A sectoral perspective on technological innovation systems ... · SusTec Quarterly Schloss Wartegg...
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Modes of governance and the effect on learning patterns: Comparing the case of lithium-ion batteries in the US and Japan
Annegret Stephan, Catharina Bening, Tobias S. Schmidt, Volker H. HoffmannGroup for Sustainability and Technology, ETH Zurich
Frontiers in Energy Research, ETH Zurich April, 14th, 2015
Knowledge creation across industry sectors in the field of lithium-ion batteries –Who knows what, when and why?
Knowledge creation across industry sectors in the field of lithium-ion batteries –Who knows what, when and why?
Knowledge creation across industry sectors in the field of lithium-ion batteries –Who knows what, when and why?
Knowledge creation across industry sectors in the field of lithium-ion batteries –Who knows what, when and why?
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Integratingintermittendrenewables intothe electricitysystem
Electrification oftransportation
Lithium-ion batteries can play a key role in severalmeans to cope with the world’s key challenges
16.04.2015 2
Climatechangemitigation
Reduction ofressourcedepletion
Fosteringeconomicgrowth
Electrification ofdevelopingcountries [1]
MOTIVATION
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Integratingintermittendrenewables intothe electricitysystem
Electrification oftransportation
Lithium-ion batteries can play a key role in severalmeans to cope with the world’s key challenges
16.04.2015 3
Climatechangemitigation
Reduction ofressourcedepletion
Fosteringeconomicgrowth
Electrification ofdevelopingcountries
Storage can shift electricity supply anddemand
Storage
Source: ETH Zurich
MOTIVATION
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Integratingintermittendrenewables intothe electricitysystem
Electrification oftransportation [1]
Lithium-ion batteries can play a key role in severalmeans to cope with the world’s key challenges
16.04.2015 4
Climatechangemitigation
Reduction ofressourcedepletion
Fosteringeconomicgrowth
Electrification ofdevelopingcountries
Highest world oil demand comes from thetransportation sector [1], which can bereduced due to electric vehicles
[1] IEA (2012)
MOTIVATION
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Lithium-ion batteries can play a key role in severalmeans to cope with the world’s key challenges
16.04.2015 5
Climatechangemitigation
Reduction ofressourcedepletion
Fosteringeconomicgrowth
Electrification ofdevelopingcountries
Renewables with storage can provideaffordable electricity [2] Integrating
intermittendrenewables intothe electricitysystem
Electrification oftransportation
[2] Blum et al. (2013)
MOTIVATION
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Integratingintermittendrenewables intothe electricitysystem
Electrification oftransportation
Lithium-ion batteries can play a key role in severalmeans to cope with the world’s key challenges
16.04.2015 6
Climatechangemitigation
Reduction ofressourcedepletion
Fosteringeconomicgrowth
Electrification ofdevelopingcountries
Policy makers, academia and industryaim at accelerating technologicalprogress in this field
MOTIVATION
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…important for the future energy system Technological change is aimed by policy makers, academia and industry
Knowledge creation
Lithium-ion battery technology is…
16.04.2015 7
…a multi-component technology that is produced in different sectors
Which patterns of knowledge creation
can be found across the different sectors of the
lithium-ion battery technology?
Image sources: Rockwood Holdings, Inc., SAE, arstechnica
Chemicals
Different sectors
Diffe
rent
com
pone
nts
CellSystem
Application/Use
MainComponents
PeripheralComponents
Electric & Electronics
Transport.Equipment Instruments
MOTIVATION
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Agenda
16.04.2015 8
Theoretical Embedding
Data & Methodology
Results & Discussion
Implications & Further Research
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Theoretical Embedding
Data & Methodology
Results & Discussion
Implications & Further Research
Agenda
16.04.2015 9
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Literature gap
10
THEORETICAL EMBEDDING
Dimensions[1] Sectors’ differences
Technological artifacts • Different outputs (according to definition)
Knowledge bases
• Different product and process knowledge• Center around/come from different scientific fields
Actors andnetworks
• Different firms• Sector-specific networks
Institutions• Different laws, norms, habits• Different standardization bodies and processes• Different labor markets and financial institutions
the sectoral dimension
2
s
of a multi-component
3
sectoral
technological
geographical
technological innovation system (TIS)
1
This study is a first attempt to investigate…
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sectoral
technological
geographical
[3] Jacobsson & Bergek (2011), [4] Carlsson & Stankiewicz (1991), [5] Hekkert et al. (2007), [6] Bergek et al. (2008), [7] Markard &Truffer (2008)
BUT: Sectoral dimension has not been explicitly analyzed before
1 Technological innovation system
The technological innovation system approach lacks a sectoral conceptualization…
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Innovation System Approaches Technological Innovation System
Aim: Understanding mechanisms underlying the evolution of technologies to derive policy recommendations [3]
Systemic perspective on a technology [4]
Knowledge development and diffusion is one of the most important processes shaping TIS evolution [5],[6]
A sectoral conceptualization might help TIS scholars to develop an enhanced understanding of technological evolution
THEORETICAL EMBEDDING
1
TISs are affected (or constrained) by geographical and sectoral dimensions [4],[7]
||Platzhalter Logo/Schriftzug(Anpassung im Folienmaster: Menü «Ansicht» «Folienmaster») 16.04.2015[8] Malerba (2004),[9] Pavitt (1984), [10] Iammarino & McCann (2006), [11] Breschi & Malerba (1997) distinguish between different sector types based on different dimensions
…although sectors differ in their innovation behavior due to differences in certain dimensions
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THEORETICAL EMBEDDING
Sector = The aggregation of firms with similar output that are in competition with each other and that center around similar production techniques.
Dimensions[8] Sectors’ differences
Technological artifacts • Different outputs (according to definition)
Knowledge bases
• Different product and process knowledge• Center around/come from different scientific fields
Actors andnetworks
• Different firms• Sector-specific networks
Institutions• Different laws, norms, habits• Different standardization bodies and processes• Different labor markets and financial institutions
Different types ofsectors in termsof innovationbehavior [9],[10],[11]
2
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…and multi-component technologies cut across different sectors
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Technology Architecture [12] Sectoral Configuration of a TIS
SectorA
SectorB
SectorC
Component1
Subsystem
Integrated System
Component2
SectorD
Actor
Technology artifactSectoral boundary
Sector-specific network
produces
determines
Foca
lTIS
Oth
er T
ISs
Relationship between technology architecture and the sectoral configuration of a TIS
3
[12] Henderson & Clark (1990)
THEORETICAL EMBEDDING
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Explanations of the used terms
14
THEORETICAL EMBEDDING
Terms Explanations
Technological innovationsystem (TIS)
• Encompasses all actors that interact ”in a specific economic/industrial area under a particular institutional infrastructure and involved in the generation, diffusion, and utilization of technology“ [4], p. 111
Sector• The aggregation of firms with similar output that are in competition with each
other and that center around similar production techniques
Technology architecture
• the way how different components and subsystems are integrated and linked in one technology [12]
Sectoral configuration
• The number and kind of sectors
TIS function• Core process that shapes the evolution of a TIS [5],6]
Knowledge developmentand diffusion
• “captures the breadth and depth of the current knowledge base of the TIS, and how that changes over time, including how knowledge is diffused and combined in the system” [6], p. 414
Technological innovationsystem (TIS)
[4] Carlsson & Stankiewicz (1991), [5] Hekkert et al. (2007), [6] Bergek et al. (2008), [12] Henderson & Clark (1990)
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Literature gap and research questions
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THEORETICAL EMBEDDING
This study is a first attempt to investigate…
Dimensions[1] Sectors’ differences
Technological artifacts • Different outputs (according to definition)
Knowledge bases
• Different product and process knowledge• Center around/come from different scientific fields
Actors andnetworks
• Different firms• Sector-specific networks
Institutions• Different laws, norms, habits• Different standardization bodies and processes• Different labor markets and financial institutions
the sectoral dimension
2
s
of a multi-component
3
sectoral
technological
geographical
technological innovation system (TIS)
1
How do different sectors affect the
functional dynamics in technological
innovation systems?
Which patterns of knowledge creation
can be found across the different sectors of the
lithium-ion battery technology?
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Theoretical Embedding
Data & Methodology
Results & Discussion
Implications & Further Research
Agenda
16.04.2015 16
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The research question is investigated with a quantitative analysis of lithium-ion battery patent data in Japan
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DATA & METHODOLOGY
Multi-component technology that isproduced in different sectors
Reasoning
Technological progress hasoccured in the last 30 years
Li-ionbatterytechnology Considered to play an important role in
future energy andtransportation systems
Patent dataanalysis
JapanHighest share of patents (73.5%) in the analyzed period
TIS literature suggests patents asone measure for knowledgedevelopment and diffusion [5],[6]
Wide use of patents as a measure forinventive activity and knowledge flows [13], [14]
Operationalization
Knowledge development: Counts ofpatentsKnowledge diffusion: Counts ofpatents’ forward citations
Patent data imply several limitations[15],[16],[17]!
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
7 000
8 000
1980
1981
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1991
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1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
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2001
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2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
US
JP
Others
Analyzed period
[5] Hekkert et al. (2007), [6] Bergek et al. (2008), [13] Grilliches (1998), [14] Jaffe (1989), [15] Bergeron et al. (1998), [16] Alcazer & Gittelman (2006), [17] Criscuolo & Verspagen (2008)
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Data retrieval and processing
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DATA & METHODOLOGY
Thomson Innovation Database Search: Keyword-based and classification based Several rounds (test for false positives and false negatives)
1. Data retrieval
3. Analysis
Database: 13,090 patents from Japan1
Descriptive quantitative analysis with Pajek2
1 Country assignment via priority country 2 Software normally used for social network analysis
Technology Architecture Sectoral Configuration of a TIS
SectorA
SectorB
SectorC
Component1
Subsystem
Integrated System
Component2
SectorD
produces
determines
Tech
nolo
gy A
rchi
tect
ure
Cate
gorie
s
Cell System
Application/Use
Main Components
Sectors
• Electric vehicle• Laptop…
• Second. battery• Stationary battery…
• Anode, Cathode• Electrolyte…
Peripheral Components
• Wiring• Cooling…
Rese
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& G
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uipm
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ontr
acto
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EPI/CPI Manual CodesFactor analysis based classification, 50% ruleUnambiguous classification
Technology architecture
SIC Codes (SIC1-8)Unavailability: manual co-ding of publicly available company informationMultiple classification possible
Sectors
2. Data preparation
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Theoretical Embedding
Data & Methodology
Results & Discussion
Implications & Further Research
Agenda
16.04.2015 19
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Peripheral Components
Counts of patentsTotal patents: 13090 100% = 27754 (multiple classification possible)
6948 4515
16772261 953
1075
1787 1191
542
100%=703 Patents
100%=2133 Patents
100%=1362 Patents
100%=8892 Patents
110 40 2806 302 665816 2548 32 904 9906911103521278100% [Patents](multiple classification possible)
16.04.2015
Patterns of knowledge development (1/2)
1985-2005
8
17.10.2014
Sectors differ in their total patent activity
Patent activity can be found within (specialization) and outside (diversification) the sectors’ production activities
Results
Patent activities in the respective technology architecture categories differ
Within production activities
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
PRELIMINARY
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Application/ Use
Main Components
Peripheral Components
Counts of patentsTotal patents: 13090 100% = 27754 (multiple classification possible)
6948 4515
16772261 953
1075
1787 1191
542
100%=703 Patents
100%=2133 Patents
100%=1362 Patents
100%=8892 Patents
110 40 2806 302 665816 2548 32 904 9906911103521278100% [Patents](multiple classification possible)
16.04.2015
Patterns of knowledge development (2/2)
1985-2005
8
17.10.2014
Sectors differ in their total patent activity
Patent activity can be found within (specialization) and outside (diversification) the sectors’ production activities
Results
Patent activities in the respective technology architecture categories differ
17.10.2014
DiscussionSpecialization Firms develop their
technological capabilities close to their production capabilities [15], especially in cumulative technologies [18]
Higher costs of search outside firms’ contextual boundary [19]
Diversification Rather into upstream
knowledge [9]
System integrators diversify their knowledge due to uncertainty, technological maturity, technological newness [20],[21],[22]
[9] Pavitt (1984), [15] Bergeron et al. (1998), [18] Stuart & Podolny (1996), [19] Rosenkopf & Almeida (2003), [20] Brusoni et al. (2001), [21] Lee & Veloso (2008), [22] Takeishi (2002)
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
PRELIMINARY
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Main Components
Peripheral Components
Counts of patents
Counts of patents’ forward citations
Ø num. citations: 1.4
220 131 10533 969 18772091 9565 114 1492 275220554285893643100% [Citations]
Ø num. citations: 3.7
Ø num. citations: 0.8
Ø num. citations: 3.1
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Patterns of knowledge diffusion (1/2)
1985-2005
8
17.10.2014
Citations differ significantly between sectors
Likelihood to be cited varies between technology architecture categories
Results
Number of citations with regard to arcs’ direction: horizontal > diagonal > loops > vertical
horizontaldiagnoal vertical
loop
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
PRELIMINARY
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Application/ Use
Main Components
Peripheral Components
Counts of patents
Counts of patents’ forward citations
Ø num. citations: 1.4
220 131 10533 969 18772091 9565 114 1492 275220554285893643100% [Citations]
Ø num. citations: 3.7
Ø num. citations: 0.8
Ø num. citations: 3.1
16.04.2015
Patterns of knowledge diffusion (2/2)
1985-2005
8
17.10.2014
Citations differ significantly between sectors
Likelihood to be cited varies between technology architecture categories
Results
Number of citations with regard to arcs’ direction: horizontal > diagonal > loops > vertical knowledge diffuses between sectors to a significant extend
Discussion
Knowledge diffuses better between similar firms [23]
Knowledge diffuses rather between firms of the same sector than of different sectors [24]
Knowledge diffusion across sectors: technological nearness? [6]
Beyond literature insights: knowledge diffusion across technology architecture categories and sectors
[23] Lane & Lubatkin (1998), [24] Pan et al. (2009), [25] Battke et al. (2014)
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
PRELIMINARY
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Application/ Use
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Peripheral Components
Counts of patents forward citations
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Evolution of knowledge development and diffusion (1/2)
Counts of patents
Counts of forward citations
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RESULTS & DISCUSSION
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PRELIMINARY
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Counts of patents forward citations
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ipm
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spor
tatio
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uipm
ent
Serv
ices
&
Cont
ract
ors
Fabr
icat
ed M
etal
Sectors
Evolution of knowledge development and diffusion (1/2)
Counts of patents
Counts of forward citations
1985-1995Re
sear
ch
Oil
& G
as E
xtra
ctio
n
Chem
ical
s
Met
al M
inin
g
Prim
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etal
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ices
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ract
ors
Fabr
icat
ed M
etal
Cell System
Application/ Use
Main Components
Peripheral Components
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
16.04.2015 25
PRELIMINARY
||Platzhalter Logo/Schriftzug(Anpassung im Folienmaster: Menü «Ansicht» «Folienmaster»)
1985-20001985-19951985-1990
Rese
arch
Oil
& G
as E
xtra
ctio
n
Chem
ical
s
Met
al M
inin
g
Prim
ary M
etal
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er &
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tron
ic &
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Indu
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rum
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Misc
. Man
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turin
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Tran
spor
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uipm
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Serv
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&
Cont
ract
ors
Fabr
icat
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Sectors
Rese
arch
Oil
& G
as E
xtra
ctio
n
Chem
ical
s
Met
al M
inin
g
Prim
ary M
etal
Rubb
er &
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Elec
tron
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Indu
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ipm
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rum
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uipm
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Fabr
icat
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etal
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Cell System
Application/ Use
Tech
nolo
gy A
rchi
tect
ure
Cate
gorie
s
Main Components
Peripheral Components
Counts of patents forward citations
Rese
arch
Oil
& G
as E
xtra
ctio
n
Chem
ical
s
Met
al M
inin
g
Prim
ary M
etal
Rubb
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rum
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Rese
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tron
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ent
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rum
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Tran
spor
tatio
n Eq
uipm
ent
Serv
ices
&
Cont
ract
ors
Fabr
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etal
Sectors
Evolution of knowledge development and diffusion (1/2)
1985-2005
Counts of patents
Counts of forward citations
1985-2000Re
sear
ch
Oil
& G
as E
xtra
ctio
n
Chem
ical
s
Met
al M
inin
g
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spor
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Serv
ices
&
Cont
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ors
Fabr
icat
ed M
etal
Cell System
Application/ Use
Main Components
Peripheral Components
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
16.04.2015 26
PRELIMINARY
||Platzhalter Logo/Schriftzug(Anpassung im Folienmaster: Menü «Ansicht» «Folienmaster»)
1985-20001985-19951985-1990
Rese
arch
Oil
& G
as E
xtra
ctio
n
Chem
ical
s
Met
al M
inin
g
Prim
ary M
etal
Rubb
er &
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stic
s
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tron
ic &
Ele
ctric
Indu
stria
l Equ
ipm
ent
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rum
ents
Misc
. Man
ufac
turin
g
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spor
tatio
n Eq
uipm
ent
Serv
ices
&
Cont
ract
ors
Fabr
icat
ed M
etal
Sectors
Rese
arch
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& G
as E
xtra
ctio
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Chem
ical
s
Met
al M
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tron
ic &
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Fabr
icat
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Cell System
Application/ Use
Tech
nolo
gy A
rchi
tect
ure
Cate
gorie
s
Main Components
Peripheral Components
Counts of patents forward citations
Rese
arch
Oil
& G
as E
xtra
ctio
n
Chem
ical
s
Met
al M
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ary M
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Fabr
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Sectors
Evolution of knowledge development and diffusion (1/2)
1985-2005
Counts of patents
Counts of forward citations
1985-2005Re
sear
ch
Oil
& G
as E
xtra
ctio
n
Chem
ical
s
Met
al M
inin
g
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ices
&
Cont
ract
ors
Fabr
icat
ed M
etal
Cell System
Application/ Use
Main Components
Peripheral Components
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
16.04.2015 27
PRELIMINARY
||Platzhalter Logo/Schriftzug(Anpassung im Folienmaster: Menü «Ansicht» «Folienmaster»)
1985-20001985-19951985-1990
Rese
arch
Oil
& G
as E
xtra
ctio
n
Chem
ical
s
Met
al M
inin
g
Prim
ary M
etal
Rubb
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ic &
Ele
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ent
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s
Met
al M
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Fabr
icat
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Sectors
Cell System
Application/ Use
Tech
nolo
gy A
rchi
tect
ure
Cate
gorie
s
Main Components
Peripheral Components
Counts of patents forward citations
Rese
arch
Oil
& G
as E
xtra
ctio
n
Chem
ical
s
Met
al M
inin
g
Prim
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s
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tron
ic &
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ent
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rum
ents
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. Man
ufac
turin
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uipm
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ices
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Cont
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ors
Fabr
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Sectors
Evolution of knowledge development and diffusion (2/2)
1985-2005
Results Knowledge development and diffusion started in some technology architecture categories and spread to
other categories over time Sectors started patenting at different times
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Detailed in following pages
16.04.2015 28
PRELIMINARY
||Platzhalter Logo/Schriftzug(Anpassung im Folienmaster: Menü «Ansicht» «Folienmaster»)
“Peak” activities vary between different sectors
The share on patents of different sectors changes over time (e.g. transportation equipment)
The importance of some sectors’ role (esp. “using” batteries) seems to increase continuously (e.g., transportation equipment)
050
100150200250300350400450500550600650700750800850
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Fabricated Metal
Rubber & Plastics
Chemicals
Electronics & Electric
Primary Metal
Transportation Equipment
Industrial Equipment
The role of different sectors varies over timeRESULTS & DISCUSSION
Results
Number of patents from selected sectors over time
16.04.2015 29
PRELIMINARY
||Platzhalter Logo/Schriftzug(Anpassung im Folienmaster: Menü «Ansicht» «Folienmaster»)
050
100150200250300350400450500550600650700750800850
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
ChemicalsTransportation Equipment
Fabricated Metal
Rubber & Plastics
Electronics & Electric
Primary Metal
Industrial Equipment
The role of different sectors varies over timeRESULTS & DISCUSSION
Number of patents from selected sectors over time
Discussion
Can the sectors’ knowledge development activities be related to the multi-purpose [26] of Li-ion batteries?
16.04.2015 30[26] Battke et al. (2013)
PRELIMINARY
“Peak” activities vary between different sectors
The share on patents of different sectors changes over time (e.g. transportation equipment)
The importance of some sectors’ role (esp. “using” batteries) seems to increase continuously (e.g., transportation equipment)
Results
||Platzhalter Logo/Schriftzug(Anpassung im Folienmaster: Menü «Ansicht» «Folienmaster»)
Theoretical Embedding
Data & Methodology
Results & Discussion
Implications & Further Research
Agenda
16.04.2015 31
||Platzhalter Logo/Schriftzug(Anpassung im Folienmaster: Menü «Ansicht» «Folienmaster»)
Specific knowledge patterns in the lithium-ion battery technology
Theoretical and practical contribution
16.04.2015
Contributions
IMPLICATIONS & FURTHER RESEARCH
Implications for (TIS) research
Sectoral dimension has to be included in TIS approach for multi-component technologies
Explore unexpected patterns Further explore the direction
of knowledge diffusion
Explore the role of different types and configurations of sectors
Integrate both spatial and sectoral dimension simul-taneously into TIS approach
Methodological approach
Implications for policy makers
Consider sector-specific knowledge patterns
Consider multi-purpose character of batteries
Consider sectoral availability and configuration and their changes over time
Apply methodological approach to other core processes in a TIS prove validity of conceptual suggestion
32
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Alcacer, J. & Gittelman, M., 2006. Patent citations as a measure of knowledge flows: The influence of examiner citations. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 88, pp.774–779.Battke, B. et al., 2014a. The impact of specialization and centrality of knowledge on knowledge flows within and across technologies. submitted to Research Policy.Battke, B. et al., 2013. A review and probabilistic model of lifecycle costs of stationary batteries in multiple applications, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, pp. 240-250 .Bergek, A. et al., 2008. Analyzing the functional dynamics of technological innovation systems: A scheme of analysis. Research Policy, 37(3), pp.407–429.Bergeron, S. et al., 1998. Location of innovating activities, industrial structure and techno–industrial clusters in the French economy, 1985–1990. Evidence from US patenting. Research Policy, 26(7-8), pp.733–751.Blum et al., 2013. Rural electrification through village grids—Assessing the cost competitiveness of isolated renewable energy technologies in Indonesia, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 22, pp. 482-496.Breschi, S. & Malerba, F., 1997. Sectoral Innovation Systems: Technological Regimes, Schumpeterian Dynamics, and Spatial Boundaries. In C. Edquist, ed. Systems of Innovation: Technologies, Institutions and Organizations. London/Washington: Pinter, pp. 130–156.Brusoni, S., et al., 2001. Knowledge Organizational Coupling, and the Boundaries of the Firm: Why Do Firms Know More Than They Make? Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(4), pp.597–621.Carlsson, B., & Stankiewicz, R.,1991. On the nature, function and composition of technological systems. Journal of EvolutionaryEconomics, 1, 93–118.Criscuolo, P. & Verspagen, B., 2008. Does it matter where patent citations come from? Inventor vs. examiner citations in European patents. Research Policy, 37(10), pp.1892–1908.Griliches, Z., 1998. Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators: A Survey. In Z. Griliches, ed. R&D and Productivity: The Econometric Evidence. University of Chicago Press, pp. 287–343.Henderson, R.M. & Clark, K.B., 1990. Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of Established Firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), pp.9–30.
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Hekkert, M.P. et al., 2007. Functions of innovation systems: A new approach for analysing technological change. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 74(4), pp.413–432.Iammarino, S. & McCann, P., 2006. The structure and evolution of industrial clusters: Transactions, technology and knowledge spillovers. Research Policy, 35(7), pp.1018–1036.International Energy Agency (IEA), 2012. World Energy Outlook 2012, Paris.Jacobsson, S. & Bergek, A., 2011. Innovation system analyses and sustainability transitions: Contributions and suggestions for research. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 1(1), pp.41–57.Jaffe, A.B., 1989. Characterizing the “technological position” of firms, with application to quantifying technological opportunity and research spillovers. Research Policy, 18, pp.87–97.Lane, P.J. & Lubatkin, M., 1998. Relative absorptive capacity and interorganizational learning. Strategic Management Journal, 19, pp.461–477.Lee, J. & Veloso, F.M., 2008. Interfirm Innovation under Uncertainty: Empirical Evidence for Strategic Knowledge Partitioning. The Journal of Product Innovation Management, 25, pp.418–435. Malerba, F., 2004. Sectoral Systems: concepts and issues. In F. Malerba, ed. Sectoral Systems of Innovation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9–41.Markard, J. & Truffer, B., 2008. Technological innovation systems and the multi-level perspective: Towards an integrated framework. Research Policy, 37(4), pp.596–615.Pan, W., Yang, D. & Lin, M., 2012. Inter-industry Technology Spillover Effects in China: Evidence from 35 Industrial Sectors. China & World Economy, 20(2), pp.23–40.Pavitt, K., 1984. Sectoral patterns of technical change : Towards a taxonomy and a theory. Research Policy, 13(1984), pp.343–373.Rosenkopf, L. & Almeida, P., 2003. Overcoming Local Search Through Alliances and Mobility. Management Science, 49(6), pp.751–766.Stuart, T.E. & Podolny, J.M., 1996. Local Search and the Evolution of Technological Capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 17, pp.21–38.Takeishi, A., 2002. Knowledge Partitioning in the Interfirm Division of Labor: The Case of Automotive Product Development. Organizational Science, 13(3), pp.321–338.
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