A Spectator Ship and Early Cinema

8/4/2019 A Spectator Ship and Early Cinema

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A2 Unit 3

Research Project: Spectatorship andEarly Cinema


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What we will look atThe Historical development of primitive and

early cinema

The pioneers of early cinema

The development of film form fromprimitive to recognisable to the modernaudience

Technological developments

Development of national cinemas

Industrialisation of film


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How did Film develop?

The cinema developed out of theexperiments of a group of individuals frompre-existing technologies.

Photography

The Camera ObscuraThe Fantasmagorie


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The Camera Obscura


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Magic Lanterns &

Fantasmogorie


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The First Photograph and the

Dauerrotype The first permanent photograph was an image produced

in 1825 by the French inventor Nicphore Nipce.

Working in conjunction with Louis Daguerre, theyexperimented with silver compounds based on aJohann Heinrich Schultz discovery in 1724 that a silverand chalk mixture darkens when exposed to light.

Nipce died in 1833, but Daguerre continued the work,eventually culminating with the development of thedaguerreotype in 1837.

Daguerre took the first ever photo of a person in 1839when, while taking a daguerreotype of a Paris street, apedestrian stopped for a shoe shine, long enough to becaptured by the long exposure (several minutes).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic%2525C3%2525A9phore_Ni%2525C3%2525A9pcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Daguerrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Schultzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Schultzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Daguerrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic%2525C3%2525A9phore_Ni%2525C3%2525A9pcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photograph


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William Fox Talbot


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Muybridges Horse

commissioned by the governor of Californiain 1872 to see if a horse ever had all of itsfeet off the ground at any one time.


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George Eastmen & Film

Many advances in photographic glass

plates and printing were made through thenineteenth century.

In 1884, George Eastman developed thetechnology offilm to replace

photographic plates, leading to thetechnology used by film cameras today.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eastmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eastman


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Other Key Names Etienne Marey - Chronophotographic Cameraand Pull down mechanism

W.K.L. Dickinson - Realised by punchingsprocket holes in Eastmans film and by usingMareys pull down mechanism system he could

create moving images by capturing them onfilm.

He Developed the Kinetograph an earlycamera and the Kinetoscope an early projector

to view them on.

Thomas Edison - Realised the commercialvalue of making films for exhibition and built theBlack Maria an early film studio that was fixedon wheels so that it could turn and catch the


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Kinetoscope


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Kinetograph


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The Black Maria


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Vaudeville

Edison used performers from Vaudeville ortheatre acts for his productions which werenow in high demand.


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Edison kinetoscope films 1894

-1896


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Lumiere Bros -

Actualities The Lumiere Bros patented a dual camera and projector in 1895.

They were the first to present projected, moving photographicpictures to a paying audience in the same year

At first, films were very short, sometimes only a few minutes.They were shown at fairgrounds, music halls or anywhere ascreen could be set up and a room darkened.

Subjects included views of foreign lands, short comedies and

events considered newsworthy. The films were accompanied bylecturers, music and a lot of audience participation - althoughthey did not have synchronized dialogue they were not 'silent' asthey are sometimes described


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The Lumiere Brothers' - First films

(1895)


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International

development. By the end of 1896 the Lumieres

cinematographie was being used across

Europe, Russia and India. In the next twoyears its use had spread across the world.

The reason for this was financial at the time

film was cheap to make and increasinglypopular as audiences would watch filmsmore than once.


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Drama and the Development of the Fantasy Film

George Albert Smith & James A Williamson (The Brighton School)

Development of Film Language


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George Albert Smith


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James Williamson


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George Melies - The Conjuror 1899

Georges Mlis (December 8, 1861 January 21, 1938) was a

Frenchfilmmakerfamous for leading many technical andnarrative developments in the earliest cinema.

He was very innovative in the use ofspecial effects. Heaccidentally discovered the stop trick, or substitution, in 1896,and was one of the first filmmakers to use multiple exposures,time-lapse photography, dissolves, and hand-painted color inhis films.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_trickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_exposurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_exposurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-lapsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolve_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolve_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-lapsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_exposurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_trickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_8


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An Impossible voyage 1904


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Transformation of

Primitive Cinema Films developed on from the earlyactualities Audience expectation changed as they

grew used to film, building a demand formore complex films

Development from the real/documentary to

drama and fantasy Film language develops so that by the early

1900s we already have recognisable codesand conventions (close-ups etc)


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Tasks Write up notes onto blog

Look at a film by Cecil Hepworth or EdwardS Porter. What differences do you see intheir films from the early films that we havelooked at?

Divide your findings into two headings 1.

Story 2. Techniques

Put your findings onto your blog with a clipfrom youtube from the relevant film.


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Growth of National Film

Industries

By 1914, several national film industries wereestablished. Europe, Russia and Scandinavia were asimportant as America.

Films became longer and story telling, or narrative,became the dominant form. As more people paid to seemovies, the industry that grew around them was

prepared to invest more money in their production,distribution and exhibition - large studios wereestablished and special theatres built.

The FirstWorld War disrupted the film industry in Europe,and the American industry grew in relative importance.

The first thirty years of cinema were characterized by thegrowth and consolidation of an industrial base, the

establishment of the narrative form and refinement oft h l (Li ht i ht bil li hti

A Spectator Ship and Early Cinema

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