìπµ—«°“√Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë°àÕ„À⇰‘¥¡–‡√Áß„π¡πÿ…¬å [33] ®÷߇ªìπªí≠À“„À≠à¢Õß°“√„™â “√‡§¡’ ·≈–‡ªìπ‡Àµÿ„Àâ„πªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’§«“¡æ¬“¬“¡∑’Ë®–À“·π«∑“ß„À¡à‡æ◊ËÕÀ≈’°‡≈’ˬ߰“√„™â “√‡§¡’∑’ˇªìπæ‘…µàÕ¡πÿ…¬å·≈–¡’º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ¿“«–·«¥≈âÕ¡

°“√®—¥°“√ ¿“«–·«¥≈âÕ¡πÕ°®“°°“√§«∫§ÿ¡∑“ߥâ“πøî ‘° å·≈–‡§¡’·≈â« °“√®—¥°“√ ¿“«–·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡®–

“¡“√∂™à«¬§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“懙àπ°—π °“√®—¥°“√ ¿“«–·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‡™àπ°“√§«∫§ÿ¡Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„πÀâÕ߇°Á∫√—°…“À√◊Õ√–À«à“ß°“√®—¥°“√À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«„Àâ¡’√–¥—∫µË”®–™à«¬≈¥Õ—µ√“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß∑“߇¡µ“‚∫≈‘´÷¡¢Õß∑—Èߺ≈‰¡â·≈–‡™◊ÈÕ√“ “¡“√∂™–≈Õ°“√ ÿ°¢Õߺ≈‰¡â´÷Ë߇ªì𠓇ÀµÿÀπ÷ËߢÕß°“√ÕàÕπ·ÕµàÕ‚√§‡πà“ ·≈–§«∫§ÿ¡§«“¡™◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏剡à„Àâ‡À¡“–°—∫°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“®–™à«¬≈¥ “‡Àµÿ¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥‚√§‡πà“Õ’°¥â«¬ §«“¡™◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å∑’Ë Ÿß‡°‘π‰ªª√–¡“≥√âÕ¬≈– 98-100 ®–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥‚√§À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«‰¥â¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥®÷ߧ«√§«∫§ÿ¡§«“¡™◊Èπ„π∫√√¬“°“»¢ÕßÀâÕ߇°Á∫√—°…“„ÀâÕ¬Ÿàª√–¡“≥√âÕ¬≈– 95πÕ°®“°π’È °“√§«∫§ÿ¡ ¿“æ∫√√¬“°“» §«∫§ÿ¡ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´ÕÕ° ‘‡®π „Àâ≈¥µË”≈ß·≈–ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å„À⠟ߢ÷Èπ®–™à«¬≈¥ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß‚√§À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«‰¥â ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å„πª√‘¡“≥ Ÿß®–™à«¬≈¥°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“‰¥â¡“°¢÷Èπ [30]

SWU Sci. J. Vol. 25 No. 2 (2009)130

°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚¥¬™’««‘∏’°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚¥¬™’««‘∏’ À¡“¬∂÷ß °“√„™â®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬åªØ‘ªí°…å∑’Ë “¡“√∂§«∫§ÿ¡ À√◊Õ¬—∫¬—Èß°“√‡®√‘≠

¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ¡’√“¬ß“π°“√„™â®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬åªØ‘ªí°…å„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ‡™àπ ∑—»π«√√≥ ·≈– §≥– [5]∑”°“√·¬°®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å®“°º‘«æ◊™ ·≈–æ∫«à“‡ªìπ®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬åªØ‘ªí°…å (‰¡à√–∫ÿ™π‘¥) ∑’Ë “¡“√∂¬—∫¬—Èß°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ‰¥â 25 ‰Õ‚´‡≈∑ ·≈–¡’®”π«π 10 ‰Õ‚´‡≈∑ ∑’Ë¡’º≈µàÕ°“√ßÕ°¢Õß ªÕ√å√“ ®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å®”π«π 7 ‰Õ‚´‡≈∑ ∑”„Àâ germ tube ¢Õß√“¡’≈—°…≥–∫«¡æÕߺ‘¥√Ÿª√à“ß ·≈–Õ’° 3 ‰Õ‚´‡≈∑ ∑”„Àâ°“√ßÕ°¢Õß ªÕ√å≈¥≈ß ®“°√âÕ¬≈– 82.2 ‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 63.2 ®“°°“√∑¥ Õ∫°—∫º≈‡ß“–æ∫«à“ “¡“√∂≈¥§«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕß‚√§≈߉¥â√âÕ¬≈– 52-78 ‡¡◊ËÕª≈Ÿ°‡™◊ÈÕ®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬åªØ‘ªí°…å≈ß∫π·º≈¢Õ߇ߓ–°àÕπª≈Ÿ°‡™◊ÈÕ√“Õÿ¥¡ ·≈–§≥– [28] ‰¥â·¬° phylloplane yeasts ∑’˪√“°ØÕ¬Ÿàµ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘¡“¬—∫¬—Èß°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“L. theobromae ´÷Ë߇ªì𠓇Àµÿ¢Õß‚√§‡πà“¿“¬À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«¢Õ߇ߓ– ‚¥¬∑”°“√»÷°…“º≈¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ¬’ µåªØ‘ªí°…åµàÕ°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õ߇ âπ„¬ ·≈–°“√ßÕ°¢Õß ªÕ√凙◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae æ∫«à“¡’‡™◊ÈÕ¬’ µåªØ‘ªí°…å®”π«π 37 ‰Õ‚´‡≈∑ ®“°‡™◊ÈÕ¬’ µå∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ 721 ‰Õ‚´‡≈∑ “¡“√∂¬—∫¬—Èß°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õ߇ âπ„¬¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“‰¥â·≈–‡™◊ÈÕ¬’ µåªØ‘ªí°…å‰Õ‚´‡≈∑∑’Ë 44-16/2 ‡ªìπ‡™◊ÈÕ¬’ µå∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ Ÿß ÿ¥‚¥¬ “¡“√∂¬—∫¬—Èß°“√ßÕ°¢Õß ªÕ√凙◊ÈÕ√“„Àâ≈¥≈߇À≈◊Õ√âÕ¬≈– 34.97 ®“°√âÕ¬≈– 79.39 [44] πÕ°®“°π’È ‡¡◊ËÕ∑¥ Õ∫°“√¬—∫¬—Èß°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ´÷Ë߇ªì𠓇Àµÿ¢Õß‚√§¢—È«À«’‡πà“∫π°≈⫬ÀÕ¡∑Õß ‚¥¬„™â‡™◊ÈÕ¬’ µå11 ™π‘¥ ∑¥ Õ∫∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 25 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 7 «—π æ∫«à“°“√„ à‡™◊ÈÕ¬’ µå°àÕπ‡™◊ÈÕ√“ 24 ™—Ë«‚¡ß “¡“√∂§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À«’‡πà“‰¥â¥’°«à“°“√„ à‡™◊ÈÕ¬’ µåæ√âÕ¡À√◊ÕÀ≈—߇™◊ÈÕ√“ 24 ™—Ë«‚¡ß ‚¥¬‡™◊ÈÕ¬’ µå Endomycosisfibuligera ¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ Ÿß ÿ¥„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ ·≈–≈¥§«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕß‚√§‰¥â∂÷ß√âÕ¬≈– 82.7 [45]

„πµà“ߪ√–‡∑» ‰¥â¡’√“¬ß“π°“√„™â®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬åªØ‘ªí°…å∑’Ë “¡“√∂¬—∫¬—Èß°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“™π‘¥π’ȇ™àπ°—π Õ“∑‘ Mortuza and Ilag [2] ‰¥â§—¥‡≈◊Õ°‡™◊ÈÕ√“ Trichoderma spp. ®”π«π 15 ‰Õ‚´‡≈∑¡“∑¥ Õ∫°“√¬—∫¬—Èß°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ‚¥¬„™â‡∑§π‘§ dual culture ·≈–»÷°…“°“√‡ªìπª√ ‘µ¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ T. hazainum ·≈– T. viride µàÕ‡™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ‚¥¬¥Ÿ®“°‡°≈’¬«¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“Trichoderma spp. ∑’Ë¢¥‡ªìπ‡°≈’¬«√Õ∫‡ âπ„¬¢Õß L. theobromae ∑”„À⇰‘¥§«“¡º‘¥ª°µ‘¢Õß√Ÿª√à“ߢÕ߇ âπ„¬ ‡™àπ ‡°‘¥°“√∫«¡‚ªÉßæÕß À√◊Õ À¥ —Èπ≈ß À√◊Õ °≈¡¡π ‡°‘¥°“√√«¡µ—«‡ªìπ°√“πŸ≈ (granulation)¿“¬„π‰´‚µæ≈“ ´÷¡ (cytoplasm) ·≈–‡°‘¥°“√‡ ’¬‚§√ß √â“ß (disintegration) ¢Õߺπ—߇´≈≈å¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“L. theobromae Õ’°¥â«¬ ®“°°“√∑¥≈Õß°—∫º≈°≈⫬æ∫«à“‡™◊ÈÕ√“ T. viride “¡“√∂≈¥°“√‡πà“‡ ’¬‰¥â√âÕ¬≈– 29.07 ∂÷ß 65.06 °“√„ à‡™◊ÈÕ T. viride °—∫º≈°≈⫬‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 14 ™—Ë«‚¡ß°àÕπ‡™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√¬—∫¬—Èß¡“°°«à“°“√„ à‰ªæ√âÕ¡°—πÀ√◊Õ À≈—ß®“°„ à‡™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ‰ª·≈â« 14™—Ë«‚¡ß πÕ°®“°π’È Sivakumar et al. [45] ‰¥â·¬°‡™◊ÈÕ√“ªØ‘ªí°…å T. hazainum (TrH 40) ‰¥â®“°º‘«æ◊™„π «π‡ß“– ·≈–æ∫«à“¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√¬—∫¬—Èß°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ°àÕ‚√§ “¡™π‘¥ √«¡∂÷߇™◊ÈÕ√“L. theobromae ∑’ˇªì𠓇Àµÿ¢Õß‚√§ stem end rot „π‡ß“– “¡“√∂≈¥°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õ߇ âπ„¬‰¥â∂÷ß√âÕ¬≈– 68‚¥¬°“√¬—∫¬—È߇°‘¥¢÷Èπ∑—Èß„π·∫∫‡ªìπª√ ‘µ·∑â·≈–°“√ √â“ß “√∑’Ë “¡“√∂¬—∫¬—Èß°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õ߇ âπ„¬¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ°àÕ‚√§‚¥¬°“√∑”≈“¬ºπ—߇´≈≈å §◊Õ glucanase ·≈– chitinase º≈°“√∑¥ Õ∫ “¡“√∂√—°…“§ÿ≥¿“æ ·≈– ’¢Õߺ≈‰¡â‰¥â¥’ πÕ°®“°π’È ¬—ß¡’°“√·¬°‡™◊ÈÕ·∫§∑’‡√’¬ªØ‘ªí°…å B. subtilis ®“°¡Ÿ≈ —µ«å (cowdung) ·≈–æ∫«à“·∫§∑’‡√’¬ B. subtilis ∑’Ë·¬°‰¥âπ’È “¡“√∂¬—∫¬—Èß°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae (B. theobromae)

«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡»« ªï∑’Ë 25 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 2 (2552) 131

∑’Ë·¬°‰¥â®“°·º≈‡πà“‡ ’¬¿“¬À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«¢Õß yam tuber „π®“πÕ“À“√‡≈’Ȭ߇™◊ÈÕ∑’ˇ擖‡≈’Ȭߥ⫬°—π·∫∫ dual culture ‰¥âÕ¬à“ß ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ‡™◊ÈÕ√“°àÕ‚√§‰¡à “¡“√∂‡®√‘≠‰¥â °√–∫«π°“√¬—∫¬—ÈߢÕß·∫§∑’‡√’¬ªØ‘ªí°…姓¥«à“ ‡ªìπ°“√·¬àß “√Õ“À“√·≈–æ◊Èπ∑’Ë„π°“√‡®√‘≠ ‚¥¬ B. subtilis “¡“√∂‡®√‘≠‰¥â√«¥‡√Á«°«à“¡“°·≈–‡®√‘≠‡µÁ¡æ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢Õß®“πÕ“À“√‡≈’Ȭ߇™◊ÈÕ®π∑”„À⇙◊ÈÕ√“ L. theobromae ‰¡à “¡“√∂‡®√‘≠‰¥â [46]

√ÿª‡™◊ÈÕ√“°àÕ‚√§ L. theobromae (Pat.) Griff. & Maubl. ‡ªìπ‡™◊ÈÕ√“°àÕ‚√§„πæ◊™·≈–º≈‰¡â∑’Ë

”§—≠ πÕ°®“°°“√§«∫§ÿ¡·≈–ªÑÕß°—π¥â«¬«‘∏’°“√„™â “√‡§¡’·≈â« °“√„™â®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬åªØ‘ªí°…åÕ“®‡ªìπÕ’°∑“߇≈◊Õ°Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ëπà“®–‰¥â√—∫°“√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“ ∂÷ß·¡â«à“ ¬—ß¡’ß“π«‘®—¬„π¥â“ππ’ȧàÕπ¢â“ß®”°—¥ ·µà°Á¡’º≈°“√∑¥≈Õß∑’ˬ◊π¬—π«à“¡’®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬åªØ‘ªí°…åÀ≈“¬Ê ™π‘¥∑’ËÕ“®®–¡’»—°¬¿“æ„π°“√„™â‡ªìπ¡“µ√°“√§«∫§ÿ¡·≈–ªÑÕß°—π°“√‡°‘¥‚√§¿“¬À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«„πº≈‰¡â®“°‡™◊ÈÕ√“¥—ß°≈à“«

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5. ∑—»π«√√≥ »√’«–Õÿ‰√ π«≈«√√≥ øÑ“√ÿàß “ß ¡»‘√‘ · ß‚™µ‘ ™≈‘¥“ ‡≈Á° ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ®√‘ß·∑â »‘√‘æ“π‘™ ·≈–Õÿ¥¡ øÑ“√ÿàß “ß. °“√¬—∫¬—Èß√“ Lasiodiplodia theobromae “‡Àµÿ‚√§º≈‡πà“À≈—ß°“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«¢Õ߇ߓ–‚¥¬®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å∑’ˉ¥â®“°∑√ßæÿà¡. °“√ª√–™ÿ¡«‘™“°“√ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡°…µ√»“ µ√å §√—Èß∑’Ë 42 “¢“æ◊™. 3-6°ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å 2547. ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡°…µ√»“ µ√å. °√ÿ߇∑æœ.

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