A2-Corporate social responsibility-wikipedia

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Corporate social responsibility

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Corporate social responsibility (CSR), also known as corporate responsibility, corporate

citizenship, responsible business, sustainable responsible business (SRB), orcorporatesocial performance,[1] is a form ofcorporateself-regulation integrated into a business model.Ideally, CSR policy would function as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business

would monitor and ensure its support to law, ethical standards, and international norms.

Consequently, business would embrace responsibility for the impact of its activities on the

environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholdersand all other members of thepublic sphere. Furthermore, CSR-focused businesses would proactively promote thepublic

interestby encouraging community growth and development, and voluntarily eliminating

practices that harm the public sphere, regardless of legality. Essentially, CSR is the deliberate

inclusion ofpublic interestinto corporate decision-making, and the honoring of a triple bottomline: People, Planet, Profit.

The practice of CSR is subject to much debate and criticism. Proponents argue that there is a

strong business case for CSR, in that corporations benefit in multiple ways by operating with aperspective broader and longer than their own immediate, short-term profits. Critics argue that

CSR distracts from the fundamental economic role of businesses; others argue that it is nothing

more than superficial window-dressing; others yet argue that it is an attempt to pre-empt the roleof governments as a watchdog over powerfulmultinational corporations. Corporate Social

Responsibility has been redefined throughout the years. However, it essentially is titled to aid to

an organization's mission as well as a guide to what the company stands for and will uphold to its

consumers.

Development Business ethicsis one of the forms ofapplied ethics that examines ethical

principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment.

In the increasingly conscience-focused marketplaces of the 21st century, the demand for more

ethical business processes and actions (known as ethicism) is increasing. Simultaneously,pressure is applied on industry to improve business ethics through new public initiatives and

laws (e.g. higher UK road tax for higher-emission vehicles).

Business ethics can be both a normative and a descriptive discipline. As a corporate practice and

a career specialization, the field is primarily normative. In academia, descriptive approaches arealso taken. The range and quantity of business ethical issues reflects the degree to which business

is perceived to be at odds with non-economic social values. Historically, interest in business

ethics accelerated dramatically during the 1980s and 1990s, both within major corporations andwithin academia. For example, today most major corporate websites lay emphasis on

commitment to promoting non-economic social values under a variety of headings (e.g. ethics

codes, social responsibility charters). In some cases, corporations have re-branded their core
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values in the light of business ethical considerations (e.g. BP's "beyond petroleum"

environmental tilt).

The term CSR came in to common use in the early 1970s, after many multinational corporationsformed, although it was seldom abbreviated. The term stakeholder, meaning those on whom an

organization's activities have an impact, was used to describe corporate owners beyondshareholders as a result of an influential book by R Freeman in 1984.[2]

ISO 26000 is the recognized international standard for CSR (currently a Draft InternationalStandard). Public sector organizations (the United Nations for example) adhere to the triple

bottom line (TBL). It is widely accepted that CSR adheres to similar principles but with no

formal act of legislation. TheUN has developed the Principles for Responsible Investment as

guidelines for investing entities.

Contents

[hide]

1 Approaches

2 Social accounting, auditing, and reporting 3 Potential business benefits

o 3.1 Human resources

o 3.2 Risk management

o 3.3 Brand differentiation

o 3.4 License to operate

4 Criticisms and concernso 4.1 Nature of business

o 4.2 Motives

o 4.3 Ethical consumerism

o 4.4 Globalization and market forces

o 4.5 Social awareness and education

o 4.6 Ethics training

o 4.7 Laws and regulation

o 4.8 Crises and their consequences

o 4.9 Stakeholder priorities

5 See also

6 Footnotes

7 References

8 Further reading

[edit] Approaches
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erentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#License_to_operatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#Criticisms_and_concernshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#Nature_of_businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#Motiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#Ethical_consumerismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#Globalization_and_market_forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#Social_awareness_and_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#Ethics_traininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#Laws_and_regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#Crises_and_their_consequenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#Stakeholder_prioritieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#Footnoteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_social_responsibility&action=edit&section=1


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Some commentators have identified a difference between theContinental European and the

Anglo-Saxon approaches to CSR.[3] And even within Europe the discussion about CSR is very

heterogeneous.[4]

An approach for CSR that is becoming more widely accepted is community-based development

approach. In this approach, corporations work with local communities to better themselves. Forexample, the Shell Foundation's involvement in theFlower Valley, South Africa. In Flower

Valley they set up an Early Learning Centre to help educate the community's children as well asdevelop new skills for the adults. Marks and Spenceris also active in this community through the

building of a trade network with the community - guaranteeing regularfair trade purchases.

Often activities companies participate in are establishing education facilities for adults andHIV/AIDS education programmes. The majority of these CSR projects are established in Africa.

JIDF For You, is an attempt to promote these activities in India.

A more common approach of CSR is philanthropy. This includes monetary donations and aid

given to local organizations and impoverished communities in developing countries. Some

organizations

[who?]

do not like this approach as it does not help build on the skills of the localpeople, whereas community-based development generally leads to more sustainable

development.[clarification neededDifference between local org& community-dev? Cite]

Another approach to CSR is to incorporate the CSR strategy directly into the business strategy ofan organization. For instance, procurement ofFair Tradetea and coffee has been adopted by

various businesses including KPMG. Its CSR manager commented, "Fairtrade fits very strongly

into our commitment to our communities."[5]

Another approach is garnering increasing corporate responsibility interest. This is calledCreatingShared Value, or CSV. The shared value model is based on the idea that corporate success and

social welfare are interdependent. A business needs a healthy, educated workforce, sustainableresources and adept government to compete effectively. For society to thrive, profitable andcompetitive businesses must be developed and supported to create income, wealth, tax revenues,

and opportunities for philanthropy. CSV received global attention in the Harvard Business

Review article Strategy & Society: The Link between Competitive Advantage and Corporate

Social Responsibility [1] by Michael E. Porter, a leading authority on competitive strategy and

head of the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness at Harvard Business School; and Mark R.

Kramer, Senior Fellow at the Kennedy School at Harvard University and co-founder of FSGSocial Impact Advisors. The article provides insights and relevant examples of companies that

have developed deep linkages between their business strategies and corporate social

responsibility. Many approaches to CSR pit businesses against society, emphasizing the costs

and limitations of compliance with externally imposed social and environmental standards. CSVacknowledges trade-offs between short-term profitability and social or environmental goals, but

focuses more on the opportunities for competitive advantage from building a social value

proposition into corporate strategy.

[edit] Social accounting, auditing, and reporting

Main article: Social accounting
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Taking responsibility for its impact on society means first and foremost that a company must

account for its actions. Social accounting, a concept describing the communication of social and

environmental effects of a company's economic actions to particular interest groups withinsociety and to society at large, is thus an important element of CSR.[6]

Social accounting emphasizes the notion of corporateaccountability. D. Crowther defines socialaccounting in this sense as "an approach to reporting a firms activities which stresses the need

for the identification of socially relevant behavior, the determination of those to whom thecompany is accountable for its social performance and the development of appropriate measures

and reporting techniques."[7] An example of social accounting, to a limited extent, is found in an

annual Director's Report, under the requirements ofUK company law.[8]

A number of reporting guidelines or standards have been developed to serve as frameworks forsocial accounting, auditing and reporting including:

AccountAbility 'sAA1000 standard, based on John Elkington's triple bottom line (3BL)

reporting Accounting for Sustainability's Connected Reporting Framework

The Fair Labor Associationconducts audits based on its Workplace Code of Conduct and

posts audit results on the FLA website.

The Fair Wear Foundation takes a unique approach to verifying labour conditions incompanies' supply chains, using interdisciplinary auditing teams.

Global Reporting Initiative 's Sustainability Reporting Guidelines

GoodCorporation 'sStandard developed in association with the Institute of BusinessEthics

Earthcheck Certification / Standard

Social Accountability International 'sSA8000 standard

The ISO 14000 environmental management standard The United Nations Global Compact promotes companies reporting in the format of a

Communication on Progress (COP). A COP report describes the company's

implementation of the Compact's ten universal principles. The United NationsIntergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International

Standards of Accounting and Reporting (ISAR) provides voluntary technical guidance on

eco-efficiency indicators, corporate responsibility reporting, and corporate governancedisclosure.

Verite 's Monitoring Guidelines

The FTSE Group publishes theFTSE4Good Index, an evaluation of CSR performance of

companies.

In some nations legal requirements for social accounting, auditing and reporting exist (e.g. in the

French bilan social), though international or national agreement on meaningful measurements of

social and environmental performance is difficult. Many companies now produce externally

audited annual reports that coverSustainable Developmentand CSR issues ("Triple Bottom LineReports"), but the reports vary widely in format, style, and evaluationmethodology(even within
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SE_Grouphttp://www.ftse.com/Indices/FTSE4Good_Index_Series/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilan_social&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodology


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the same industry). Critics dismiss these reports aslip service, citing examples such as Enron's

yearly "Corporate Responsibility Annual Report" and tobacco corporations' social reports.

In South Africa, as of June 2010, all companies listed on theJohannesburg Stock Exchange(JSE) were required to produce an integrated report in place of an annual financial report and

sustainability report[9]

. An integrated report includes environmental, social and economicperformance alongside financial performance information and is expected to provide users with a

more holistic overview of a company. However, this requirement was implemented in theabsence of any formal or legal standards for an integrated report. An Integrated Reporting

Committee (IRC) was established to issue guidelines for good practice in this field.

[edit] Potential business benefits

The scale and nature of the benefits of CSR for an organization can vary depending on the natureof the enterprise, and are difficult to quantify, though there is a large body of literature exhorting

business to adopt measures beyond financial ones (e.g., Deming's Fourteen Points, balanced

scorecards). Orlitzky, Schmidt, and Rynes[10] found a correlation between social/environmentalperformance and financial performance. However, businesses may not be looking at short-run

financial returns when developing their CSR strategy.

The definition of CSR used within an organization can vary from the strict "stakeholder impacts"

definition used by many CSR advocates and will often include charitable efforts andvolunteering. CSR may be based within the human resources, business development orpublic

relationsdepartments of an organisation,[11]or may be given a separate unit reporting to the CEO

or in some cases directly to theboard. Some companies may implement CSR-type valueswithout a clearly defined team or programme.

The business case for CSR within a company will likely rest on one or more of these arguments:

[edit] Human resources

A CSR programme can be an aid to recruitmentandretention,[12] particularly within the

competitive graduate student market. Potential recruits often ask about a firm's CSR policy

during an interview, and having a comprehensive policy can give an advantage. CSR can alsohelp improve the perception of a company among its staff, particularly when staff can become

involved through payroll giving, fundraising activities or community volunteering. See also

Corporate Social Entrepreneurship, whereby CSR can also be driven by employees' personalvalues, in addition to the more obvious economic and governmental drivers.

[edit] Risk management

Managing riskis a central part of many corporate strategies. Reputations that take decades tobuild up can be ruined in hours through incidents such as corruption scandals or environmental

accidents. These can also draw unwanted attention from regulators, courts, governments and

media. Building a genuine culture of 'doing the right thing' within a corporation can offset theserisks.[13]
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[edit] Brand differentiation

In crowded marketplaces, companies strive for a unique selling propositionthat can separate

them from the competition in the minds of consumers. CSR can play a role in building customer

loyalty based on distinctive ethical values.[14] Several majorbrands, such as The Co-operative

Group, The Body Shop andAmerican Apparel[15]

are built on ethical values. Business serviceorganizations can benefit too from building a reputation for integrity and best practice.

[edit] License to operate

Corporations are keen to avoid interference in their business throughtaxationorregulations. By

taking substantive voluntary steps, they can persuade governments and the wider public that they

are taking issues such as health and safety, diversity, or the environment seriously as goodcorporate citizens with respect to labour standards and impacts on the environment.

[edit] Criticisms and concerns

Critics of CSR as well as proponents debate a number of concerns related to it. These include

CSR's relationship to the fundamental purpose and nature of business and questionable motivesfor engaging in CSR, including concerns about insincerity and hypocrisy.

[edit] Nature of business

Milton Friedman and others have argued that a corporation's purpose is to maximize returns to its

shareholders, and that since only people can have social responsibilities, corporations are only

responsible to their shareholders and not to society as a whole. Although they accept that

corporations should obey the laws of the countries within which they work, they assert thatcorporations have no other obligation to society. Some people perceive CSR as incongruent with

the very nature and purpose of business, and indeed a hindrance to free trade. Those who assert

that CSR is contrasting with capitalism and are in favor ofneoliberalism argue thatimprovements in health, longevity and/orinfant mortalityhave been created by economic growth

attributed to free enterprise.[16]

Critics of this argument perceive neoliberalism as opposed to the well-being of society and a

hindrance to human freedom. They claim that the type of capitalism practiced in manydeveloping countries is a form of economic and cultural imperialism, noting that these countries

usually have fewer labour protections, and thus their citizens are at a higher risk of exploitation

by multinational corporations.[17]

A wide variety of individuals and organizations operate in between these poles. For example, theREALeadership Alliance asserts that the business of leadership (be it corporate or otherwise) is

to change the world for the better. [18] Many religious and cultural traditions hold that the

economy exists to serve human beings, so all economic entities have an obligation to society(e.g., cf. Economic Justice for All). Moreover, as discussed above, many CSR proponents point

out that CSR can significantly improve long-term corporate profitability because it reduces risks
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and inefficiencies while offering a host of potential benefits such as enhanced brand reputation

and employee engagement.

[edit] Motives

Some critics believe that CSR programs are undertaken by companies such asBritish AmericanTobacco(BAT),[19] the petroleum giant BP (well-known for its high-profile advertisingcampaigns on environmental aspects of its operations), and McDonald's (see below) to distract

the public from ethical questions posed by their core operations. They argue that some

corporations start CSR programs for the commercial benefit they enjoy through raising theirreputation with the public or with government. They suggest that corporations which exist solely

to maximize profits are unable to advance the interests of society as a whole .[20]

Another concern is when companies claim to promote CSR and be committed to Sustainable

Development whilst simultaneously engaging in harmful business practices. For example, sincethe 1970s, the McDonald's Corporation's association withRonald McDonald Househas been

viewed as CSR and relationship marketing. More recently, as CSR has become mainstream, thecompany has beefed up its CSR programs related to its labor, environmental and otherpractices[21]All the same, in McDonald's Restaurants v Morris & Steel, Lord Justices Pill, May

and Keane ruled that it was fair comment to say that McDonald's employees worldwide 'do badly

in terms of pay and conditions'[22] and true that 'if one eats enough McDonald's food, one's diet

may well become high in fat etc., with the very real risk of heart disease.'[23]

Shell has a much-publicized CSR policy and was a pioneer in triple bottom linereporting, but

this did not prevent the 2004 scandal concerning its misreporting ofoil reserves, which seriously

damaged its reputation and led to charges of hypocrisy. Since then, the Shell Foundation hasbecome involved in many projects across the world, including a partnership with Marks and

Spencer(UK) in three flower and fruit growing communities across Africa.

Critics concerned with corporate hypocrisy and insincerity generally suggest that better

governmental and international regulation and enforcement, rather than voluntary measures, arenecessary to ensure that companies behave in a socially responsible manner. Others, such as

Patricia Werhane argue that CSR should be looked more upon as a Corporate Moral

Responsibility, and limit the reach of CSR by focusing more on direct impacts of the

organization as viewed through a systems perspective to identify stakeholders.

[edit] Ethical consumerism

The rise in popularity ofethical consumerism over the last two decades can be linked to the riseof CSR. As global population increases, so does the pressure on limited natural resources

required to meet rising consumer demand (Grace and Cohen 2005, 147). Industrialization, in

many developing countries, is booming as a result of both technology and globalization.

Consumers are becoming more aware of the environmental and social implications of their day-to-day consumer decisions and are therefore beginning to make purchasing decisions related to

their environmental and ethical concerns. However, this practice is far from consistent or

universal.
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[edit] Globalization and market forces

As corporations pursue growth through globalization, they have encountered new challenges that

impose limits to their growth and potential profits. Government regulations, tariffs,

environmental restrictions and varying standards of what constitutes "labor exploitation" are

problems that can cost organizations millions of dollars. Some view ethical issues as simply acostly hindrance, while some companies use CSR methodologies as a strategic tactic to gain

public support for their presence in global markets, helping them sustain a competitive advantage

by using their social contributions to provide a subconscious level of advertising. (Fry, Keim,Meiners 1986, 105) Global competition places a particular pressure on multinational

corporations to examine not only their own labor practices, but those of their entire supply chain,

from a CSR perspective.

[edit] Social awareness and education

The role among corporate stakeholders is to work collectively to pressure corporations that are

changing. Shareholders and investors themselves, through socially responsible investing areexerting pressure on corporations to behave responsibly. Non-governmental organizationsare

also taking an increasing role, leveraging the power of the media and the Internet to increase

their scrutiny and collective activism around corporate behavior. Through education anddialogue, the development of community in holding businesses responsible for their actions is

growing (Roux 2007).

[edit] Ethics training

The rise of ethics training inside corporations, some of it required by government regulation, is

another driver credited with changing the behavior and culture of corporations. The aim of such

training is to help employees make ethical decisions when the answers are unclear. Tullbergbelieves that humans are built with the capacity to cheat and manipulate, a view taken from

(Trivers 1971, 1985), hence the need for learning normative values and rules in human behavior

(Tullberg 1996). The most direct benefit is reducing the likelihood of "dirty hands" (Grace andCohen 2005), fines and damaged reputations for breaching laws or moral norms. Organizations

also see secondary benefit in increasing employee loyalty and pride in the organization.

Caterpillarand Best Buy are examples of organizations that have taken such steps (Thilmany2007).

Increasingly, companies are becoming interested in processes that can add visibility to their CSR

policies and activities. One method that is gaining increasing popularity is the use of well-

grounded training programs, where CSR is a major issue, andbusiness simulations can play apart in this.[citation needed]

One relevant documentary is The Corporation, the history of organizations and their growth in

power is discussed. Corporate social responsibility, what a company does to in trying to benefit

society, versus corporate moral responsibility (CMR), what a company should morally do, areboth important topics to consider when looking at ethics in CSR. For example, Ray Anderson, inThe Corporation, takes a CMR perspective in order to do what is moral and he begins to shift his
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company's focus towards the biosphere by utilizing carpets in sections so that they will sustain

for longer periods. This is Anderson thinking in terms of Garret Hardin's "The Tragedy of the

Commons," where if people do not pay attention to the private ways in which we use publicresources, people will eventually lose those public resources.

[edit] Laws and regulation

Another driver of CSR is the role of independent mediators, particularly the government, in

ensuring that corporations are prevented from harming the broader social good, including people

and the environment. CSR critics such asRobert Reichargue that governments should set theagenda for social responsibility by the way of laws and regulation that will allow a business to

conduct themselves responsibly.

The issues surrounding government regulation pose several problems. Regulation in itself is

unable to cover every aspect in detail of a corporation's operations. This leads to burdensomelegal processes bogged down in interpretations of the law and debatable grey areas (Sacconi

2004). General Electricis an example of a corporation that has failed to clean up the HudsonRiver after contaminating it with organic pollutants. The company continues to argue via thelegal process on assignment of liability, while the cleanup remains stagnant. (Sullivan & Schiafo

2005).

The second issue is the financial burden that regulation can place on a nation's economy. This

view shared by Bulkeley, who cites the Australian federal government's actions to avoidcompliance with the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, on the concerns of economic loss and national

interest. The Australian government took the position that signing the Kyoto Pact would have

caused more significant economic losses for Australia than for any other OECD nation (Bulkeley2001, pg 436).On the change of government following the election in November 2007, Prime

Minister Kevin Rudd signed the ratification immediately after assuming office on 3 December2007, just before the meeting of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Critics of

CSR also point out that organisations pay taxes to government to ensure that society and theenvironment are not adversely affected by business activities.

Denmark made a law on CSR. 16 December 2008, the Danish parliament adopted a bill making

it mandatory for the 1100 largest Danish companies, investors and state owned companies to

include information on corporate social responsibility (CSR) in their annual financial reports.The reporting requirements became effective on 1 January 2009[24].

The information shall include:

information on the companies policies for CSR orsocially responsible investments (SRI)

information on how such policies are implemented in practice and

information on what results have been obtained so far and managements expectations for

the future with regard to CSR/SRI.
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CSR/SRI is still voluntary in Denmark, but if a company has no policy on this they must state

their positioning on CSR in their annual financial report.

More on the Danish law on CSRgov.dk

[edit] Crises and their consequences

Often it takes a crisis to precipitate attention to CSR. One of the most active stands against

environmental management is the CERES Principles that resulted after the Exxon Valdez

incident in Alaska in 1989 (Grace and Cohen 2006). Other examples include the lead poisoning

paint used by toy giant Mattel, which required a recall of millions of toys globally and caused thecompany to initiate new risk management and quality control processes. In another example,

Magellan Metals in the West Australian town of Esperance was responsible for lead

contamination killing thousands of birds in the area. The company had to cease businessimmediately and work with independent regulatory bodies to execute a cleanup. Odwalla also

experienced a crisis with sales dropping 90 percent, and the company's stock price dropping 34percent due to several cases of E.Coli spread through Odwalla apple juice. The company ordereda recall of all apple or carrot juice products and introduced a new process called "flash

pasteurization" as well as maintaining lines of communication constantly open with customers.

[edit] Stakeholder priorities

Increasingly, corporations are motivated to become more socially responsible because their most

important stakeholders expect them to understand and address the social and community issues

that are relevant to them. Understanding what causes are important to employees is usually thefirst priority because of the many interrelated business benefits that can be derived from

increased employee engagement (i.e. more loyalty, improved recruitment, increased retention,higher productivity, and so on). Key external stakeholders include customers, consumers,

investors (particularly institutional investors), communities in the areas where the corporationoperates its facilities, regulators, academics, and the media.

[edit] See also

Accountability

Beneficiation Business in the Community

Business ethics

Business philosophy Carbon neutrality

Carbon offset

Chief Green Officer

Civil society

Corporate behaviour

Corporate benefit

Corporate governance
http://www.csrgov.dk/sw51190.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_social_responsibility&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_for_Environmentally_Responsible_Economieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magellan_Metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_social_responsibility&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_social_responsibility&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneficiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneficiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_in_the_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_in_the_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_neutralityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_neutralityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_offsethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_offsethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Green_Officerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Green_Officerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_behaviourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_behaviourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_benefithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_benefithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_governancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_governancehttp://www.csrgov.dk/sw51190.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_social_responsibility&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_for_Environmentally_Responsible_Economieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magellan_Metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_social_responsibility&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_social_responsibility&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneficiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_in_the_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_neutralityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_offsethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Green_Officerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_behaviourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_benefithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_governance


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Corporate personhood

Corporate Social Entrepreneurship

Corporate sustainability

Corporation

Csrwire Canada

Customer engagement Ethical banking

Ethical job

Green job

Inclusive business

ISO 26000

Not Just For Profit

OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI)

Public Eye Awards

Renewable-energy economy

Sustainability The Corporation

Voluntary compliance

[edit] Footnotes

1. Wood, D. (1991) Corporate Social Performance Revisited. The Academy of

Management Review, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Oct., 1991) http://www.jstor.org/stable/258977

2. Freeman, R. Strategic management :a stakeholder approach . Pitman, 1984. ISBN:9780273019138

3. Saether, Kim T.; Ruth V. Aguilera (2008). "Corporate Social Responsibility in a

Comparative Perspective". in Crane, A., et al. (PDF). The Oxford Handbook ofCorporate Social Responsibility. Oxford: Oxford University Press.ISBN0199211590.http://www.business.uiuc.edu/aguilera/pdf/Williams%20Aguilera%20OUPfinal%20dec

%202006.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-06.

4. Habisch, Andr; Jan Jonker, Martina Wegner, R. Schmidpeter (eds.) (2005). Corporate

Social Responsibility across the Europe. Heidelberg: Springer. ISBN978-3-540-23251-3.

5. http://www.fairtrade.org.uk/work/case_studies/read_a_case_study/default.aspx?ID=40

6. R.H. Gray, D.L.Owen & K.T.Maunders, Corporate Social Reporting: Accounting and

accountability (Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall, 1987) p. IX.

7. D. Crowther, "Social and Environmental Accounting" (London: Financial Times

Prentice Hall, 2000), p. 20

8. SeeCompanies Act 2006 section 417 ff9. https://www.saica.co.za/tabid/695/itemid/2344/language/en-ZA/An-integrated-report-

is-a-new-requirement-for-list.aspx

10. Orlitzky, Marc; Frank L. Schmidt, Sara L. Rynes (2003). "Corporate Social andFinancial Performance: A Meta-analysis" (PDF). Organization Studies (London:SAGE

Publications) 24 (3): 403441. doi:10.1177/0170840603024003910.

http://www.finanzasostenibile.it/finanza/moskowitz2004.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-07.
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%20Responsibility%20and%20Ethical%20Careers.html. Retrieved 2008-03-07.

12. Bhattacharya, C.B., Sankar Sen and Daniel Korschun (2008), "Using Corporate Social

Responsibility to Win the War for Talent," MIT Sloan Management Review, 49 (2), 37-

44; "The Good Company".The Economist. 2005-01-20.http://www.economist.com/surveys/displayStory.cfm?Story_id=3555212. Retrieved

2008-03-07.

13. Kytle, Beth; paramveer singh (2005). "Corporate Social Responsibility as RiskManagement: A Model for Multinationals" (PDF). Social Responsibility Initiative

Working Paper No. 10.. Cambridge, MA: John F. Kennedy School of Government,

Harvard University. http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/m-

rcbg/CSRI/publications/workingpaper_10_kytle_ruggie.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-07.

14. Paluszek, John (April 67, 2005). "Ethics and Brand Value: Strategic Differentiation"

(PowerPoint). Business and Organizational Ethics Partnership Meeting. Markkula

Center for Applied Ethics, Santa Clara University.

http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/focusareas/business/ethics-and-brand-value.ppt.Retrieved 2008-03-07.

15. "Dr. Tantillos 30-Second 'How To': How To Brand CSR The American Apparel Way"Marketing Doctor Blog. March 28, 2008.

16. Friedman, Milton (1970-09-13). "The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase

its Profits".The New York Times Magazine.

http://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp-business.html. Retrieved 2008-03-07.

17. c.f., Aquino, M.P., Nuestro Clamor por la Vida. Teologa Latinoamericana desde la

Perspectiva de la Mujer (San Jos, Costa Rica: Departamento Ecumnico deInvestigaciones, 1992), et al.

18. Real Leadership Alliance

19. Friends of the Earth (2005-04-28). "British American Tobacco Report Shows TruthBehind Greenwash". Press release.

http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/british_american_tobacco_r_27042005.htm

l. Retrieved 2008-03-07.

20. McKibben, Bill(November/December 2006)."Hope vs. Hype". Mother Jones.

http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2006/11/hype_vs_hope.html. Retrieved 2008-

03-07.

21. McDonald's Corporation CSR information

22. [Appeal Judgment p247]

23. [Judgment p264]

24. Danish Centre for CSR's official website CSRgov.dk

[edit] References

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introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (July 2009)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-10http://www.careers.ed.ac.uk/STUDENTS/Careers/Corporate%20Social%20Responsibility%20and%20Ethical%20Careers.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburghhttp://www.careers.ed.ac.uk/STUDENTS/Careers/Corporate%20Social%20Responsibility%20and%20Ethical%20Careers.htmlhttp://www.careers.ed.ac.uk/STUDENTS/Careers/Corporate%20Social%20Responsibility%20and%20Ethical%20Careers.htmlhttp://www.careers.ed.ac.uk/STUDENTS/Careers/Corporate%20Social%20Responsibility%20and%20Ethical%20Careers.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-11http://www.economist.com/surveys/displayStory.cfm?Story_id=3555212http://www.economist.com/surveys/displayStory.cfm?Story_id=3555212http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economisthttp://www.economist.com/surveys/displayStory.cfm?Story_id=3555212http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-12http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/CSRI/publications/workingpaper_10_kytle_ruggie.pdfhttp://www.ksg.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/CSRI/publications/workingpaper_10_kytle_ruggie.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Governmenthttp://www.ksg.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/CSRI/publications/workingpaper_10_kytle_ruggie.pdfhttp://www.ksg.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/CSRI/publications/workingpaper_10_kytle_ruggie.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-13http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/focusareas/business/ethics-and-brand-value.ppthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markkula_Center_for_Applied_Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markkula_Center_for_Applied_Ethicshttp://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/focusareas/business/ethics-and-brand-value.ppthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-14http://blog.marketingdoctor.tv/2008/03/28/dr-tantillos-30second-how-to.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-friedman_15-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-friedman_15-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedmanhttp://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp-business.htmlhttp://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp-business.htmlhttp://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp-business.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazinehttp://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp-business.htmlhttp://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp-business.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-17http://www.realeadership.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earthhttp://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/british_american_tobacco_r_27042005.htmlhttp://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/british_american_tobacco_r_27042005.htmlhttp://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/british_american_tobacco_r_27042005.htmlhttp://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/british_american_tobacco_r_27042005.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-McKibben_19-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-McKibben_19-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_McKibbenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_McKibbenhttp://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2006/11/hype_vs_hope.htmlhttp://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2006/11/hype_vs_hope.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2006/11/hype_vs_hope.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-20http://www.mcdonalds.com/usa/good/report.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-23http://www.csrgov.dk/sw51190.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_social_responsibility&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Adding_the_citationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Adding_the_citationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Checkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_citehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-10http://www.careers.ed.ac.uk/STUDENTS/Careers/Corporate%20Social%20Responsibility%20and%20Ethical%20Careers.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburghhttp://www.careers.ed.ac.uk/STUDENTS/Careers/Corporate%20Social%20Responsibility%20and%20Ethical%20Careers.htmlhttp://www.careers.ed.ac.uk/STUDENTS/Careers/Corporate%20Social%20Responsibility%20and%20Ethical%20Careers.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-11http://www.economist.com/surveys/displayStory.cfm?Story_id=3555212http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economisthttp://www.economist.com/surveys/displayStory.cfm?Story_id=3555212http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-12http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/CSRI/publications/workingpaper_10_kytle_ruggie.pdfhttp://www.ksg.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/CSRI/publications/workingpaper_10_kytle_ruggie.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Governmenthttp://www.ksg.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/CSRI/publications/workingpaper_10_kytle_ruggie.pdfhttp://www.ksg.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/CSRI/publications/workingpaper_10_kytle_ruggie.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-13http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/focusareas/business/ethics-and-brand-value.ppthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markkula_Center_for_Applied_Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markkula_Center_for_Applied_Ethicshttp://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/focusareas/business/ethics-and-brand-value.ppthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-14http://blog.marketingdoctor.tv/2008/03/28/dr-tantillos-30second-how-to.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-friedman_15-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedmanhttp://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp-business.htmlhttp://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp-business.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazinehttp://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp-business.htmlhttp://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp-business.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-17http://www.realeadership.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earthhttp://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/british_american_tobacco_r_27042005.htmlhttp://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/british_american_tobacco_r_27042005.htmlhttp://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/british_american_tobacco_r_27042005.htmlhttp://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/british_american_tobacco_r_27042005.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-McKibben_19-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_McKibbenhttp://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2006/11/hype_vs_hope.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2006/11/hype_vs_hope.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-20http://www.mcdonalds.com/usa/good/report.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#cite_ref-23http://www.csrgov.dk/sw51190.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_social_responsibility&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Adding_the_citationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Checkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite


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[edit] Further reading
http://www.mallenbaker.net/csr/crisis05.htmlhttp://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0001-4273(200008)43%3A4%3C717%3AWCGGAM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Ehttp://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0001-4273(200008)43%3A4%3C717%3AWCGGAM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Ehttp://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0020-2754(2001)2%3A26%3A4%3C430%3AGCCTPO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4http://www.rhcatalyst.org/site/DocServer/CSRQ_A.pdf?docID=103http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1655168.1655174&coll=portal&dl=ACM&type=series&idx=SERIES320&part=series&WantType=Proceedings&title=CCS&CFID=62671076&CFTOKEN=92670385http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1655168.1655174&coll=portal&dl=ACM&type=series&idx=SERIES320&part=series&WantType=Proceedings&title=CCS&CFID=62671076&CFTOKEN=92670385http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605587875http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0091-6765(200203)110%3A3%3CA142%3ASBMD%26S%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Ihttp://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0001-4273(198203)25%3A1%3C94%3ACCAOF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Ehttp://links.j

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