A Reference Manual for Utilising and of Fiji
Transcript of A Reference Manual for Utilising and of Fiji
A Reference Manual for Utilising andManaging the Soil Resources
of Fiji
David M. Leslie
2 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
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Originaltext:English
SecretariatofthePacificCommunityCataloguing-in-publicationdata
AReferenceManualforUtilisingandManagingtheSoilResourcesofFijibyDavidM.Leslie
1. SoilResources2. SoilClassifications3. MatchingSoilswithCropRequirements4. CropSuitabilityAssessment
I.TitleII.DavidM.LeslieIII.SecretariatofthePacificCommunity
ISBN:
Producedby:LandResourcesDivisionSecretariatofthePacificCommunityPrivateMailBagSuvaFiji
Website:www.spc.int/lrd
Formoreinformationpleasecontact:[email protected]
Designandlayout:SPCLandResourcesPublicationUnit,Nabua,Fiji
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 3
Table of Contents
TableofContents......................................................................................................................................3Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................................5Abbreviations............................................................................................................................................7Glossary....................................................................................................................................................8
1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................122. PHYSIOGRAPHIC LEGEND FOR SOIL MAP UNITS AND SOIL SERIES OF FIJI..................132.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................. 132.2 SoilmapofFiji–physiographiclegend...................................................................................... 132.3 Listofsoilseries(inalphabeticalorder)..................................................................................... 23
3. CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOIL SERIES OF FIJI IN DIFFERENT SYSTEMS........................243.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 24
4. FLOW-DIAGRAM KEYS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF FIJI SOIL SERIES..........................394.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 394.2 Explanationoftheabbreviations.......................................................................................... 394.3 KeystotheidentificationofFijisoilseries........................................................................... 404.4. Lowlandsoils<600m,i.e.isohyperthermicST..................................................................... 414.5 SoilsofthemarinemarshwithaquicSMR.......................................................................... 414.6 Soilsofthebeachstrands,dunesandestuaries................................................................. 424.7 Soilsofthemajorfloodplains............................................................................................... 444.8 Soils of the relict terraces..................................................................................................... 464.9 Soilsoftheplateaux............................................................................................................. 474.10 Soilsofthesecondaryfloodplainsanddepressions............................................................ 484.11 Soilsofthefansandoutwashsurfaces............................................................................... 514.12 SoilsoftheKarstlandscapes............................................................................................... 524.13 Soilsofthe‘young’volcaniclandscapes.............................................................................. 534.14 Soilsofthehillcountry......................................................................................................... 564.15 Uplandsoils>600m,i.e.isothermicSTR............................................................................. 664.16 Soilsoftheuplandswamps................................................................................................. 664.17 Soilsofthefloodplainsandterraces.................................................................................... 674.18 Soilsofthe‘young’volcaniclandscapes.............................................................................. 684.19 Soilsoftheuplandhillcountry............................................................................................. 69
5. FIJI SOIL MAPPING UNITS, LAND USE CAPABILITY CLASSES AND THE MAIN SOIL LIMITATIONS......................................................................................................................705.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 70
6. LAND AND SOIL ATTRIBUTES SIGNIFICANT FOR CROP GROWTH....................................936.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 93
7. APPLICATION OF THE FERTILITY CAPABILITY SOIL CLASSIFICATION...........................1337.1 Thesystem........................................................................................................................ 1337.2 Type................................................................................................................................... 1337.3 Substratatype.................................................................................................................... 1337.4 Conditionmodifiers............................................................................................................ 1337.5 Interpretationofmodifiers.................................................................................................. 1397.6 InterpretationsofFCSCnomenclature.............................................................................. 1397.7 AnalysisofFijianFCSCunits............................................................................................. 139
8. MATCHING OF SOIL ATTRIBUTES WITH CROP REQUIREMENTS; SOIL SUITABILITY ASSESSMENTS........................................................................................1418.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................ 1418.2 Processfordeterminingcropsuitabilityratings................................................................. 143
9. REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READING......................................................156
APPENDIX 1: Land Use Capability Classification (Land Use Section, MPI, 1977)………..…........158
4 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
LIST OF FIGURES Figure1:Constructionofacompletefamilyname…………………………………….................. 25 Figure2:Keysoilandclimateattributesusedinthecropsuitabilityanalysis………............... 142 Figure3:Suitabilityclasses……………………………………………………………................. .144
LIST OF TABLES Table1: ClassificationoftheSoilSeriesofFiji…………………………………………............. 26 Table2: FijiSoilMapUnits,LandUseCapabilityClassesandMainSoil Limitations………………………………………………………………………................ 71 Table3: ExtendedLegend:LandandSoilAttributesSignificantforCropGrowth................ 96 Table4: FertilityCapabilitySoilClassificationAppliedtoFijiSoils………………….............. 135 Table5: AnalysisofType,SubstrataType,andModifierforFijianFCSCUnits…............... 140 Table6: SoilSuitabilityClassificationfor78Crops…………………………………................ 145
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 5
Acknowledgements
ThismanualcouldnothavebeenproducedwithouttheinformationcollectedbysoilscientistsintheNewZealandDe-partmentofScientificandIndustrialResearch(DSIR)withsupportfromFijiMinistryofPrimaryIndustriesstaffduringthesoilsurveysconductedintheearly1980s.TheinitialsoilsurveyofFijiundertakeninthe1960sisacknowledgedforestablishingthebasicconcepts,soildefinitionsandsoilandlandusemaps.IammostgratefultotheNewZealandAgencyforInternationalDevelopment(NZAID)forsupportingsoilresearchinFijifortwodecadesfrom1980.
Theanalyticalsupport fromtheSoilBureauof theDSIR,Fiji’sKoroniviaResearchStationandtheUniversityof theSouthPacific(InstituteofAppliedSciences)isalsoacknowledged.
Throughoutpreparationofthemanuscript,IhavehadthesupportofInokeRatukalou,ActingDirectoroftheSecretariatofthePacificCommunityLandResourcesDivision;andLukeRatuvuki,formerChiefExecutiveOfficerofFiji’sMinistryofAgriculture,SugarandLandResettlement(nowtheMinistryofPrimaryIndustries).
IamindebtedfirstandforemosttoNZAID,throughtheirbilateralassistanceprogrammetoFiji,forfundingthecompi-lationandlayoutofthismanual;andtotheSecretariatofthePacificCommunity-EuropeanUnionprojectformeetingprinting costs.
Finally, Iwish to thankMargaretLeslie,whowas responsible forwordprocessingandprovidingsupportduring thepreparationofthemanual.
David M. Leslie
6 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Foreword
TheLandResourcesDivisionofSPCremainscommittedtointegratedandsustainableagricultureandforestryresourcemanagementanddevelopment;thisisakeyobjectiveintheLRDStrategicPlan.Soilresourcesinformationisaprimaryunderpinningpillarinsupportofthisobjective.
ThispublicationprovidesabroadframeworkforunderstandingandinterpretingthesoilresourcesofFijiinbringingto-getherintoonedocumentalltherelevantavailablesoildata.Itdescribesthesedatainauser-friendlyformatdesignedforusebyfarmers,institutionalextensionists,researchers,agribusinessmanagers,andlanduseplanners.
Ausefulcomponentofthemanualisthematchingoflandqualitieswithcroprequirements,leadingtoadeterminationofsuitabilityclassesfor78crops.Inseparateformats,single-factormapsforeachcrophavebeengenerated,anden-terprisegrossmarginshavebeenpreparedinExcelspreadsheets.
MuchoftheinformationwascollectedbysoilscientistsfromtheSoilBureauofNewZealand’sDepartmentofScientificandIndustrialResearch,who,inthe1980s,conducteddetailedsoilsurveysofthenineMinistryofPrimaryIndustries(MPI)agriculturalresearchstationsinFiji.ThiswasfollowedbythenationalsoilsurveyofFiji(SeruandLeslie1986),withsupporting informationpublished in theFiji Soil Taxonomic Unit Description Handbook (LeslieandSeru1998).Thesesoilsurveyswereindebtedtoanearliernationalsoilresourcessurvey(TwyfordandWright,1965).ThismostcomprehensivebulletinwithaccompanyingsoilandlandusemapsprovidedthebasisforunderstandingthegenesisandpatternofFijisoils.
Themanualwillbeofvalue to theMPI,othergovernmentdepartments, thesugar industry institutions, internationalagenciesandnon-governmentorganisationsinplanningfuturelanddevelopmentassistanceprogrammesandformulat-ingruralsectorandlandusepolicies.
LRDisconfidentthispublicationwillmakeasignificantcontributiontosustainablelanddevelopmentintheRepublicofFiji.
Inoke RatukalouActing Director, Land Resources DivisionSecretriat of the Pacific CommunityNabua, Fiji
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 7
Abbreviations
BS base saturation
BSP Benchmark Soils Project
CEC cation exchange capacity
DSIR Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (New Zealand)
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations)
FCSC fertility capability soil classification
GIS geographical information systems
IBSNAT International Benchmark Soils Network for Agrotechnology Transfer
LUC land use capability
MASLR Ministry of Agriculture, Sugar and Land Resources (now Minstry of Primary Industries)
MDS minimum data set
MPI Ministry of Primary Industries (Fiji)
NZAID New Zealand Agency for International Development
SMR soil moisture regime
SMU soil map unit
SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community
STR soil temperature regime
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
USP University of the South Pacific
8 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Glossary
Alluvium Material, including clay, silt, sand andgravel,depositedinriverbeds,alluvialfansandvalleyfloorsbycontemporarystreams
Base saturation (BS)
Maybeusedasageneralmeasureofsoilfertilityandleaching.Thetermbase refers tothosemetallicelementsthathavebasicoxides (calcium, magnesium, potassiumand sodium). A lowBS indicates strongleaching.
Beach strand Asand-coveredplainbetweenthecoastalzoneandinlandlandforms(fans,terraces,etc.)
Cation exchange capacity (CEC)
Thismeasuresthetotalnumberofsitesina soil available for cationexchange, andso is ameasure of the ability of the soiltoretainaddednutrientssuchascalcium,magnesiumandpotassium.Nearlyalltheactionexchangesitesareonthesurfacesof clay particles or organic matter (OM).Soils with large amounts of clay or OMusuallyhaveahigherCECthansoilslowinclayandOM.
Clayey texture group Soil material with >35% clay. It is veryplasticandmoderatelyorverysticky.In-cludessiltyclay,loamyclayandclay.Re-fer to 6 (vii).
Colluvium Material that hasmoved downhill mainlyby the force of gravity and has accumu-latedonlowerslopes.
Drainage Usually four drainage classes are used:welldrained,moderatelywelldrained,im-perfectlydrainedandpoorlydrained.Thetermsareanindicationofhowlongasoil,or part of a soil, is saturatedwithwater,andhowquickly itcanrid itselfofexces-sivewater.Refer 6 to (vi).
Drought risk Theriskofdroughtinnormalyearsisex-pressedasthedaysofsoilmoisturedeficitandtheperiod(months)whendeficitsoc-cur.
Dune Alowmoundorridgeofloosesandpiledupbywind
Erosion hazard The risk of soil erosion occurring underspecifiedconditions,orinaspecifiedarea.Erosionhazardisexpressedinqualitativeterms(severe,moderate,slight,etc.)andtype(rill,debrisslide,etc.).
Estuaries Widetidalmouthsofariverwherethetidemeets the river current; an area wherefreshandmarinewatersmix
Fan Agently sloping, fan-shapedmass of al-luvialmaterialdepositedbyastreamataplacewhereanotabledecreaseingradi-entoccurs
Field capacity Themoisturecontentofasoilafterithasbeensaturatedandhasdrainedfreely
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 9
Flooding risk Theriskoffloodingisexpressedasthefre-quencyorreturnperiodforfloodsdeposit-ingsediment(years)andforotherfloods.
Floodplain Nearlylevellandsituatedoneithersideofachannelthatissubjecttooverflowflood-ing
Horizon A soil layer that has a texture, colour orother property that distinguishes it fromotherlayersinthesoilprofile
Iron pan Asubsurfacecontinuoushorizoncontain-ingcementedironconcretionsornodules
Karst Topography characterised by closed de-pressionsorsinkholes in limestonefromwhich surface waters drain by under-groundroutes
Land use capability (LUC)
TheLUCclassificationisasystematicar-rangement of different kinds of land ac-cordingtothosepropertiesthatdeterminethecapacityforpermanentsustainedpro-duction. Theeight LUCclasses cover asimple landclassificationuseful formanypurposes. Each LUC class includes aspecified range in degree of its naturallimitations with respect to use. Refer to Appendix 1.
Loamy texture group
Soil material containing 9–35% clay and<40% silt. Includes sandy loam, sandyclayloam,clayloam.Refer to 6 (vii).
Marine marsh Coastal lowland subject to diurnal tidalflooding. ‘Soft’wet soilswith highwatertablescommonlysupportingmangrove.
Matching The process of comparing crop require-ments, land qualities and/or soil charac-teristicstoarriveatalandsuitabilityclas-sification
Matrix Thefine-earthgroundmassthatinmottledsoil materials surrounds the mottles (itneednothavethedominantcolour)
Minimum rooting depth
Soils—inwhichshallowness,stones,lowmoisture-holdingcapacity, low fertilitydif-ficult tocorrect,orsalinityarepermanentfeatures—areregardedashavinglimita-tionsintherootingzone.
Mottles Discrete area of fine-earth material sur-roundedbyamatrixofcontrastingcolour.Mottlecolour(s)maybethedominantco-lour.
Parent material (PM)
Theunconsolidatedchemicallyweatheredmineralororganicmatter fromwhich thesolumofsoilshasdevelopedbypedogen-ic processes
Permeability Thequalityofasoilhorizon thatenableswatertomovethroughit
10 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
pH Ameasureof theacidityoralkalinityofasoil.ThepHofasoilisameasureoftheacidgroupsassociatedwithclayororgan-icmatter.Strongleaching,ortheaccumu-lationof largeamountsoforganicmatter(OM)causesthepHtodecrease.pHcon-trolstheavailabilityofplantnutrients.TheoptimumpHlevelformostplantsisabout6.0.Refer to 6 (x).
Plateau Comparativelyflatextensiveandelevatedlandareaabovetheadjacentcountry
Relict Describesatopographicfeaturethatwasoriginallypartofamoreextensivefeatureofwhichmosthasbeenremoved
Rill An erosion process in which numeroussmall channels only several centimetresdeep are formed. Occursmainly on re-centlycultivatedsoils.
Rock outcrops and surface boulders
Rock outcrop is the in situ bedrock thatprotrudes through thesoil. Bouldersarethedetachedrockmasseswithdiameters>20cm.Thepercentageofthegroundsur-faceofthesiteoccupiedbyeachisgiven.
Rotational slip and slump
A slip or slump in which shearing takesplaceonawell-defined,curvedshearsur-face, concave upward in cross-section,producing backward rotation in the dis-placedmass
Sandy texture group Soilmaterialconsistingdominantlyofsandwith 8% or less clay and <40% silt. In-cludessand,loamysand.Refer to 6 (vii).
Sheet Erosioninwhichthinlayersofsurfacema-terial are gradually removed evenly fromanextensiveareaofslopingland
Silty texture group Soil material with 40% or more silt and35%orlessclay.Includessiltloam,loamysiltandsilt.Refer to 6 (vii).
Soil mapping unit Anyunitdescribingthespatialdistributionofsoils,whichcanbemapped
Soil profile (solum) The vertical section of the soil body andalthoughthereareexceptionsthemajorityofsoilprofilescomprisethreemasterhori-zons(A–topsoil,B–subsoil,andC–par-entmaterial).Thatpartthatowesitsmaincharacterstothesoil-formingprocessesisreferredtoasthesolum.ItincludestheAandBhorizonsortheupperpartabovetheparentmaterialhorizon.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 11
Soil moisture re-gimes
- Theaquicmoisture regime implies areducingregimethatisvirtuallyfreeofdissolved oxygen because the soil issaturatedbygroundwater.
- Soilswithaudicmoistureregimearemoist throughout theyeardue towelldistributed rainfalls and the amountof stored water plus rainfall exceedstheamountofevapotranspiration.Anextremelywetmoisture regime is de-scribedasperudic.
- Soils with an ustic moisture regimehavelimitedmoisture,butaremoistintheseasonwhenthesoilissuitableforplant growth. In the isohyperthermicSTR soils are dry for >90 cumulativedays.
Soil temperature regimes
- Isothermic. The mean annual soiltemperatureis>15ºCbut<22ºCandthe difference between summer andwintermeantemperatureis<5ºC.
- Isohyperthermic. Themean annualsoiltemperatureis>22ºCandthedif-ference between summer and wintermeantemperature<5ºC.
Terrace Anyrelativelyflatsurfaceboundedononeedgebyasteeperdescendingslopeandalong the other by a steeper ascendingslope.Riversarecommonlyborderedbyterracesatdifferentlevels.
Translational slide Downslopedisplacementofsoil-rockma-terial on a surface that is parallel to thegeneralgroundsurface, incontrast toro-tationalslipsandslumps.
Volcanic rocks Theserocksconsistofashand/ormagmathathasbeenblownoutofavolcanoandhascooledandsolidifiedrapidly
Waterlogging risk The risk is expressed as the duration(days)ofwaterlogging, the time itoccurs(months)andthepositionofthewaterta-blewithinthesoilprofile.
Weathering The physical and chemical processes insoils thatcommonlyact together. Physi-cal is the breaking of rock into finer andfinerparticleswhiletheimportantaspectofchemicalweatheringisargillisation—theformationofclay. Moisture, temperature,etc.impacttheweatheringprocess.
12 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
1. INTRODUCTION
PublicationofA Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of FijirepresentsaninitiativetocollateandorganisethecurrentknowledgeaboutFiji’ssoilsandtheirmanagement.Revisionscanbemadeasmoreislearnt,particularlyaboutsoilfertility,cropoptionsandsustainablefarmingsystems.
Themainpurposeincompilingthemanualistoprovideagriculturalextensionistsandresearchers,planners,farmersandothersworkingintheruraldevelopmentsectorwithareadyguidetothefieldidentificationofsoils,soilattributesimportantforoptimalcropgrowth,informationaboutsoilfertility,andanassessmentofthesuitabilityofthesoilstogrowawiderangeoffruitandvegetablecrops.
Thetext,tablesandoverallformatofthemanualhavebeendesignedandwrittentobeuser-friendly.
There-interpretedinformationinthemanualhasbeenderivedfromtheverycomprehensivetechnicalreport—The Soil Resources of the Fiji Islands(TwyfordandWright1965)—andtherevisionofWright’ssoilmapwithmodernlaboratorysoilcharacterisationandsoilclassificationofsoilseries(SeruandLeslie,1986;LeslieandSeru,1998).
Themanualhasbeenstructuredtoprovidealogicalflowofinformationasfollows:
• physiographicsoillegendswheresoilmappingunitsandsoilseriesarehierarchicallyorganisedaccordingtotemperature regime, landscape type, composition and degree ofweathering of parentmaterial and, finally,drainageclass;
• classificationofsoilsseriesaccordingtosoiltaxonomyandtheFAO/UNESCOsystem;
• keytothe identificationofsoilseries; theflow-diagramformatalso inahierarchicalorderasfor thephysio-graphicsoillegends;
• Fijisoilmappingunits,landusecapabilityclassesandthemainsoillimitations;
• landandsoilattributessignificantforcropgrowtharepresentedinspreadsheetformatforeachsoilmappingunit;
• fertilitycapabilitysoilclassificationofsoilmappingunits;
• matchingofsoilattributeswithcroprequirements,expressedinoneoffourclassesofcropsuitability.Basedonthisanalysis,GIS-generatedsinglefactorcropsuitabilitymapsareavailableseparately;and
• importantreferencesinsupportoftheforegoingareprovided.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 13
2. PHYSIOGRAPHIC LEGEND FOR SOIL MAP UNITS AND SOIL SERIES OF FIJI
2.1 Introduction
Inthephysiographiclegend(below)forthesoilmapofFiji,thesoilserieshavebeenmainlyarrangedunderphysio-graphicheadingswiththeinitialsubdivisionseparatingsoilsofthelowlandsandfoothillsfromthoseoftheuplands.Thisseparationreflectsthechangeinsoiltemperatureregimeat600metresaltitude,viz.isothermicsoiltemperatureregime(STR)above600metresaltitudeandisohyperthermicSTRbelow.
Thesecondlevelseparationgroupssoilsintomajorlandformcategories,e.g.,soilsofthemarinemarshes,soilsofthefansandoutwashsurfaces.
Atthethirdcategorylevel,soilsarefurtherdifferentiatedonthebasisoftheparentmaterialfromwhichtheydevelop,e.g.riveralluviumfromacidicsoils.
Thefourthcategorysubdividessoilsonthebasisoftheirinternaldrainageclass,e.g.imperfectlydrained,poorlydrained.Whereappropriate,afinaldifferentiation ismadebasedon thesoilmoisture regime(SMR)underwhich they form:aquic,udic,perudicorustic.
ThephysiographiclegendisthatdevelopedtoaccompanySoil Map of Fiji,scale1:50,000(SeruandLeslie1986).
2.2 Soil map of Fiji – physiographic legend
SOILS OF THE LOWLANDS AND FOOTHILLS (<600m altitude, isohyperthermic soil temperature re-gime)
Soil Series SymbolSOILS OF THE MARINE MARSH (Aquic SMR)• frommarineandestuarinealluvium Imperfectlydrained LABASASOILS 1 Poorlydrained TIRISOILS 2 SOSOSOILS 3 DREKETISOILS 4 Verypoorlydrained DOGOSOILS 5
SOILS OF THE BEACH STRANDS, DUNES AND ESTUARIES• fromcalcareoussands Excessivelydrained Udic/PerudicSMR NUKUSOILS 6 UsticSMR YASAWASOILS 7 Poorlydrained Udic/PerudicSMR TACILEVUSOILS 8
• fromsandsofhighquartzcontent Welldrainedtoexcessivelydrained Udic/PerudicSMR VUNIBAUSOILS 9 WAIKALOUSOILS 10 UdicSMR VOLIVOLISOILS 11 VUNAVUTUSOILS 12
14 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Verypoorlytopoorlydrained AquicSMR DEUBASOILS 13
• fromsandsoflowquartzcontent Excessivelydrained Udic/PerudicSMR DAWASAMUSOILS 14
• fromriveralluviumfrombasicandintermediaterocksovercalcareoussands Poorlydrained AquicSMR VUNILAGISOILS 15
• frommixedcalcareoussandsandorganicmaterials Poorlydrained AquicSMR RANASOILS 16
• fromorganicmaterialsoversandsofhighquartzcontent Poorlydrained AquicSMR QARIBUTASOILS 17
• fromestuarinealluviumfrombasicandintermediaterocks Poorlydrained AquicSMR NAKELOSOILS 18
• fromestuarinealluviumfromacidicrocks Poorlydrained AquicSMR TOGORUSOILS 19
• frommixed‘black’sandsandcalcareoussandsovercoralbeachrock Welldrained Udic/PerudicSMR NASELESELESOILS 20
SOILS OF THE MAJOR FLOOD PLAINS• fromriveralluviumfrombasicandintermediaterocks
(a) Levees Welldrained Udic/PerudicSMR MUAINASESOILS 21 REWASOILS 22 UsticSMR LAWAISOILS 23
(b) ‘Relict’riverchannels Moderatelywelldrained Udic/PerudicSMR TAMANUASOILS 24 Imperfectlydrained Udic/PerudicSMR NADURUSOILS 25
(c)Terraces Welldrained Udic/PerudicSMR WAINIBUKASOILS 26 UsticSMR SIGATOKASOILS 27
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 15
Imperfectlydrained Udic/PerudicSMR WAINIVESISOILS 28 Poorlydrained–verypoorlydrained AquicSMR NAVAUSOILS 29 TOKOTOKOSOILS 30 NAUSORISOILS 31
• fromorganicmaterials Verypoorlydrained AquicSMR MELIMELISOILS 32
SOILS OF THE RELICT TERRACES• fromriveralluviumfromacidicrocks
(a) Highterraces Imperfectlydrained Udic/PerudicSMR WAINIKAVOUSOILS 33 AquicSMR SAUNAKASOILS 34(b) Slopemarginsofdissectedhighterraces Welldrained UsticSMR NAMAKASOILS 35
• fromriveralluviumfrombasicandintermediaterocks Terraces Welldrained UsticSMR NADISOILS 36 KOROVULISOILS 37
SOILS OF THE PLATEAUX• frombasicandintermediaterocks
(a) Plateauxsurfaces Welldrained Udic/PerudicSMR NASEGAISOILS 38
UsticSMR NAMOSAUSOILS 39 BUASOILS 40 VUNICIBICIBISOILS 41 KOROKADISOILS 42(b) Slopemarginofdissectedplateaux Welldrained UsticSMR BASOILS 43
• fromrocksofacidcomposition(a) Plateauxsurfaces Imperfectlydrained Udic/PerudicSMR KORONIVIASOILS 44 UsticSMR LOVONIVIASOILS 45
16 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
SOILS OF THE SECONDARY FLOODPLAINS AND DEPRESSIONS• fromriveralluviumfrombasicandintermediaterocks
Welldrained Udic/PerudicSMR SEREASOILS 46 Imperfectlydrained Udic/PerudicSMR WAIDRADRASOILS 47 SAWAKASASOILS 48 UsticSMR VATUMASOILS 49 Poorlydrained AquicSMR NAREWASOILS 50 BUCAISAUSOILS 51 MATAVELOSOILS 52 SAWENISOILS 53 UsticSMR NIKASOILS 54 Verypoorlydrained AquicSMR BATIKISOILS 55
• fromriveralluviumfrommixedcompositionrocks Poorlydrained AquicSMR NADRUKASOILS 56
• fromriveralluviumfromandesiticrocks Poorlydrained AquicSMR VEISARUSOILS 57 UsticSMR RAWITISOILS 58
• fromriveralluviumfrombasalticrocks Welldrained Udic/PerudicSMR WAIBULASOILS 59
• fromriveralluviumfromacidicrocks Welldrained Udic/PerudicSMR NAVUNIKODISOILS 60 SALIADRAUSOILS 61 UsticSMR LATOSOILS 62 LAGILAGISOILS 63 Imperfectlytopoorlydrained AquicSMR NACOKULASOILS 64 KEDRASOILS 65 TALACAGISOILS 66 NAQILAISOILS 67
• frommixedorganicandmineralmaterialsfrombasicandintermediaterocks Verypoorlydrained AquicSMR WAINIKAISOILS 68 VUREVURESOILS 69
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 17
SOILS OF THE FANS AND OUTWASH SURFACES• fromriveralluviumfrombasicandintermediaterocks Welldrained UsticSMR NASOUSOILS 70 DRASASOILS 71 MOLAMOLAUSOILS 72 Imperfectlydrained UsticSMR LAUTOKASOILS 73
SOILS OF THE KARST LANDSCAPE• frommarinelimestonesandelevatedcalcareousreefrock Welldrained Udic/PerudicSMR WAILOTUASOILS 74 LAMISOILS 75 UsticSMR TAUSOILS 76 VATULELESOILS 77
• fromresidualmaterialsoverraisedcorallinelimestone Welldrained UsticSMR CIKOBIASOILS 78 OGEASOILS 79 TUVUCASOILS 80 NAYAUSOILS 81 NAEVUEVUSOILS 82
• fromcolluviumofmixedlimestoneandbasicrocks Welldrained UsticSMR EKUBUSOILS 83
SOILS OF THE ‘YOUNG’ VOLCANIC LANDSCAPE (Udic / Perudic SMR)• fromandesiteash Welldrained LOMAJESOILS 84
• fromveryyoung‘aa’lava Excessivelydrained VUNASOILS 85
• fromveryyoung‘pahoehoe’lava Somewhatexcessivelydrained LOSASOILS 86
• frombasalticash Somewhatexcessivelydrained WAIQERESOILS 87 WAIOBASOILS 88 ONOSOILS 89 DULEVISOILS 90
• frombasalticashoverscoria Welldrained REREESOILS 91 LAUCALASOILS 92
18 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
• fromyoung‘pahoehoe’lava Somewhatexcessivelydrained TAVEUNISOILS 93 KOROSOILS 94 URASOILS 95 NACAMAKISOILS 96 RAVILEVUSOILS 97
• fromyoung‘aa’lava Somewhatexcessivelydrained VAKAWAUSOILS 98 KIRIKIRISOILS 99 HAFHAFUSOILS 100
• fromolder‘pahoehoe’lava Welldrained NABEKASOILS 101 WAIORUSOILS 102 TABAKASOILS 103 QELENISOILS 104 NASAUSOILS 105
• frombasalticscoriacones Welldrained NACAUGAISOILS 106 TAVUYAGASOILS 107 MAFUASOILS 108
• frombasaltictuffaceouscones Welldrained ROROASOILS 109
SOILS OF THE HILL COUNTRY• fromin situcalcareoustuffs,sandstonesandmarls Welldrained Udic/PerudicSMR SAMABULASOILS 110 NALOTUSOILS 111 UsticSMR KOROMAVUSOILS 112 KEIYASISOILS 113 NADROGASOILS 114 MOMISOILS 115 SABETOSOILS 116 NAQALOTUSOILS 117 Poorlydrained UsticSMR EMURISOILS 118
• fromcolluviumderivedfromcalcareoustuffs,sandstonesandmarls Moderatelywelldrained Udic/PerudicSMR SUVASOILS 119 UsticSMR YAKOSOILS 120
• frombasicandintermediatesedimentaryrocks Welldrained Udic/PerudicSMR BURENITUSOILS 121 DOBUILEVUSOILS 122 MATAWAILEVUSOILS 123 LOBAUSOILS 124
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 19
VISASOILS 125 SOTESOILS 126 WAIMAROSOILS 127 SERUASOILS 128 WAIDINASOILS 129 NACULASOILS 130 UsticSMR VASILAULAUSOILS 131 Imperfectlydrained Udic/PerudicSMR WAISAVASOILS 132 DARIASOILS 133
• fromquartzrichandacidictuffs Welldrained Udic/PerudicSMR NAMUANASOILS 134 SAROWAQASOILS 135 GAIGAISOILS 136 DRITISOILS 137 NAMATIUSOILS 138 NAMARASOILS 139 UsticSMR WAINIKOROSOILS 140 NUKUDAMUSOILS 141 NUKUSASOILS 142 VATUVONUSOILS 143 KURUKURUSOILS 144 KELIKOSOSOILS 145 VEREVERESOILS 146 Imperfectlydrained UsticSMR UAUASOILS 147
• fromin situquartzporphyryandquartziterocks Somewhatexcessivelydrained Udic/PerudicSMR LUTUSOILS 148 UsticSMR MALOLOSOILS 149
• fromsilicifiedandinduratedtuffs,sandstones,marlsandagglomerates Welldrained Udic/PerudicSMR VATUBABASOILS 150 NADAWASOILS 151 RAURIKOSOILS 152 YAKITASOILS 153 UsticSMR CUKUSOILS 154 NABUONOSOILS 155 DOGOTUKISOILS 156 KORONIQALASOILS 157 • fromin situacidicrocks(granite,andesiteanddacite) Welldrained Udic/PerudicSMR NAMOSISOILS 158 NAULUVATUSOILS 159 NARAYAWASOILS 160 SAVUDRODROSOILS 161 VUNATOTOSOILS 162
20 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
UsticSMR VITAWASOILS 163 YAVUNASOILS 164
• fromin situargillaceousandcontactmetamorphicrocks Welldrained UsticSMR TABUQUTOSOILS 165
• frombasicandintermediateigneousrocks Welldrained Udic/PerudicSMR NAILOCASOILS 166 VAIDOKOSOILS 167 LODONISOILS 168 GAUSOILS 169 TAILEVUSOILS 170 SOLEVUSOILS 171 SEATURASOILS 172 WAINUNUSOILS 173 NAKAVIKASOILS 174 GALOASOILS 175 LOMAIVITISOILS 176 NAVAVASOILS 177 UsticSMR RAVIRAVISOILS 178 NAIRAISOILS 179 LAKEBASOILS 180 TUVASOILS 181 LAUSOILS 182 DELAIMATAISOILS 183 NAMALATASOILS 184 VUYASOILS 185 KAVULASOILS 186 NAWAISOILS 187 MAKOMAKOSOILS 188 TABIASOILS 189 KUBUNASOILS 190 TOTOYASOILS 191 NANUKULOASOILS 192 NABITISOILS 193 LEKUTUSOILS 194 VARACIVASOILS 195 REWASASOILS 196 TAVUASOILS 197 VATUKOULASOILS 198 YAQARASOILS 199 MACUATASOILS 200 RUKURUKUSOILS 201 Moderatelywelldrained Udic/PerudicSMR DELAIBOSOILS 202 Poorlydrained AquicSMR NAWENISOILS 203 • fromin situbasictuffs Welldrained Udic/PerudicSMR BATIWAISOILS 204 BURENISOILS 205 Somewhatexcessivelydrained UsticSMR KOROTUKUSOILS 206
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 21
• fromin situmixedacidicandbasictuffs Welldrained Udic/PerudicSMR DELAINACAUSOILS 207 • frommixedbasicandacidicin siturocks Welldrained UsticSMR LEDRUTUASOILS 208
22 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
SOILS OF THE UPLANDS (>600m altitude, isothermic soil temperature regime)
SOILS OF THE UPLAND SWAMPS• fromorganicmaterials Verypoorlydrained AquicSMR KUTASOILS 209 NADRANUSOILS 210
SOILS OF THE FLOODPLAINS AND TERRACES• fromalluviumderivedfrombasicrocks Welldrained Udic/PerudicSMR NADALASOILS 211 NAVAISOILS 212 Imperfectlydrained Udic/PerudicSMR NADRAUSOILS 213
SOILS OF THE YOUNG VOLCANIC LANDSCAPE (Udic / Perudic SMR)• fromsubrecentbasaltic‘aa’lavas Somewhatexcessivelydrained NAITATASOILS 214 • fromyoungbasaltic‘pahoehoe’lavas Welldrained MANUKASOILS 215 UCUNILAWESOILS 216 • frombasalticscoriacones Somewhatexcessivelydrained SOQULUSOILS 217 • fromin situbasalticash Somewhatexcessivelydrained MATANASOILS 218 SALIALAILAISOILS 219 • fromcolluviumderivedfrombasalticrocks Welldrained TAGIMAUCIASOILS 220
SOILS OF THE HILL COUNTRY (Udic / Perudic SMR)• fromin situbasicandintermediaterocks Welldrained LEWASOILS 221 WAIBICISOILS 222 MONASAVUSOILS 223 NADARIVATUSOILS 224 WAILULUSOILS 225 NABUESASOILS 226 • fromalluviumfrombasicandintermediaterocks(highterraces) Welldrained QALINAOLOSOILS 227
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 23
2.3 List of soil series (in alphabetical order)
Ba Lawai Namatiu Serea WaibiciBatawai Ledrutua Namosau Serua WaibulaBatiki Lekutu Namosi Sigatoka WaidinaBua Lewa Namuana Solevu WaidradraBucaisau Lobau Nanukuloa Soqulu WaikalouBureni Lodoni Naqalotu Soso WailotuaBurenitu Lomaiviti Naqilai Sote WailuluCikobia Lomaje Narayawa Suva WaimaroCuku Losa Narewa Tabaka WainibukaDaria Lovonivia Nasau Tabia WainikaiDawasamu Lutu Nasegai Tabuquto WainikavouDelaibo Macuata Naselesele Tacilevu WainikoroDelaimatai Mafua Nasou Tagimaucia WainivesiDelainacau Makomako Nauluvatu Tailevu WainunuDeuba Malolo Nausori Talacagi WaiobaDobuilevu Manuka Navai Tamanua WaioruDogo Mataiwailevu Navava Tau WaiqereDogotuki Matana Navua Taveuni WaisavaDrasa Matavelo Navunikodi Tavua YakitaDreketi Melimeli Nawai Tavuyaga YakoDriti Molamolau Naweni Tiri YaqaraDulevi Momi Nayau Toguru YasawaEkubu Monasavu Nika Tokotoko YavunaEmuri Muainase Nuku Totoya Gaigai Nabeka Nukudamu Tuva Galoa Nabiti Nukusa Tuvuca Gau Nabuesa Ogea Uaua Hafhafu Nabuono Ono Ucunilawe Kavula Nacamaki Qalinaolo Ura Kedra Nacaugai Qaributa Vaidoko Keiyasi Nacokula Qeleni Vakawau Kelikoso Nacula Rana Varaciva Kirikiri Nadala Rauriko Vasilaulau Koro Nadarivatu Ravilevu Vatubaba Korokadi Nadawa Raviravi Vatukoula Koromavu Nadi Rawiti Vatulele Koroniqala Nadranu Reree Vatuma Koronivia Nadrau Rewa Vatuvonu Korotuku Nadroga Rewasa Veisaru Korovuli Nadruka Roroa Verevere Kubuna Naduru Rukuruku Visa Kurukuru Naevuevu Sabeto Vitawa Kuta Nailoca Saliadrau Volivoli Labasa Nairai Salialailai Vuna Lagilagi Naitata Samabula Vunatoto Lakeba Nakavika Sarowaqa Vunavutu Lami Nakelo Saunaka Vunibau Lato Nalotu Savudrodro Vunicibicibi Lau Namaka Sawakasa Vunilagi Laucala Namalata Saweni Vurevure Lautoka Namara Seatura Vuya
24 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
3. CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOIL SERIES OF FIJI IN DIFFERENT SYSTEMS
3.1 Introduction
ThisreportpresentsthethreesystemsofsoilclassificationmostusedinFijiandprovidestablesthatallowcorrelationofsoilsoftropicalcountrieswiththesoilseriesofFiji.InthesetablesFijiansoilsareclassifiedaccordingtoTwyfordandWright(1965),theFAO/UNescoscheme(1971)andSoilTaxonomy(SoilSurveyStaff1975)anditssubsequentkeys,i.e.theninthedition,publishedin2003. Beforeexaminingthethreeclassificationsitisimportant,firstly,tounderstandthefivemainreasonsforsoilclassifica-tion.Thesearelistedbelow.
1. Toorganiseknowledgeaboutsoils.Organisingourknowledgeofsoilshelpsustothinkmoreclearlyandefficientlyaboutthem.
2. Tounderstandrelationshipsbetweensoils,andbetweensoilsandtheenvironmentinwhichtheyhaveformed.Byunderstandingtheserelationshipsitcanbeseenwhycertainsoilsaresimilarandwhyothersaredifferent.
3. Torememberthemainpropertiesofthesoilsbeingclassified.
4. Tolearnnewrelationshipsbetweensoilswithinthesameclassandbetweensoilsindifferentclasses.
5. Touseclassificationtomakeinterpretationsforlanduse.Soilclassificationhelpsestablishgroupsofsoilsthatcanbeusedforpracticalappliedpurposesin:
(a) predictingsoilbehaviour;(b) estimatingsoilproductivityandlikelyresponsetomanagement;(c) providingabasisforextendingorextrapolatingresultsofresearchoraccumulatedlanduseexperience.
Resultsofagriculturalresearchconductedononesiteshouldbegenerallyapplicabletoothersitesthathavethesamesoil.
TheTwyfordandWright(1965)soilclassificationdevelopedforFijiisahybridsystembasedontheprimaryelementsoftheNewZealandGeneticSoilClassification(TaylorandPohlen1970)whileincorporatingfeaturesfromtheHawaiiansoilclassification(Cline1955).TwyfordandWright’sclassificationisuniquetoFijianddifferentfromtaxonomicsystemsusedextensivelysince1975.TheclassificationhasservedFijiwellbutitplaceslimitationsontheabilityofFijiscientists,planners,extensionofficers,andotherusersofsoilinformationtofullyassimilateandcorrelatewithoverseasliteraturethatclassifysoilsprimarilytointernationalsoilclassificationsystems,i.e.FAO/UNESCO,SoilTaxonomy.
ThetwosystemsnowwidelyusedininternationalsoilscienceliteratureandtechnicalreportsrelatedtosoilandlandresourcesarethemaplegendassociatedwiththeFAO/UNescoSoil map of the world(1971)andSoil taxonomyde-velopedbytheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture(SoilSurveyStaff1975).TheFAO/UNESCOclassificationisahybridsystemincorporatingcertainaspectsofgeneticsoilsystems,butincludingcertainfeaturesofkey-outschemes.Whiledevelopedasasoilmaplegend,itisusedextensivelyasasoilclassificationsystem.TheFAO/UNESCOsystemishierarchalinstructure,butasithasonlytwocategorylevelsithasseriouslimitationsinsoilmappingatscalesoflessthan1:100,000.
Soiltaxonomyfocusesondescribingsoilsastheyactuallyappearatpresentwithoutundueemphasisonsoilgenesis.Theclassificationismulti-categoricwithfewclassesinthehighestcategoriesandlargenumbersinthelowestcatego-ries.Classesarepreciselydefined,basedonanalysesofrealsoilsandmeasurableproperties.Thehierarchalstructureofsoiltaxonomyisdescribedbelow.
The initialcategory—Order—isdeterminedbysurfaceorsubsurfacediagnostichorizonsor features. Suborders considerpropertiesaffectingcurrentprocesses,e.g.moistureandtemperature.SubordersarethensubdividedintoGreat Groupsthatreflectthedominantpropertiesofthesoil.Subgroupsdefinethelessimportantpropertiestoshowrelationshipstoothersoils—typic,intergrade,extragrade.Thefamily nameidentifiesallthehighercategoriesofthefamily,namely,subgroup,greatgroup,suborderandorder.Forexample,theVatuvonuseriesisinthecoarse-loamy, mixed, isohyperthermicfamilyofLithic Ustorthents(Fig.1).
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 25
Figure 1: Construction of a complete family name
Familymodifiers Subgroupname Coarse-loamy,mixed,isohyperthermic LithicUstorthents
OrderEntisols
SuborderOrthents
GreatGroupUstorthents
ThenamegivesusthefollowinginformationabouttheVatuvonusoilseries:
Theyhavenosignificantpedogenichorizonsandonlymoderatetosmallamountsoforganicmatter(fromentisols).
Theyareonrecentslopes,subjecttoerosion(fromorthents).
Theyarewelldrainedandaredryfor>3monthsduringthegrowingseason(fromustorthents).
Theyhaveameanannualsoiltemperature>22°C(fromhyperthermic)andtheannualrangeis<5°C(fromisohyper-thermic).
Themineralogyisnotdominatedbyanyonemineral;itisamixtureofseveral(frommixed).
15%ormoreoftheparticlesarefinesandorcoarser,includingfragmentsupto7.5cmindiameter;<18%clay(fromcoarseloamy).
In1982,SoilTaxonomywasadoptedbytheGovernmentofFijiasthenationalsoilclassificationsystem.Theprimaryreasonforthiswastoprovideamechanismthroughwhichexperiencesfromthetropicscouldbeappliedinordertohelptheruraleconomyandtousethesenewagro-productiontechnologiesfromsimilarfarmingsystemstodevelopFiji’slandresourcesforincreasedfoodproductionandbetternutrition.ItalsobypassesthreekeyconstraintsfacedbyFiji’slackoftrainedpersonnel,lackofinvestmentcapitalfortheruralsectorand,aboveall,lackoftimetocatchupwithFiji’sneeds.Poorfarmersandmarginalcanegrowersdonothavetheluxuryofwaitingdecadesfortheresultsofslowlydevelopingin-countryagriculturaltechnology.
TheUSAID-fundedBenchmarkSoilsProject(BSP),developedandmanagedbytheUniversityofHawaii,demonstratedthatagro-productiontechnologycanbetransferredfromonetropicalregiontoanotheronthebasisofSoilTaxonomyatthesoilfamilyleveloftheclassification.
Theimplicationforfoodproductionissignificant.First,millionsofdollars’worthofresearchinformationwillbeavail-ableforimmediatetapping.Second,costsofsite-specificglobaltrialswillbesaved,andthewasteofhumanandotherresourceswillbealleviated.Thirdly,theBSPhasdevelopedaworldwidenetworkofexpertiseandaSoilDataBanktoexpediteandprovide theneeded informationandcommunication for ruraldevelopment. Lastly,agro-technologytransfer isall-encompassing: it includes transferof informationonsoilmanagementpracticesandall thatgoeswithit—informationoncropsandcroppingsystems,watermanagementpractices,erosioncontrolmeasures,suitabilityfornewcrops,economicsofcropproduction,useandproblemsofirrigation,tikinaandnationalplanningandpriorities,andsoon.ThestrengthsofSoilTaxonomyare:useofquantitativecriteria;conceptsofdiagnostichorizons;emphasisoncriterianotreadilyalteredbyman;anditslogicalsystemofnomenclature.
26 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Seri
es
Soil
Taxo
nom
yFA
O/U
NES
CO
Twyf
ord
and
Wrig
ht (1
965)
BaOxicDystrustepts
fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Ferr
alic
Ca
mb
iso
lsFerruginouslatosols
mod.tostr.dryseason
Bata
wa
iOxicDystrudepts
fine,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Ferr
alic
Ca
mb
iso
lsHum
iclatosols
weakornodryseason
Batik
iTypicHydraquents
fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Gle
yso
lsG
ley
soils
v.weakornodryseason
Bua
TypicKanhaplustalfs
veryfine,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c P
lan
oso
lsFerruginouslatosols
str.dryseason
Buc
ais
au
TypicEpiaquolls
fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Mo
llic
Gle
yols
Gleyrelatedtolatosols
mod.tostr.dryseason
Bure
ni
TypicKanhaplohum
ults
clayey,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Hu
mic
Nito
sols
Hum
iclatosols
nodryseason
Bure
nitu
TypicHapludalfs
fine,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c N
itoso
lsHum
iclatosols
mod.dryseason
Cik
ob
iaIncepticEutrustox
clayey,gibbsitic,isohyperthermic
Rho
dic
Fe
rra
lso
lsLatosolicsoils
mod.tostr.dryseason
Cu
kuTypicHaplustepts
fine-silty,m
ixed,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c C
am
bis
ols
Steeplandrelatedtoredyellowpodzolicsoils
str.dryseason
Da
riaTypicDystrudepts
fine,kaolinitic,isoheperthermic
Hu
mic
Ca
mb
iso
lsHum
iclatosols
nodryseason
Da
wa
sam
uTypicQuartzipsamments
ferritic,isohyperthermic
Are
no
sols
Recentsoilsfrom
coastalsands
weaktomod.dryseason
De
laib
oTypicEntrudepts
coarse-loam
y,mixed,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c C
am
bis
ols
Steeplandrelatedtonigrescentsoils
weakdryseason
De
lam
ata
iTypicKanhaplustults
clayey,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Nito
sols
Hum
iclatosols
str.dryseason
De
lain
ac
au
TypicDystrudepts
fine,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Ca
mb
iso
lsRedyellowpodzolicsoils
weaktomod.dryseason
De
ub
aHum
icEpiaquents
sandy,mixed,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Gle
yso
lsGleyrelatedtoredyellowpodzolicsoils
weakornodryseason
Do
bu
ilevu
TypicHapludolls
fine-loam
y,smectitic,isohyperthermic
Ha
plic
Ph
ae
oze
ms
Nigrescentsoils
weaktomod.dryseason
Do
go
TypicSulfaquents
loam
yoverclayey,mixed,isohyperthermic
Thio
nic
Flu
viso
lsSalinesoilsofthemarinemarsh
Tabl
e 1:
Cla
ssifi
catio
n of
the
soil
serie
s of
Fiji
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 27
Do
go
tuki
TypicDystrudepts
fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Hu
mic
Ca
mb
isols
Redyellow
podzolicsoilsmod.dryseason
Dra
saUlticH
aplustalfsfine,ferruginous,isohypertherm
icEu
tric N
itoso
lsHum
iclatosolsstr.dryseason
Dre
keti
SulficE
ndoaqueptsclayey,m
ixed,isohyperthermic
Thio
nic
Fluviso
lsSalinesoilsofthem
arinemarsh
Driti
IncepticEutroperox
clayey,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Xa
nth
ic Fe
rralso
lsRedyellow
podzolicsoilsnodryseason
Du
levi
HydricH
apludandsmedial,isohypertherm
icO
ch
ric A
nd
oso
lsLatosolicsoilsweakdryseason
Ekub
uLithicH
aplustollsfine,sm
ectitic,isohyperthermic
Ha
plic
Kasta
no
zem
sNigrescentsoils
moderatedryseason
Emu
riUdicH
aplustertsfine,sm
ectitic,isohyperthermic
Pellic
Vertiso
lsNigrescentsoils
str.dryseasonG
aig
ai
TypicKanhaplohum
ultsclayey,ferruginous,isohypertherm
icH
um
ic N
itoso
lsSteeplandrelatedtoredyellow
podzolicsoilsnodryseason
Ga
loa
TypicRhodudults
clayey,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Dystric
Nito
sols
Ferruginouslatosolsweakdryseason
Ga
uTypicH
apludalfsfine,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icEu
tric N
itoso
lsHum
iclatosolsweakdryseason
Ha
fha
fuUdicVitricH
apludandsashy-skeletal,isohypertherm
icV
itric A
nd
oso
lsLatosolicsoilsnodryseason
Kavu
laTypicD
ystrusteptsfine,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icD
ystric C
am
biso
lsSteeplandrelatedtohum
iclatosolsstr.dryseason
Ked
raAericE
piaqueptsfine,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icD
ystric G
leyso
lsGleyrelatedtoredyellow
podzolicsoilsstr.tom
od.dryseasonKe
iyasi
TypicHaplustolls
fine,smectitic,isohypertherm
icH
ap
lic Ka
stan
oze
ms
Nigrescentsoils
str.dryseasonKe
likoso
KandicP
aleustalfsfine,ferruginous,isohypertherm
icEu
tric Pla
na
sols
Redyellow
podzolicsoilsstr.dryseason
KirikiriHydricH
apludandshydrous-skeletal,isohypertherm
icO
ch
ric A
nd
oso
lsLatosolicsoilsnodryseason
Koro
TypicEutrudepts
fine-silty,halloysitic,isohyperthermic
Eutric
Ca
mb
isols
Steeplandrelatedtolatosolicsoils
weakdryseason
Koro
kad
iAnionicA
crustoxclayey,ferruginous,isohypertherm
icRh
od
ic Fe
rralso
lsFerruginouslatosolsstr.dryseason
28 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Koro
ma
vuLithicUstorthents
loam
y-skeletal,m
ixed,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c R
eg
oso
lsSteeplandrelatedtonigrescentsoils
str.dryseason
Koro
niq
ala
TypicHaplustults
clayey,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Ort
hic
Ac
riso
lsRedyellowpodzolicsoils
mod.dryseason
Koro
niv
iaTypicKandihumults
clayey,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Hu
mic
Nito
sols
Redyellowpodzolicsoils
v.weakornodryseason
Koro
tuku
TypicArgiustoll
very-fine,smectitic,isohyperthermic
Luvi
c P
ha
eo
zem
sHum
iclatosols
str.dryseason
Koro
vuli
TypicPaleustults
clayey,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Nito
sols
Hum
iclatosols
str.dryseason
Kub
un
aTypicDystrustepts
fine,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Ca
mb
iso
lsFerruginouslatosols
mod.tostr.dryseason
Kuru
kuru
RhodicKandiustox
clayey,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Rho
dic
Fe
rra
lso
lsRedyellowpodzolicsoils
str.dryseason
Kuta
HydricTropofibrists
dysic,isothermic
Dys
tric
His
toso
lsUplandorganicsoils
Lab
asa
Hum
icEpiaquepts
clayeyoversandy,m
ixed,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Gle
yso
lsSalinesoilsofthemarinemarsh
Lag
ilag
iTypicHaplustepts
fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Ca
mb
iso
lsRecentsoilsfrom
alluvium
str.tomod.dryseason
Lake
ba
TypicDystrustepts
very-fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Ca
mb
iso
lsSteeplandrelatedtoferruginouslatosols
mod.tostr.dryseason
Lam
iHum
icLithicEutrudepts
clayey-skeletal,sm
ectitic,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c (
Lith
ic)
Ca
mb
iso
lsSteeplandrelatedtolatosolicsoils
nodryseason
Lato
FluventicDystrustepts
sandy,mixed,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Flu
viso
lsRecentsoilsfrom
alluvium
str.tomod.dryseason
Lau
TypicKandiustox
clayey,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Rho
dic
Fe
rra
lso
lsFerruginouslatosols
mod.tostr.dryseason
Lau
ca
laVitricHapludands
medial,isohyperthermic
Oc
hric
An
do
sols
Latosolicsoils
weakdryseason
Lau
toka
UdicArgiustoll
very-fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Luvi
c P
ha
eo
zem
sHum
iclatosols
mod.tostr.dryseason
Law
ai
FluventicHaplustepts
loam
y,mixed,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c F
luvi
sols
Recentsoilsfrom
alluvium
mod.tostr.dryseason
Led
rutu
aTypicHaplustolls
fineoverloam
y-skeletal,smectitic,isohyperther
-mic
Ha
plic
Ka
sta
no
zem
sNigrescentsoils
str.dryseaso n
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 29
Leku
tuTypicU
storthentsfine-loam
y,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Dystric
Reg
oso
lsFerruginouslatosolsstr.dryseason
Lew
aOxicD
ystrudeptsfine,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icD
ystric C
am
biso
lsUplandferruginouslatosols
weakdryseason
Lob
au
TypicDystrudepts
fine,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Dystric
Ca
mb
isols
Steeplandrelatedtohum
iclatosolsnodryseason
Lod
on
iHum
icHapludults
clayey,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Orth
ic A
criso
lsHum
iclatosolsweakdryseason
Lom
aiviti
TypicEutrudepts
fine,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Eutric
Ca
mb
isols
Hum
iclatosolsv.w
eakornodryseasonLo
ma
jePachicVitricM
elanudandsmedial,isohypertherm
icH
um
ic A
nd
oso
lsLatosolicsoilsweakdryseason
Losa
LithicHapludands
ashy-skeletal,isohyperthermic
Hu
mic
An
do
sols
Latosolicsoilsnodryseason
Lovo
nivia
UlticH
aplorthodssandyoverclayey,siliceous,isohypertherm
icO
rthic
Pod
zols
Redyellow
podzolicsoilsstr.dryseason
Lutu
TypicKandihum
ultsfine,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icH
um
ic N
itoso
lsRedyellow
podzolicsoilsweakornodryseason
Ma
cu
ata
TypicUstorthents
fine-loamy,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icD
ystric C
am
biso
lsFerruginouslatosolsstr.dryseason
Ma
fua
EutricFulvudands
ashy-skeletal,isohyperthermic
Mo
llic A
nd
oso
lsLatosolicsoilsnodryseason
Ma
kom
ako
TypicHaplustults
clayey,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Orth
ic A
criso
lsHum
iclatosolsstr.dryseason
Ma
lolo
TypicUstipsam
ments
mixed,non-acid,isohypertherm
icD
ystric Re
go
sols
Redyellow
podzolicsoilsstr.dryseason
Ma
nuka
AcrudoxicH
ydricFluvudandsmedial,isotherm
icH
um
ic A
nd
oso
lsUplandlatosolicsoils
nodryseasonM
ata
iwa
ilevu
TypicArgiudolls
very-fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Orth
ic Lu
visols
Nigrescentsoils
weaktom
od.dryseasonM
ata
na
AcrudoxicH
ydricFulvudandsthixotropic,isotherm
icH
um
ic A
nd
oso
lsUplandlatosolicsoils
nodryseasonM
ata
velo
AericE
piaqueptsfine,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icD
ystric G
leyso
lsGleyrelatedtolatosols
str.dryseasonM
elim
eli
HydricTropofibrists
dysic,isohyperthermic
Dystric
Histo
sols
Organicsoils
Mo
lam
ola
uTypicD
ystrusteptsfine,m
ixed,isohyperthermic
Dystric
Ca
mb
isols
Gleyrelatedtolatosols
mod.tostr.dryseason
30 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Mo
mi
TypicHaplustepts
fine,smectitic,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c C
am
bis
ols
Nigrescentsoils
str.dryseason
Mo
na
savu
OxicDystrudepts
fine,kaolinitic,isothermic
Hu
mic
Ca
mb
iso
lsUplandsteeplandrelatedtohum
iclatosols
nodryseason
Mu
ain
ase
TypicEutrudepts
coarse-loam
y,mixed,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c C
am
bis
ols
Recentsoilsfrom
alluvium
v.weakornodryseason
Na
be
kaTypicHapludults
clayey,halloysitic,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Nito
sols
Latosolicsoils
weakdryseason
Na
biti
OxicDystrustepts
very-fine,m
ixed,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Ca
mb
iso
lsFerruginouslatosols
str.dryseason
Na
bu
esa
OxicDystrudepts
fine,kaolinitic,isothermic
Hu
mic
Ca
mb
iso
lsUplandhumiclatosols
nodryseason
Na
bu
on
oTypicDystrustepts
fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Ca
mb
iso
lsSteeplandrelatedtoredyellowpodzolicsoils
str.dryseason
Na
ca
ma
kiEutricThapticHapludands
medial-skeletaloverashy-skeletal,isohyperther
-mic
Hu
mic
An
do
sols
Latosolicsoils
mod.dryseason
Na
ca
ug
ai
VitricHapludands
medial-skeletal,isohyperthermic
Hu
mic
An
do
sols
Steeplandrelatedtolatosolicsoils
weakdryseason
Na
co
kula
TypicEpiaquepts
fine,mixed,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Gle
yso
lsGleyrelatedtoredyellowpodzolicsoils
nodryseason
Na
cu
laOrthoxicPalehum
ults
clayey,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Hu
mic
Ac
riso
lsSteeplandrelatedtohum
iclatosols
weakdryseason
Na
da
laTypicEutrudepts
fine-loam
y,mixed,isothermic
Eutri
c C
am
bis
ols
Uplandhumiclatosols
nodryseason
Na
da
riva
tuTypicDystrudepts
fine-silty,kaolinitic,isothermic
Dys
tric
Ca
mb
iso
lsUplandsteeplandrelatedtohum
iclatosols
weaktomod.dryseason
Na
da
wa
TypicEutrudepts
fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c C
am
bis
ols
Nigrescentsoils
weakornodryseason
Na
di
TypicEutrustox
clayey,m
ixed,isohyperthermic
Ort
hic
Fe
rra
lso
lsHum
iclatosols
str.dryseason
Na
dra
nuHem
icTropofibrists
dysic,isothermic
Dys
tric
His
toso
lsUplandorganicsoils
Na
dra
uOxyaquicEutrudepts
fine,mixed,isothermic
Gle
yic
Ca
mb
iso
lsUplandgleyrelatedtohum
iclatosols
nodryseason
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 31
Na
dro
ga
UderticH
aplustollsfine,m
ixed,isohyperthermic
Ha
plic
Kasta
no
zem
sNigrescentsoils
str.dryseasonN
ad
ruka
Cum
ulicEpiaquolls
very-fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Mo
llic G
leyso
lsGleyrelatedtolatosols
mod.tostr.dryseason
Na
du
ruTypicE
utrudeptsfine,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icEu
tric Flu
visols
Recentsoilsfrom
alluviumv.w
eaktonodryseasonN
ae
vue
vuLithicH
aplustalfsclayey-skeletal,sm
ectitic,isohyperthermic
Eutric
Nito
sols
Latosolicsoilsstr.dryseason
Na
iloc
aTypicD
ystrudeptsfine,ferruginous,isohypertherm
icH
um
ic C
am
biso
lsSteeplandrelatedtohum
iclatosolsnodryseason
Na
irai
TypicKandiustults
clayey,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Orth
ic A
criso
lsSteeplandrelatedtoferruginouslatosols
mod.tostr.dryseason
Na
itata
AcrudoxicH
apludandsmedialoverm
edial-skeletal,isothermic
Vitric
An
do
sols
Uplandlatosolicsoils
nodryseasonN
aka
vikaTypicK
anhaplohumults
clayey,gibbsitic,isohyperthermic
Hu
mic
Ac
risols
Hum
iclatosolsnodryseason
Na
kelo
FluvaquenticEutrudepts
fine-loamy,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icEu
tric G
leyso
lsGleyrelatedtolatosols
weakornodryseason
Na
lotu
TypicEutrudepts
fine,smectitic,isohypertherm
icEu
tric C
am
biso
lsNigrescentsoils
mod.dryseason
Na
ma
kaTypicP
aleustultsclayey,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icFe
rric A
criso
lsRedyellow
podzolicsoilsstr.dryseason
Na
ma
lata
UdicH
aplustollsclayey,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icH
ap
lic Ka
stan
oze
ms
Hum
iclatosolsmod.tostr.dryseason
Na
ma
raTypicP
aleudultsclayey,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icD
ystric N
itoso
lsRedyellow
podzolicsoilsweakdryseason
Na
ma
tiuTypicD
ystrudeptsfine-loam
y,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Dystric
Ca
mb
isols
Redyellow
podzolicsoilsweakdryseason
Na
mo
sau
TypicAcrustox
clayey,gibbsitic,isohyperthermic
Ac
ric Fe
rralso
lsFerruginouslatosolsstr.dryseason
Na
mo
siTypicD
ystrudeptsfine,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icH
um
ic C
am
biso
lsHum
iclatosolsweakornodryseason
Na
mu
an
aTypicD
ystrudeptsfine,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icD
ystric C
am
biso
lsSteeplandrelatedtoredyellow
podzolicsoilsmod.dryseason
Na
nuku
loa
TypicHaplustepts
fine,mixed,isohypertherm
icEu
tric C
am
biso
lsNigrescentsoils
mod.tostr.dryseason
32 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Na
qa
lotu
TypicHaplustepts
fine-loam
y,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c C
am
bis
ols
SteeplandrelatedtoNigrescentsoils
mod.dryseason
Na
qila
iAericEpiaquepts
fine,mixed,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c G
leys
ols
Gleyrelatedtoredyellowpodzolicsoils
str.tomod.dryseason
Na
raya
wa
TypicDystrudepts
sandy,mixed,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Ca
mb
iso
lsRedyellowpodzolicsoils
v.weakornodryseason
Na
rew
aVerticEpiaquolls
fine,smectitic,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c G
leys
ols
Gleyrelatedtolatosols
str.dryseason
Na
sau
AndicDystrustepts
fine-silty,halloysitic,isohyperthermic
Hu
mic
Ca
mb
iso
lsSteeplandrelatedtolatosols
mod.dryseason
Na
seg
ai
TypicDystrudepts
fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Ca
mb
iso
lsHum
iclatosols
weakdryseason
Na
sele
sele
TypicUdipsam
ments
carbonatic,isohyperthermic
Ca
mb
ic A
ren
oso
lsRecentsoilsfrom
coastalsands
weakdryseason
Na
sou
FluventicDystrustepts
fine,mixed,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Ca
mb
iso
lsHum
iclatosols
str.dryseason
Na
ulu
vatu
TypicEutrudepts
fine-loam
y,mixed,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c C
am
bis
ols
Steeplandrelatedtohum
iclatosols
nodryseason
Na
uso
riTypicEpiaquepts
fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c G
leys
ols
Gle
y so
ilsv.weakornodryseason
Na
vai
FluventicHapludolls
fine,mixed,isothermic
Eutri
c F
luvi
sols
Recentuplandsoilfromalluvium
v.weakornodryseason
Na
vava
MollicHapludalfs
fine,smectitic,isohyperthermic
Ort
hic
Lu
viso
lsNigrescentsoils
v.weakornodryseason
Na
vua
FluvaquenticEutrudepts
very-fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c C
am
bis
ols
Gle
y so
ilsv.weakornodryseason
Na
vun
iko
di
FluventicDystrudepts
fine,mixed,isothermic
Dys
tric
Ca
mb
iso
lsRecentsoilfromalluvium
weakdryseason
Na
wa
iVerticHaplustepts
very-fine,smectitic,isohyperthermic
Vert
ic C
am
bis
ols
Nigrescentsoils
str.dryseason
Na
we
ni
TypicEpiaquepts
fine,smectitic,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c G
leys
ols
Nigrescentsoils
v.weakornodryseason
Na
yau
TypicHaplustepts
fine,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Ferr
alic
Ca
mb
iso
lsLatosolicsoils
mod.dryseason
Nik
aUdicHaplusterts
fine,smectitic,isohyperthermic
Pelli
c V
ert
iso
lsGleyrelatedtonigrescentsoils
str.dryseason
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 33
Nu
kuTypicU
dipsamments
carbonatic,isohyperthermic
Ca
mb
ic A
ren
oso
lsRecentsoilsfrom
coastalsandsweakdryseason
Nu
kud
am
uTypicD
ystrusteptsfine,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icD
ystric C
am
biso
lsRedyellow
podzolicsoilsstr.dryseason
Nu
kusa
TypicDystrustepts
fine-loamy,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icD
ystric C
am
biso
lsRedyellow
podzolicsoilsstr.dryseason
Og
ea
TypicEutrustox
clayey,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Eutric
Ferra
lsols
Latosolicsoilsmod.dryseason
On
oHydricH
apludandshydrous,isohypertherm
icM
ollic
An
do
sols
Latosolicsoilsnodryseason
Qa
lina
olo
TypicDystrudepts
fine,mixed,hypotherm
icH
um
ic C
am
biso
lsUplandhum
iclatosolsnodryseason
Qa
ribu
taTerricTropofibristsdysic,sandy,isohypertherm
icD
ystric H
istoso
lsOrganicsoil
Qe
lini
TypicHapludults
clayey,mixed,isohypertherm
icO
rthic
Ac
risols
Latosolicsoilsweakdryseason
Ran
aTypicTroposapristseuic,isohypertherm
icEu
tric H
istoso
lsOrganicsoils
v.weakornodryseason
Rau
rikoTypicD
ystrudeptsfine,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icD
ystric C
am
biso
lsSteeplandrelatedtoredyellow
podzolicsoilsmod.dryseason
Ravile
vuAndicD
ystrudeptsloam
y,mixed,isohypertherm
icD
ystric C
am
biso
lsSteeplandrelatedtolatosolicsoils
nodryseasonRa
viravi
TypicDystrustepts
fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Dystric
Ca
mb
isols
Ferruginouslatosolsstr.dryseason
Raw
itiFluventicD
ystrudeptsfine,ferruginous,isohypertherm
icG
leyic
Ca
mb
isols
Recentsoilsfrom
alluviumstr.dryseason
Rere
eEutricFulvudand
hydrousoverfragmental,isohypertherm
icM
ollic
An
do
sols
Latosolicsoilsnodryseason
Rew
aFluventicE
utrudeptsfine-silty,m
ixed,isohyperthermic
Eutric
Ca
mb
isols
Recentsoilsfrom
alluviumv.w
eakornodryseasonRe
wa
saUdicH
aplustalfsfine,m
ixed,isohyperthermic
(Eutric
) Luviso
lsNigrescentsoils
mod.dryseason
Roro
aTypicE
utrudeptssandy,m
ixed,isohyperthermic
Eutric
Ca
mb
isols
Latosolicsoilsnodryseason
Ruku
ruku
UlticP
aleustalfsvery-fine,m
ixed,isohyperthermic
Eutric
Nito
sols
Hum
iclatosolsstr.dryseason
34 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Sab
eto
TypicHaplustepts
fine,smectitic,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c C
am
bis
ols
Nigrescentsoils
mod.dryseason
Salia
dra
uFluventicEutrudepts
coarse-loam
y,mixed,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c F
luvi
sols
Recentsoilsfrom
riveralluvium
weakdryseason
Salia
laila
iLithicFulvudands
medial,isothermic
(Lith
ic)
An
do
sols
Uplandsteeplandrelatedtolatosolicsoils
nodryseason
Sam
ab
ula
LithicHapludolls
fine,smectitic,isohyperthermic
(Lith
ic)
Pha
eo
zem
sNigrescentsoils
weakornodryseason
Saro
wa
qa
TypicDystrudepts
fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Ca
mb
iso
lsSteeplandrelatedtoredyellowpodzolicsoils
mod.dryseason
Sau
na
kaAquicDystrustepts
fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Ca
mb
iso
lsGleyrelatedtolatosols
str.dryseason
Savu
dro
dro
TypicDystrudepts
fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Hu
mic
Ca
mb
iso
lsRedyellowpodzolicsoils
weakornodryseason
Saw
aka
saOxyaquicEutrudepts
fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Gle
yic
Ca
mb
iso
lsGleyrelatedtolatosols
weakdryseason
Saw
en
iTypicEpiaquepts
fine,smectitic,isohyperthermic
(Ve
rtic
) G
leys
ols
Gleyrelatedtonigrescentsoils
strongdryseason
Sea
tura
OxicDystrudepts
fine,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Hu
mic
Ca
mb
iso
lsSteeplandrelatedtohum
iclatosols
nodryseason
Sere
aFluventicEutrudepts
coarse-loam
y,mixed,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c C
am
bis
ols
Recentsoilsfrom
riveralluvium
nodryseason
Seru
aTypicKanhaplohum
ults
clayey,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Hu
mic
Ac
riso
lsSteeplandrelatedtohum
iclatosols
nodryseason
Sig
ato
kaCum
ulicHaplustoll
fine-silty,m
ixed,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c F
luvi
sols
Recentsoilfromriveralluvium
mod.tostr.dryseason
Sole
vuTypicDystrudepts
fine,mixed,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Ca
mb
iso
lsHum
iclatosols
weakornodryseason
Soq
ulu
HydricFulvudands
medialoverashy-skeletal,isothermic
Hu
mic
An
do
sols
Uplandsteeplandrelatedtolatosolicsoils
nodryseason
Soso
Hum
icEpiaquepts
clayey,m
ixed,isohyperthermic
(Th
ion
ic)
Gle
yso
lsSalinesoilsofthemarinemarsh
Sote
TypicDystrudepts
very-fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Hu
mic
Ca
mb
iso
lsHum
iclatosols
v.weakornodryseason
Suva
Cum
ulicHapludolls
fine,smectitic,isohyperthermic
Ha
plic
Ph
ae
oze
ms
Nigrescentsoils
v.weakornodryseason
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 35
Tab
aka
AndicD
ystrudeptsfine-silty,halloysitic,isohypertherm
icH
um
ic C
am
biso
lsLatosolicsoilsnodryseason
Tab
iaHum
icKandiustox
clayey,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Hu
mic
Ferra
lsols
Hum
iclatosolsstr.dryseason
Tab
uq
uto
TypicKanhaplustults
clayey,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Hu
mic
Ac
risols
Ferruginouslatosolsstr.dryseason
Tac
ilevu
TypicUdipsam
ments
carbonatic,isohyperthermic
Are
no
sols
Recentsoilsfrom
coastalsandsweakdryseason
Tag
ima
uc
iaAcrudoxicH
apludandsmedial,isotherm
icV
itric A
nd
oso
lsUplandlatosolicsoils
nodryseasonTa
ilevu
TypicDystrudepts
fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Dystric
Ca
mb
isols
Steeplandrelatedtohum
iclatosolsweakdryseason
Tala
ca
gi
AericE
piaqueptscoarseloam
yoverclayey,siliceous,isohyper-therm
ic
Dystric
Gle
ysols
Gleyrelatedtoredyellow
podzolicsoilsstr.tom
od.dryseason
Tam
anu
aFluvaquenticE
utrudeptsfine,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icEu
tric Flu
visols
Recentsoilsfrom
alluviumv.w
eaktonodryseasonTa
uLithicH
aplustollsfine,sm
ectitic,isohyperthermic
Ha
plic
Kasta
no
zem
sSteeplandrelatedtonigrescentsoils
str.tomod.dryseason
Tave
un
iHydricM
elanudandshydrous,isohypertherm
icH
um
ic A
nd
oso
lsLatosolicsoilsweakdryseason
Tavu
aTypicH
aplustalfsfine,sm
ectitic,isohyperthermic
Eutric
Nito
sols
Nigrescentsoils
str.dryseasonTa
vuya
ga
ThapticFulvudandsashy,isohypertherm
icM
ollic
An
do
sols
Latosolicsoilsnodryseason
TiriTypicS
ulfaqueptclayeyoverfineloam
y,mixed,isohypertherm
icTh
ion
ic Flu
visols
Salinesoilsofthem
arinemarsh
Tog
uru
Hum
icEpiaquepts
sandy,mixed,isohypertherm
icD
ystric G
leyso
lsGleyrelatedtoredyellow
podzolicsoilsweakornodryseason
Toko
toko
TypicEpiaquepts
very-fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Eutric
Gle
ysols
Gleyrelatedtolatosols
v.weakornodryseason
Toto
yaUdicH
aplustalfsfine,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icO
rthic
Luviso
lsFerruginouslatosolsmod.tostr.dryseason
Tuva
TypicKanhaplustults
fine,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Orth
ic A
criso
lsFerruginouslatosolsstr.dryseason
Tuvu
ca
Cum
ulicHaplustolls
fine-loamy,m
ixed,isohyperthermic
Ha
plic
Kasta
no
zem
sLatosolicsoilsmod.dryseason
36 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Ua
ua
KanhaplicHaplustults
clayey,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Ort
hic
Ac
riso
lsRedyellowpodzolicsoils
str.dryseason
Uc
un
ilaw
eHydricFulvudands
hydrous,isothermic
Hu
mic
An
do
sols
Uplandsteeplandrelatedtolatosolicsoils
nodryseason
Ura
ThapticFulvudands
ashy,isohyperthermic
Hu
mic
An
do
sols
Latosolicsoils
nodryseason
Vaid
oko
LithicHapludolls
fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Ha
plic
Ph
ae
oze
ms
Steeplandrelatedtonigrescentsoils
mod.dryseason
Vaka
wa
uHydricMelanudands
medial-skeletal,isohyperthermic
Hu
mic
An
do
sols
Latosolicsoils
nodryseason
Vara
civ
aTypicKanhaplustult
clayey,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Ort
hic
Ac
riso
lsSteeplandrelatedtoferruginouslatosols
str.dryseason
Vasi
lau
lau
TypicDystrustepts
loam
y-skeletal,m
ixed,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Ca
mb
iso
lsNigrescentsoils
str.dryseason
Vatu
ba
ba
TypicEutrudepts
loam
y-skeletal,m
ixed,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c C
am
bis
ols
Steeplandrelatedtoredyellowpodzolicsoils
mod.dryseason
Vatu
kou
laUdicRhodustalf
fine,mixed,isohyperthermic
Ferr
ic L
uvi
sols
Nigrescentsoils
str.dryseason
Vatu
lele
LithicHaplustolls
clayey-skeletal,sm
ectitic,isohyperthermic
Ha
plic
Ka
sta
no
zem
sSteeplandrelatedtonigrescentsoils
mod.dryseason
Vatu
ma
FluventicHaplustolls
fine,mixed,isohyperthermic
Ha
plic
Ka
sta
no
zem
sRecentsoilsfrom
alluvium
str.dryseason
Vatu
vonu
LithicUstorthents
coarse-loam
y,mixed,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c R
eg
oso
lsNigrescentsoils
str.dryseason
Veis
aru
AericEpiaquepts
fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Gle
yso
lsGleyrelatedtolatosols
mod.tostr.dryseason
Vere
vere
TypicHaplustepts
fine,smectitic,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c C
am
bis
ols
Nigrescentsoils
str.dryseason
Vis
aTypicDystrudepts
fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Ca
mb
iso
lsHum
iclatosols
v.weakornodryseason
Vita
wa
TypicHaplustalfs
fine,smectitic,isohyperthermic
Ort
hic
Lu
viso
lsSteeplandrelatedtoredyellowpodzolicsoils
str.dryseason
Voliv
oli
TypicDystrustepts
sandy,siliceous,isohyperthermic
Hu
mic
Ca
mb
iso
lsRecentsoilsfrom
sandsofhighquartzcontent
str.tomod.dryseason
Vu
na
TypicFluvudands
medialoverm
edial-skeletal,isohyperthermic
Vitr
ic A
nd
oso
lsLatosolicsoils
weakdryseason
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 37
Vu
na
toto
TypicEutrudepts
coarse-silty,mixed,isohypertherm
icEu
tric C
am
biso
lsSteeplandrelatedtoredyellow
podzolicsoilsmod.dryseason
Vu
na
vutu
UdicH
aplustollsloam
y,mixed,isohypertherm
icH
ap
lic Ka
stan
oze
ms
Recentsoilsfrom
coastalsandsandalluviumstr.dryseason
Vu
nib
au
TypicDystrudepts
sandy,siliceous,isohyperthermic
Hu
mic
Ca
mb
isols
Recentsoilsfrom
coastalsandsweakdryseason
Vu
nic
ibic
ibi
AnionicA
crustoxclayey,ferruginous,isohypertherm
icRh
od
ic Fe
rralso
lsFerruginouslatosolsstr.dryseason
Vu
nila
gi
TypicArgiaquolls
clayeyoverloamy-skeletal,m
ixed,isohyperther-mic
Gle
yic Ph
ae
oze
ms
Salinesoilofthem
arinemarsh
Vu
revu
reHum
icEpiaquepts
fine,mixed,non-acid,isohypertherm
icEu
tric G
leyso
lsGleyrelatedtolatosols
weakdryseason
Vu
yaTypicR
hodustultsclayey,m
ixed,isohyperthermic
Dystric
Nito
sols
Hum
iclatosolsmod.tostr.dryseason
Wa
ibic
iOxicD
ystrudeptsfine,m
ixed,isohyperthermic
Dystric
Ca
mb
isols
Uplandhum
iclatosolsnodryseason
Wa
ibu
laFluventicH
apludollsfine-loam
y,mixed,isohypertherm
icH
ap
lic Ph
ae
oze
ms
Recentsoilsfrom
alluviumweakdryseason
Wa
idin
aTypicE
utrudeptsfine,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icEu
tric C
am
biso
lsHum
iclatosolsv.w
eakornodryseasonW
aid
rad
raFluventicE
utrudeptsfine,m
ixed,isohyperthermic
Gle
yic C
am
biso
lsRecentsoilsfrom
riveralluviumv.w
eakornodryseasonW
aika
lou
AericE
piaqueptssandy,m
ixed,isohyperthermic
Eutric
Gle
ysols
Gleyrelatedtolatosols
nodryseasonW
ailo
tua
TypicEutrudepts
clayey-skeletal,smectitic,isohyperthrm
icEu
tric C
am
biso
lsSteeplandrelatedtonigrescentsoils
weakdryseason
Wa
ilulu
OxicD
ystrudeptsfine,kaolinitic,isotherm
icH
um
ic C
am
biso
lsUplandhum
iclatosolsweakdryseason
Wa
ima
roTypicD
ystrudeptsfine,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icD
ystric C
am
biso
lsHum
iclatosolsv.w
eakornodryseasonW
ain
ibu
kaFluventicH
apludollsfine,sm
ectitic,isohyperthermic
Ha
plic
Pha
eo
zem
sRecentsoilsfrom
riveralluviumweaktom
od.dryseasonW
ain
ikai
(Histic)H
ydraquentsfine,kaolinitic,non-acid,isohypertherm
icH
um
ic G
leyso
lsG
ley soilsv.w
eaktonodryseasonW
ain
ikavo
uEpiaquicTropohum
ultsfine,kaolinitic,isohypertherm
icH
um
ic A
criso
lsRedyellow
podzolicsoilsweakornodryseason
38 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Wa
inik
oro
TypicKandiustults
clayey,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Ort
hic
Ac
riso
lsRedyellowpodzolicsoils
str.dryseason
Wa
iniv
esi
FluventicEutrudepts
fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c C
am
bis
ols
Gleyrelatedtolatosols
nodryseason
Wa
inu
nuOxicDystrudepts
very-fine,ferruginous,isohyperthermic
Hu
mic
Ca
mb
iso
lsHum
iclatosols
nodryseason
Wa
iob
aHydricThapticFulvudands
hydrous,isohyperthermic
Hu
mic
An
do
sols
Steeplandrelatedtolatosolicsoils
weakdryseason
Wa
ioru
Hum
icPachicDystrudepts
clayeyoverloamy-skeletal,halloysitic,isohyper
-thermic
Hu
mic
Ca
mb
iso
lsSteeplandrelatedtolatosolicsoils
weakdryseason
Wa
iqe
reAcrudoxicHapludands
medial,isohyperthermic
Hu
mic
An
do
sols
Latosolicsoils
nodryseason
Wa
isa
vaFluventicHapludolls
fine,smectitic,isohyperthermic
Ha
plic
Ph
ae
oze
ms
Nigrescentsoils
weaktomod.dryseason
Yaki
taTypicDystrudepts
very-fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Ca
mb
iso
lsNigrescentsoils
mod.dryseason
Yako
EnticHaplustolls
fine,smectitic,isohyperthermic
Ha
plic
Ka
sta
no
zem
sNigrescentsoils
str.dryseason
Yaq
ara
KanhaplicHaplustalfs
fine,kaolinitic,isohyperthermic
Eutri
c N
itoso
lsNigrescentsoils
str.dryseason
Yasa
wa
TypicUstipsamments
carbonitic,isohyperthermic
Are
no
sols
Recentsoilsfrom
coastalsands
str.dryseason
Yavu
na
TypicHaplustepts
sandy-skeletal,siliceous,isohyperthermic
Dys
tric
Ca
mb
iso
lsRedyellowpodzolicsoils
str.dryseason
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 39
4. FLOW-DIAGRAM KEYS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF FIJI SOIL SERIES 4.1 Introduction
Thischapterseekstoexplain,inaflow-diagramformat,keystotheFijisoilseries.ThekeysareintendedtopermiteasieridentificationofthesoilseriesandarelikelytobeparticularlyusefultopersonsnotfamiliarwiththestructureoftheNationalSoilPhysiographicLegend(SeruandLeslie,1986)andtheassociatedsoil taxonomicunitdescriptions(LeslieandSeru,1998).
Thekeyfirstlyseparatessoilsonthebasisofsoiltemperatureregime(STR),viz.soilsoccurringabove(isothermicSTR)andbelow(isohyperthermicSTR)600maltitude.Thesecondstepgroupssoilsintomajorlandscapetypes,e.g.soilsofthemajorfloodplains,soilsoftheplateaux,soilsofthemarinemarsh,etc.Furtheridentifiersappliedtohelparriveatthesoilseriesinclude:parentmaterial(e.g.weatheredcolluviumfrombasalticrocks);soilmoistureregime(aquic,udic/perudic,ustic);internaldrainageclass,e.g.poorlydrainedthroughtoexcessivelydrained;slope;andfinallytothosesoilprofilepropertiesthatdefinethesoilseries.
An example for the Yasawa series:Lowlandsoil<600m,i.e.isohyperthermicSTR YesSoilsofthebeachstrands,dunesandestuaries YesFromcalcareoussands YesExcessivelydrained YesUsticSMR YesDarkbrownsandoverwhitesand Yes
Yasawaseries Yes
Thekeyingoutproceduretofollowistostartonpageoneandthen,logicallyrespondingtotheyes/noquestions,pro-gressivelyeliminatesoilsrelatedtothehierarchalorderofaltitude,landscapetypes,parentmaterials,etc.untilarrivingatthesoilseriesforwhichamatchissought.
4.2 Explanation of the abbreviations
Blk.(blk.) black
Br.(br.) brown
co. coarse
conc. concretion
Dk.(dk.) dark
Gr.(gr.) grey
mod. moderate
SMR soilmoistureregime
str. strong
STR soiltemperatureregime
v. very
WT watertable
Yell.(yell.) yellow
40 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
4.3 Keys to the identification of Fiji soil series
GOTO4.15
GOTO4.5
GOTO4.6
GOTO4.7
GOTO4.8
GOTO4.9
GOTO4.10
GOTO4.11
GOTO4.12
GOTO4.13
GOTO4.14
GOTO4.15
GOTO4.16
GOTO4.17
GOTO4.18
GOTO4.19
SoilsofthemarinemarshwithAquicSMR
Soilsofthebeachstrands,dunesandestuaries
Soilsofthemajorfloodplains
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Lowlandsoil<600m,i.e.isohyperthermicSTR
Yes
Soilsofthekarstlandscape
Soilsofthe'young'volcaniclandscape
NoSoilsofthe'youngvolcaniclandscapeYes
Yes
Soilsofthehillcountry
Uplandsoils>600m,i.e.isothermicSTR
Soilsoftheuplandswamps
Soilsofthefloodplainsandterraces
Soilsoftheuplandhillcountry No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Soils of the relict terraces
Soilsoftheplateaux
Soilsofthesecondaryfloodplainsanddepressions
Soilsofthefansandoutwashsurfaces
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 41
4.4. Lowland soils <600m, i.e. isohyperthermic ST
4.5 Soils of the marine marsh with aquic SMR
GOTO4.6
DOGO
DREKETI
TIRI
SOSO
LABASA
Yes
Yes
Poorlydrained.Supportmangrove,subjecttotidalflooding.Dkgr.humicsandyclay.
DrainedDogosoilbehindseawalls.Highwatertable(70cm).Blkpeatyclaywithyellowmottles.
Yes
Yes No
No
Yes
No
FrommarinemarshwithAquicSMR
No
No
Imperfectlydrained.Oldestdrainedsalinesoils.Highfluctuatingwatertable.Dkbr.clayondkyell.
br.sandyloam.Yes
DrainedDogo&Sososoils.Protectedbyseawall.Watertablefluctuateswithtides.Yell.br.humic
loamyclay.
Freeofmangrove-naturalstate.Watertableat40cm.Blkpeatysiltloamongr.mottledclay.
42 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
4.6 Soils of the beach strands, dunes and estuaries
GOTO4.7
NUKU
YASAWA
TACILEVU
VUNIBAU
WAIKALOU
VOLIVOLI
VUNAVATU
DEUBA
Soilsofthebeachstrands,dunesandestuariesYes No
Yes Fromcalcareoussands No
Yes Excessivelydrained No
Yes Udic/PerudicSMR.Dkgr.loamysandonyell.br.coarsesand. No
Yes UsticSMR.Dk.br.sandonwhitesand.
Yes Poorlydrained,Udic/PerudicSMR.Dkgr.br.sandyloamonpalebr.sandyloam. No
Yes Fromsandsofhighquartzcontent
Yes Udic/PerudicSMR.Sanddunesystems. No
Yes Brownfriablesandyloamoverdkbrownloamysand No
Yes Dkbrownsandyclayloamoverredbrownmottledyellowloamysand No
Yes Dkgreybrowncoarsesandoverdkyellowbrowncoarsesand No
Yes Blacksiltyclayoverfinesandyclayloam(assoc.Volivoliseries) No
Yes AquicSMR,poorlydrained.Highwatertable.Gleyedsandswithredmottling. No
Yes Fromsandsoflowquartzcontent No
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 43
DAWASAMU
VUNILAGI
RANA(Rotuma)
QARIBUTA
NAKELO
TOGURU
NASELESELE(Taveuni)
Yes Udic/PerudicSMR,excessivelydrained No
Yes Looseblacksands.E.VitiLevu.
Yes AquicSMR.Poorlydrained. No
Yes Fromriveralluviumovercalcareoussands.Dkbr.clayonshells. No
Yes Frommixedcalcareoussandsandorganicmaterials.Lotatsurface.Dkbr.peatysandyloam. No
YesFromorganicmaterialsoversandsofhighquartz
contentsupportingKutasedge.Blkpeatongreenishgr.co.sands.
No
Yes Fromestuarinealluviumfrombasicrocks.Dkbr.sandyclayloamwithgreymottles. No
Yes Fromestuarinealluviumfromacidicrocks.WTat75cm.Dkgr.sandyloam. No
Yes Udic/PerudicSMR,welldrained
Yes Frommixedblackandcalcareoussandsovercoralbeachrock
44 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
4.7 Soils of the major floodplains
GOTO4.8
MUAINASE
REWA
LAWAI
TAMANUA
NADURU
WAINIBUKA
SIGATOKA
WAINIVESI
Yes Soilsofthemajorfloodplains No
Yes Leveesfromriveralluvium.Welldrained. No
Yes Udic/PerudicSMR(Rewa&NavuaRsystems) No
Yes Dkbr.sandyloamoncrestsoflevees.Floodsperiodically. No
Yes Dkbr.siltyclayloamoverdkyell.br.siltyclayloamwithburiedsoils
Yes UsticSMR.Levees.Dkbr.siltloamonolivebr.sandyloam. No
Yes Relictriverchannelsinalluviums No
Yes Udic/PerudicSMR
Yes Moderatelywelldrained(mottledRewa).Dkbr.siltyclayloamonmottledgr.,yell.br.clay. No
Yes Imperfectlydrained.Oldriverchannels.Dkgr.br.siltyclayloam.
Yes Terracesfromriveralluvium No
Yes Welldrained
Yes Udic/PerudicSMR.Deepfinealluvium.Dkgr.clayonbrownhumusstainedclayloam. No
Yes UsticSMR.Rarelyfloods.Dkbr.clayloamondkgr.br.clayloam.
YesImperfectlydrained,Udic/PerudicSMR.Relictterrace.Dkbr.mottledyell.redclayloamon
massiveclay.No
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 45
NAVUA
TOKOTOKO
NAUSORI
MELIMELI
Yes Verypoorlydrained,AquicSMR
Yes Watertable1.2mindryseason.Mottleddkredbr.siltloamonolivebr.mottledclayloam. No
Yes Watertable50cmindryseason.Dkgr.br.mottledyell.br.clayloamonmottledolivegr.clay. No
Yes Watertableatornearsurfacethroughoutyear.Dkgr.br.mottledclayloamongr.mottledredclay.
Yes Fromorganicmaterials
Yes AquicSMR,v.poorlydrained.Br.peatongreysandat1.5m.
46 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
4.8 Soils of the relict terraces
GOTO4.9
WAINIKAVOU
SAUNAKA
NAMAKA
NADI
KOROVULI
Yes SoilsoftheRelictTerraces No
Yes Riveralluviumfromacidicrocks No
Yes Onhighterraces,imperfectlydrained No
Yes Udic/PerudicSMR.Yell.br.siltyclayloamonyell.mottledstr.br.clay. No
Yes AquicSMR.Footslopesofoldterraces.Dkbr.sandyclayloamongr.clayloammottledyell.br.
Yes Slopemarginsofdissectedhighterraces,welldrained.
Yes UsticSMR.Dkredbr.loamyfinesandonyell.redclay.
Yes Riveralluviumfrombasicandintermediaterocks
Yes Onterraces,welldrainedUsticSMR.Dkredbr.siltyclayloamonyell.redsiltyclayloam. No
Yes Onterraces,welldrainedUsticSMR.Redbr.siltyclaywithyell.br.mottlesbelow70cm.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 47
4.9 Soils of the plateaux
GOTO4.10
NASEGAI
NAMOSAU
BUA
VUNICIBICIBI
KOROKADI
BA
KORONIVIA
LOVONIVIA
Yes SoilsofthePlateaux No
Yes Frombasicandintermediaterocks No
Yes Onplateausurfaces,welldrained No
Yes Udic/PerudicSMR.Dkbr.clayloamonredbr.clay. No
Yes UsticSMR.Talasogavegetation.Stronglyweatheredanddegradedsoils.
Yes Redbr.siltyclayloamonredclaywithironpan
Yes Dkredbr.clayloamonredgravellyclayloammottledyell.red No
Yes Dkbr.grittysiltloamonyell.redfirmclayloam No
Yes Dkgr.br.gravellysiltloamonolivebr.gravellyclayloam.Ironpan.
YesOnslopemarginsofdissectedplateaux.Welldrained.UsticSMR.Dkredbr.grittyclayon
massiveredgr.clayloam.
Yes Fromacidicrocksonplateauxsurfaces
Yes Imperfectlydrained,Udic/PerudicSMR No
Yes Dkgr.br.finesandyloamongr.massiveloamysand.Ironpanat70cm. No
Yes Imperfectlydrained,UsticSMR
Yes Dkgr.br.finesandyloamonmassivebr.gr.firmloamysand.Ironpanat70cm.
48 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
4.10 Soils of the secondary floodplains and depressions
GOTO4.11
SEREA
WAIDRADRA
SAWAKASA
VATUMA
NAREWA
BUCAISAU
MATAVELO
SAWENI
BATIKI
NIKA
Yes SoilsoftheSecondaryFloodplainsandDepressions No
Yes Riveralluviumfrombasicandintermediaterocks No
YesLowterraceandlevees.Welldrained,Udic/PerudicSMR.Dkyell.br.loamyfinesandondk.br.fine
sand.No
YesImperfectlydrained,Udic/PerudicSMR.Mottledgr.clayloamonmottleddk.yell.br.clayloam.Sandy
paleosols.No
YesImperfectlydrained,Udic/PerudicSMR.Dk.br.
mottledredbr.clayloamonyell.redmottledpinkgr.clayloam.
No
Yes Imperfectlydrained,UsticSMR.Blkclayloamongr.br.claywithhumuscoatings. No
Yes Poorlydrained,AquicSMR.Valleyfloors/depressions. No
Yes Blkclayondkgr.claymottledyell.br.
Yes Dkbr.fromclay(manyironconc.)ondkgr.mottledsoft clay
Yes Yell.br.claymottledredyell.Onyell.massivesiltyclaywithgr.mottles
Yes Blkfirmclayonwhitemottledoliveyell.firmclay
Yes Dkbr.massiveclayloamongreengr.claywithbr.mottles
Yes PoorlydrainedUsticSMR.Blkfirmclayondkbr.clayonmassivegr.finesandyloam.
Yes Riveralluviumfrommixedcomposition No
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 49
NADRUKA
VEISARU
RAWITI
WAIBULA
NAVUNIKODI
SALIADRAU
LATO
LAGILAGI
NACOKULA
KEDRA
TALACAGI
Yes Poorlydrained,AquicSMR.Dryzone.Dk.gr.firmclaywithredmottlesonblkmottledyell.redclay. No
Yes Poorlydrained,AquicSMR.Stronglymottledandgleyed.Dkbr.clayonredfirmgrittyclay. No
Yes Imperfectlydrained.Redbr.siltyclayonstr.br.firmclay.Paleosols. No
Yes Riveralluviumfrombasalticrocks.Welldrained,Udic/PerudicSMR. No
Yes Dkgr.br.v.friableco.sandyloamonsandyclayloamwithlayeredgravels
Yes Riveralluviumfromacidicrocks No
Yes Welldrained,Udic/PerudicSMR No
Yes 'Old'highterraces.Br.sandyclayloamonstr.br.stonysandyclay. No
Yes Lowterraces.Dkbr.loamysandonolivelooseloamysand.Paleosols.
Yes Welldrained,UsticSMR No
Yes Contemporaryfloodplains.Dkgr.br.sandyclayloamondkbr.stonysand. No
Yes Lowterracesandvalleyfloors.Dkbr.grittyclayongr.br.grittyclaymottledyell.red.
Yes Riveralluviumfromacidrocks.Poorlydrained,AquicSMR.
Yes V.dkbr.sandyclayloamondkredbr.massivesoftmottledyell.redclay.
Yes Dkyell.br.friablesandyloamonbr.sandyloammottledyell.redonyell.firmmottledclayloam
50 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
NAQILAI
WAINIKAI
VUREVURE(Taveuni)
No
Yes Backswampsanddepressions.Softbr.peatyclayonmassivesoftgreypeatyclay.
YesWetseasonWTat35cm.Dkgr.br.firmclay
mottledredonpalebr.massiveclaywithgreyandwhitemottles.
MixedorganicandmineralmaterialsfrombasicandintermediaterocksYes
Yes Verypoorlydrained,AquicSMR
Yes Tributaryvalleyfloors.Dkbr.peatondkgr.br.massiveclayloamonmottledolivegr.clay.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 51
4.11 Soils of the fans and outwash surfaces
GOTO4.12
NASOU
DRASA
MOLAMOLAU
LAUTOKA
No
No
No
Yes Alluviumonterracesandfloodplains.Redclayondkredbr.clayondkredandbr.clay.
Yes Imperfectlydrained,UsticSMR
YesColluviumoncoalescingfansandlowterraces.Dkgr.br.clayloamonmottleddkgr.clayloamonred
br.firmclay.
Yes Welldrained,UsticSMR
YesColluviumondepressionsandtoeslopesdrainingRaviravisoils.Redbr.andredgreyfriableclayon
redbr.grittysiltloam.Paleosols.
Yes Colluviumonlowangleoutwashfans.Redbr.claywithMnnodulesonredyell.v.firmclay.
Yes SoilsoftheFansandOutwashSurfaces No
Yes Riveralluviumfrombasicandintermediaterocks
52 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
4.12 Soils of the Karst landscapes
GOTO4.13
WAILOTUA
LAMI
TAU
VATULELE
CIKOBIA
OGEA(Ogea)
TUVUCA(NayauandTuvuca)
NAYAU(Kabara)
NAEVUEVU
EKUBU(Vatulele)
Yes Terracescutinraisedcorallinelimestone.Dkyell.br.clayonyell.redfromclayonlimestoneat50cm. No
Yes Colluviumofmixedlimestoneandbasicrocks.Welldrained,UsticSMR.Welldrained,UsticSMR.
Yes V.dk.br.gravellyclayondkyell.br.gravellyclayonlimestoneat40cm.
Yes Manganesesandsandcorallinelimestone.Blkloosegrittysandyloam. No
YesSurfaceiron/manganesesurfacegravelsover
corallinelimestone.Redbr.loamyclayondkredfriableclaywithFe/Mngravels.
No
Yes Welldrained,UsticSMR
YesAndesiticcolluviumovercorallinelimestoneat
80cm.Dkredbr.boulderyclayloamonredboulderyclay.
No
Yes Guano(phosphatenodules)overcorallinelimestone.Dkbr.stonysandyloamonstr.br.sandyclayloam. No
NoYes Welldrained,UsticSMR.Rockat40cm.Dkgr.clayloamonbr.stonyclayloam.
Yes Welldrained,UsticSMR.Dkredbr.stonyclayonrockat25cm.
Yes Fromresidualmaterialsoverraisedcorallinelimestone
Yes Welldrained,Udic/PerudicSMR.Dkbr.boulderysiltyclayloamondkyell.br.boulderyclayloam.
Yes Welldrained,Udic/PerudicSMR.Dkgr.br.boulderyclayloamondkyell.br.boulderyclay.
No
No
No
No
Yes SoilsoftheKarstLandscapes
Yes Frommarinelimestonesandraisedcalcareousreefrock
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 53
4.13 Soils of the ‘young’ volcanic landscapes
GOTO4.14
LOMAJE(Kadavu)
VUNA(Taveuni)
LOSA(Rotuma)
WAIQERE(Taveuni)
WAIOBA(Taveuni)
ONO(Rotuma)
DULEVI(Koro&Taveuni)
REREE(Rotuma)
LAUCALA(Koro&Laucala)
TAVEUNI(Taveuni)
Yes From'older'pahoehoelava
Yes Ashoverbasaltlavaonringplains.Blkhumicstonyloamondkbr.stonyclayloam. No
Yes Fromdeepashwithfewstones.Blkstonyclayloamondkyell.br.sandyclayloam.
Yes Frombasalticashoverscoria.Dkgr.stonysiltloamondkbr.stonysandyloam. No
Yes Frommixedbasalticashandscoria.Redbr.stonyloamonredgr.andblkweatheredscoria. No
Yes Fromashwithstones.Dkbr.friablestonyloamonyell.br.friablestonyclayloam. No
Yes Fromashwithstonesonringplainsaroundcones.Dkbr.stonysiltloam. No
Yes Frombasalticash No
Yes Fromdeepash,nostones.V.dkgr.friablesiltloamonredbr.siltyclayloam. No
YesFromyoung'aa'lavawithunevensurfaces,
excessivelydrained.Dkbr.friableloamysandonfragmentedrock.
No
No
YesFromsomewhatexcessivelydrainedyoung
'pahoehoe'lavaonringplainsaroundcones.Dkbr.friableboulderyloamonlavarockat25cm.
No
Yes Volcaniclandscapes No
Yes Udic/PerudicSMR
Yes Fromdeepandesiticash,welldrained.Blkfriablesandyloamondkredbr.friableloam.
54 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
KORO(Koro&Taveuni)
URA(Taveuni)
NACAMAKI(Koro,Kabara,
Taveuni)
RAVILEVU(Taveuni)
VAKAWAU(Taveuni)
KIRIKIRI (Rotuma)
HAFHAFU(Rotuma)
NABEKA(Taveuni)
WAIORU(Taveuni)
TABAKA(Taveuni)
QELENI(Taveuni)
Yes Weatheredinsitubasalt,verystonyunderforest.Dkbr.stonyloamyclayonyell.br.stonyloamysand. No
Yes Stronglyweatheredinsiturock,stonefree.Str.br.firmsiltyclayloamonyell.redfirmclayloam. No
Yes Weatheredinsitubasalt.Dkbr.siltyclayonbr.clayloam. No
Yes Weatheredinsitubasaltwithsomeash.Dkbr.friablesiltyclayloam. No
Yes Insitulavawithsomeash.Dkgr.stonyloamondkbr.stonyloam. No
Yes Welldrained
Yes Fromoldest'pahoehoe'lavas No
Yes Boulderylavawithsomeash.Dkgr.br.stonysiltyclayloamondkbr.boulderyloam. No
Yes Insitulavawithsomeash.Dkbr.stonysiltloamondkyell.br.boulderysandyloam. No
Yes Moderatelyweatheredbasaltunderforest.Dkgr.br.stonyclayloamondkyell.br.firmstonyclay. No
Yes From'older''aa'lava No
Yes Deepashonringplains.Dkbr.loosesandyloamondkbr.sandyloam. No
Yes Thinashoverbasalt.Dkgr.gravellysandyclayloamondkgr.br.stonyfinesandyloam. No
Yes Olderweatheredbasaltonsteepslopes.Dkbr.stonysiltloamongr.weatheredrock. No
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 55
NASAU(Cicia,Koro,Lomaiviti,Taveuni)
NACAUGAI(Laucala&Taveuni)
TAVUYAGA(Taveuni)
MAFUA(Rotuma)
ROROA(Rotuma)
YesFrombasaltictuffaceouscones.Dkbr.stonysandyloamonstr.br.gravellyloamysandonolivebr.
coarsesand.
YesLayeredlapilliwithashandbasalticgravelsonsteepslopes.Dkgr.br.sandyclayloamondkbr.sandy
loam.No
Yes Volcanicashoverscoriaonconeslopes.Dkbr.stonyclayloamonredbr.stonysandyloam. No
YesModeratelyweatheredinsiturockonsteepslopes.Dkbr.friablesiltyclayondkyell.br.massiveclay
loam.No
Yes Frombasalticscoriacones
YesStonyboulderyashandscoriaonsteepslopes.Dk
br.stonysandyclayloamondkbr.stonyandboulderysiltyclayloam.
No
56 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
4.14 Soils of the hill country
GOTO4.15
SAMABULA
NALOTU
KOROMAVU
KEIYASI
NADROGA
SABETO
NAQALOTU(Kadavu)
MOMI
EMURI
SUVA
Yes Colluvialsoilsfromcalcareoustuffs,sandstonesandmarls No
YesMod.welldrained,Udic/PerudicSMR.Blkfirm
stickyclayoverdkbr.firmstickyclaywithgreyandredmottles.
No
Yes Deep.Rock>100cmofsoilsurface.Blkfirmclayonbr.gr.stonyclayonmarl. No
Yes Poorlydrained,UsticSMR.Gilgai.100cmblkstickyfirmclaywithslickensides. No
Yes Shallow.Rockwithin65cmofsoilsurface.Blkfirmclayonbr.gr.stonyclayonmarl. No
YesShallow.Rockwithin65cmofsoilsurface.Redstonysandyclayongr.br.stonysandyclayon
sandymarl.No
Yes Fromcalcareoustuffsandmarls
YesShallow.Rockwithin65cmofsoilsurface.Blkstonyclayloamonolivebr.mottledmassiveclay
loam.No
Yes Shallow.Rockwithin65cmofsoilsurface.Blkgrittyclayloamondkbr.stonysiltloam. No
Yes Welldrained,UsticSMR No
YesFromsilifiedmarlsandsandstones.Dkgr.br.gravellysiltloamonyell.br.loosecoarsesandy
loamonsandstoneat20cm.No
Yes Frominsitucalcareoustuffsandmarls.Dkbr.clayondkyell.br.stonyclayonrockat30cm. No
Yes Fromcalcareousquartzrichandesidictuffs.Redblksandyheavyclayonbrownsandyclay. No
Yes SoilsoftheHillCountry No
Yes Welldrained,Udic/PerudicSMR No
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 57
YAKO
BURENITU
DOBUILEVU
MATAWAILEVU
NACULA
LOBAU
VISA
SERUA
WAIDINA
SOTE
WAIMARO
VASILAULAU
Yes Udic/PerudicSMR.Imperfectlydrained.
Yes Dkbr.friableandplasticclayloamonredfriable,sticky,plasticclay. No
Yes UsticSMR.Welldrained.
Yes Blkv.friableclayloamondkredbr.friablestonyclayloam.ProfuseFe/humuscoatedstones. No
Yes Br.friable,sticky,plasticclayloamonredfriableplasticandstickyclay. No
Yes Dkbr.stickyclayloamonredfirmstickyandplasticclay. No
Yes Dkbr.sticky,plasticclayonstr.br.sticky,plasticclayloamonweatheredrockat65cm. No
Yes Dkbr.stickyclayloamonredstickyclayonmassivedkredclay. No
Yes Dkbr.clayloamondk.yell.br.clayloamonmassiveyell.redfirm,stickyclay. No
Yes Yell.redsiltyclayonredstonysiltyclaywithmanganesecoatings. No
Yes Dkgr.friableclayon80cmdkbr.friablesandyclayloamonloamysand. No
Yes V.dkgr.friable,stickyandplasticclayloamonhumusstainedstr.br.friableclay. No
Yes Welldrained,Udic/PerudicSMR No
Yes Dkbr.friableandstickyclayon80cmyell.redfirmsiltyclayloam. No
Yes Mod.welldrained,UsticSMR.Dkgr.br.stickyandplasticstonyclayloamovergreyrockat30cm. No
Yes Frombasicandintermediatesedimentaryrocks No
58 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
WAISAVA
DARIA
NAMUANA(Kadavu)
NAMATIU(Kadavu)
NAMARA(Kadavu)
SAROWAQA
GAIGAI
DRITI
WAINIKORO
NAKUSA
KELIKOSO
NUKUDAMU
VATUVONU
Yes Slopes <15°.Redfriablesandyclayloamonyell.redfriableclayloam. No
Yes V.dk.gr.friablesandyclayloamonwhitefriablesandyloam.Rockat15cm. No
Yes Talasiga.Dkgr.firmsandyclayloamonyell.redveryfirm,stickysandyloam. No
Yes Slopes <7°.Redveryfriableclayloamonredfirmclaywithclaycoatings. No
Yes Welldrained,UsticSMR No
Yes Dkredbr.v.friablestickysandyclayloamonredfriablestickysandyclaywithFe/Mncoatings No
Yes Dkbr.firmclayloamonyell.br.firmclayloam No
Yes Dkbr.friablesiltloamonredbr.firmclayloam No
Yes Dkbr.firmplasticsandyclayloamonstr.br.firm,sticky,v.plasticsandyclay No
Yes Dkredfriableclayonredclayonweatheredrockat75cm No
Yes Redfriableplasticfinesandyclayonredbr.massiveveryplasticsandyclay. No
Yes Br.stickyandplasticsandyclayonredyell.stickyandv.plasticsandyclayonrockat80cm. No
Yes Fromquartzrichandacidictuffs No
Yes Welldrained,Udic/PerudicSMR No
Yes Blkfirmplasticclayondkgr.br.firmstickyandplasticclay. No
Yes Br.clayloamonbr.yell.claywithgreymottlesonredfirmclaymottledbluegr. No
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 59
KURUKURU
VEREVERE
UAUA
LUTU
MALOLO
VATUBABA
NADAWA
RAURIKO
YAKITA
CUKU
NABUONO Yes Dkbr.v.firmgrittyclayloamonredfirmgrittyclay No
Yes Blkfirmstickyv.plasticsandyclayondkgr.firmplasticclaymottledredandpink No
Yes Welldrained,UsticSMR
Yes Dkgr.br.firmsiltyclayondkredbr.andredfirmsiltyclayonsoftrockat30cm No
Yes V.dkgr.plasticstickysandyclayonbr.firmstickyplasticsandyclay No
Yes Dkbr.friablesandyclayloamonredbr.massiveclayonsoftrockat70cm No
Yes Fromsilicifiedtuffs,sandstones,marlsandagglomerates No
Yes Welldrained,Udic/PerudicSMR
Yes Dkgr.clayloamondkyell.br.veryfirmplasticboulderyloam No
YesSomewhatexcessivelydrained,Udic/PerudicSMR.Br.stickyplasticgrittyclayloamonyell.redfirmv.
stickyclay.No
Yes Somewhatexcessivelydrained,UsticSMR.Yell.br.v.friablestonyfinesandonrockat60cm. No
YesImperfectlydrained,UsticSMR.Slopes <7°.Pinkgreyfriablesandyloamwithredyell.mottlesondk
redmassivefirmstickysandyclay.No
Yes Frominsituquartziterocks No
Yes Slopes <15°.Dkredfriableclayloamonredv.friablesiltyclayloam. No
Yes Slopes <11°.Dkgr.firmsandyclayondkgr.br.firmstonyclayonrockat50cm. No
60 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
DOGOTUKU
KORONIQALA
NAMOSI
NAULUVATU
NARAYAWA
SAVUDRODRO
VUNATOTO
VITAWA
YAVUNA
TABUQUTO
Yes Welldrained,Udic/PerudicSMR No
Yes Dkbr.v.friablev.stickyclayonredfirmv.stickyv.plasticstonyclay No
Yes Frombasicandintermediateigneousrocks No
Yes Dkgr.siltloamongr.grittysandyloamonsoftrockat25cm No
Yes Frominsituargillaceousandmetamorphicrocks No
Yes Dkgr.br.v.friableclayloamonyell.br.v.firmstickyboulderysiltloam No
Yes Welldrained,UsticSMR
Yes Dkgr.br.clayloamonstr.br.friablestonyclayloam No
Yes Dkbr.sandyloamonyell.redv.friablesandyloamonsoftrockat40cm No
Yes Br.friablesandyclayloamonyell.br.mottledv.firmsandyclay. No
Yes Welldrained,Udic/PerudicSMR
Yes Dkgr.clayloamondkyell.br.firmstonysiltyclay No
Yes V.dkbr.loamonstr.br.friableclayloam No
Yes Redbr.sandyclayonredbr.massivestickyv.plasticsandyclayonsoftrockat60cm No
Yes Frominsituacidicrocks,e.g.granite No
Yes Dkbr.clayloamonredv.stickyclayonsoftrockat35cm No
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 61
NAICOLA
LODONI
GAU
TAILEVU
SOLEVU
SEATURA
WAINUNU
VAIDOKO
NAKAVIKA
LOMAIVITI
NAVAVA
GALOA(Gau&Galoa)
DELAIMATAI
Yes Fromdeepweatheredinsitubasalt No
Yes Welldrained,UsticSMR
Yes Redbr.Clayloamon90cmredfriablesiltyclay No
Yes Dkgr.br.firmstickyplasticclayondkbr.stickyplastic clay No
Yes Redfirmstickyplasticclayonredmassivestickyplasticmottledgreyclay No
Yes Yell.redfriableclayloamwithFeconc.onredv.firmstickyplasticstonyclay No
Yes Dkredbr.stickyplasticclayonredfirmstickyplasticclay No
Yes Dkyell.br.v.friablehumicclayloamonredbr.v.firmstickyclay No
Yes Redfriablestonyclayloamondkredbr.firmclayonrockat50cm No
Yes Redbr.firmclayonyell.redfirmclayonsoftrockat50cm No
Yes Dkyell.br.humicclayloamonredyell.massivev.firmsticky,stonysiltyclay No
Yes Redbr.clayloamondkredbr.grittyclay No
Yes Dkyell.br.siltyclayloamonredv.firmstickyclay No
Yes Yell.redfirmsiltyclayloamonredfriableclay No
Yes Redbr.clayloamonredfirmstickyplasticclay No
Yes Weatheredinsiturock,i.e.basalts No
62 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
VUYA
NABITI
TAVUA
VARACIVA
REWASA
VATUKOULA
NANUKULOA(VitiLevu,
Lomaiviti&Lau)
LEKUTU(VitiLevu,
Lomaiviti&Lau)
YAQARA
RUKURUKU
RAVIRAVI
Yes Fromdeepweatheredinsituandesites No
Yes Redv.friablestickyclayloamonredfirmstickyclayloam No
Yes Dkredbr.friablestickyplasticsiltyclayloam No
Yes Dkredbr.v.friableclayloaminredfriableclayloam No
Yes Talasiga.Br.v.friablesiltloamonpinkishgreyplasticsoftclayeyrock No
Yes Fromdeepweatheredcolluviumfrombasalt No
Yes Dkbr.friablestonyclayonredfirmv.stickystony/boulderyclay No
Yes Dkbr.stickygrittyclayonstr.br.plasticstickygrittyclayonsoftrockat30cm No
Yes Yell.redgravellyclayloamonironpanonredfriablegrittyclayonsoftrockat30cm No
Yes Redbr.stickyplasticstonyclayondkgr.firmmassivesandyloam No
Yes Blkstickyplasticclayloamondkbr.stickyplasticclay No
Yes Fromshallowweatheredinsitubasalt
Yes WelldrainedUsticSMR
Yes Redfriableclayonredbr.firmstickyclaywithMncoatedstones No
Yes Redv.friablesiltyclayloamonsoftrockat80cm No
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 63
NAIRAI
LAKEBA
MAKOMAKO
NAWAI
LAU
NAMALATA
KAVULA
MACUATA
TABIA
KUBUNA
Yes WelldrainedUsticSMR
Yes Redfriableclayondkredbr.v.friableclayloamwithpaleosols No
Yes Redv.friablesiltyclayloamonredmassivesoftrock No
Yes Fromshallowweatheredundifferentiatedinsitubasaltsandandesites
Yes Talasiga.Dk.yell.br.grittyclayloamongreysoftrockat15cm No
Yes Fromdeepweatheredundifferentiatedcolluviumfrombasaltsandandesites No
Yes Redbr.friablestickyclayonredfriableclayloam No
Yes Fromdeepweatheredundifferentiatedinsitubasaltsandandesites No
Yes Fromdeepweatheredundifferentiatedinsitubasaltsandandesites No
Yes Blkv.friablesiltyclayloamon70cmdkbr.friablesiltloam No
Yes Fromdeepweatheredcolluviumfromandesites No
Yes Dkbr.firmplasticstickyclayloamwithcoarsestructuresandpolishedsurfaces No
Yes Redfriablesticky,plasticgrittyclayonredfirmclayonsoftrockat55cm No
Yes Dkbr.friableclayonredfirmclaywithweatheredrock No
Yes Redbr.firm,plastic,stickyclayonredfriable,plastic,stickyclay No
Yes Fromshallowweatheredinsituandesites No
64 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
TOTOYA
TUVA
DELAIBO
NAWENI
BATIWAI
BURENI
KOROTUKU
Yes Yell.redfriablesiltyclayloamon80cmredfriableandmottledclay No
Yes Somewhatexcessivelydrained.UsticSMR.
Yes Thickredblkfriableclayloamonredfirmclay No
Yes Fromweatheredinsitubasictuffs No
Yes Welldrained,Udic/PerudicSMR
Yes Yell.redv.friableclayloamonredsiltyclayloamonsoftrockat45cm No
Yes Blkstickyplasticclayondkbr.stickymottledsandyclay No
Yes Fromweatheredcolluviumfrombasalt
Yes Blkstickyplasticsandyclayloamondkgr.br.plasticstickyclayloam No
Yes Dkredbr.friablesiltyclayloamonredfriableclay No
Yes Poorlydrained,AquicSMR
Yes Fromweatheredinsitubasalt No
Yes Dkredbr.stickygrittyclayondkredbr.stickyplasticgritty clay No
Yes Fromshallowweatheredundifferentiatedcolluviumfrombasaltsandandesites No
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 65
DELAINACAU
LEDRUTUA GOTO4.15
Yes Thickblkfriablestonysiltloamonyell.br.boulderysandysiltloamonboulderysandsat70cm.
Yes Dkredbr.sandyclayonredsandyclayonsoftrockat70cm No
Yes Fromweatheredacidicandbasicinsiturocks
Yes Welldrained,UsticSMR
Yes Fromweatheredinsitumixedacidicandbasictuffs No
NoYes Welldrained,Udic/PerudicSMR
66 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
4.15 Upland soils >600m, i.e. isothermic STR
4.16 Soils of the upland swamps
GOTO4.17
KUTA(Taveuni)
NADRANU
Yes Verypoorlydrained,AquicSMR
Yes Giantkutareeds.V.dk.gr.br.Softfibrouspeat. No
Yes Bog.Olivegr.softmuckypeatwithabundantsedges.
Yes Uplandswampsfromorganicmaterials No
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 67
4.17 Soils of the floodplains and terraces
GOTO4.18
NADALA
NAVAI
NADRAU Yes Imperfectlydrained.AlluvialfringestoNadrauswamp.Dkbr.firmclayondkyell.br.fromclay.
No
No
Yes Welldrained
Yes Smallterraces.Dkyell.br.boulderyclayloamondkbr.firmboulderyclay.
Yes Leveesinnarrowvalleys.Dkbr.v.friableclayloamonv.dkgr.br.clayloam.
Yes SoilsoftheFloodplainsandTerraces No
Yes Alluviumfrombasicrocksonfloodplainsandterraces
Yes Udic/PerudicSMR
68 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
4.18 Soils of the ‘young’ volcanic landscapes
GOTO4.19
NAITATA(Taveuni)
MANUKA(Taveuni)
UCUNILAWE(Taveuni)
SOQULU(Taveuni)
MATANA(Taveuni)
SALAILAILAI(Taveuni)
TAGIMAUCIA(Taveuni)
No
NoDeepash.Dkbr.v.friableloamonfriableclayloam.Yes
Yes
Yes
Steepslopesfringingscoriacones.V.dkgr.firmpeatysiltloamwithboulders. No
Basalticash.Welldrained.Redbr.massivemottledyell.clayloamonredbr.gravellyclay.
Yes Excessivelydrained
Yes Frombasalticscoriacones.Blkpeatysiltloamonyell.br.grittyloamongravellyscoria.
Yes Frominsitubasalticash
Yes Insitubasalt.v.dkbr.stonysiltloamonrockat90cm. No
Yes Onsteepslopesfringingscoriacones.V.dkgr.loamonblkstonyloam. No
YesFromsubrecentbasaltic'aa'lavas.Excessively
drained.Dkyell.br.peatysiltloamonredbr.stonysiltyclayloam.
Yes Fromyoungbasaltic'pahoehoe'lavas.Welldrained. No
No
Yes YoungvolcaniclandscapeswithUdic/PerudicSMR No
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 69
4.19 Soils of the upland hill country
LEWA
WAIBICI
MONASAVU
NADARIVATU
WAILULU
NABUESA
QALINAOLO
Yes Dukuaforest.Dkyell.br.clayonyell.redboulderyclayloam. No
Yes Weatheredcolluviumonfans.Dkbr.clayloamonredbr.firmclay.
Yes Dukuaforest.Dkbr.v.friableclayloamonyell.redboulderysiltyclayloam. No
No Yes Missiongrass.Yell.redboulderyclayloamonyell.redfirmboulderyclay.
No
Yes Mixedforest(Dakua).Dkbr.v.friableclayloamonredbr.clayloam. No
Yes Denseforest.Dkbr.boulderyclayloamondkredbr.Firmclay. No
Yes SoilsoftheUplandHillCountry
Yes WelldrainedhillcountrysoilsfrominsitubasicandintermediaterockwithUdic/PerudicSMR
Yes Terraces.Talasiga.Dkbr.clayloamwithironnodulesonredbr.firmclay.
70 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
5. FIJI SOIL MAPPING UNITS, LAND USE CAPABILITY CLASSES AND THE MAIN SOIL LIMITATIONS
5.1 Introduction
ArisingoutofpreliminarytrialsofclassificationinFiji,studyoftheclassificationinNewZealand,andadviceofvisitingNewZealandscientists,theFijiMPIadopted,withmodificationstosuitFijiconditions,theeight-classstandardlandusecapability (LUC)classificationasdescribed inNewZealand’sLand use capability survey handbook (WaterandSoilDivision1974).
TheNZclassificationsystemisitselfamodifiedversionoftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)LUCsystem,onwhichanumberofothernationalclassificationsystemsinusetodayarebased.
Initspresentform,theFijiLUCclassificationissoundlybasedandwellplacedtomeetFiji’scurrentandfutureneedsforlanddevelopmentplanning,landevaluation,soilconservationandpromotionofsustainablelandusepractices.Ap-pendix1providessomeofthekeydefinitionsintheFijiLUCclassificationaspreparedbyF.F.KafoaandseniorstaffoftheMPILandUseSection(1977).Table2liststhe227soilseriesandnamestheirassociatedsoilmapunitcodeastheyareshowninSoil map for Fiji(SeruandLeslie1986),landusecapabilityclassificationsforeachsoilmapunit,andthemainsoillimitationsforeachunit.
DetailedsoilinformationforFijicanbefoundinFiji soil taxonomic unit description handbook(LeslieandSeru,1998).
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 71
Table 2: Fiji soil map units, land use capability classes and m
ain soil limitations
Series ID
Soil Series N
ame
Soil Map U
nit Code
Land Use C
apability C
lassM
ain Soil Limitations
1Labasa
1IV
sNutrientdeficiencies,acid
2Tiri
2VIIw
Highw
atertable(fluctuatesdaily),salinity3
Soso
3VIIw
Highw
atertable,salinity4
Dreketi
4VIIw
Highw
atertable,salinity5
Dogo
5VIIIw
Dailyflooding,m
angroveswam
p6
Nuku
6IIIs
Alkaline,nutrientdeficiencies,soilm
oisturedeficits7
Yasawa
7IIIs
Excessivelydrained,soilm
oisturedeficits,nutrientdeficiencies8
Tacilevu8
IIIsAlkaline,nutrientdeficiencies,poorlydrained
9Vunibau
9IIIs
Lowwaterholdingcapacity,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
10Waikalou
10IVw
Floods,highwatertable,nutrientdeficiencies
11Volivoli
11A,11B
IIIsExcessivelydrained,soilm
oisturedeficits,nutrientdeficiencies11C
,11DIVe
Windandsheeterosion,nutrientdeficiencies
11E,11H
VIIe
Severeerosion,pasterosion,m
oisturedeficits12
Vanavutu12
IsHighclaycontent,nitrogendeficiencies
13Deuba
13IIIw
Flooding,highwatertable,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
14Daw
asamu
14IIs
Lowwaterholdingcapacity,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
15Vunilagi
15IVw
Highw
atertable,poorlydrained,salinity16
Rana
16IVw
Highw
atertable,poorlydrained,nutrientdeficiencies17
Qaributa
17VIw
Floods,highwatertable,peatsw
amp,acid
18Nakelo
18IVw
Floods,highwatertable,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
19Toguru
19IVw
Floods,highwatertable,nutrientdeficiencies
20N
aselesele20
IIsCoarsetextures,low
waterholdingcapacity,alkaline,nutrientdeficiencies
21Muainase
21Is
Coarsetextures,nutrientdeficiencies,liabletoflood
22Rew
a22
IsSom
enutrientdeficiencies,rarefloodingSeries
IDSoil Series
Nam
eSoil M
ap Unit C
odeLand U
se Capability
Class
Main Soil Lim
itations
23Law
ai23A
,23BIs
Som
enutrientdeficiencies,lowsubsoilw
aterholdingcapacity24
Tamanua
24IIw
Slightfloodrisk,im
perfectdrainage,wetseasonsubsoilw
aterlogging25
Naduru
25Is
Som
enutrientdeficiencies,rareflooding26
Wainibuka
26Is
Clayey,slow
subsoilpermeability,rareflooding
72 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
27Sigatoka
27Is
Moderatelyacid,m
inornutrientdeficiencies
28Wainivesi
28IIIw
Frequentflooding,imperfectlydrained,acid,som
enutrientdeficiencies
29Navua
29IIIw
Highseasonalwatertable,im
perfectlydrained,frequentflooding,clayey
30Tokotoko
30IVw
Floods,poorinternaldrainage,highseasonalwatertable,acid
31Nausori
31VIw
Frequentflooding,permanenthighwatertable,poorinternaldrainage,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
32Melimeli
32VIIIw
Peatswam
pnotfeasibletodevelop
33Wainikavou
33IIIw
Surfacepondingandsubsurfacewaterlogginginthewetseason,im
perfectdrainage,acid
34Saunaka
34IIw
Imperfectlydrained,surfacefloodinginwetseason,nutrientdeficiencies
35Nam
aka
35IIs
Nutrientdeficiencies,severeseasonalmoisturedeficits,nutrientdeficiencies
36Nadi
36A,36B
IIsSeasonalm
oisturedeficits,nutrientdeficiencies
36C,36D
IIeSheet/rillerosiononslopes>8°,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,nutrientdeficiencies
37Korovuli
37IIs
Clayey,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,nutrientdeficiencies
38N
aseg
ai38A,38B
IIsAcid,nutrientdeficiencies
38C
IIeErosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
39Nam
osau
39A
IVs
Nutrientdeficiencies,acid,limitedrootingvolume
39B,39C
IVe
Severeerosionrisk,nutrientdeficiencies,acid,limitedrootingvolume
40Bua
40A
IVs
Nutrientdeficiencies,acid,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
40B,40C
,40D
IVe
Severeerosionrisk,nutrientdeficiencies,acid,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
40E
VeNutrientdeficiencies,acid,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,severeerosionrisk
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
41Vu
nicibicibi
41A
IVs
Nutrientdeficiencies,acid,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
41B,41C
,41D
IVe
Severeerosionrisk,nutrientdeficiencies,acid,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
42Korokadi
42A,42B
IVs
Nutrientdeficiencies,acid,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
43B
a43B,43C
,43D
IVe
Severepastandpotentialerosionrisk,nutrientdeficiencies,acid
43E,43F
VIe
Slope,severepastandpotentialerosionrisk,nutrientdeficiencies,acid
44Koronivia
44A,44B
IIsClayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,imperfectdrainage
44C
IIIs
Slope,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,imperfectdrainage
45Lovonivia
45A,45B
IIsAcid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,erosionriskwhencultivated
46S
erea
46IIw
Frequentflooding,rapidpermeability,nutrientdeficiencies
47Waidradra
47IIIw
Frequentflooding,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
48Saw
akasa
48IVw
Frequentflooding,highwatertable,im
perfectdrainage
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 73
49Vatuma
49A,49B
IIIw
Frequentflooding,imperfectdrainage,nutrientdeficiencies
50Narew
a50
IVw
Frequentflooding,poorlydrained,highseasonalwatertable,gilgai
51Bucaisau
51IVw
Frequentflooding,poorlydrained,highseasonalwatertable,acid
52Matavelo
52IIIw
Frequentshort-durationflooding,poorlydrained,highseasonalwatertable,nutrientdeficiencies
53Saw
eni
53IIIw
Frequentshort-durationflooding,poorlydrained,highseasonalwatertable,verticproperties
54Nika
54IIw
Slightfloodrisk,poorlydrained,w
etseasonwaterlogging,gilgai,clayey
55Batiki
55IIw
Slightfloodrisk,verypoorlydrained,highwatertableinwetseason
56Nadruka
56IIw
Slightfloodrisk,poorlydrained,highseasonalwatertable,clayey
57Veisaru
57IIw
Slightfloodrisk,poorlydrained,highseasonalwatertable
58Raw
iti58
IIwSlightfloodrisk,im
perfectlydrained,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
59Waibula
59A,59B
IIsNutrientdeficiencies,unevensurfacewithboulders,minorfloodrisk
60Navunikodi
60IIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,coarsetextures,m
inorfloodrisk
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
61Saliadrau
61IIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,coarsetextures,m
inorfloodrisk
62Lato
62IIs
Moderatefloodrisk,coarsetextures,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
63Lagilagi
63IIw
Slightfloodrisk,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
64Nacokula
64IIIw
Frequentshort-durationflooding,poorlydrained,highseasonalwatertable,acid,nutrientdefi
-ciencies
65Kedra
65IVw
Frequentflooding,poorlydrained,highseasonalwatertable,slowpermeability
66Talacagi
66IVw
Frequentflooding,poorlydrained,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
67Naqilai
67IVw
Highseasonalwatertable,verypoorlydrained,slowpermeability,clayey,acid
68Wainikai
68IVw
Frequentflooding,verypoorlydrained,highwatertableform
ostofyear,soft
69Vu
revure
69IVw
Frequentflooding,verypoorlydrained,highwatertableform
ostofyear
70Nasou
70A
IIsAcid,nutrientdeficiencies
70B,70C
IIIe
Moderateerosionrisk,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
71Drasa
71A
IIsNutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
71B,71C
IIeSlighterosionrisk,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
72Molam
olau
72III
sAcid,nutrientdeficiencies,severeseasonalmoisturedeficits,rarefloodrisk
73Lautoka
73IIs
Clayey,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,som
enutrientdeficiencies,imperfectlydrained
74Wailotua
74D,74E
,74F,74G
VIIs
Shallowsoils,jaggedlim
estoneoutcrops,traceelem
entdeficiencies
74H
VIII
sVe
rysteepslopes,shallowsoils,jaggedlim
estoneoutcrops,traceelem
entdeficiencies
75Lami
75E,75F,75G
VIIs
Shallowsoils,surfaceandprofilebuilders,nutrientdeficiencies
74 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
75H
VIII
sSlope,shallowsoils,surfaceandprofilebuilders,nutrientdeficiencies
76Tau
76C
VIs
Shallowsoils,verystony,rockoutcrops,alkaline
76D,76E
,76F,76G
VIIs
Slope,shallowsoils,verystony,rockoutcrops,alkaline
76H
VIII
eVe
rysteepslopes,erosionrisk,shallowsoils,verystony,rockoutcrops,alkaline
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
77Vatulele
77H
VIII
sVe
rysteepslopes,shallowsoils,verystony,limestonerockoutcrops,alkaline,severeseasonal
soilmoisturedeficits
78Cikobia
78A,78B
,78C
IVs
Limestoneoutcrops,surfaceandprofileboulders,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,nutrientdeficien
-cies,rapidpermeability
79Ogea
79III
sVe
rystony,nutrientandtraceelem
entdeficiencies,alkaline,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
80Tuvuca
80III
sSeasonalm
oisturedeficits,nutrientandtraceelem
entdeficiencies,alkaline,manganesetoxicity
81Nayau
81III
sShallowsoil,rapidpermeability,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,alkaline,nutrientandtraceelem
ent
deficiencies
82Naevuevu
82A,82B
,82C
Vs
Rockoutcrops,surfaceboulders,shallowsoil,seasonalmoisturedeficits
82D,82E
VIe
Erosionrisk,rockoutcrops,surfaceboulders,shallowsoil,seasonalmoisturedeficits
83Ekubu
83III
sShallowsoil,seasonalmoisturedeficits
84Lomaje
84B
IIsRapidsoilpermeability
84C
IIIe
Slighttomoderateerosionrisk,rapidsoilpermeability
84D,84E
VIe
Severeerosionrisk,slope,rapidsoilpermeability
85Vu
na85C,85D
IVs
Boulderysurface,profilebouldersandstones,rapidpermeability,nutrientdeficiencies
85E,85F,85G
VIIe
Erosionrisk,slope,boulderysurface,profilebouldersandstones,rapidpermeability,nutrient
deficiencies
86Losa
86B,86C
,86D
IVs
Veryshallowsoil,verystony,low
availablewaterholdingcapacity,nutrientdeficiencies
87Waiqere
87C,87D
IVe
Moderatetosevereerosion,surfaceboulders,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
87E
VIe
Slope,m
oderatetosevereerosion,surfaceboulders,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
88Waioba
88G,88H
VIII
eSlope,severeerosionrisk,nutrientdeficiencies
89Ono
89A,89B
IIsNutrientdeficiencies,few
bouldersandstones
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 75
90Dulevi
90A
IIsRapidpermeability,nutrientdeficiencies
90B,90C
IIIe
Slope,m
oderateerosionrisk,rapidpermeability,nutrientdeficiencies
90D,90E
VIe
Slope,severeerosionrisk,rapidpermeability,nutrientdeficiencies
91R
eree
91A,91B
IIIs
Moderatenutrientdeficiencies,stonesandboulders
92Laucala
92B
IIsSlightnutrientdeficiencies,rapidpermeability
92C,92D
IVe
Severeerosion,slightnutrientdeficiencies,rapidpermeability
92E
VIe
Slope,severeerosion,slightnutrientdeficiencies,rapidpermeability
93Taveuni
93C,93D
IIIs
Slightnutrientdeficiencies,acid
93E
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,slope,slightnutrientdeficiencies,acid
94K
oro
94G
VIIe
Moderateerosionrisk,steepslopes,rapidpermeability,nutrientdeficiencies
94H
VIII
eSevereerosionrisk,moderateerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,rapidpermeability,nutrientdefi
-ciencies
95Ura
95D
IVe
Moderateerosionrisk,rapidpermeability,highphosphorousfixation,slightnutrientdeficiencies
95E,95F
VIe
Slope,m
oderateerosionrisk,rapidpermeability,highphosphorousfixation,slightnutrientdefi
-ciencies
96Nacam
aki
96B
IIIs
Surfaceboulders,profilestoniness,rapidpermeability,nutrientdeficiencies,highphosphorous
fixation
96C,96D
IVe
Severeerosionrisk,surfaceboulders,profilestoniness,rapidpermeability,nutrientdeficiencies,
highphosphorousfixation
96E
VIe
Slope,severeerosionrisk,surfaceboulders,profilestoniness,rapidpermeability,nutrientdefi
-ciencies,highphosphorousfixation
97Ravilevu
97G
VIIe
Verysevereerosionrisk,acid,slightnutrientdeficiencies
97H
VIII
eVe
rysteepslopes,verysevereerosionrisk,acid,slightnutrientdeficiencies
98Vakawau
98E,98F
VIs
Slope,rockoutcrops,surfaceboulders,profilestonesandboulders,highphosphorousfixation
99Kirikiri
99A,99B
IIsStony,low
availablewaterholdingcapacity,slightnutrientdeficiencies
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
100
Hafhafu
100B
,100C,100D
IIIs
Shallowrootingdepth,stony,low
availablewaterholdingcapacity,slightnutrientdeficiencies
101
Nabeka
101C
,101D
IVe
Moderateerosionrisk,acid,slighttomoderatenutrientdeficiencies
101E
VIe
Slope,m
oderateerosionrisk,acid,slighttomoderatenutrientdeficiencies
102
Waioru
102G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,acid,moderatenutrientdeficiencies
102H
VIII
eVe
rysteepslopes,severeerosionrisk,acid,moderatenutrientdeficiencies
76 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
103
Tabaka
103C
,103D
IVe
Severepasterosion,verysevereerosionrisk,surfaceboulders,acid,slightnutrientdeficiencies,
veryhighrainfall
103E
VIe
Slope,severepasterosion,verysevereerosionrisk,surfaceboulders,acid,slightnutrientdefi
-ciencies,veryhighrainfall
104
Qeleni
104C
,104D
IIIs
Clayey,acid,slightnutrientdeficiencies,aluminiumtoxicity
104E
VIe
Slope,slighttomoderateerosionrisk,clayey,acid,slightnutrientdeficiencies,aluminiumtoxicity
105
Nasau
105F,105G
VIIe
Severepasterosion,severeerosionrisk,shallowprofile,surfaceboulders,slightnutrientdefi
-ciencies
105H
VIII
eVe
rysteepslopes,severepasterosion,severeerosionrisk,shallowprofile,surfaceboulders,
slightnutrientdeficiencies
106
Nacaugai
106G
VIIe
Moderateerosionrisk,rapidpermeability,surfaceboulders,acid,highphosphorousretention,
nutrientdeficiencies
106H
VIII
eVe
rysteepslopes,moderateerosionrisk,rapidpermeability,surfaceboulders,acid,highphos
-phorousretention,nutrientdeficiencies
107
Tavuyaga
107G
VIIe
Moderatetosevereerosionrisk,rapidpermeability,nutrientdeficiencies,highphosphorous
retention
107H
VIII
eVe
rysteepslopes,moderatetosevereerosionrisk,rapidpermeability,nutrientdeficiencies,
highphosphorousretention
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
108
Mafua
108D
IVs
Shallowrootingdepth,stony,low
availablewaterholdingcapacity,m
oderatenutrientdeficien
-ci
es108E
,108F,108G
VIIe
Moderateerosionrisk,shallowrootingdepth,stony,low
availablewaterholdingcapacity,m
oder
-atenutrientdeficiencies
108H
VIII
eSlope,shallowrootingdepth,stony,low
availablewaterholdingcapacity,m
oderatenutrient
deficiencies
109
Ror
oa109D
IVs
Shallowrootingdepth,lowavailablewaterholdingcapacity,m
oderatenutrientdeficiencies
109E
,109F,109G
VIIe
Slope,m
oderateerosionrisk,shallowrootingdepth,lowavailablewaterholdingcapacity,m
od-
eratenutrientdeficiencies
109H
VIII
eVe
rysteepslopes,verysevereerosionrisk,shallowrootingdepth,lowavailablewaterholding
capacity,m
oderatenutrientdeficiencies
110
Sam
abula
110A
IIIs
Shallowsoil,clayey,alkaline
110B
,110C,110D
IVe
Moderateerosionrisk,shallowsoil,clayey,alkaline
110E
,110F,110G
VIIe
Slope,m
oderatetosevereerosionrisk,shallowsoil,clayey,alkaline
110H
VIII
eVe
rysteepslopes,severeerosionrisk,shallowsoil,clayey,alkaline
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 77
111
Nalotu
111C
,111D
IVs
Shallowsoil,clayey,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,acid,slightnutrientdeficiencies
111E
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,slope,shallowsoil,clayey,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,acid,slightnutrient
deficiencies
112
Korom
avu
112D
IVs
Shallowsoil,nutrientdeficiencies,severeseasonalmoisturedeficits
112E
,112F
VIe
Slope,m
oderateerosionrisk,shallowsoil,nutrientdeficiencies,severeseasonalmoisturedefi-
cits
112G
VIIe
Steepslopes,moderateerosionrisk,shallowsoil,nutrientdeficiencies,severeseasonalmois-
turedeficits
112H
VIII
eVe
rysteepslopes,severeerosionrisk,shallowsoil,nutrientdeficiencies,severeseasonalmois-
turedeficits
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
113
Key
asi
113E
,113F
VIe
Slope,erosionrisk,shallowsoil,seasonalmoisturedeficits,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
113E
,113F
VIe
Slope,erosionrisk,shallowsoil,seasonalmoisturedeficits,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
113G
VIIe
Steepslopes,erosionrisk,shallowsoil,seasonalmoisturedeficits,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
113H
VIII
eVe
rysteepslopes,erosionrisk,shallowsoil,seasonalmoisturedeficits,acid,nutrientdeficien
-ci
es114
Nadroga
114C
IVs
Shallowsoil,seasonalmoisturedeficits,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
114D
IVe
Soilerosionrisk,shallowsoil,seasonalmoisturedeficits,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
114E
,114F
VIe
Slope,erosionrisk,shallowsoil,seasonalmoisturedeficits,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
114G
VIIe
Steepslopes,erosionrisk,shallowsoil,seasonalmoisturedeficits,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
114H
VIII
eVe
rysteepslopes,erosionrisk,shallowsoil,seasonalmoisturedeficits,acid,nutrientdeficien
-ci
es
78 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
115
Mom
i115B
,115C
IIIs
Clayey,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,nutrientdeficiencies
115D
IVe
Slope,erosionrisk,clayey,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,nutrientdeficiencies
115E
,115F
VIe
Slope,erosionrisk,clayey,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,nutrientdeficiencies
115G
VIIe
Steepslopes,erosionrisk,clayey,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,nutrientdeficiencies
115H
VIII
eVe
rysteepslopes,erosionrisk,clayey,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,nutrientdeficiencies
116
Sabeto
116C
,116D
IVe
Erosionrisk,severepasterosion,shallowsoil,seasonalmoisturedeficits
116E
,116F
VIe
Slope,erosionrisk,severepasterosion,shallowsoil,seasonalmoisturedeficits
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
117
Naqalotu
117F
VIe
Erosionrisk,shallowsoil,stony,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
117G
VIIe
Steepslopes,erosionrisk,shallowsoil,stony,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
118
Emuri
118A
IIIw
Wetseasonwaterlogging,clayey,verticproperties,nutrientdeficiencies
118B
,118C
IIIs
Clayey,verticproperties,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,nutrientdeficiencies
119
Suva
119B
,119C
IIIs
Clayey,nutrientdeficiencies
120
Yako
120B
IIIs
Shallowsoil,lowwaterholdingcapacity,seasonmoisturedeficits
120C
,120D
IVe
Severepastandpotentialerosionrisk,shallowsoil,lowwaterholdingcapacity,seasonmoisture
deficits
120E
VIe
Slope,erosionrisk,shallowsoil,lowwaterholdingcapacity,seasonmoisturedeficits
121
Burenitu
121B
,121C
IIIs
Clayey,nutrientdeficiencies
121D
IVe
Moderateerosionrisk,clayey,nutrientdeficiencies
121E
,121F
VIe
Slope,erosionrisk,clayey,nutrientdeficiencies
121G
VIIe
Steepslopes,erosionrisk,clayey,nutrientdeficiencies
122
Dobuilevu
122B
,122C
IIsNutrientdeficiencies
122D
IVe
Erosionrisk,slope,nutrientdeficiencies
122E
,122F
VIe
Slope,erosionrisk
122G
VIIe
Moderateerosionrisk,slope,nutrientdeficiencies
122H
VIII
eSevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,nutrientdeficiencies
123
Mataw
ailevu
123A
,123B
IIsClayey,nutrientdeficiencies,slowsubsoilpermeability
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 79
124
Lobau
124C
IIIs
Acid,severenutrientdeficiencies
124D
IVe
Severeerosionrisk,acid,severenutrientdeficiencies
124E
,124F
VIe
Slope,erosionrisk,acid,severenutrientdeficiencies
124G
VIIe
Slope,verysevereerosionrisk,acid,severenutrientdeficiencies
124H
VIII
eVe
rysteepslopes,verysevereerosion,acid,severenutrientdeficiencies
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
125
Visa
125B
,125C
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies
125D
IVe
Slope,erosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
125E
,125F
VIe
Slope,m
oderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
125G
VIIe
Slope,severeerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
125H
VIII
eVe
rysteepslopes,verysevereerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
126
Sot
e126B
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies
126C
,126D
IVe
Erosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
126E
,126F
VIe
Erosion(includinglandslides),slope,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
126G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,steepslopes,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
126H
VIII
eVe
rysteepslopes,verysevereerosion,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
127
Waimaro
127B
,127C
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,clayey,limitedrootingvolume
127D
IVe
Erosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,clayey,limitedrootingvolume
127E
,127F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,clayey,limitedrootingvolume
127G
VIIe
Slope,severeerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,clayey,limitedrootingvolume
127H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,clayey,limitedrooting
volume
128
Serua
128E
,128F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,strongacid,nutrientdeficiencies
128G
VIIe
Slope,m
oderateerosionrisk,strongacid,nutrientdeficiencies
128H
VIII
eVe
rysteepslopes,severeerosionrisk,moderateerosionrisk,strongacid,nutrientdeficiencies
129
Waidina
129B
,129C
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,slowpermeability,pugs
129D
IVe
Moderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,slowpermeability,pugs
129E
,129F
VIe
Slope,m
oderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,slowpermeability,pugs
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
80 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
130
Nacula
130C
,130D
IVs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies
130E
,130F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
130G
VIIe
Steepslopes,severeerosion,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
130H
VIII
eVe
rysteepslopes,verysevereerosion,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
131
Vasilaulau
131D
IVs
Shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
131E
,131F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
131G
VIIe
Steepslopes,severeerosionrisk,shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisture
deficits
131H
VIII
eVe
rysteepslopes,verysevereerosionrisk,shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonal
moisturedeficits
132
Waisava
132A
,132B
IIIs
Clayey,slowsubsoilpermeability,nutrientdeficiencies
132C
IIIe
Moderateerosionriskundercultivation,clayey,slowsubsoilpermeability,nutrientdeficiencies
133
Daria
133A
–D
IIIs
Clayey,im
perfectlydrained,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,slighterosionriskonslopes>12°when
cultivated
134
Nam
uana
134C
,134D
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,slighterosionriskonslopes>12°whencultivated
134E
,134F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,m
oderateerosionrisk
134G
VIIe
Steepslopes,severeerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
134H
VIII
eVe
rysteepslopes,verysevereerosion,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
135
Sarow
aqa
135F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
135G
VIIe
Steepslopes,severeerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
135H
VIII
eVe
rysteepslopes,verysevereerosion,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
136
Gai
gai
136D
IVs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity
136E
,136F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity
136G
VIIe
Steepslopes,severeerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity
136H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosion,verysteepslopes,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity
137
Driti
137B
,137C
IIIs
Shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,m
oderatelyrapidpermeability
137D
IIIe
Moderateerosion,shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,m
oderatelyrapidpermeability
137E
VIe
Severeerosionrisk,shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,m
oderatelyrapidpermeability
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 81
138
Nam
atiu
138B
IIIs
Shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
138C
,138D
IIIe
Moderateerosionrisk,shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
138E
VIe
Severeerosionrisk,shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
139
Nam
ara
139B
,139C
IIIs
Shallowsoil,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity
139D
IVe
Moderateerosionrisk,shallowsoil,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity
139E
VIe
Severeerosionrisk,slope,shallowsoil,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity
140
Wainikoro
140C
,140D
IVs
Lowmoisture-holdingcapacity,acid,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,nutrientdeficiencies
140E
,140F
VIe
Pasterosion,m
oderateerosionrisk,lowmoisture-holdingcapacity,acid,seasonalm
oisture
deficits,nutrientdeficiencies
140G
VIIe
Pasterosion,severeerosionrisk,lowmoisture-holdingcapacity,acid,seasonalm
oisturedefi-
cits,nutrientdeficiencies
140H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,low
moisture-holdingcapacity,acid,seasonalm
ois-
turedeficits,nutrientdeficiencies
141
Nukudam
u141A
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
141B
,141C,141D
IVe
Severeerosionrisk,pasttopsoilloss,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity,seasonalm
oisture
deficits
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
142
Nukusa
142A
,142B
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
142C
,142D
IVe
Severeerosionrisk,severepasterosion,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
143
Vatuvonu
143B
,143C
IIIs
Shallowsoil,acid,low
availableP,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
143D
IVe
Moderateerosionrisk,shallowsoil,acid,low
availableP,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
143E
,143F
VIe
Severeerosionrisk,slope,shallowsoil,acid,low
availableP,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
144
Kurukuru
144A
IIsAcid,lowPandK,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
144B
,144C
IIIe
Moderateerosionrisk,acid,lowPandK,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
144D
IVe
Severeerosionrisk,acid,lowPandK,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
145
Kelikoso
145A
,145B
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,slighterosionriskundercultivation
146
Verevere
146A
,146B,146C
IIIs
Shallowsoil,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
147
Uaua
147A
,147B
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
82 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
148
Lutu
148C
,148D
IVe
Moderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
148E
,148F
VIe
Slope,m
oderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
148G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk(includingdebrisslides),slope,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
148H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
149
Malolo
149D
IVs
Shallowsoil,sandy,rapidpermeability,lowwaterholdingcapacity,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,
acid,nutrientdeficiencies
149E
,149F
VIe
Pasterosion,severeerosionrisk,shallowsoil,sandy,rapidpermeability,lowwaterholdingca-
pacity,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
150
Vatubaba
150F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
150G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,steepslopes,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
150H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
151
Nadaw
a151B
IIIs
Shallowsoil,nutrientdeficiencies,seriouspasterosion
151C
,151D
IVe
Moderate-severeerosionrisk,shallowsoil,nutrientdeficiencies,seriouspasterosion
151E
VIe
Severeerosionrisk,slope,shallowsoil,nutrientdeficiencies,seriouspasterosion
152
Rauriko
152F,152G
VIIe
Slope,pasterosion,m
oderateerosionrisk,shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
152H
VIII
ePasterosion,severeerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,pasterosion,m
oderateerosionrisk,shal-
lowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
153
Yakita
153B
,153C
IIIs
Clayey,highplasticity,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
154
Cuku
154D
IVs
Shallowsoil,lowwaterholdingcapacity,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,severe
pasterosion
154E
,154F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,shallowsoil,lowwaterholdingcapacity,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonal
moisturedeficits,severepasterosion
154G
VIIe
Steepslopes,severeerosionrisk,shallowsoil,lowwaterholdingcapacity,nutrientdeficiencies,
seasonalmoisturedeficits,severepasterosion
154H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosion,verysteepslopes,shallowsoil,lowwaterholdingcapacity,nutrientdefi
-ciencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,severepasterosion
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 83
155
Nabuono
155F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,shallowsoil,seasonalmoisturedeficits
155G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,steepslopes,moderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,shallowsoil,
seasonalmoisturedeficits
155H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,m
oderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,
shallowsoil,seasonalmoisturedeficits
156
Dogotuki
156B
,156C
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies
156D
IIIe
Moderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
156E
,156F
VIe
Severeerosionrisk,slope,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
157
Koroniqala
157B
,157C
IVs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,severepasterosion
157D
IVe
Moderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,severepasterosion
157E
VIe
Severeerosionrisk,slope,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,severepasterosion
158
Nam
osi
158C
,158D
IVs
Surfaceandprofileboulders,rockoutcrops,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
158E
,158F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,surfaceandprofileboulders,rockoutcrops,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
158G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,steepslopes,surfaceandprofileboulders,rockoutcrops,acid,nutrient
deficiencies
158H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosion,verysteepslopes,surfaceandprofileboulders,rockoutcrops,acid,nutri-
entdeficiencies
159
Nauluvatu
159D
IVs
Shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
159E
,159F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
159G
VIIe
Steepslopes,severeerosionrisk,shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
159H
VIII
eVe
ryseriouserosion,verysteepslopes,shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
84 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
160
Narayaw
a160C
,160D
IVs
Coarsetextures,rapidsoilpermeability,lowmoisture-holdingcapacity,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
160E
,160F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,coarsetextures,rapidsoilpermeability,lowmoisture-holdingcapacity,
acid,nutrientdeficiencies
160G
VIIe
Steepslopes,severeerosionrisk(includingrotationalslumping),coarsetextures,rapidsoil
permeability,lowmoisture-holdingcapacity,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
160H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosion,verysteepslopes,coarsetextures,rapidsoilpermeability,lowmoisture-
holdingcapacity,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
161
Savudrodro
161C
,161D
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,slighterosionrisk
161E
,161F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,slighterosionrisk
161G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,steepslopes,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,slighterosionpotential
161H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,slighterosionpotential
162
Vunatoto
162D
IVs
Profileboulders,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
162E
,162F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,profileboulders,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
162G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,steepslopes,profileboulders,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
162H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,profileboulders,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
163
Vitawa
163F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,pasterosion,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
163G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,pasterosion,steepslopes,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisture
deficits
163H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosionrisk,pasterosion,verysteepslopes,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonal
moisturedeficits
164
Yavuna
164B
IIIs
Lowwaterholdingcapacity,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,nutrientdeficiencies
164C
,164D
IVe
Moderateerosionrisk,pasterosion,low
waterholdingcapacity,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,
nutrientdeficiencies
164E
VIe
Severeerosionrisk,pasterosion,low
waterholdingcapacity,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,nutri-
entdeficiencies
165
Tabuquto
165A
,165B
IIIs
Clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
165C
,165D
IVe
Moderateerosionrisk,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 85
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
166
Nai
loca
166D
IVs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity,surfaceboulders
166E
,166F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity,surfaceboulders
166G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,steepslopes,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity,surfaceboulders
166H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity,surfaceboul-
ders
167
Vaidoko
167B
IIIs
Shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
167C
,167D
IVe
Erosionriskifcultivated,shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
167E
,167F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
167G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,steepslopes,shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
167H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosion,verysteepslopes,shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
168
Lodoni
168B
IIIs
Clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
168C
,168D
IVe
Erosionrisk,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
168E
,168F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
168G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,steepslopes,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
168H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
169
Gau
169A
,169B
IIsAcid,nutrientdeficiencies
169C
,169D
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,slighterosionriskifcultivated
170
Tailevu
170C
,170D
IVs
Surfaceboulders,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
170E
,170F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,surfaceboulders,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
170G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,steepslopes,surfaceboulders,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
170H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,surfaceboulders,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
171
Solevu
171B
IIIs
Shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
171C
,171D
IVe
Moderateerosionrisk,shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
171E
,171F
VIe
Slope,severeerosion,shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
86 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
172
Seatura
172D
IVs
Surfaceboulders,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,stony
172E
,172F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,surfaceboulders,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,stony
172G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,steepslopes,surfaceboulders,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,stony
172H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,surfaceboulders,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,stony
173
Wainunu
173A
,173B
IIIs
Clayey,slowpermeability,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,P
fixation
173C
,173D
IVe
Moderateerosionifcultivated,clayey,slowpermeability,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,P
fixation
173E
,173F
VIe
Moderatetosevereerosionrisk,slope,clayey,slowpermeability,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,P
fixation
174
Nakavika
174A
,174B
IIIs
Clayey,slowpermeability,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,P
fixation
174C
,174D
IVe
Moderateerosionriskifcultivated,clayey,slowpermeability,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,P
fixa
-tion
174E
,174F
VIe
Severeerosionrisk,slope,clayey,slowpermeability,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,P
fixation
175
Gal
oa175B
IIIs
Clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity
175C
,175D
IVe
Moderateerosionrisk,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity
175E
VIe
Moderatetosevereerosionrisk,slope,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,Al.toxicity
176
Lomaiviti
176C
,176D
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies
176E
,176F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
177
Navava
177A
,177B
IIsSlightnutrientdeficiencies
177C
,177D
IIIe
Moderateerosionrisk,slightnutrientdeficiencies
177E
,177F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk(includingsoilslips),slope,slightnutrientdeficiencies
177G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,steepslopes,slightnutrientdeficiencies
177H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,slightnutrientdeficiencies
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 87
178
Raviravi
178B
IIIs
Rapidpermeability,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity
178C
,178D
IVe
Moderateerosionrisk,rapidpermeability,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,
Al.toxicity
178E
,178F
VIe
Moderatetosevereerosionrisk,slope,rapidpermeability,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,acid,nutri-
entdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity
178G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,steepslopes,rapidpermeability,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,acid,nutrient
deficiencies,Al.toxicity
178H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosion,verysteepslopes,rapidpermeability,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,acid,
nutrientdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity
179
Nai
rai
179C
,179D
IVe
Pasterosion,severeerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
179E
,179F,179G
VIIe
Slope,pasterosion,severeerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
179H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,pasterosion,severeerosionrisk,acid,nutrient
deficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
180
Lakeba
180D
IVs
Shallowsoil,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
180E
,180F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,shallowsoil,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
180G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,steepslopes,shallowsoil,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonal
moisturedeficits
180H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosion,verysteepslopes,shallowsoil,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonal
moisturedeficits
181
Tuva
181A
,181B
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
181C
,181D
IVe
Moderateerosionrisk,pasterosion,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
181E
,181F
Vie
Severeerosionrisk,pasterosion,slope,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
182
Lau
182B
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
182C
,182D
IVe
Moderateerosionrisk,pasterosion,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
182E
VIe
Severeerosionrisk,pasterosion,slope,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
88 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
183
Delaimatai
183C
,183D
IVs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,clayey
183E
,183F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,slope,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,clayey
183G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,steepslopes,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,clayey
183H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedefi-
cits,clayey
184
Nam
alata
184B
IIIs
Acid,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
184C
,184D
IVe
Moderateerosionriskwhenforestcleared,acid,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
184E
VIe
Severeerosionrisk,slope,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
185
Vuya
185B
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
185C
,185D
IVe
Moderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
185E
,185F
VIe
Moderatetosevereerosionrisk,slope,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
185G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,steepslopes,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
185H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
186
Kavula
186E
,186F
VIe
Moderatetosevereerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
186G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,steepslopes,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
186H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,acid,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,nutrientdeficien
-ci
esSe
ries
IDSo
il Se
ries
Nam
eSo
il M
ap U
nit C
ode
Land
Use
Cap
abili
ty
Cla
ssM
ain
Soil
Lim
itatio
ns
187
Naw
ai187B
IIIs
Clayey,verticproperties,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
187C
,187D
IVs
Clayey,slope,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
188
Makom
ako
188B
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
188C
,188D
IVe
Moderateerosionrisk,slope,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
188E
VIe
Moderatetosevereerosionrisk,slope,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
189
Tabia
189A
,189B
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,clayey,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
189C
,189D
IVs
Slighterosionrisk,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 89
190
Kubuna
190B
IIIs
Clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
190C
,190D
IVe
Moderatetosevereerosionrisk,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
190E
VIe
Severeerosionrisk,slope,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
191
Totoya
191B
IIsNutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
191C
,191D
IIIe
Moderatetosevereerosionriskwhencultivated,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
192
Nanukuloa
192B
,192C,192D
IVs
Shallowsoil,surfacerockoutcropsandboulders,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisture
deficits
192E
,192F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,shallowsoil,surfacerockoutcropsandboulders,acid,nutrientdeficien
-cies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
192G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,steepslopes,shallowsoil,surfacerockoutcropsandboulders,acid,nutri-
entdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
192H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,shallowsoil,surfacerockoutcropsandboulders,
acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
193
Nabiti
193B
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,rapidpermeability
193C
,193D
IVe
Moderatetosevereerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity,seasonalm
oisturedefi-
cits,rapidpermeability
193E
VIe
Severeerosion,slope,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,rapid
permeability
194
Lekutu
194C
,194D
IVe
Pasterosion,severeerosionrisk,shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisture
deficits
194E
,194F
VIe
Slope,pasterosion,severeerosionrisk,shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
ois-
turedeficits
195
Varaciva
195E
,195F,195G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,unevensurfaceduetopasterosion,slope,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l.toxicity,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
195H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,unevensurfaceduetopasterosion,acid,nutrient
deficiencies,Al.toxicity,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
196
Rew
asa
196B
,196C,196D
IVs
Rockoutcrops,surfaceandprofileboulders,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
ois-
turedeficits
196E
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,rockoutcrops,surfaceandprofileboulders,clayey,acid,nutrientdefi
-ciencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
90 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
197
Tavua
197C
,197D
IVs
Surfaceboulders,clayey,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
197E
,197F
VIe
Moderatetosevereerosionrisk,surfaceboulders,clayey,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
ois-
turedeficits
198
Vatukoula
198C
,198D
IVs
Rockoutcrops,surfaceandprofileboulders,shallowsoil,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonal
moisturedeficits
198E
,198F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,rockoutcrops,surfaceandprofileboulders,shallowsoil,acid,nutrient
deficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
198G
,198H
VIII
eSevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,rockoutcrops,surfaceandprofileboulders,shallowsoil,
acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
199
Yaqara
199A
,199B
IIsClayey,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
199C
IIIs
Slope,clayey,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
200
Macuata
200C
,200D
IVs
Slope,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l,toxicity,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,pasterosion(unevenground
surface)
200E
,200F,200G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,slope,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l,toxicity,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,pastero
-sion(unevengroundsurface)
200H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosion,verysteepslopes,nutrientdeficiencies,A
l,toxicity,seasonalm
oisturedefi-
cits,pasterosion(unevengroundsurface)
201
Rukuruku
201B
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
201C
,201D
IVe
Moderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
202
Delaibo
202D
IVs
Boulderyandstonysoils,limitedrootingdepth,nutrientdeficiencies
202E
,202F
VIs
Slope,slighterosionrisk,boulderyandstonysoils,limitedrootingdepth,nutrientdeficiencies
202G
VIIe
Moderateerosionrisk,steepslopes,boulderyandstonysoils,limitedrootingdepth,nutrient
deficiencies
202H
VIII
eModeratetosevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,boulderyandstonysoils,limitedrooting
depth,nutrientdeficiencies
203
Naw
eni
203A
IIwPoorlydrained,slowpermeability,infrequentflooding
203B
,203C
IIIw
Poorlydrained,slowpermeability,slope
204
Batiwai
204B
IIsClayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
204C
,204D
IIIs
Slope,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
204E
,204F
Vie
Moderatetosevereerosionriskwhereforestcleared,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
204G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,steepslopes,clayey,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 91
205
Bureni
205C
,205D
IVs
Clayey,slowpermeability,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
205E
,205F
Vie
Moderateerosionriskwhenforestcleared,slope,clayey,slowpermeability,acid,nutrientdefi
-ciencies
206
Korotuku
206A
,206B
IIsRapidpermeability,nutrientdeficiencies,P
retention
206C
IIIe
Erosionriskwhencultivated,rapidpermeability,nutrientdeficiencies,P
retention
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
207
Delainacau
207C
,207D
IVs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies,slope,slighttomoderateerosionriskifcultivated
207E
,207F
VIe
Moderatetosevereerosionrisk,slope,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
208
Ledrutua
208C
,208D
IVs
Shallowsoil,stony,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits,slighterosionrisk
208E
,208F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,shallowsoil,stony,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisturedeficits
208G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,steepslopes,shallowsoil,stony,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonalm
oisture
deficits
208H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,shallowsoil,stony,nutrientdeficiencies,seasonal
moisturedeficits
209
Kuta
209
VIIIw
Permanentlyflooded,nutrientdeficiencies
210
Nadranu
210
IVw
Floods,imperfectlydrained
211
Nadala
211
IIsAcid,nutrientdeficiencies
212
Navai
212
IIsAcid,subsoilboulders,P
fixation,infrequentflooding
213
Nadrau
213
IIIw
Poorlydrained,infrequentflooding
214
Nai
tata
214E
,214F
VIs
Slope,rockoutcrops,surfaceandprofileboulders,rapidpermeability,nutrientdeficiencies
214G
VIIe
Moderateerosionrisk,steepslopes,rockoutcrops,surfaceandprofileboulders,rapidperme-
ability,nutrientdeficiencies
215
Manuka
215D
,215E
IVs
Rockoutcrops,surfaceboulders,rapidpermeability,nutrientdeficiencies,acid,Pfixation
216
Ucunilawe
216G
,216H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosionrisk,steepslopes,surfaceboulders,rockoutcrops,acid,Pfixation,nutrient
deficiencies
217
Soqulu
217G
,217H
VIII
eSevereerosionrisk,steepslopes,acid,Pfixation,nutrientdeficiencies
218
Matana
218D
IVs
Rapidpermeability,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,P
fixation
218E
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,rapidpermeability,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,P
fixation
219
Sal
iala
ilai
219G
,219H
VIII
eSevereerosionrisk,surfaceboulders,steepslopes,rapidpermeability,acid,Pfixation,nutrient
deficiencies
Serie
s ID
Soil
Serie
s N
ame
Soil
Map
Uni
t Cod
eLa
nd U
se C
apab
ility
C
lass
Mai
n So
il Li
mita
tions
92 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
220
Tagimaucia
220A
,220B
Vc
Constantw
etness,acid,Pfixation,nutrientdeficiencies
221
Lewa
221A
,221B
IIsAcid,nutrientdeficiencies
221C
,221D
IVe
Moderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
221E
,221F
VIe
Slope,m
oderatetosevereerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
221G
VIIe
Severeerosionrisk,steepslopes,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
221H
VIII
eVe
rysevereerosion,verysteepslopes,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
222
Waibici
222C
,222D
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies
222E
,222F
VIe
Moderateerosion,slope,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
222G
VIIe
Severeerosion,steepslopes,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
223
Monasavu
223D
IIIs
Acid,nutrientdeficiencies
223E
,223F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,slope,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
223G
,223H
VIII
eSevereerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
224
Nadarivatu
224C
,224D
IVs
Rockoutcrops,surfaceboulders,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
224E
,224F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,rockoutcrops,surfaceboulders,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
224G
,224H
VIII
eSevereerosionrisk,steepslopes,rockoutcrops,surfaceboulders,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
225
Wailulu
225A
,225B
IIsAcid,nutrientdeficiencies
225C
,225D
IIIs
Slope,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
225E
,225F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
225G
,225H
VIII
eSevereerosionrisk,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
226
Nabuesa
226B
IIsAcid,nutrientdeficiencies
226C
,226D
IIIs
Slope,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
226E
,226F
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,slope,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
226G
,226H
VIII
eSevereerosionrisk,verysteepslopes,acid,nutrientdeficiencies
227
Qalinaolo
227A
,227B
IIsStony,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,P
fixation
227C
,227D
IIIs
Slope,stony,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,P
fixation
227E
VIe
Moderateerosionrisk,stony,acid,nutrientdeficiencies,P
fixation
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 93
6. LAND AND SOIL ATTRIBUTES SIGNIFICANT FOR CROP GROWTH
6.1 Introduction
Theprocessofinterpretingbasicsoilsurveyandlaboratorycharacterisationofsoilsdatathroughthekeystepsofas-sessingsuitabilityofsoilsforcropproduction,thenultimatelygrossmarginsforcropsrequiredacompilationofsoilat-tributessignificantforcropgrowthintoauser-friendlyformat.Notethesoiltechnicalinformationisavailableelsewhere,viz.Fiji Soil Taxonomic Unit Description Handbook(LeslieandSeru,1998).
Theextendedlegend(Table3)endeavourstopresentinformationinaformatthatcanbeeasilyutilisedbyextensionofficers,planners,etc.topromoteagro-productionwithfarmersandagri-businessdevelopers.
Togiveinterpretativebackgroundtothecolumnsintheextendedlegendexplanatorynotesfollow.
(i) Slope microrelief
SlopeclassandrangeofslopesaregivenintermsofslopeclassesdefinedbytheLandUseSectionof
KoroniviaResearchStation(MinistryofAgricultureandFisheries1977):
-Flattogentlyundulating(0° to 3°)
- Undulating(4°to7°)
- Easyrolling(8°to11°)
- Rolling(12°to15°)
- Stronglyrolling(16°to20°)
- Moderatelysteep(21°to25°)
- Steep(26°to35°)
-Verysteep(>35°)
Microreliefisusedtodescribesmall-scaledifferencesinreliefonthemacrorelief,andisnottobeconfusedwithlowrelief.Thegeneralsurfacemaybenearlyuniformoritmaybeinterruptedbysteps,minordepressionsandmoundsthatarecommonlynomorethanafewmetresacrossandhavesignificantdifferencesinelevationof50cmto1morevenless.Thesmallterracettesonhillsideswheresoilcreepisactive,andminiaturehummocks,aretypicalexamples.
(ii) Susceptibility to flooding
Describestheseverityandsusceptibility,orotherwise,tofloodingexperiencedbythesoil.Thefrequency(timesperyear)offlooding,theduration(days)floodwaterspondandtheperiod(month)intheyearwhenfloodingoccurs.Themajorityofsoilsneverexperienceflooding.
(iii) Susceptibility to erosion
Givestheseverityandtypeofsoilerosionunderthemajorpresentlanduses.Itrecordsevidenceofacceleratedremovalordepositionofmaterialastheresultoferosionprocessesanddistinguishesbetweenwatererosion(sheet,rill,gully),massmovement(debrisslidesandavalanches,mudflows,rotationalslumps),waterdeposition,winderosionandwinddeposition.Thedegreeorseverityoferosionisgiveninrelativetermsofnil,slight,moderate,severeandverysevere.
(iv) Susceptibility to waterlogging
Describestheseverityandsusceptibilityforsoilstowaterlog.Thepositionordepthinthesoilatwhichwaterloggingoccursinnormalyears,theduration(days)andperiod(months)intheyearwhenwaterloggingoccursaregiven.Themajorityofsoilsneverexperiencewaterlogging.
(v) Susceptibility to drought
Describestheprobability innormalyearsformoisturedeficitstobeexperiencedinsoils.Theduration(days)ofsoil
94 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
moisturedeficitandtheperiod(months)intheyearwhendeficitsoccuraregiven.Manysoilsneverexperiencemoisturedeficitsinnormalyears.
(vi) Overall drainage
GivestheoveralldrainageclassesforthesoilbasedonthosegivenbyTaylorandPohlen(1979).Theclassesarede-finedbythefrequencyanddurationofwetperiodsandthespeedatwhichwaterisremovedfromthesoil.Profilefea-turessuchaspresenceorabsenceofferruginousmottlesandgreyishcoloursareusedintheidentificationofclasses.Thesoildrainageclassesare:verypoorlydrained;poorlydrained;imperfectlyorsomewhatpoorlydrained;moderatelywelldrained;welldrained;somewhatexcessivelydrained;andexcessivelydrained.Theclassreferstonaturaldrainageconditionsprevailingatsiteswherethesoiloccurs.
(vii) Profile textural pattern
Givesanyvariationsinsoiltexturewithintheprofiletoasoildepthof120cm.Thethickness(cm)anddepth(cm)fromthesoilsurfaceofthedifferenthorizonsaredescribed.Alluviumorweatheredorunweatheredin situ rock,ifencounteredwithinthe120cm,isalsodescribed.ThetextureclassesfollowSoil Taxonomy(SoilSurveyStaff1975)andaredefinedasfollows:
(a) classeswithlessthan18%clay:
• sand:80%ormoresandand8%orlessclay
• loamysand:lessthan80%sand,8%orlessclay,andlessthan40%silt
• sandyloam:morethan8%clayandlessthan40%silt
• loamysilt:between40%and82%silt
• silt:morethan82%silt
(b) classeswith18%to35%clay:
• sandyclayloam:15%orlesssilt
• clayloam:morethan15%andlessthan40%silt
• siltloam:40%ormoresilt
(c) classeswithmorethan35%clay:
• siltyclay:lessthan60%clayand30%ormoresilt
• loamyclay:lessthan60%clayandlessthan30%silt
• clay:60%clayormore
Asizequalifiermaybeusedasaprefixinsand,loamysand,sandyloamandsandyclayloamsoiltextureclasses:coarse,medium,fine.
Estimatesofthepercentageoforganicmatterintopsoilsaremade,basedonthefeelandcolourofthematerial.Soilmaterialwith17%organicmatterormoreisrecordedasfollows:
17-30%slightlypeatysiltloam(orothertexturalclass)
30-50%sandypeat(with>50%sandinmineralfraction)
30-50%loamypeat(with<50%sandinmineralfraction)
>50% peat
(viii) Minimum effective rooting depth
Effectiverootingdepthdescribesthesoilvolumeavailableforplantrootstopenetrateandtakeupwater,nutrients,etc.andtogivestabilitytotheplant.
Oncompactrock,thevolumeofsoilpenetratedbyrootsislimitedbythedepthofsoil,thoughafewrootscanbreakoutthroughcracksandfissures.Onlooseorweatheredrocksandalluvium,suchasgravelsandsands,rootspenetratebeyondthesoil.
Easeofrootingdependsprimarilyonsoilstructure,textureandconsistency.Ironpans,concretions,verythickclay-richhorizons,highwatertables(canbeseasonal)orimpededdrainage,salinity,etc.canconfinerootstoonlypartofthesoil.Depthstotheimpedimentaregivenandthenatureofthefeaturecontrollingthis,suchashighwatertable,aluminiumtoxicity,lownutrientstatus,aredescribed.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 95
Asoilonwhichrootspenetratetoonly10cmwouldbedescribedasveryshallow;10–25cm,shallow; 25–50cm,medium;50–100cm,deep;andover100cm,verydeep.Thedepthtowhichrootspenetratealso depends,obviously,onthetypeofplant.
(ix) Outcrops and surface stones and boulders
Rockoutcropsandsurfacebouldersandstonesinfluenceaccessandworkabilityinthecaseofmechanisation.Intheextendedlegend,thepercentageofthegroundsurfaceofthesiteoccupiedhasbeenestimated:
(i) rockoutcrops:in situbedrockthatprotrudesthroughthesoil;
(ii) boulders:detachedrockmasseswithdiametersofmorethan200mm.
(x) Acidity/Alkalinity
Soilreaction,theintensityofsoilacidityoralkalinity,isanindicatorofmanyothersoilqualities.ItisexpressedinunitsofpHwherepH7isneutral,lowervaluesindicateacidity,andhighervaluesalkalinity.ThegeneraltermsfordescribingtherangeofpHare:
Extremelyacid <4.5 Slightlyalkaline 7.1-7.5
Stronglyacid 4.5–5.2 Mod.alkaline 7.6–8.3
Mod.acid 5.3–5.9 Stronglyalkaline 8.4–9.0
Slightlyacid 6.0–6.5 Extremelyalkaline >9.0
Nearneutral 6.6–7.0
Acidityoralkalinitystatusisgivenforwholesoilprofileor,wherethereisvariation,fortheindividualhorizon(s) withsoildepths.
(xi) Salinity
SalinesoilsareofrelativelysmallextentinFiji.Theyarerestrictedtothesalinegley(acidsulphate)soilsof coastalmangrovemarshes.Onlyafewkindsofplantssurviveinsoilsstronglyaffectedbysalt.Onlyfivesoil seriesaremoderatelyorstronglyaffectedbysalt.
(xii) Known limiting nutrients
Animportantoutcomeofthenationalsoilsurveyandfullcharacterisationofsoilsistomakeasgoodanestimateaspossibleofthefertilityofthesoilseriesrecognised.Afertilesoilmaybedefinedasonewhosepropertiesen-ableittogrowgoodcropsoveralongperiodoftime,andsoilfertilityistheattributeofasoilconcernedwithitscapacitytogrowusefulplants.
• ManyofthesoilsinFijidonotattaintheideal,anditisthepurposeofthisreporttoestimatewhichsoilseriesfallshortinthisrespect.Basedonlaboratoryanalysesdesignedtofullycharacterisesoilsandfacilitatesoilclassifications,thosesoilattributesofrelevancetosoilfertilitywerealsoderived.Thekeysoilattributeslimitingcropproductionconsideredwere:
• Cation-exchangeproperties(exchangecapacity–CEC;
• basesaturation;
• exchangeablebases–calcium,magnesium,potassiumandsodium);
• totalnitrogen;
• extractablephosphorousandphosphorousretention;
• exchangeablealuminium;
• adsorbedsulphate.
Onlythoseattributesgivinglimitingvaluesarelistedintheextendedlegendexpressedasloworverylow valuesand,ifrelevant,whereintheprofile(depth)theselimitationsoccur.
96 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Tabl
e 3:
Ext
ende
d le
gend
: la
nd a
nd s
oil a
ttrib
utes
sig
nific
ant f
or c
rop
grow
th
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Ba
43B
Undulating(4-7°).Very
unevenmicroreliefdue
towindthrow
andpast
erosion.
Neverfloods.
Extremepastsheetandrill
erosion.V
erysevere
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-30cm
grittyclayloam
.30-60cm+clayloam
(insitu
weatheredrock).
<30cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Strongly
weatheredregolith
exposedin10%
ofarea.
Surfacestonescover
10%ofarea.
0-63cm
strongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
%BS,organiccarbon,
phosphorus,calcium
,potassiumandsodium
verylow.CEClow.
Ba
43C
Easyrolling(8-11°).
Veryunevenmicrorelief
duetowindthrow
and
pastrillerosion.
Neverfloods.
Extremepastsheetandrill
erosion.V
erysevere
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-23cm
grittyclayloam
.23-63cm+clayloam
(insitu
weatheredrock).
<25cm
Nosurfa
ceoutcrops.
Stronglyweathered
regolithexposedin20%
ofarea.S
urfacestones
andboulderscover10%
ofarea.
0-60cm
strongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
%BS,organiccarbon,
calcium,potassium
,phosphorusandsodium
verylow.CEClow.
Ba
43D,43E
,43F
Rollingtomoderately
steep(12-25°).Very
unevenmicroreliefdue
towindthrow
,deep
rillingandslides.
Neverfloods.
Minorsoilslipsanddebris
slides.Extremepastsheet
andrillerosion.50%of
areahastotalsoilloss.
Verysevereerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-23cm
grittyclayloam
.20-60cm+clayloam
(insitu
weatheredrock).
<20cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Strongly
weatheredregolith
exposedin50%
ofarea.
Surfacestonesand
boulderscover20%
of
area.
0-60cm
strongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
%BS,organiccarbon,
calcium,potassium
,phosphorusandsodium
verylow.CEClow.
Bataw
ai204B
,204C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Soilm
oisturedeficitsare
neverexperiencedinnormal
years.
Welldrained.0-13cm
clayloam
.13-143cm
siltyclayloam
.143-220cmstrongly
weatheredinsiturock(silt
loam
).
<140cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-220cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus
throughout.Verylow
potassiumbelow
13cm.
Bataw
ai204D
,204E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.Slight
soilsliperosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Soilm
oisturedeficitsare
neverexperiencedinnorm
al
years.
Welldrained.0-15cm
clayloam
.15-125cm
siltyclayloam
.125-150cm+strongly
weatheredinsiturock(silt
loam
).
<125cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-150cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus
throughout.Verylow
potassiumbelow
15cm.
Bataw
ai204F,204G
Moderatelysteepto
steep(21-35°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Moderatedebrisslide
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Soilm
oisturedeficitsare
neverexperiencedinnormal
years.
Welldrained.0-120cmsiltyclayloam
.120-150cmstrongly
weatheredinsiturock(silt
loam
).
<125cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcropsexceptinareas
ofmassmovem
ent.No
surfa
cestonesor
boulders.
0-150cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus
throughout.Verylow
potassiumbelow
16cm.
Batiki
55Flat(0°).Few
hummocks(<
30cm
am
plitude).
Innormalyearsfrequent(5
timesperyear)surfa
ce
floodingwithwaterponding
forupto10daysmayoccur
sometimeintheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Noerosionrisk.
Watertableatornearthe
groundsurfaceduringthe
monthsNovem
bertoApril
andrarelydropsbelow
60cm
depthinthe
remainingmonths.
Soilm
oisturedeficitsare
neverexperiencedinnormal
years.
Ver
y po
orly
drained.
0-30cm
siltyclayloam
.30-
125cm+clay.Note'n'value
>0.7.
<60cm.Note
highseasonal
watertable.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Notanalysed.
Bua
40A,40B
Flattoundulating
(0-7°).Generally
smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightpasterosion.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotentialonslopes
>3°.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-17cm
friablesiltyclay
loam
.17-49cmfirm
gravelly
clayloam
.
49-109cm
friabletofirm
clay
loam
.109-149cmfriable
clayloam
.
>125cm
.Note
verylowsubsoil
nutrientstatus
andalum
inium
toxicity.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-149cm
stronglyacid.
Notevariable
charge.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogenand
potassium.Possible
alum
iniumtoxicity.
Bua
40C
Easyrolling(8-11°).
Generallyuneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Experiencedseverepast
erosion.S
everesheetand
rillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-20cm
friablesiltyclay
loam
.20-60cmfirm
gravelly
clayloam
.60-120cm
friableclayloam
.
>125cm
.Note
verylowsubsoil
nutrientstatus
andalum
inium
toxicity.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Com
monlag
gravels.
0-120cm
stronglyacid.
Notevariable
charge.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogenand
potassium.Possible
alum
iniumtoxicity.
Bua
40D,40E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Experiencedseverepast
erosion.V
erysevere
sheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-20cm
friablegravellyclay
loam
.20-62cmfirm
gravellyclay
loam
.62-125cm
friableclayloam
.
>125cm
.Note
verylowsubsoil
nutrientstatus
andalum
inium
toxicity.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Com
monlag
gravels.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Notevariable
charge.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogenand
potassium.Also,possible
alum
iniumtoxicity.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 97
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Bucaisau
51Levelornearlevel
(0-1°).
Floodsregularlyassociated
withhighintensitystorm
s.
Highwatertableandslow
runoff.
Noerosionrisk.
Watertableat50cmduring
monthsNovem
bertoApril.
Soilm
oisturedeficitsare
rarelyexperiencedinnormal
years.
Ver
y po
orly
drained.
0-28cm
firm
stickyclay.28-
50cm
softstickyclay.
>50cmsoftstickymassive
clay.
<50cm.Note
highseasonal
watertable.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-50cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
High%BS.Calcium
and
magnesium
medium.
Potassium
verylow.
Bureni
205C
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Easyrollingto
rolling(8-15°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotentialon
slopes>2°whenforest
cleared.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-10cm
siltyclayloam
.10-100cm
clayloam
.100-150cmsiltyclayloam
.
<100cm
.Iron
panat100cm
.Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-150cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus.
Bureni
205D
,205E,
205F
Stronglyrollingtosteep
(16-35°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotentialw
hen
forestcleared.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-12cm
siltyclayloam
.12-80cmclayloam
.80-125cm
siltyclayloam
.
<80cm.Firm
andweaklyiron
cemented
horizonat
80cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus.
Burenitu
121B
,121C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4
-11°).
Generallysmooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.Potentialsoil
creepwheregrazed.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-16cm
clay.
16-125cm
siltyclayloam
.<100cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
Moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
.
Burenitu
121D
,121E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Generally
unevenmicroreliefdue
tosoilcreep.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet,
rill,soilcreepanddebris
slideerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof60-90daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-120cmclayloam
.<100cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
Moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylow.
Burenitu
121F,121G
Moderatelysteepto
steep(21-35°).
Terra
cettes.U
neven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheet,soilcreep,
debrisslideandslum
perosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof80-90daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-100cmclayloam
.<100cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
Moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylow.
Cikobia
78A,78B
,78C
From
flattoeasyrolling
0-11°).Generallyeven
microreliefinnatural
state.
Neverfloods.
Occurrenceonlyongently
slopinglandnegatesany
potentialerosion.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-22cm
clayloam
.22-95cmclay.
Oncorallinerock.
<75-100cm
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover<
10%ofarea.
Surfacestonesand
boulderscover10%
of
area.
0-50cm
slightly
alkaline.
50-95cm
moderately
alkaline.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
throughout.Lowcalcium
andmagnesium
below
50cm
.VerylowCEC
>50cmdepth.
Cuku
154D
,154E,
154F
Rollingtomoderately
stee
p (12-25°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Significantpasterosion.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-12cm
firm
siltyclay.
12-26cmfirm
siltloam
.26-50cm+friableweathered
insiturock.
<25cm.
Weatheredin
siturockat
25cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
occupy8%ofthearea.
Nosurfa
cestonesor
boulders.
0-26cm
slightly
acid.
26-50cm+near
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassium.
Cuku
154G
,154H
Steeptoverysteep(26-
40°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Significantpasterosion.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-10cm
firm
siltyclayloam
.10-24cmfirm
siltloam
.24-50+friableweatheredin
siturock.
<25cm.
Weatheredin
siturockat
25cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
occupy8%ofthearea.
Nosurfa
cestonesor
boulders.
0-24cm
slightly
acid.
24-50cm+near
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassium.
Daria
133A
Flat(0
-3°).Generally
unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Noerosionrisk.
Innormalyears
waterloggingbelow50cm
maybeexperiencedforup
to60dayssom
etimeinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenotexperienced.Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-20cm
clayloam
.20-125cm
clay.
<100cm
.Note
seasonal
waterlogging.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
LowBS%andpotassium
.
Daria
133B
,133C
Undulatingandeasy
rolling(4-11°).
Hum
mockymicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Noerosionrisk.
Innormalyears
waterloggingbelow70cm
maybeexperiencedforup
to60dayssom
etimeinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenotexperienced.Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-18cm
clayloam
.18-120cm
clay.
<100cm
.Note
seasonal
waterlogging.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-120cm
stronglyacid.
Notevariable
charge.
Nonsaline.
LowBS%andpotassium
.
Daria
133D
Rolling(12-15°).
Unevenmicroreliefw
ith
hummockysurface.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.
Innormalyears
waterloggingbelow70cm
maybeexperiencedforup
to40dayssom
etimeinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenotexperienced.Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-15cm
clayloam
.15-100cm
clay.
<100cm
.Note
seasonal
waterlogging.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-100cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
LowBS%andpotassium
.
98 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Daw
asam
u14
Flattonearlevel
(0-2°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Noerosionhazard.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof60-70daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-8cmloosesandyloam
.8-120cmloosesand.
>100cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-120cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lowpotassium
and
phosphorus.
Delaibo
202D
Rolling(12-15°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.
Innormalyears
waterloggingbelow20cm
(duetosubsoillateralflow
andimperm
eablesubstrate)
maybeexperiencedforup
to90dayssom
etimeinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-30cm
clay.
30-65cmsandyclay.
Oninsituweatheredrock
(coarsesand).
<65cm.Note
seasonalsubsoil
waterlogging.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-30cm
slightly
acid.
30-65cmnear
neutral.
65-100cm
slightlyalkaline.
Nonsaline.
Lowpotassium
.
Delaibo
202E
,202F
Stronglyrollingto
moderatelysteep
(16-25°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Topsoillosseshavebeen
experiencedinsom
eareas.M
oderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Innormalyears
waterloggingbelow30cm
(duetosubsoillateralflow
andimperm
eablesubstrate)
maybeexperiencedforup
to60dayssom
etimeinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-20cm
clay.
20-55cmsandyclay.
Oninsituweatheredrock
(coarsesand).
<55cm.Note
seasonalsubsoil
waterlogging.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-20cm
slightly
acid.
20-55cmnear
neutral.
55-125cm
slightlyalkaline.
Nonsaline.
Lowpotassium
.
Delaibo
202G
,202H
Steeptoverysteep
(26->35°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Soilslidesinsom
eareas.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotential
andmoderatedebrisslide
potential.
Innormalyears
waterloggingbelow15cm
(duetosubsoillateralflow
andimperm
eablesubstrate)
maybeexperiencedforup
to60dayssom
etimeinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto15daysmay
beexperiencedsom
etimein
theperiodMaytoOctober.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-14cm
clay.
14-48cmsandyclay.
Oninsituweatheredrock
(coarsesand).
<50cm.Note
seasonalsubsoil
waterlogging.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-31cm
slightly
acid.
31-125cm
slightlyalkaline.
Nonsaline.
Lowpotassium
.
Delaimatai
183C
Easyrolling(8
-11°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>90daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-25cm
clayloam
.25-125cm
siltyclay.
<100cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Raresurfa
ce
stonesandboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Phosphorusand
potassiumverylowbelow
15cm
.
Delaimatai
183D
,183E
Rollingtostrongly
rolling(12-20°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-6cmclayloam
.6-125cmsiltyclay.
<100cm
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
boulders.
0-140cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Phosphorusand
potassiumverylowbelow
6cm.
Delaimatai
183F,183G
Moderatelysteepto
steep(21-35°).
Generallyeven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-10cm
siltloam
.10-40cmclayloam
.40-125cm
clay.
<100cm
.Firm
weatheredin
situatabout
100cm.
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
boulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Phosphorusand
potassiumverylow.
Delainacau
207C
Easyrolling(8-11°).
Unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto45daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-40cm
friablesandyclay.
40-70cmfirm
sandyclay.
Onweatheredtuff.
<70cm.Insitu
rockat70cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-40cm
moderately
acid.
40-70cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusand
potassium.
Delainacau
207D
,207E
Rollingandstrongly
rolling(12-20°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto50daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-12cm
friableslightlysandy
clay.12-32cmfriableclay.
32-44cmfriableveryslightly
sandyclay.44-69cmfriable
tofirm
sandyclay.O
nweatheredtuff.
<70cm.Insitu
rockat70cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-32cm
moderately
acid.
32-69cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusand
potassium.
Delainacau
207F
Moderatelysteep
(21-25°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto60daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-12cm
friablesandyclay.
12-35cmfriableclay.
35-70cmfirm
sandyclay.
Onweatheredtuff.
<70cm.Insitu
rockat70cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-70cm
strongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusand
potassium.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 99
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Deuba
13Flattonearlevel
(0-1°).Weakly
expressedridgeand
swalemicrorelief.
Innormalyears,and
becauseofhighwatertable
andtopographicalposition,
floodingcanoccurforupto
10dayson3-4occasions
sometimeintheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Noerosionrisk.
Innormalyearsthewater
tablefluctuatesbetween
60cm
(sum
mer)and90cm
(winter)butcanbeatthe
surfa
ceforshortperiods.
Soilm
oisturedeficitsare
neverexperienced.
Ver
y po
orly
drained.
0-18cm
finesandyloam
.18-
46cm
mediumsand.46-
115cmcoarsesand.
<90cm.Note
highseasonal
watertableand
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesandboulders.
0-18cm
moderately
acid.
18-46cm
stronglyacid.
46-69cm
moderately
acid.
69-89cm
stronglyacid.
89-115cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassiumthroughout.
Dobuilevu
122B
,122C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheeterosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof60daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-50cm
clayloam
.50-90cmsandyclayloam
.90-120cm
loam
ysand(in
siturock).
<90cm.
Par
alith
ic
contactatabout
90cm
.
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
Moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowpotassium
insubsoils.
Dobuilevu
122D
,122E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Small
terra
cettes.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandsoil
creeperosionpotential.
Severeslum
pingpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof60daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-46cm
clay.
46-103cm
sandyclayloam
.103-130cmloam
ysand(in
siturock).
<100cm
.P
aral
ithic
contactatabout
100cm.
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
Moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowpotassium
insubsoils.
Dobuilevu
122F,122G,
122H
Moderatelytovery
steep(21-40°).
Terra
cettes.U
neven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandsoil
creeperosionpotential.
Severeslum
pingpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof80-90daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-30cm
clay.
30-85cmsandyclay.
85-100cm
loam
ysand(in
siturock).
<85cm.
Par
alith
ic
contactatabout
85cm
.
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
Moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowpotassium
insubsoils.
Dogo
5Flattonearlevel
(0-1°).U
neven
microreliefdueto
mangroveroots.
Permanentlyflooded
thoughfluctuatingdiurnally
withthetides.
Noerosionrisk.
Permanentlywaterlogged.
Soilm
oisturedeficitsare
neverexperienced.
Ver
y po
orly
drained.
0-12cm
hum
icsandyclay
loam
.12-70cmpeatysiltyclay.70-
130cmfinesandyclayloam
.130-180cm+veryfinesandy
clayloam
.
0cm.Dueto
perm
anent
flooding.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-12cm
slightly
alkaline.
12-35cm
stronglyacid.
35-130cm
near
neutral.130-
150cmslightly
alkaline.
Strongly
saline.
Lowphosphorus.
Dogotuki
156B
,156C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Haveexperiencedpast
erosion.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto70daysare
experiencedsom
etime
duringMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-8cmfriableclayloam
.8-28cm
friableclay.
28-33cmfriablesiltyclay.
Onweatheredinsituparent
materialofheavyclay.
<35cm.
Strongly
weatheredin
siturockat
35cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover3%ofthesurface.
Nosurfa
cebouldersor
stones.
Stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusand
potassium.
Dogotuki
156D
,156E,
156F
Rollingtomoderately
stee
p (12-25°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severetoverysevere
sheetandrillerosion
potential.Have
experiencedpasterosion.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto70daysare
experiencedsom
etime
duringMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-25cm
friableclayloam
.25-50cmfriableclay.
Onweatheredinsituparent
materialofheavyclay.
<50cm.
Strongly
weatheredin
siturockat
50cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover5%ofthesurface.
Nosurfa
cebouldersor
stones.
Stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusand
potassium.
Drasa
71A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.
Innormalyearsandon
slopes<2°floodingforupto
3daysdurationmayoccur
on2occasionssom
etimein
theperiodNovem
berto
April.
Slightsheeterosion
potentialonslopes>2°.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto100-120
daysmaybeexperienced
sometimeduringMayto
October.
Welldrained.0-125cmclay.
>125cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewfine
surfa
cestonesand
gravels.
0-30cm
extremelyacid.
30-75cm
stronglyacid.
75-125cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogen,verylow
potassium,low
phosphorus.
Drasa
71B
Undulating(4
-7°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>120daysmaybe
experiencedsom
etime
duringMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-125cmclay.
>125cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewfine
surfa
cestonesand
gravels.
0-80cm
strongly
acid.80-
125cmslightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
,phosphorus,andnitrogen.
100 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Drasa
71C
Easyrolling(8
-11°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>120daysare
experiencedsom
etime
duringMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-125cmclay.
>125cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stones.
0-25cm
strongly
acid.25-
125cmslightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogen,
potassium,and
phosphorusstatus.
Dreketi
4Flattonearlevel
(0-1°).Uneven
microreliefdueto
reclam
ationand
drainageworks.
Artificiallydrained.Water
tablestillaffectedbytidal
fluctuations.Innormal
yearswouldsuffer4-5
floods,eachlyingfor2-3
dayssom
etimeinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Noerosionrisk.
Innormalyearsanddueto
drainagewatertable
maintainedatabout65-
70cm
.Canexperience
shortdurationwaterlogging
atthesurfa
ceduringflood
andspringtideevents.
Soilm
oisturedeficitsare
neverexperienced.
Ver
y po
orly
drained.
0-14cm
peatysiltyclay.
14-72cmclay.
72-95cmsiltyclay.
95-141cm
siltyclayloam
.
<60cm.Note
highwatertable
fluctuatingwith
tides.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-14cm
strongly
acid.
14-32cm
extremelyacid.
32-95cm
stronglyacid.
95-120cm
slightlyacid.
Strongly
saline.
Lowphosphorus.V
ery
lownitrogenbelow
14cm.
Driti
137B
,137C
Undulatingandeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-8cmfriablesiltloam
.8-30cm
friablesiltyclay
loam
.30-45cmfirm
clay
loam
.Onweatheringtuff.
<50cm.Insitu
tuffat50cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-45cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusand
potassium.
Driti
137D
,137E
Rollingandstrongly
rolling(12-20°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-25cm
friablesiltyclay
loam
.25-50cmfirm
clay
loam
.Onweatheringtuff.
<50cm.Insitu
tuffat50cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-50cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusand
potassium.
Dulevi
90A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Noerosionhazard.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto30daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-20cm
veryfriableclay
loam
.20-80cmveryfriable
sandyclay.
80-120cm
friabletofirm
gravellyclayloam
.
>120cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-20cm
moderately
acid.
20-120cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lowpotassium
.High
phosphateretention.
Dulevi
90B,90C
Undulatingandeasy
rolling(4-11°).
Microreliefforest
dimpled.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto30daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-18cm
veryfriableclay
loam
.18-42cmveryfriable
verysandyclayloam
.42-108cm
veryfriablesandy
clay.
108-120cmgravellyclay
loam
.
>120cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-18cm
moderately
acid.
18-120cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline
Lowpotassium
.High
phosphateretention.
Dulevi
90D,90E
Rollingandstrongly
rolling(12-20°).
Microreliefforest
dimpled.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto40daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-15cm
veryfriableclay
loam
.15-70cmveryfriable
sandyclayloam
.70-120cm
friablegravellyclayloam
.
>120cm
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover5%ofthesurface.
Nosurfa
cestonesor
boulders.
0-15cm
moderately
acid.
15-120cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lowpotassium
.High
phosphateretention.
Ekubu
83Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Noerosionhazard.
Canwaterloginthesubsoil
forupto30dayssom
etime
intheperiodNovem
berto
April.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-3cmloosepumicegrits.3-
18cm
friablegravellyclay.
Onlim
estone.
<40cm.Insitu
limestoneat
40cm
.
Limestonerockoutcrops
cover3%ofthesurface.
Fewsurfaceboulders.
0-38cm
slightly
alkaline.
Nonsaline.
Noneidentified.
Emuri
118A
,118B
From
flattogently
undulatingtoundulating
(0-7°).Surface
hummocks(G
ilgai).
3-4floodsperyear(water
only)occursom
etimeinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Noerosionrisk.
Innormalyears
waterloggingmayoccurfor
upto60daysonslopes<4°
sometimeintheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Poo
rly
drained.
0-110cmclay.
<60cm.
Waterloggingat
depthduring
wetseason.
Smectiticclays
inhibitrooting.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-20cm
moderately
acid.
20-60cm
slightlyacid.60-
110cmslightly
alkaline.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
below
20cm
.Verylow
phosphorusthroughout.
Gai
gai
136D
,136E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Forest
dimpledmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotential
whenforestcleared.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-50cm
firm
clayloam
.50-86cmfriableveryfine
sandyloam
.86-150cm
boulderyveryfinesandy
loam
.
>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stonesorboulders.
0-150cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus.
Gai
gai
136F,136G
Moderatelysteepto
verysteep(21-35°).
Forestdimpled
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotential
whenforestcleared.
Moderatedebrisslide
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto5daysare
experiencedon2-3
occasionssometimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-55cm
firm
clayloam
.55-92cmfriablefinesandy
loam
.92-200cm
friable
boulderysandyloam
.
>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-200cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 101
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Gal
oa175B
,175C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4-11°).Even
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Haveexperiencedpastsoil
erosion.S
everesheetand
rillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof20-30daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-12cm
friabletofirm
clay.
12-42cmfirm
clay.
42-103cm
friableclay.
<100cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-103cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogen,
phosphorusand
potassium.
Gal
oa175D
,175E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Haveexperiencedpastsoil
erosion.V
erysevere
sheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof20-30daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-8cmfriableclayloam
.8-35cm
firm
clay.
35-90cmfriabletofirm
clay.
<100cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-90cm
strongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogen,
phosphorusand
potassium.
Gau
169A
,169B,
169C
Flattoeasyrolling
(0-11°).Even
microrelief.
Veryshortduration(24
hours)floodingonslopes
<2°duringtheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Noerosionrisk.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof<60daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-40cm
friableclayloam
.40-100cm
veryfriablegritty
clay.
<100cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-100cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusand
potassium.
Gau
169D
Rolling(12-15°).
Neverfloods.
Slightsheeterosionrisk
whenforestcleared.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof<90daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-20cm
friableclayloam
.20-80cmveryfriablegritty
clay.
<80cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-80cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassium.
Hafhafu
100B
,100C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4-11°).Very
unevenmicroreliefdue
toprotrudingrock
outcropsandboulders.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheeterosion
potentialw
henclearedof
forestandcultivated.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-58cm
stonyloam
.58-100cm
+stonyloam
ysand.
<100cm
.
Profuse(>
75%)
bouldersbelow
15cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover10-15%ofthe
area.Surfaceboulders
andstonescover12-
15%ofthearea.
0-100cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylowbelow
15cm
.VeryhighP
retention.
Hafhafu
100D
Rolling(12-15°).
Ver
y unevenmicroreliefdue
toprotrudingrock
outcropsandboulders.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheeterosion
potentialfollowingforest
clearance.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-52cm
stonyloam
.52-125cm
stonyloam
ysand.
<100cm
.Profuse(>
75%)
bouldersbelow
12cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover15%
ofthearea.
Surfacebouldersand
stonescover10-12%of
thearea.
0-125cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylowbelow
12cm
.VeryhighP
retention.
Kavula
186E
,186F,
186G
,186H
Stronglyrollingtovery
stee
p (16-40°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto100daysare
experiencedintheperiod
MaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-37cm
friableclayloam
.37-93cmfriablesiltyclay.
93-111cm
firm
gravellysilty
clay.
<100cm
.Insitu
rockat100cm
.Surfacerockoutcrops
cover5%ofthesurface.
Surfacestonesand
boulderscover5%of
thesurfa
ce.
0-37cm
moderately
acid.
37-111cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lowinnitrogenand
phosphorus.
Kedra
65Flattonearlevel
(0-1°).Even
microrelief.
1in20yearreturnperiod
forfloodsdepositing
alluvium
.2in1yearreturn
periodforotherfloods.
Noerosionrisk.
Waterlogsbelow
60cmfor
4monthsintheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Poo
rly
drained.
0-23cm
friablesandyclay
loam
.23-40cmfirm
tofriable
sandyclay.
40-90cmsoftclay.
<60cm.Water
tableat60cm
duringthewet
season.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-90cm
moderatelyacid
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorus.
Kei
yasi
113C
Easyrolling(8-11°).
Com
monlysmooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Slightsoilsliperosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof100-110daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-35cm
siltyclayloam
.35-
68cm
clayloam
.68-125cm
insituweathered
rock(sandyclayloam
).
<65cm.
Weatheredin
siturockat
65cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-21cm
strongly
acid.
21-125cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus,
potassiumandnitrogen.
Kei
yasi
113D
,113E,
113F,113G,
113H
Rollingtoverysteep(12-
38°).Uneven
microrelief(terra
cettes).
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Moderatesoilslipand
debrisslidepotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>110daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-37cm
siltyclayloam
.27-65cmclayloam
.65-125cm
insituweathered
rock(sandyclayloam
).
<65cm.
Weatheredin
siturockat
65cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover5-8%.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-20cm
strongly
acid.20-
125cmslightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus,
potassiumandnitrogen.
Kelikoso
145A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotentialon
slop
es >2°.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof90-100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-18cm
clayloam
.18-125cm
clay.
>125cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
below
18cm
.
Kelikoso
145B
Undulating(4
-7°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-17cm
clayloam
.17-125cm
clay.
>125cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
.
102 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Kirikiri
99A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Uneven
microreliefdueto
surfa
cebouldersand
protrudingoutcrops.
Neverfloods.
Veryslightsheeterosion
potentialw
henclearedof
forestandcultivated.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-22cm
stonysiltloam
.22-50cmstonyloam
.50-122cm
+boulderysandy
loam
.
<100cm
.Boulders
abundantbelow
50cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover10%
ofarea.
Surfaceboulderscover
5-10%ofthearea.
0-22cm
slightly
acid.22-
122cmnear
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylowbelow
22cm
.VeryhighP
retention.
Kirikiri
99B
Undulating(4-7°).
Unevenmicroreliefdue
tosurfacebouldersand
protrudingrock
outcrops.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheeterosion
potentialw
henclearedof
forestandcultivated.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-60cm
stonyloam
.60-125cm
boulderysandy
loam
.
<100cm
.Boulders
abundantbelow
50cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
over12-15%ofthe
area.Surfaceboulders
cover8-12%
ofthe
area.
0-20cm
slightly
acid.20-
125cmnear
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylowbelow
20cm
.VeryhighP
retention.
Kor
o94G,94H
Steepandverysteep
(26-40°).Veryuneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto50daysmay
beexperiencedsom
etimein
theperiodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-13cm
veryfriablesilty
clay.
13-30cmfriablesiltloam
.Onweatheredinsitubasalt.
<50cm.Insitu
weathered
basaltat50cm.
Rockoutcropscover
15%ofthesurface.
Bouldersoccupy20%
of
thesurfa
ce.
0-30cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
and
nitrogen.H
ighphosphate
fixationproperties.
Korokadi
42A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Even
microrelief.
Innormalyearsfloodsupto
3-4daysoccuron4-5
occasionsduringthewet
season.
Noerosionhazard.
Innormalyearsmay
waterlogforupto10days
on4-5occasionsinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof130daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-27cm
friablegravellysilty
loam
.27-82cmfirm
gravelly
clayloam
.82-129cm
friableclayloam
.129-159cmfirm
grittyclay
loam
.
>150cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus
andalum
inium
toxicity.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-159cm
stronglyacid.
Variable
charge.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogenand
potassium.Aluminium
toxicity.
Korokadi
42B
Undulating(4-7°).Even
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof130daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-30cm
veryfriablegrittysilt
loam
.30-61cmfriablegritty
finesandyclay.
61-134cm
friabletofirm
gravellysiltloam
.134-149cmfirm
grittysilty
clayloam
.
>150cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus
andalum
inium
toxicity.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Surfacefine
stonesandgravels(iron
nodules)cover20%
of
thesurfa
ce.
0-30cm
moderately
acid.
30-149cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogenand
potassium.Aluminium
toxicity.
Korom
avu
112E
,112F,
112G
,112H
Stronglyrollingtovery
stee
p (16-40°).Uneven
microreliefw
ith
terra
cettesandsm
all
soilslips.
Neverfloods.
Severesoilcreep,sheet,
shallowsoilslipanddebris
slideerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-10cm
siltloam
.10-20cmcoarsesandy
loam
.Oninsitufractured
rock.
<20cm
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover10-12%ofthe
area.Fewsurface
stones.
0-20cm
slightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Loworganiccarbonand
potassium.
Koroniqala
157B
,157C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4-11°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-10cm
friableslightlysandy
clay.
10-60cmfirm
clay.O
ncompactstronglyweathered
parentmaterialofvery
plasticclay.
<60cm.
Weatheredin
situparent
materialat
60cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover3%ofthesurface.
Nosurfa
cebouldersor
stones.
0-60cm
strongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus,
nitrogenandpotassium.
Koroniqala
157D
,157E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-8cmfriablesandyclay
loam
.8-50cm
firm
clay.O
nstronglyweatheredinsitu
rock.
<50cm.
Weatheredrock
at50cm.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover5%ofthesurface.
Nosurfa
cestonesor
boulders.
0-50cm
strongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus,
nitrogenandpotassium.
Koronivia
44A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.Som
epuggingwheregrazed.
Neverfloods.
Noerosionrisk.
Duetoclayeytexturesand
imperfe
ctdrainagewater
maysurfacepondforshort
periods(1-2days)during
theperiodNovem
berto
April.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-41cm
siltloam
.41-100cm
clayloam
.100-
130cmsiltyclayloam
.
>100cm
.Weatheredin
siturockat
100cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-41cm
moderately
acid.
41-130cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylow
throughout.Phosphorus
lowbelow
18cm.
Koronivia
44B,44C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Noerosionrisk.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-35cm
siltloam
.35-90cmclayloam
.90-125cm
siltyclayloam
.
<90cm.
Weatheredin
siturockat
90cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-35cm
moderately
acid.
35-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylow
throughout.Phosphorus
lowbelow
17cm.
Korotuku
206A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-40cm
friableclayloam
.40-110cm
firm
clay.
110-125cmfirm
sandyclay
loam
.
>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cmnear
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogenand
potassium.High
phosphateretention.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 103
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Korotuku
206B
,206C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-38cm
friabletoveryfriable
clayloam
.38-107cm
friabletofirm
clay.
107-137cmfirm
slightlygritty
heavyclay.
>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-137cmnear
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogenand
potassium.High
phosphateretention.
Korovuli
37Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Microreliefhas
slightalluvialridgeand
swale.
Neverflooded.
Noerosionrisk.
Duetoheavyclaytextures
profilesbelow80cmmay
experiencesomeshort
durationwaterlogging
sometimesduringthe
monthsofNovem
berto
April.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsareexperienced
>100dayssometimewithin
theperiodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-125cmsiltyclay.
>100cm
.Nutrient
deficiencies
below50cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stones.
0-125cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Organiccarbonislowin
topsoilandverylowin
subsoils.Low%
BSat
depth.P
otassium
very
lowthroughout.
Kubuna
190B
Undulating(4
-7°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-14cm
clayloam
.14-125cm
clay.
>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
extremelylow.
Phosphorusandnitrogen
low.
Kubuna
190C
Easyrolling(8
-11°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-12cm
clayloam
.12-125cm
clay.
>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
extremelylow.
Phosphorusandnitrogen
low.
Kubuna
190D
,190E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits100-120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-10cm
clayloam
.10-125cm
clay.
>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
extremelylow.
Phosphorusandnitrogen
low.
Kurukuru
144A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.
Floodsrarelysom
etimein
theperiodNovem
berto
April.R
eturnperiod1in15
years.
Accum
ulatingsite.No
erosionrisk.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof90-100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-15cm
siltyclayloam
.15-45cmfinesandyclay
loam
.45-55cmsiltyclayloam
.55-
125cmclayloam
.
>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
extremelyacid.Nonsaline.
Potassium
lowtoverylow.
Kurukuru
144B
,144C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof100-120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-10cm
clayloam
.10-50cmfinesandyclay
loam
.50-125cm
siltyclayloam
.
>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-10cm
extremelyacid.
10-50cm
stronglyacid.
50-125cm
extremelyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
lowtoverylow.
Kurukuru
144D
Rolling(12-15°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof100-120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-10cm
clayloam
.10-60cmfinesandyclay.60-
68cm
siltyclayloam
.68-125cm
siltyclay.
>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-60cm
strongly
acid.60-
125cm
extremelyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
lowtoverylow.
Kuta
209
Flat.Uneven
(hum
mocky)m
icrorelief.Permanentlyflooded.
Noerosionrisk.
Permanentlywaterlogged.
Neverexperiencessoil
moisturedeficits.
Ver
y po
orly
drained.
0-270cmsoftw
eakly
decomposedfibrouspeat.
270-280cmpeatyloam
yfine
sand.
0cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-280cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Generallylownutrient
status.
Labasa
1Flattonearlevel
(0-1°).Generally
smoothmicrorelief.
Innormalyearsanddueto
perm
anenttidalinfluenced
watertableinfre
quent
flooding(4-5timesper
year)ofm
ediumduration
(10-12days)canoccur
sometimeintheperiod
Novem
bertoApriland
coincidingwithhighspring
tides.
Noerosionrisk.
Watertablefluctuatesfro
m
20cm
(sum
mermonths)to
70cm
(winterm
onths),but
canbeatthesurfaceduring
floodevents.
Soilm
oisturedeficitsare
neverexperienced.
Poo
rly
drained.
0-40cm
siltyclay.
40-128cm
sandyloam
.128-
140cm+veryfinesandy
loam
.
<40cm.Note
highwatertable
andsalinityplus
poorsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-40cm
moderately
acid.
40-140cm
moderately
alkaline.
Moderately
saline.
Lowphosphorus.
104 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Lagilagi
63Flattonearlevel
(0-1°).Smooth
microrelief.
1in10yearreturnperiod
form
ajorfloods.
Noerosionhazard.
Waterloggedbelow
75cm
depthforupto90days
duringtheperiodNovem
ber
toApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto100daysare
experiencedintheperiod
MaytoOctober.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-17cm
veryfriablegritty
clay.
17-86cmfriablegrittyclay.
86-116cm
firm
grittyclay.
>75cm.Water
tableat75cm
depthduringthe
wetseason.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
Stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Notanalysed.
Lakeba
180D
Rolling(12-15°).
Unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Significantpasterosion.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-27cm
slightlygrittyclay.
27-52cmclay.O
nstrongly
weatheredinsiturock.
<60cm.
Weatheredrock
at60cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-66cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus,
potassiumandorganic
carbonthroughout.
Exchangeablecalcium
verylow.
Lakeba
180E
,180F
Stronglyrollingto
moderatelysteep
(16-25°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Significantpasterosion.
Veryseveresheet,rilland
debrisslideerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-25cm
slightlygrittyclay.
25-55cmclay.O
nstrongly
weatheredinsiturock.
<60cm.
Weatheredrock
at60cm.
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stones.
0-70cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus,
potassiumandorganic
carbonthroughout.
Exchangeablecalcium
verylow.
Lakeba
180G
,180H
Steeptoverysteep(26-
40°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Significantpasterosion.
Veryseveresheet,rilland
debrisslideerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-20cm
grittyclay.
20-50cmclay.O
nstrongly
weatheredinsiturock.
>50cm.
Weatheredrock
at60cm.
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stones.
0-60cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus,
potassiumandorganic
carbonthroughout.
Exchangeablecalcium
verylow.
Lami
75E,75F,
75G,75H
Stronglyrollingtovery
steep(16-40°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarerarely
experienced.
Welldrained.0-6cmfirm
clayloam
.6-25cm
firm
clay.O
ncementedinsiturock.
<50cm.Insitu
rockat50cm.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover12%
ofthe
surfa
ce.Surface
bouldersoccupy10%of
thesurfa
ce.
Nearneutral.
Nonsaline.
Possibletraceelement
deficiencies.
Lato
62Flattonearlevel
(0-1°).
1in5yearreturnperiodfor
floodsdepositingalluvium
.2in1yearreturnperiodfor
otherfloods.
Noerosionhazard.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Excessively
drained.
0-90cm
friablestonysand.
<100cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Surface
stonesoccupy2%
ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-90cm
strongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus,
potassiumandnitrogen.
Lau
182B
,182C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Pasttopsoilloss.Severe
sheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-30cm
siltyclayloam
.30-80cmsiltloam
.80-125cm
finesandyloam
(stronglyweatheredinsitu
rock).
<80cm.Low
nutrientstatus
andweathered
rockbelow
80cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-30cm
moderately
acid.
30-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
and
organiccarbonbelow
10
cmdepth.
Lau
182D
Rolling(12-15°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Significanttopsoilloss.
Veryseveresheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-30cm
siltyclayloam
.30-86cmsiltloam
.86-125cm
finesandyloam
(stronglyweatheredinsitu
rock).
<85cm.Low
nutrientstatus
andweathered
rockbelow
85cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stones.
0-30cm
moderately
acid.
30-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
and
organiccarbonbelow
8cm
depth.
Lau
182E
Stronglyrolling
(16-20°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severepastsoillosswith
rillerosionscarsevident.
Veryseveresheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-27cm
siltyclayloam
.27-95cmsiltloam
.95-110cm
finesandyloam
.(Stronglyweatheredinsitu
rock).
<95cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-27cm
moderately
acid.
27-110cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
and
organiccarbonbelow
8cm
depth.
Laucala
92B,92C
Undulatingandeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotentialon
slopes>7.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto30daysare
experiencedduringthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-15cm
friablestonyand
gravellyloam
.15-75cmfriablegravelly
loam
.Onweatheringscoria.
<100cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Surfacestone
andgravelsoccupy3%
ofthesurfa
ce.
0-75cm
slightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogen.High
phosphateretention.
Laucala
92D,92E
Rollingandstrongly
rolling(12-20°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Haveexperiencedpast
erosion.S
everesheetand
rillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto30daysare
experiencedduringthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-65cm
friablestonyand
gravellyloam
.On
weatheringscoria.
<100cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Surface
stonesandgravels
occupy5%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-65cm
slightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogen.High
phosphateretention.
Lautoka
73Flattogentlyundulating
(0-2°).Smooth
microrelief.
Infre
quentlyflooded.
Returnperiod1in5years.
Noerosionrisk.
Subjecttoshortduration(2-
3days).W
aterlogging
duringNovem
bertoApril.
Watertable>100cm
atall
times.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsareexperiencedfor
90daysduringthemonthsof
MaytoOctober.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-80cm
clayloam
.80-125cm
+clay.
>100cm
.Low
available
potassiumin
subsoils.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stones.
0-30cm
slightly
acid.30-
125cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Organiccarbonislowin
topsoilandverylowin
subsoils.Potassium
islow
intopsoilandverylowin
subsoils.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 105
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Lawai
23A,23B
Flattoundulating
(0-7°).Smooth
microrelief.
1in5yearreturnperiodfor
majorfloodscontributing
sediment.Daysunder
water-2to5days.
Bankerosionadjacentto
rivers.E
lsew
herean
accumulatingsoil.
Subjecttoshortduration
waterloggingonlyduring
majorfloodevents.Water
table>125cm
from
surface
atalltim
es.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsareexperiencedfor
>90daysduringthemonths
MaytoOctober.Shallow
rootingcropsgounder
stress.
Welldrained.0-50cm
veryfinesandy
loam
.50-80cmfinesandyloam
.80-100cm
loam
.100-150cmfinesandyloam
.
>150cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stones.
0-150cmnear
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Organicmattervalues
verylow.Potassium
valuesverylowinsubsoil.
Ledrutua
208C
Easyrolling(8-11°).
Neverfloods.
Slightsheeterosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof100daysmay
occursom
etimeintheperiod
MaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-45cm
siltloam
.45-60cmboulderysiltloam
.65-200cm
+boulderyfine
sand.
<65cm.Insitu
boulderyand
gravelly
form
ationat
65cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
bouldersandstones.
0-45cm
moderately
acid.
45-60cmnear
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Verylowsubsoil
potassiumand
phosphorus.
Ledrutua
208D
Rolling(12-15°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof100-120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-22cm
siltloam
.22-37cmstonysiltyclay
loam
.37-65cmboulderysandysilt
loam
.65-200cm
+boulderysand.
<65cm.Insitu
boulderyand
gravelly
form
ationat
65cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stonesorboulders.
0-37cm
moderately
acid.
37-65cmnear
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus
throughoutandverylow
potassiumbelow
22cm.
Ledrutua
208E
,208F
Stronglyrollingto
moderatelysteep
(16-25°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof100-120daysare
experiencedsom
etime
betweenMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-20cm
siltloam
.20-38cmstonysiltyclay
loam
.38-68cmboulderysandysilt
loam
.68-200cm
+boulderysand.
<65cm.Insitu
boulderyand
gravelly
form
ationat
65cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stonesandboulders.
0-38cm
moderately
acid.
38-68cmnear
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus
throughoutandverylow
potassiumbelow
20cm.
Ledrutua
208G
,208H
Moderatelysteepto
verysteep(21-40°).
Unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.Have
experiencedpasterosion.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof40daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-15cm
veryfriableclay
loam
.15-35cmlooseclayloam
.35-75cmfriablesandyclay.
Onweatheringparentrock.
<75cm.
Weatheredin
situparentrock
at75cm.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover5%ofthesurface.
Surfaceboulders
occupy2%ofthe
surfa
ce.
Moderatelyacid
tonearneutral.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassiumthroughout.
Lekutu
194C
Easyrolling(8
-11°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Experiencedpastsheet
erosion.S
everesheetand
rillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof
90-120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-8cmsiltloam
.8-100cm+veryfinesandy
loam
.
<25cm.Fine
rootspenetrate
insitu
weatheredrock
at10cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Manyiron
coatedsurfacestones
(pavem
ent).
0-100cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylow.
Lekutu
194D
,194E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Even
microreliefw
ithstone
pavementinsome
areas.
Neverfloods.
Experiencedpastsheet
andrillerosion.Very
severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-10cm
siltyclayloam
.10-100cm
+finesandyloam
.<25cm.Insitu
weatheredrock
at10cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Com
moniron
coatedsurfacestones.
0-100cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylow.
Lekutu
194F
Moderatelysteep
(21-25°).Uneven
whereeroded(rilling).
Stonepavem
entin
someplaces.
Neverfloods.
Experiencedpastsheet
andrillerosion.Very
severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-9cmsiltyclayloam
.9-100cm+veryfinesandy
loam
.
<25cm.Insitu
weatheredrock
at10cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stonesandrare
boulders.
0-100cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylow.
Lewa
221A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.Have
experiencedpasterosion.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof30-40daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-30cm
friableclayloam
.30-120cm
firm
clay.
>120cm
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Surface
bouldersoccupy2%
of
thesurfa
ce.
0-120cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogen
phosphorusand
potassium.
Lewa
221B
,221C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Veryseveresheetandrill
erosionpotential.Have
experiencedpasterosion.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof40-50daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-20cm
friableclayloam
.20-120cm
firm
clay.
>120cm
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover3%ofthesurface.
Surfaceboulders
occupy3%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-120cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogen,
phosphorusand
potassium.
Lewa
221D
,221E,
221F,221G,
221H
Rollingtoverysteep(12-
39°).
Neverfloods.
Verysevereerosion
potentialifcultivated.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof50-60days
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-30cm
friableclayloam
.30-65cmfirm
clayon
weatheredrock.
>65cm
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover10%
ofthe
surfa
ce.Surface
bouldersoccupy5%
of
thesurfa
ce.
Stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus,
calcium,m
agnesium
and
potassium.
106 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Lobau
124C
Easyrolling(8-11°).
Unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.Severe
debrisslideanddebrisflow
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto10daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-18cm
siltyclay.
18-50cmclay.
50-110cm
stonysiltyclay.
110-140cm+insitu
weatheredrock.
<100cm
.Insitu
weatheredrock
at100cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcropsexceptinareas
ofmassmovem
ent
erosion.N
osurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-140cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassium.
Lobau
124D
,124E,
124F,124G,
124H
Rollingtoverysteep(16-
40°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Veryseveresheetandrill
erosionpotential.Very
severedebrisslideand
debrisflow
erosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto10daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-16cm
siltyclayloam
.16-60cmclayloam
.60-100cm
siltyclay.
100-125cminsitu
weatheredrock.
<100cm
.Insitu
weatheredrock
at100cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcropsexceptinareas
ofmassmovem
ent
erosion.N
osurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassium.
Lodoni
168B
,168C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotentialw
hen
forestcleared.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-16cm
friableclayloam
.16-100cm
firm
tofriable
clay.Onfirmsiltyclay
(weatheredinsiturock).
<100cm
.Weatheredin
siturockat
100cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-52cm
extremelyacid.
52-150cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassium.
Lodoni
168D
,168E,
168F,168G,
168H
Rollingtoverysteep(16-
40°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotentialw
hen
forestcleared.Minorrisk
ofsoilslipsonslopes>15°.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-19cm
friableclayloam
.19-100cm
friableclay.On
firmsiltyclay(w
eatheredin
siturock).
<100cm
.
Weatheredin
siturockat
100cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-19cm
extremelyacid.
52-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassium.
Lomaiviti
176C
Easyrolling(8-11°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-92cm
clay.
92-125cm
strongly
weatheredinsiturock
(sandyclayloam
).
<90cm.
Weatheredin
siturockat
90cm
.
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Noneidentified.
Lomaiviti
176D
,176E,
176F
Smoothrollingto
moderatelysteep
(12-25°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-92cm
clay.
92-125cm
strongly
weatheredinsiturock
(sandyclayloam
).
<90cm.
Weatheredin
siturockat
about90cm.
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Noneidentified.
Lomaje
84B,84C
Undulatingandeasy
rolling(4-11°).Even
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotentialonslopes
>7°.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto30daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-48cm
friableloam
.48-120cm
veryfriableloam
.>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-120cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Highphosphateretention.
Lomaje
84D,84E
Rollingandstrongly
rolling(12-20°).Even
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto30daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-55cm
veryfriableslightly
sandyloam
.55-80cmfriableloam
.80-110cm
veryfriableloam
.
>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-110cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Highphosphateretention.
Losa
86B,86C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4-11°).Very
unevenmicroreliefdue
tobouldersandrock
outcrops.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
erosionpotentialw
hen
clearedofforest.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-22cm
boulderyloam
.On
massiveinsiturock.
<25cm.Un-
weatheredrock
at
20-25cm.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover12-15%ofarea.
Surfaceboulderscover
10-12%
ofarea.
0-25cm
slightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
low.Veryhigh
Pretention.
Losa
86D
Rolling(12-15°).Very
unevenmicroreliefdue
tosurfacebouldersand
rockoutcrops.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheeterosion
potentialfollowingforest
clearance.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-25cm
boulderyloam
.<25cm.
Massiveun-
weatheredrock
at20-25cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover12-15%ofthe
area.Surfaceboulders
cover12-15%ofthe
area.
0-25cm
slightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
VeryhighPretention.
Lovonivia
45A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Even
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Noerosionhazard.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto150daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Poo
rly
drained.
0-22cm
veryfriablefine
sandyloam
.22-31cmfirm
loam
yfinesand.
31-64cmextremelyfirm
loam
ysand.64-76cm
friableloam
yveryfinesand.
76-92cmfirm
grittyclay.92-
111cmfriablegrittyclay.
111-141cmveryfriableclay.
<30cm.
Extremelyfirm
weakly
cemented
horizonat
30cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
Stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Strongnutrientandtrace
elem
entdeficiencies.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 107
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Lovonivia
45B
Undulating(4
-7°).Even
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto150daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Poo
rly
drained.
0-22cm
veryfriablefine
sandyloam
.22-31cmfirm
loam
yfinesand.
31-64cmextremelyfirm
loam
ysand.64-76cm
friableloam
yveryfinesand.
76-92cmfirm
grittyclay.92-
111cmfriablegrittyclay.
111-141cmveryfriableclay.
<30cm.
Extremelyfirm
weakly
cemented
horizonat30cm
depth.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
Stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Strongnutrientandtrace
elem
entdeficiencies.
Lutu
148C
Easyrollingtorolling(8-
15°).Evenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Alsopotentialforsoilslips.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-7cmgrittyclayloam
.7-20cm
loam
.20-55cmclay.
55-155cm
siltyclayloam
.
>125cm
.Note
verylowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-155cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus,
nitrogenandpotassium
throughout.
Lutu
148D
,148E,
148F,148G,
148H
Stronglyrollingtovery
steep(16-40°).
Generallyuneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential,and
moderatesoilslipand
debrisslideerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-22cm
grittyclayloam
.22-60cmclay.
60-125cm
siltyclayloam
.
>125cm
.Note
verylowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus,
nitrogenandpotassium
throughout.
Macuata
200C
Easyrolling(8-11°).
Veryunevenmicrorelief
duetosurfaceboulders
andactiverillerosion.
Neverfloods.
Currentsevereerosion.
Veryseveresheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-15cm
grittyclayloam
.15-125cm
grittyfinesandy
loam
.
<20cm.Insitu
weatheredrock
at20cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Surface
lateritestonesand
boulderscover20%
of
area.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylowbelow
15cm
.
Macuata
200D
,200E,
200F,200G,
200H
Rollingtoverysteep(16-
40°).Veryuneven
microreliefdueto
surfa
cebouldersand
deeplyincisedrilling.
Neverfloods.
Currentsevererillerosion.
Veryseveresheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-12cm
grittyclayloam
.12-125cm
grittyfinesand
loam
.
<20cm.Insitu
weatheredrock
at20cm.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover20%
ofarea.
Surfacelateritestones
andboulderscover25%
ofarea.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylowbelow
12cm
.
Mafua
108D
,108E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Generally
evenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheet,rilland
soilcreeperosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-40cm
clayloam
.40-80cmstonysandyloam
.80-125cm
stonycoarse
sand.
<100cm
.Weakly
cemented
gravelsand
stonesat95-
105cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stonesandrare
boulders.
0-50cm
near
neutral.
50-125cm
near
neutral.
Nonsaline.
ExtremelyhighP
retention.
Mafua
108F,108G,
108H
Moderatelysteepto
verysteep(21-40°).
Generallyeven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheet,rilland
debrisslideerosion
potential.Never
waterlogs.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-35cm
clayloam
.35-70cmstonysandyloam
.70-125cm
+stonyvery
coarsesand.
<100cm
.Weakly
cemented
gravelsand
stonesat95-
110cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stonesandrare
boulders.
0-9cm
moderately
acid.9-40cm
slightacid.
40-125cm
near
neutral.
Nonsaline.
ExtremelyhighP
retention.
Makom
ako
188B
,188C
Undulatingandeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-35cm
veryfriableclay.35-
120cmfriabletofirm
clay.
120-150cmfriablesiltyclay.
<125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
Moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusand
potassium.
Makom
ako
188D
,188E
Rollingandstrongly
rolling(12-20°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-14cm
friableclay.
14-43cmveryfriableclay.
43-84cmfriableclay.
84-111cm
friabletofirm
clay.
111-150cmfriableclay.
<125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
Moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusand
potassium.
Malolo
149D
Rolling(12-15°).Very
unevenmicroreliefdue
torillerosion.
Neverfloods.
Neverwaterlogs.
Activelyeroding.V
ery
severesheetandrillerosion
potential.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-11cm
stonyfinesand.11-
70cm
stonyloam
yfinesand.
Oninsiturock(grittycoarse
sand).
<70cm.Insitu
rockatabout
70cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover5%ofarea.
Surfacestonescover
10%ofarea.
0-11cm
strongly
acid.11-90cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus,
potassiumandnitrogen.
108 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Malolo
149E
,149F
Stronglyrollingand
moderatelysteep
(16-25°).Veryuneven
microreliefdueto
severerillerosion.
Neverfloods.
Seriousactiveerosion.
Extremelyseveresheet,rill
andcreeperosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-8cmstonyfinesand.
8-60cm
stonyloam
yfind
sand.Oninsiturock(stony
coarsesand).
<60cm.Insitu
rockatabout
60cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover12%
ofarea.
Surfacestonescover
12%ofarea.
0-8cmstrongly
acid.8-80cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus,
nitrogenandpotassium.
Manuka
215D
,215E
Rollingandstrongly
rolling(12-20°).Very
unevensurface.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Rarelyexperiencessoil
moisturedeficits.
Welldrained.0-20cm
friablestonysilt
loam
.20-70cmveryfirmsilt
loam
.70-85cmfirm
mediumsandyloam
.On
weatheredbasalt.
<85cm
Rockoutcropscover
10%ofthesurface.
Bouldersoccupy30%
of
thesurfa
ce.
0-20cm
strongly
acid.20-95cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogenand
potassium.Veryhigh
phosphatefixation
properties.
Matana
218D
,218E
Rollingandstrongly
rolling(12-20°).Gently
undulatingmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandfill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Rarelyexperiencessoil
moisturedeficits.
Welldrained.0-28cm
veryfriableclay
loam
.28-76cmfriablesiltyclay
loam
.76-103cm
friableclayloam
.
>100cm
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover8%ofthesurface.
Surfaceboulders
occupy3%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-28cm
extremelyacid.
28-160cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
and
nitrogen.V
eryhigh
phosphatefixation
properties.
Matavelo
52Flattonearlevel(0
-2°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Innormalyearsfloodingfor
upto5dayspondedare
experiencedon2-3
occasionssometimeinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Accum
ulatingsoil.N
oerosionrisk.
Innormalyears
waterloggingbelow40cmis
experiencedforupto60
dayssom
etimeduringthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Poo
rly
drained.
0-20cm
friableclay.
20-35cmfirm
clay.
35-60cmveryfirmclay.
60-120cm
veryfirmsilty
clay.
>100cm
.Note
seasonalhigh
watertable.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-60cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassium.
Mataw
ailevu
123A
,123B
From
flattogently
undulatingtoundulating
(0-5°).Smooth
microrelief.
Rarelyfloods.R
eturn
period1in15years.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof60daysare
experiencedatsom
etimein
theperiodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-22cm
clayloam
.22-127cm
clay.
>130cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
Moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Noneidentified.
Melimeli
32Flattonearlevel(0
-1°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Duetopermanenthigh
watertablesfloodingcan
occurforupto120days
duringthemonthsof
Novem
bertoApril.
Sedimentationfloodshave
a1in100yearreturn
period.
Noerosionrisk.
Innormalyearsthewater
tableisat(summermonths)
orneverwithin30cmofthe
groundsurface.
Soilm
oisturedeficitsare
rarelyexperienced.
Ponded.
0-76cm
fibrouspeat.
76-99cmmuckyfibrous
peat.
99-154cm
muck.
154-168cmclayeymuck.
<30cm.Note
seasonalhigh
watertableand
lownutrient
status.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-99cm
extremelyacid.
99-168cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylowbelow
30cm
.
Molam
olau
72Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Generally
smoothmicrorelief.
1in25yearreturnperiod
forfloodsdepositing
alluvium
.1in5yearreturn
periodforotherfloods.
Noerosionrisk.
Canwaterloginthesubsoil
forupto30dayssom
etime
intheperiodNovem
berto
April.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-8cmfriabletofirm
clay.
8-23cm
friableclay.
23-100cm
firm
clay.
<100cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-100cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
nitrogen.
Mom
i115B
,115C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-80cm
firm
clay.
Onweatheredtuff.
<85cm.
Weatheredin
siturockat
80cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-80cm
slightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus.
Mom
i115D
,115E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-20cm
veryfirmclay.
20-100cm
firm
clay.
Onweatheredtuff.
<85cm.
Weatheredin
siturockat
80cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-100cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus.
Mom
i115F,115G,
115H
Moderatelysteepto
verysteep(21-40°).
Generallyeven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Slighttomoderatesoilslip
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-90cm
firm
clay.
Onweatheredtuff.
<85cm.
Weatheredin
siturockat
80cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-90cm
slightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus.
Monasavu
223D
,223E,
223F,223G,
223H
Rollingtoverysteep(12-
40°).Uneven.
Neverfloods.
Veryseveresheet,rilland
massmovem
enterosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Neverexperiencessoil
moisturedeficits.
Welldrained.0-25cm
veryfriableclay
loam
.25-100cm
firm
clay.
<100cm
Rockoutcropscover
about8%ofthesurface.
Surfaceboulders
occupy5%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-100cm
stronglyacid.
100-120cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogenand
phosphorus.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 109
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Muainase
21Flat(0
-1°).Smooth
microrelief.
Floodsdepositingminor
amountsofsedimenthave
a1in5yearreturnperiod.
Noerosionrisk.P
otential
lateralcorrasionadjacent
toriver.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-22cm
sandyclayloam
.22-52cmclayloam
.52-100cm
+sandyloam
.
>150cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-100cm
slightlyacid.
100-125cm
nearneutral.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
throughout.
Nabeka
101C
Easyrolling(8
-11°).
Unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto20daysmay
beexperiencedsom
etime
duringtheperiodMayto
October.
Welldrained.0-9cmveryfriablesiltyclay.
9-20cm
friablesiltyclay.20-
200cmfirm
clayloam
.
>125cm
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Boulders
occupy2%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-9cmstrongly
acid.9-80cm
moderately
acid.
80-200cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
.
Nabeka
101D
,101E
Rollingandstrongly
rolling(12-20°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto20daysmay
beexperiencedsom
etime
duringtheperiodMayto
October.
Welldrained.0-18cm
friablesiltyclay.18-
125cmfirm
clayloam
.>125cm
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Boulders
occupy3%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-18cm
strongly
acid.18-
125cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
.
Nabiti
193B
,193C
Undulatingandeasy
rolling(4-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof90-120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-31cm
siltyclayloam
.31-65cmclayloam
.65-81siltyclayloam
.On
stronglyweatheredinsitu
rock.
<80cm.
Weatheredrock
atabout80cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stones.
0-18cm
extremelyacid.
18-31cm
stronglyacid.
31-56cm
extremelyacid.
56-111cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
low.
Nabiti
193D
,193E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Generally
smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof90-120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-35cm
siltyclayloam
.35-70cmclayloam
.70-78cmsiltyclayloam
.On
insiturock.
<75cm.
Weatheredrock
atabout75-
80cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stoneandrareboulders.
0-35cm
extremelyacid.
35-100cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
low.
Nabuesa
226B
,226C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Neverexperiencessoil
moisturedeficits.
Welldrained.0-120cmveryfriableclay
loam
.<120cm
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Surface
bouldersoccupy2%
of
thesurfa
ce.
0-120cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogen,
potassium,and
phosphorus.
Nabuesa
226D
,226E,
226F,226G,
226H
Rollingtoverysteep(12-
40°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Neverexperiencessoil
moisturedeficits.
Welldrained.0-125cmveryfriableclay
loam
.<125cm
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover3%ofthesurface.
Surfaceboulders
occupy3%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogen,
potassiumand
phosphorus.
Nabuono
155F,155G,
155H
Moderatelysteepto
verysteep(21-40°).
Unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Evidenceofpasterosion.
Veryseveresheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof100-120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-20cm
veryfirmgravelly
clay.
20-27cmfirm
clay.
27-37cmfriableclay.On
weatheringtuff.
<50cm.
Weatheredin
siturock
norm
allyat
50cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover8%ofthearea.
Surfacestonesand
bouldersoccupy4%
of
thesurfa
ce.
Stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusand
potassium.
Nacam
aki
96B,96C
Undulatingandeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto60daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-30cm
veryfriablegravelly
sandyclayloam
.30-90cmveryfriablefine
sandyloam
.90-125cm
loosegravelly
sand.
<125cm
Rockoutcropscover5%
ofthesurfa
ce.Surface
bouldersoccupy5%
of
thesurfa
ce.
0-30cm
near
neutral.
30-125cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lowpotassium
.High
phosphateretention.
Nacam
aki
96D,96E
Rollingandstrongly
rolling(12-20°).
Hum
mockymicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto60daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-29cm
veryfriablegravelly
finesandyclay.29-49cm
veryfriablefinesandyloam
.49-77cmveryfriable
gravellyfinesandyloam
.77-
116cmloosegravellysand.
<125cm
Rockoutcropscover8%
ofthesurfa
ce.Surface
bouldersoccupy3%
of
thesurfa
ce.
0-29cm
near
neutral.
29-116cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lowpotassium
.High
phosphateretention.
110 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Nacaugai
106G
,106H
Steepandverysteep
(26-40°).Veryuneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet,
rillanddebrisslideerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-30cm
veryfriablegritty
clayloam
.30-130cm
veryfriablevery
stonyandboulderysiltyclay.
130-160cmveryfriablegritty
siltyclayloam
.
>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Boulders
occupy10%
ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-30cm
moderately
acid.
30-150cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus,
potassiumandnitrogen.
Ver
y hi
gh p
hosp
hate
fixationproperties.
Nacokula
64Flattonearlevel(0
-2°).
Evenmicrorelief.
1in25yearreturnperiod
forfloodsdepositing
alluvium
.2in1yearreturn
periodforotherfloods.
Noerosionrisk.
Waterlogsbelow
75cmfor
4monthsintheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearsnever
experiencessoilm
oisture
deficits.
Poo
rly
drained.
0-12cm
friabletofirm
gritty
clay.
12-80cm+firmgrittyclay.
<75cm.Water
tableat75cm
duringthewet
season.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-80cm
strongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusand
potassium.
Nacula
130D
,130E,
130F,130G,
130H
Rollingtoverysteep(12-
40°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof30daysmaybe
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-30cm
veryfriableclay
loam
.30-70cmfriableclayloam
.70-120cm
firm
clay.
<100cm
.Insitu
weatheredrock
at100cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover5%ofthearea.
Surfacestonesand
bouldersoccupy2%
of
thesurfa
ce.
Stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Noneidentified.
Nadala
211
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Even
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Noerosionhazard.
Neverwaterlogs.
Neverexperiencessoil
moisturedeficits.
Welldrained.0-45cm
friableclayloam
.45-100cm
firm
clay.
>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Raresurfa
ce
boulders.
0-45cm
strongly
acid.45-
100cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogen,
potassiumand
phosphorus.
Nadarivatu
224D
,224E,
224F,224G,
224H
Rollingtoverysteep(12-
40°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheet,rillandmass
movem
entpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto30daysmay
beexperiencedsom
etimein
theperiodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-25cm
veryfriableclay
loam
.25-100cm
firm
siltyclay.
<100cm
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover20%
ofthe
surfa
ce.Surface
bouldersoccupy8%
of
thesurfa
ce.
0-140cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogen,
phosphorusand
potassium.
Nadaw
a151B
,151C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Experiencedpasterosion.
Veryseveresheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto30daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-10cm
firm
tofriablesandy
clay.
10-25cmfirm
toverysandy
clay.Onweatheredmarl.
<25cm.
Weatheredin
situpum
iceous
marlat25cm.
Fewrockoutcrops.N
osurfa
cestonesor
boulders.
0-25cm
slightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusand
nitrogen.
Nadaw
a151D
,151E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Generally
unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Experiencedpasterosion.
Veryseveresheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto30daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-10cm
firm
sandyclay.
10-22cmfirm
sandyclay.
Onweatheredmarl.
<25cm.
Weatheredin
situpum
iceous
marlat25cm.
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-22cm
slightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusand
nitrogen.
Nadi
36A,36B
,36C
Flattoeasyrolling
(0-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverflooded.
Manyareaswithalong
historyofsugarcane
cultivationhave
experiencedmoderate
topsoillossesbysheet
erosion.M
oderateerosion
potentialforslopes<2°.
Neverwaterlogged.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsareexperienced
>120daysduringtheperiod
MaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-60cm
sandyclayloam
.60-100cm
sandyloam
.100-
150cm+sandyclayloam
.
>150cm
.
Wheremachine
cultivateda
ploughpan
commonly
develops.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stones.Rarecoral
gravel(relictfertiliser).
0-30cm
moderately
acid.
30-150cm
near
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Organiccarbon%very
lowthroughout.Calcium
low,andmagnesium
and
potassiumvaluesvery
low.VerylowCECand
highCRC.
Nadi
36D
Rolling(12-15°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverflooded.
Manyareaswithalong
historyofsugarcane
cultivationhave
experiencedseveretopsoil
lossesbysheetandrill
erosion.S
evereerosion
potentialforslopes>2°.
Neverwaterlogged.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsareexperienced
>120daysduringtheperiod
MaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-70cm
sandyclayloam
.70-110cm
sandyloam
.110-
150cm+sandyclayloam
.
>150cm
.
Wheremachine
cultivateda
ploughpan
commonly
develops.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stones.
0-40cm
moderately
acid.
40-150cm
near
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Organiccarbon%very
lowthroughout.Calcium
low,andmagnesium
and
potassiumvaluesvery
low.VerylowCECand
highCRC.
Nadranu
210
Flattonearlevel
(0-2°).Hum
mocky
microrelief.
Almostcontinuouslyflooded
withthewatertableator
nearthesurfa
ceform
ostof
theyear.
Noerosionhazard.
Continuouslywaterlogged.
Neverexperiencessoil
moisturedeficits.
Ver
y po
orly
drained.
0-25cm
softm
uckypeat.25-
75cm
verysoftpeatymuck.
75-300cm
softpeat.
<50cm.Water
tableat50cm
duringthedry
season.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
Verystrongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowcalcium
magnesium
andpotassium.Verylow
BS%.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 111
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Nadrau
213
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Generally
unevenmicrorelief.
1in20yearreturnperiod
forfloodsdepositing
sediment.2in1yearreturn
periodforotherfloods.
Noerosionhazard.
Com
monlywaterlogsbelow
75cm
forshortperiods
sometimeinthemonths
Novem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearsnever
experiencessoilm
oisture
deficits.
Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-10cm
firm
clayloam
.10-35cmfirm
clay.
35-65cmveryfirmclay.
65-120cm
veryfirmsilty
clay.
>100cm
.Note
veryfirm
consistence
below50cm
depth.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
Slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Noneidentified.
Nadroga
114C
Easyrolling(8-11°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof100-120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-11cm
grittyclayloam
.11-25cmstonyclayloam
.25-35cmstonysiltloam
.On
massiveinsiturock.
<35cm.
Extremelyfirm
weakly
weatheredin
siturockat
35cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stones.
0-11cm
strongly
acid.11-35cm
moderately
acid.
35-55cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus.
Nadroga
114D
,114E,
114F
Rollingtomoderately
steep(16-25°).
Generallyeven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Slighttomoderatesoilslip
andshallowdebrisslide
potential
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof100-120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-20cm
grittyclay.
20-40cmstonysiltloam
.On
massiveinsiturock.
<35cm.Weakly
weatheredin
siturockat
35cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stones.
0-10cm
strongly
acid.11-40cm
moderateacid.
40-60cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus.
Nadroga
114G
,114H
Steeptoverysteep(26-
39°).Uneven
microrelief(terra
cettes).
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Moderatesoilandshallow
debrisslidepotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-23cm
grittyclayloam
.23-35cmstonysiltloam
.On
massiveinsiturock.
<35cm.Weakly
weatheredin
siturockat
35cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover5-8%.Few
surfa
cestones.
0-35cm
moderately
acid.
35-60cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus.
Nadruka
56Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Com
monly
smoothmicrorelief.
Shrinkagecracks
commoninwinter
months.
Infre
quent(2-3peryear)
shortduration(3-4days)
floodsoccurinnorm
al
yearssometimebetween
Novem
berandApril.
Sedimentationfloodshave
a1in3yearreturnperiod.
Accum
ulatingsoil.N
oerosionrisk.
Watertablefluctuates
between20cm
depth
(sum
mermonths)and
100cmdepth(w
inter
months).
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Poo
rly
drained.
0-100cmclay.
<100cm
.Note
highseasonal
watertable.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
Moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
.
Naduru
25Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.
Floodsdepositingsediment
havea1in50yearreturn
period.Floods(wateronly)
havea1in5yearsreturn
period.
Noerosionrisk.
Waterloggingbelow125cm
occursinmostyears
sometimeintheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-30cm
siltyclayloam
.30-52cmclayloam
.52-125cm
siltyclayloam
.
<125cm
.Note,
watertableat
125cmduring
partofthewet
season.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-52cm
moderately
acid.
52-125cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
throughout.
Naevuevu
82A,82B
,82C
Flattogentlyundulating
toeasyrolling(0-11°).
Unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-30cm
friableclay.
30-120cm
firm
clay.O
nlim
estone.
<120cm
.Limestoneat
120cm.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover12%
ofthe
surfa
ce.Surface
bouldersoccupy2%
of
thesurfa
ce.
Nearneutral.
Nonsaline.
Possibletraceelement
deficiencies.
Naevuevu
82D,82E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-20cm
friableclay.
20-90cmfirm
clay.O
nlim
estone.
<90cm.
Limestoneat
90cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover15%
ofthe
surfa
ce.Surface
bouldersoccupy5%
of
thesurfa
ce.
Nearneutral.
Nonsaline.
Possibletraceelement
deficiencies.
Nai
cola
166D
,166E,
166F
Rollingtomoderately
stee
p (12-25°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesoilerosion
potentialw
henforest
cleared.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-30cm
firm
siltyclayloam
.30-60cmfriableclay.
60-140cm
friabletofirm
clay.
<125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Surface
boulderscoverupto3%
ofarea.
0-140cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
and
phosphorus.
Nai
cola
166G
,166H
Steeptoverysteep(26-
40°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresoil
erosionpotentialw
hen
forestcleared.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-25cm
firm
clayloam
.25-55cmfriableclay.
55-125cm
friabletofirm
boulderyclay.
<125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Surface
boulderscoverupto2%
ofarea.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
and
phosphorus.
Nai
rai
179C
Easyrolling(8-11°).
Unevenmicroreliefdue
toerosion.
Neverfloods.
Veryseveresheetandrill
erosionpotential.Badly
erodedin25%
ofthearea.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-13cm
grittyclayloam
.13-52cmclayloam
.52-140cm
clay.
>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-13cm
moderately
acid.
13-140cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassium.Calcium
,magnesium
,CECand
%BSvaluesverylow
below13cm.
112 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Nai
rai
179D
,179E,
179F,179G,
179H
Rollingtoverysteep(16-
38°).Uneven
microreliefdueto
erosion.
Neverfloods.
Veryseveresheet,rilland
shallowdebrisslide
erosionpotential.Badly
erodedin35%
ofthearea.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-12cm
grittyclayloam
.12-30cmclayloam
.30-125cm
clay.
>125
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-12cm
moderately
acid.
12-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassium.Calcium
,magnesium
,CECand
%BSvaluesverylow
below12cm.
Nai
tata
214E
,214F,
214G
Stronglyrollingtosteep
(16-35°).Veryuneven
microrelief.Very
boulderysurface.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Neverexperiencessoil
moisturedeficits.
Welldrained.0-10cm
firm
slightlypeaty
siltloam
.10-45cmveryfirmsiltyclay
loam
.45-65cmfriablegravellyand
grittyloam
.Onbasaltboulders.
>65cm
Rockoutcropscover
20%ofthesurface.
Bouldersoccupy30%
of
thesurfa
ce.
0-45cm
slightly
acid.45-64cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogenand
potassium.Veryhigh
phosphatefixation
properties.
Nakavika
174A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potentialonslopes>2°.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-10cm
veryfriableclay
loam
.10-40cmfirm
gravellyclay
loam
.40-120cm
veryfirmstony
clay.
<125cm
.Note
verylowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-40cm
strongly
acid.40-
120cm
extremelyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus.
Nakavika
174B
,174C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-12cm
veryfriableclay
loam
.12-50cmfirm
gravellyclay.
50-125cm
firm
stonyclay.
<125cm
.Note
verylowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-12cm
extremelyacid.
12-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus.
Nakavika
174D
,174E,
174F
Rollingtomoderately
steep(12-25°).
Generallyuneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-15cm
veryfriableclay
loam
.15-125cm
firm
gravellyclay.
<125cm
.Note
verylowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-15cm
extremelyacid.
15-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus.
Nakelo
18Flattonearlevel
(0-1°)N
ormallysmooth
microrelief.
Innormalyearsinfre
quent
(4-5peryear)shortduration
(3-4days)floodingcan
occurfollowinghigh
intensitystorm
ssometime
intheperiodNovem
berto
April.
Noerosionrisk.
Thewatertableisatthe
surfa
ceafterheavyrainbut
fallsto100cm
indry
periods.Thewatertable
fluctuatesrapidlybutcanbe
at30cmforupto30days
duringtheperiodNovem
ber
toApril.
Soilm
oisturedeficitsare
neverexperienced.
Poo
rly
drained.
0-46cm
sandyclayloam
.46-76cmsandyclay.
76-152cm
sandyloam
.152-
203cmsand.
<100cm
.Note
highseasonal
watertableand
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-46cm
moderately
acid.
46-112cm
stronglyacid.
112-152cm
extremelyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylow.
Nalotu
111C
Easyrolling(8-11°).
Evenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto60daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-45cm
firm
sandyheavy
clay.
Onweatheredtuff.
<50cm.Insitu
rockat50cm
depth.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-45cm
strongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogen,phosphorus
andpotassium.
Nalotu
111D
,111E
Rollingandstrongly
rolling(12-20°).Even
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto60daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-15cm
firm
tofriablesandy
heavyclay.
15-40cmfirm
sandyheavy
clay.
Onweatheredtuff.
<50cm.Insitu
rockat50cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-40cm
strongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogen,phosphorus
andpotassium.
Nam
aka
35Flattoundulating
(0-3°).Uneven
microreliefdueto
cultivationfurro
ws.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotentialon
slopes>2°.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-48cm
friablegrittyclay.
48-125cm
+firmsandyclay
loam
.
>125cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-28cm
moderately
alkaline.
28-48cm
slightlyalkaline.
48-125cm
near
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
and
phosphorus.
Nam
alata
184B
,184C
Undulatingtoeasy
rollingphase(4-11°).
Evenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheeterosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>90daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-23cm
clay.
23-50cmslightlygrittyclay.
50-110cm
clayloam
.Oninsituweatheredrock.
<110cm
.Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-110cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Veryloworganiccarbon
values.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 113
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Nam
alata
184D
Rolling(12-15°).Even
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>90daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-45cm
grittyclay.
45-100cm
clayloam
.Onweatheredinsiturock.
<100cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-100cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Veryloworganiccarbon
values.
Nam
alata
184E
Stronglyrolling
(16-20°).Even
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-15cm
grittyclay.
15-95cmclayloam
.Onweatheredinsiturock.
<95cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-95cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Veryloworganiccarbon
values.
Nam
ara
139B
,139C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-12cm
firm
tofriablesandy
clayloam
.12-45cmveryfirmsandy
clay.
45-70cmfirm
clay.
Oninsiturock.
<65cm.Insitu
rockat65cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-70cm
strongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogen,phosphorus
andpotassium.
Nam
ara
139D
,139E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-10cm
friablesandyclay
loam
.10-30cmfirm
sandyclay.
30-60cmfirm
clay.
Oninsiturock.
<65cm.Insitu
rockat65cm.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover5%ofthesurface.
Fewsurfacestones.
0-60cm
strongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogen,phosphorus
andpotassium.
Nam
atiu
138B
,138C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4-11°).
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-52cm
firm
sandyclay.
52-80cmveryfirmstony
clay.
<80cm.Insitu
weakly
weatheredrock
at80cm.
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Surface
stonesoccupy2%
ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-80cm
strongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogen,phosphorus
andpotassium.
Nam
atiu
138D
,138E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-17cm
friabletofirm
sandy
clay.
17-42cmfirm
sandyclay.
42-82cmveryfirmheavy
stonyclay.Onhardrock.
<80cm.Insitu
weakly
weatheredrock
at80cm.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover3%ofthesurface.
Surfaceboulders
occupy3%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-82cm
strongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogen,phosphorus
andpotassium.
Nam
osau
39A,39B
Flattoundulating(0
-7°).
Evenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandwind
erosionpotential
particularlywheninfallow
orrowcrops.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-16cm
siltyclayloam
.16-64cmclayloam
.64-67cmironpan.
67-89cmclayloam
.89-92cmironpan.
92-125cm
siltyclayloam
.
<65cm.
Discontinuous
ironpanatthis
depth.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Raresurfa
ce
boulder.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogenand
potassium.Possible
alum
iniumtoxicity.
Nam
osau
39C
Easyrolling(8
-11°).
Evenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Verysevererill,sheetand
winderosionpotential
particularlywheninfallow
orrowcrops.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-30cm
siltyclayloam
.30-80cmclayloam
.80-83cmironpan.
83-93cmclayloam
.93-96cmironpan.
96-125cm
siltyclayloam
.
<80cm.
Discontinuous
ironpanatthis
depth.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Notevariable
charge.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogenand
potassium.Possible
alum
iniumtoxicity.
Nam
osi
158C
Easyrolling(8
-11°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-33cm
friableclay.
33-80cmfirm
siltyclayloam
.Onrock.
<80cm.Hard
unweatheredin
siturockat
80cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover8%ofthearea.
Fewsurfaceboulders.
0-80cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassium.
Nam
osi
158D
,158E,
158F,158G,
158H
Rollingtoverysteep(12-
40°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-21cm
friableclayloam
.21-40cmfriableclay.
40-88cmfriabletofirm
silty
clay.
88-110cm
firm
finesandy
clay.Onrock.
<100cm
.Hard
unweatheredin
siturockat
100cm.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover20%
ofthearea.
Nosurfa
cestonesor
boulders.
0-110cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
verylowpotassium
below
21cm
.
Nam
uana
134D
,134E,
134F,134G
Rollingtosteep(12-
35°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof30daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-10cm
friabletofirm
fine
sandyclay.
10-28cmfirm
tofriableclay.
28-118cm
friableslightly
sandyclay.
<100cm
.Weatheredin
siturockat
100cm.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover9%ofthearea.
Surfacestonesand
bouldersoccupy3%
of
thesurfa
ce.
0-118cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogenand
phosphorus.
114 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Nanukuloa
107B
,107C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4-11°).
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderate
potentialofsheeterosion
undercultivation.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-15cm
friablestickyclay.
15-30cmfriablestickyclay
onfirm
grittyclay.
<45cm
Surfacerockoutcrops
coverlessthan2%of
area.Surfaceboulders
cover5%ofarea.
Moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Veryhigh%
BS,calcium
medium,potassium
low.
Nanukuloa
107D
,107E,
107F,107G
Rollingtosteep
(12-35°).
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotentialw
here
vegetativecoverrem
oved.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-10cm
friablestickygritty
clay.
10-25cmfriablestickygritty
clayonstronglyweathered
rock.
<35cm
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover5-10%
ofarea.
Surfaceboulderscover
10%ofarea.
Moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Veryhigh%
BS,calcium
medium,potassium
low.
Naqalotu
117F,117G
Moderatelysteepand
steep(21-35°).Uneven
surfa
ce.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-8cmfriablestonysandy
clay.
8-46cm
firm
stonysandy
clay.
Onweatheredsandymarl.
<50cm.
Weatheredin
situmarlat
50cm
.
Rockoutcropscover
15%ofthesurface.
Stonesoccupy2%of
thesurfa
ce.
Nearneutral.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusand
potassium.
Naqilai
67Flattonearlevel
(0-1°).Smooth
microrelief.
1in25yearreturnperiod
forfloodsdepositing
alluvium
.1in2yearreturn
periodforotherfloods.
Noerosionhazard.
Waterlogsbelow
50cmfor
upto6monthsduringthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Ver
y po
orly
drained.
0-15cm
firm
tofriableclay.
15-52cmveryfirmclay.
Onsoftclay.
<50cm.Water
tableatorabout
50cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-52cm
strongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassium.
Narayaw
a160C
Easyrolling(8
-11°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-20cm
sandyloam
.20-70cmcoarsesandy
loam
.70-125cm
coarsesand.
<70cm.
Strongly
weatheredin
siturock
between70-
80cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-10cm
moderately
acid.
10-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylowbelow
20cm
.
Narayaw
a160D
,160E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-30cm
sandyloam
.30-70cmcoarsesandy
loam
.70-125cm
coarsesand.
<70cm.
Strongly
weatheredin
siturock
between70-
80cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-10cm
moderately
acid.
10-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylowbelow
30cm
.
Narayaw
a160F,160G,
160H
Moderatelysteepto
verysteep(21-40°).
Unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Som
erotationalslumpson
slopes>25°.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-25cm
sandyloam
.25-56cmloam
ycoarse
sand.
56-125cm
coarsesand.
<50cm.
Strongly
weatheredrock
between50-
70cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-7cm
moderately
acid.
70-100cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylowbelow
25cm
.
Narew
a50
Flattonearlevel
(0-2°).Uneven(gilgai)
microrelief).
Innormalyearsinfre
quent
(2-3peryear)surfa
ce
floodsthatmaypondforup
to5daysareexperienced
sometimeintheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Accum
ulatingsoil.N
oerosionrisk.
Innormalyears
waterloggingbelow50cm
depthandforupto90days
occurssom
etimeinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof30-60daysinthe
upper75cmareexperienced
sometimeintheperiodMay
toOctober.
Poo
rly
drained.
0-63cm
firm
clay.
63-95cmsoftclay.
50-75cm.Note
seasonalhigh
watertable.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-95cm
slightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassium.
Nasau
105F,105G,
105H
Moderatelysteepto
verysteep(21-40°).
Unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Haveexperiencedsevere
pasterosion.Verysevere
sheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-9cmveryfriablesiltyclay
loam
.9-15cm
veryfriablesilty
clay.
15-45cmfriablesiltyclay.
45-70cmfirm
clayloam
.
<70cm.Insitu
basaltrockat
70cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover8%ofthesurface.
Surfaceboulders
occupy5%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-45cm
moderately
acid.
45-70cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusand
potassium.Moderate
phosphateretention.
Nas
egai
38A,38B
Flattoundulating
(0-7°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-25cm
firm
clayloam
.25-53cmveryfirmclay.
53-86cmfirm
clayloam
.86-125cm
+veryfirm
weatheredinsiturock.
<90cm.
Weatheredin
siturockat
about90cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-86cm
extremelyacid.Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassium.
Nas
egai
38C
Easyrolling(8
-11°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-28cm
friabletofirm
clay
loam
.28-60cmfirm
clay.
60-80cmfirm
clayloam
.80-125cm
veryfirm
weatheredinsiturock.
<80cm.
Weatheredrock
atabout80cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-80cm
extremelyacid.Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassium.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 115
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Nas
eles
ele
20Flattonearlevel
(0-1°).Generally
smoothbutsurface
hummockswhere
windthrow
hasoccurred.
Neverfloods.
Duringhurricanesmay
experienceminorscouring.
Accretionofnew
sediment
moresignificantatthese
times.
Neverwaterlogs.Water
table>150cm
depth.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-30cm
looseloam
ysand.
30-60cmloosecoarsesand.
60-100cm
+loosestonyand
gravellycoarsesand.
>100cm
.Note
subsoilnutrient
deficiencies.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-100cm
slightlyalkaline.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogen,
phosphorusand
potassium.
Nasou
70A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.
Innormalyearsandon
slop
es <2°flooding(w
ater
only)forupto3days
durationmayoccuron2
occasionssometimeinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Veryslightsheeterosion
potentialonslopes>2°.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto120days
maybeexperienced
sometimeintheperiodMay
toOctober.
Welldrained.0-25cm
clayloam
.25-50cmgrittysiltloam
.50-55cmsiltloam
.55-69grittysiltloam
.90-125cm
grittyclayloam
.
>125cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Nitrogenandphosphorus
low.Potassium
extremely
low.
Nasou
70B
Undulating(4
-7°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>120daysmaybe
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-9cmclayloam
.9-19cm
grittyclay.19-42cmgritty
siltloam
.42-45cmsiltloam
.45-77cmgrittysiltloam
.77-
79cm
siltloam
.79-125cm
grittyclayloam
.
<125cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewfine
surfa
cegravels.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Nitrogenandphosphorus
low.Potassium
extremely
low.
Nasou
70C
Easyrolling(8
-11°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>120daysmaybe
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-20cm
clayloam
.20-40cmgrittysiltloam
.40-45cmsiltloam
.45-125cm
grittyclayloam
.
>125cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewfine
surfa
cestonesand
gravels.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Nitrogenandphosphorus
low.Potassium
extremely
low.
Nauluvatu
159D
,159E,
159F
Rollingtomoderately
stee
p (12-25°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.Slight
debrisslidepotentialon
slopes>20°.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-7cmfriableloam
.7-79cm
friableclayloam
.Onweaklyweatheredinsitu
rock.
<80cm.Hardin
siturockat
80cm
.
Rockoutcropscover
30%ofarea.Few
surfa
cestonesand
boulders.
0-79cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusandvery
lowpotassium
below
7cm
.
Nauluvatu
159G
,159H
Steeptoverysteep(26-
42°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Moderatedebrisslide
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-5cmfriablesiltyclayloam
.5-60cm
friableclayloam
.Onweaklyweatheredinsitu
rock.
<60cm.Hardin
siturockat
60cm
.
Rockoutcropscover35-
40%ofarea.Few
surfa
cestonesand
boulders.
0-60cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusandvery
lowpotassium
below
5cm
.
Nausori
31Flattonearlevel
(0-2°).Com
monly
smoothmicroreliefbut
hummockywhen
overlyingpeatatdepth.
Duetonearpermanenthigh
watertablethroughoutthe
yearsurfacefloodingcan
occurfor>200days.1in
25yearreturnperiodfor
floodsdepositingsediment.
Accum
ulatingsoil.N
oerosionrisk.
Innormalyearsthewater
tablefluctuatesfro
matthe
surfa
ce(sum
mer)to50cm
(winter)butw
heredrained
tobelow
100cm
inwinter.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Ver
y po
orly
drained.
0-16cm
clayloam
.16-28cmsiltyclayloam
.28-93cmclayloam
.93-118cm
finesandyclay.
<50cm.Note
highseasonal
watertable.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-28cm
strongly
acid.28-93cm
moderately
acid.93-
110cmstrongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowpotassium
.
Navai
212A
,212B
Flattoundulating
(0-7°).Smooth
microrelief.
1in20yearreturnperiod
forfloodsdepositing
sediment.1in2yearreturn
periodforotherfloods.
Noerosionhazard.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearsnever
experiencessoilm
oisture
deficits.
Welldrained.0-35cm
veryfriableclay
loam
.35-95cmfriableclayloam
.95-120cm
firm
clay.
>120cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
Slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorus.
Navava
177A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Veryslightsheeterosion
potentialonslopes>1°.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-60cm
clay.
60-100cm
finesandyclay.
Onweatheredinsiturock
(coarsesandyloam
).
<100cm
.Weatheredin
siturockat
about100-
110cm.
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-20cm
slightly
acid.20-
100cmnear
neutral.100-
125cmslightly
alkaline.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
below
10cm
.
Navava
177B
,177C
Undulatingandeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential
wherevegetativecover
removed.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-70cm
clay.
70-102cm
finesandyclay.
Onweatheredinsiturock
(coarsesandyloam
).
<100cm
.Weatheredin
siturockat
about100cm
.
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-25cm
slightly
acid.25-
102cmnear
neutral.102-
129cmslightly
alkaline.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
below
9cm.
116 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Navava
177D
,177E
Rollingandstrongly
rolling(12-20°).
Generallyeven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheet,rilland
soilcreeperosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-60cm
clay.
60-91cmsandyclay.
91-123cm
coarsesandyclay
loam
.Onweatheredinsiturock
(coarsesandyloam
).
<120cm
.Weatheredin
siturock
between120-
130cm.
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Raresurfa
ce
boulders.
0-31cm
slightly
acid.31-60cm
nearneutral.
60-180cm
slightlyalkaline.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
below
7cm.
Navava
177F,177G,
177H
Moderatelysteepto
verysteep(21-40°).
Unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Activemassmovem
entin
someareas.V
erysevere
sheet,rillandsoilcreep
erosionpotential.
Moderatedebrisslide
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-10cm
clayloam
.10-70cmclay.
70-100cm
finesandyclay
loam
.Onweatheredinsiturock
(mediumsandyloam
).
<100cm
.Weatheredin
siturockat
about100cm
.
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Raresurfa
ce
boulders.
0-20cm
slightly
acid.20-70cm
nearneutral.
70-110cm
slightlyalkaline.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
below
10cm
.
Navua
29Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.
1in2yearsreturnperiod
forfloodscomprisingwater
only.Duringsuchevents
watercouldlieforupto7
days.1in25yearreturn
periodforfloodsdepositing
sediment.
Accum
ulatingsoil.N
oerosionrisk.
Innormalyearsthewater
tablefluctuatesbetween
40cm
(sum
mer)and120cm
(winter).
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Poo
rly
drained.
0-20cm
siltloam
.20-33cmsiltyclayloam
.33-49cmsiltloam
.49-64cmsiltyclayloam
.64-143cm
clayloam
.
<100cm
.Note
highseasonal
watertable.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-93cm
moderately
acid.
93-143cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
throughout.
Navunikodi
60Flattonearlevel(0
-2°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
1in100yearreturnperiod
forfloodsdepositing
sediment.1in5yearreturn
periodforotherfloods.
Noerosionhazard.
Maywaterlogforshort
periodsbelow
75cm
sometimeduringthewet
season.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-40cm
friablesandyclay
loam
.40-60cmfriablestonysandy
clay.
60-100cm
friabletofirm
slightlystonysandyclay.
>100cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stones.
0-100cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusand
potassium.
Naw
ai187B
,187C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4-11°).Surface
cracksinthedry
season.Minorsurface
hummocks.
Neverfloods.
Veryslightsheeterosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-60cm
clayloam
.60-120cm
finesandyclay
loam
.
<120cm
.Vertic
prop
ertie
s severelyrestrict
rootingduring
thedryseason.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-14cm
moderately
acid.
14-120cm
near
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
low.Organic
carbonverylowin
subsoils.
Naw
ai187D
Rolling(12-15°).Even
microrelief.Surface
cracksinthedry
season.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheeterosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-70cm
clayloam
.70-100cm
finesandyclay
loam
.
<100cm
.Vertic
prop
ertie
s severelyrestrict
rootingduring
thedryseason.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-12cm
slightly
acid.12-
100cmnear
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
low.Organic
carbonverylowin
subsoils.
Naw
eni
203A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.
Infre
quent(1-2tim
esper
season)shortduration(1-2
days)overflow
floodingmay
beexperiencedsom
etime
intheperiodNovem
berto
April.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potentialifvegetative
coverrem
oved.
Innormalyears
waterloggingbelow25cm
(duetosubsoillateralflow
andlandscapeposition)
maybeexperiencedforup
to90dayssom
etimeinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenotexperienced.
Poo
rly
drained.
0-10cm
sandyclayloam
.10-54cmclayloam
.54-82cmsandyclayloam
.82-120cm
+clayloam
.
<100cm
.Note
seasonalsubsoil
waterlogging.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-10cm
near
neutral.
10-120cm
slightlyalkaline.
160-180cm
moderately
alkaline.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylow.
Naw
eni
203B
,203C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Infre
quent(onceper
season)shortduration(1-2
days)overflow
floodingmay
beexperiencedsom
etime
intheperiodNovem
berto
April.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotentialif
vegetativecoverrem
oved.
Innormalyears
waterloggingbelow50cm
(duetosubsoillateralflow
andlandscapeposition)
maybeexperiencedforup
to60dayssom
etimeinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenotexperienced.
Poo
rly
drained.
0-60cm
clayloam
.60-90cmsandyloam
.90-125cm
+finesandyclay
loam
.
<100cm
.Note
seasonalsubsoil
waterlogging.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-12cm
near
neutral.
12-125cm
slightlyalkaline.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylow.
Nayau
81Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth.
Neverfloods.
Noerosionhazard.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-14cm
friableloam
yclay.
14-59cmveryfriableclay.
Onhardlimestone.
<60cm.Hardin
situcoralline
limestoneat
60cm
.
Limestonesurfacerock
outcropscover3%of
thesurfa
ce.Boulders
occupy3%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-14cm
near
neutral.
14-59cm
slightlyalkaline.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusand
potassium.Possibletrace
elem
entimbalance.
Nika
54Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Surface
hummocks(gilgai).
3-4floodeventseachyear
(wateronly)occurwithinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Noerosionrisk.
Innormalyears
waterloggingcanoccurfor
upto60dayssom
etimein
theperiodNovem
berto
April.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
monthsMaytoOctober.
Poo
rly
drained.
0-80cm
clayloam
.80-125cm
finesandyclay
loam
.
<80cm.
Waterloggingat
depthinwet
season.
Smectiticclays
inhibitrooting.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stones.
0-20cm
slightly
acid.20-80cm
nearneutral.
80-125cm
slightlyalkaline.
Nonsaline.
Lowpotassium
throughout.Verylow
organiccarbonbelow
20cm
.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 117
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Nuku
6Flattogentlyundulating
(0-2°).Smoothflat
microrelief.
Neverflooded.S
ubjectto
waveencroachmentduring
severestorm
events.
Ingeneralnoerosionrisk.
Subjecttosom
ewave
scouringduringsevere
stormeventsinplaces.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof30daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-10cm
loam
yclay.
10-109cm
+coarsesand.
>105cm
.Note,
lownutrient
statusbelow
10cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
coralstones.
0-10cm
moderately
alkaline.
10-109cm
strongly
alkaline.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
throughout.Available
phosphorus,organic
carbonandnitrogenvery
lowbelow
10cmdepth.
Nukudam
u141A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Experiencedpasttopsoil
loss.Moderatesheetand
rillerosionpotentialon
slopes>2°.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-15cm
clayloam
.15-82cmsandyclayloam
.82-125cm
+clayloam
.
<125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesandboulders.
0-15cm
extremelyacid.
15-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Phosphorusverylow.
Potassium
lowtoverylow.
Nukudam
u141B
,141C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Experiencedpasttopsoil
loss.Moderatetosevere
sheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-13cm
clayloam
.13-79cmsandyclayloam
.79-125cm
+clayloam
.
<125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesandboulders.
0-13cm
extremelyacid.
13-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Phosphorusverylow.
Potassium
lowtoverylow.
Nukudam
u141D
Rolling(12-15°).
Smoothmicroreliefand
uneveninareasthat
haveexperiencedrill
erosion.
Neverfloods.
Experiencedsheetandrill
erosioninsom
eareas.
Veryseveresheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-12cm
clayloam
.12-65cmsandyclayloam
.65-125cm
+clayloam
.
<125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesandboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Phosphorusverylow.
Potassium
verylow.
Nukusa
142B
,142C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.Have
experiencedpasterosion.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-25cm
firm
sandyclay.
25-80cmfriablesandyloam
.80-120cm
friableloam
ysand.
<120cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
Stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
and
phosphorusverylow.
Nukusa
142D
,142E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Veryseveresheetandrill
erosionpotential.Have
experiencedpasterosion.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-10cm
firm
sandyclay
loam
.10-30cmveryfirmsandy
clay.
30-60cmveryfriablesandy
loam
.60-90cmfriableloam
.90-120cm
veryfriableloam
ysand.
<120cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
Stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
and
phosphorusverylow.
Ogea
79Flattonearlevel(0
-2°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Noerosionrisk.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-12cm
looseslightly
boulderygrittyandsandy
loam
.
12-17cmveryfriablestony
sandyloam
.17-167cm
veryfriablefine
sandyclayloam
.
>150cm
Limestonesurfacerock
outcropsoccupy10%of
thearea.Fewsurface
stonesandboulders.
0-17cm
slightly
alkaline.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylow.
Ono
89A
Flattogentlyundulation
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Veryslightsheeterosion
potentialonthe2-3°
slopesonly.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-25cm
heavysiltloam
.25-
125cmloam
>125cm
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stones.
0-12cm
moderately
acid.
12-60cm
slightlyacid.60-
125cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylowbelow
12cm
.Nitrogenverylow
below25cm.Extremely
highPretention.
Ono
89B
Undulating(4
-7°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-22cm
siltloam
.22-125cm
loam
.>125cm
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stonesandrare
boulders.
0-125cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylowbelow
13cm
.Nitrogenverylow
below22cm.Extremely
highPretention.
Qalinaolo
227A
,227B,
227C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(0-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotentialonslopes
>7°.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-18cm
veryfriableclay
loam
.18-70cmfriableclay.
70-120cm
veryfirmsilty
clay.
<120cm
.Note
veryfirm
consistence
below70cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Surface
bouldersoccupy3%
of
thesurfa
ce.
Moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
and
phosphorusverylow.
118 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Qaributa
17Flattonearlevel
(0-1°).Hum
mocky
microrelief.
Asthewatertableisator
nearthegroundsurfacefor
mostoftheyearsurface
floodingisexperiencedfor
>180daysinnormalyears.
Noerosionrisk.
Innormalyearsthewater
tableisatornearthe
groundsurface.
Soilm
oisturedeficitsare
neverexperienced.
Ver
y po
orly
drained.
0-53cm
peat.
53-77cmclayloam
.77-100cm
sandyloam
.100-122cmmediumto
coarsesand.
0cm.Dueto
perm
anent
watertableator
nearthe
surfa
ce.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-30cm
strongly
acid.30-53cm
moderately
acid.
53-77cm
extremelyacid.
77-100cm
slightlyalkaline.
100-122cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
below
30cm
.
Qeleni
104C
Easyrolling(8
-11°).
Unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-22cm
firm
siltyclayloam
.22-125cm
firm
clayloam
.>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
boulders.
0-21cm
moderately
acid.
22-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus,
nitrogenandpotassium.
Possiblealum
inium
toxicity.
Qeleni
104D
,104E
Rollingandstrongly
rolling(12-20°).
Teracettes.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-21cm
veryfirmsiltyclay
loam
.21-220cm
firm
clayloam
.220-450cmfriabletofirm
silt
loam
.
>125cm
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
boulders.
0-21cm
moderately
acid.
21-160cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus,
nitrogenandpotassium.
Possiblealum
inium
toxicity.
Rana
16Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).
Surfacefloods>50days
duetotopographical
positionandseasonalhigh
watertable.
Noerosionrisk.
Innormalyearswatertable
isatorneartheground
surfa
ce.
Soilm
oisturedeficitsare
neverexperienced.
Ver
y po
orly
drained.
0-120cmveryfriablepeaty
finesandyloam
.>120cm
loosecoarsesand.
>160cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcropsorsurface
boulders.
Stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Nitrogen,potassium
and
phosphoruslevelslow.
Rauriko
152F,152G,
152H
Moderatelysteepto
verysteep(21-40°).
Unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Havesufferedpast
erosion.V
erysevere
sheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto60daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-20cm
friablesandyclay
loam
.20-44cmfriablesandyclay.
44-66cmfriableclay.
66-110cm
weatheredinsitu
rock.
<70cm.
Strongly
weatheredin
siturockat
70cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover8%ofthesurface.
Surfaceboulders
occupy3%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-20cm
moderately
acid.
20-44cm
slightlyacid.44-
110cmstrongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogen,phosphorus
andpotassium.
Ravilevu
97G,97H
Steeptoverysteep(26-
40°).
Neverfloods.
Veryseveresheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Neverexperiencessoil
moisturedeficits.
Welldrained.0-16cm
firm
clayloam
.16-90cmveryfirmstonyand
boulderyclay.
<100cm
Rockoutcropscover
20%ofthesurface.
Bouldersoccupy10%
of
thesurfa
ce.
0-90cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
.
Raviravi
178B
,178C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Hasexperiencedpast
erosion.M
oderatesheet
erosiononslopes>1°.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof90-120daysoccur
sometimeintheperiodMay
toOctober.
Welldrained.0-13cm
siltyclayloam
.13-61cmclayloam
.61-125cm
siltyclayloam
.
<125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stones.
0-13cm
strongly
acid.13-
125cm
extremelyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
,phosphorus
andnitrogenverylow.
Raviravi
178D
,178E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Evidenceofpastsheet
erosion.S
everesheetand
rillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-10cm
siltyclayloam
.10-70cmclay.
70-125cm
siltyclayloam
.
<125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
boulder,fewironcoated
surfa
cestones.
0-70cm
strongly
acid.70-
125cm
extremelyacid.
Nonsaline.
Phosphorus,potassium
andnitrogenverylow.
Raviravi
178F,178G
Moderatelysteepto
stee
p (21-35°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severepasterosion.Very
severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-5cmclayloam
.5-60cm
clay.
60-100cm
siltyclayloam
.Onweatheredinsiturock.
<100cm
.Weatheredin
siturockat
100cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stones,nosurfa
ce
boulders.
0-60cm
strongly
acid.60-
100cm
extremelyacid.
Nonsaline.
Phosphorus,potassium
andnitrogenverylow.
Raw
iti58
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Slightalluvial
ridgeandswale
microrelief.
Floods(w
ateronly)on
averagetwicesometimein
theperiodNovem
berto
April.Floodsedimentation
eventshavea1in15year
returnperiod.
Som
elateralstream
bank
corra
sion.Otherwiseno
erosionpotential.
Accum
ulatingsoil.
Watertablefluctuatesfro
m
50cm
depth(sum
mer
months)to150cm
depth
(winterm
onths).
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto30-40days
areexperiencedsom
etimein
theperiodMaytoOctober.
Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-15cm
siltyclay.
15-21cmclay.
21-29cmsiltloam
.29-37cmclayloam
.37-125cm
+clay.
<125cm
.Note
highseasonal
watertable.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylow
throughout.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 119
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Rer
ee91A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Even
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheeterosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-19cm
siltloam
.19-82cmsandyloam
.82-125cm
gravellyvery
coarsesand.
<80cm.
Profuse
weathered
scoriagravelsat
about80cm.
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stones.
0-42cm
near
neutral.42-
125cmslightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogenbelow
42cm
.Potassium
very
lowbelow
19cm.
ExtremelyhighP
retention.
Rer
ee91B
Undulating(4
-7°).Even
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-18cm
siltloam
.18-70cmsandyloam
.70-125cm
gravellyvery
coarsesand.
<70cm.
Profuse(>
75%)
weathered
scoriagravelsat
70cm
.
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stones.
0-40cm
near
neutral.
40-125cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylowbelow
18cm
.ExtremelyhighP
retention.
Rew
a22
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.
Floodsdepositingsediment
havea1in10yearreturn
period.Floods(wateronly)
havea1in2yearreturn
period.
Noerosionrisk.
Waterloggingbelow125cm
occursinmostyears
sometimeintheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-106cmsiltyclayloam
.106-126cmsiltloam
.<125cm
.Note,
watertableat
125cmduring
partofthewet
season.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-28cm
moderately
acid.
28-126cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
throughout.
Rew
asa
196B
,196C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-20cm
friabletofirm
clay.
20-62cmfirm
clay.
62-100cm
extremelyfirm
weatheredinsiturock
(sandyloam
).
<65cm.
Weatheredin
siturockat
65cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
occupy6%ofthearea.
Com
monsurface
boulders.
0-20cm
moderately
acid.
20-100cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Phosphorusverylow.
Rew
asa
196D
,196E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Generally
unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-22cm
friableclay.
22-65cmfirm
clay.
65-125cm
veryfirm
weatheredinsiturock
(sandyloam
).
<65cm.
Weatheredin
siturockat
65cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
occupy10%
ofthearea.
Com
monsurface
boulders.
0-22cm
moderately
acid.
22-125cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Phosphorusverylow.
Ror
oa109D
,109E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheet,rilland
soilcreeperosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-30cm
finesandyloam
.30-
75cm
gravellycoarseloam
ysand.
Oninduratedtuff.
<75cm.
Cem
entedtuff
between
75-100cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Raresurfa
ce
stones.
Slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Phosphorusand
potassiumverylow.
Ror
oa109F,109G,
109H
Moderatelysteepto
verysteep(21-40°).
Unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Veryseveresheet,rilland
debrisslideerosion
potential.Debrisslidesare
recognised.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-16cm
gravellyloam
yvery
coarsesand.
23-60cmverycoarsesand.
Oninduratedtuff.
<60cm.
Cem
entedtuff
between60-
100cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stones.
Slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Phosphorusand
potassiumverylow.
Rukuruku
201B
,201C
Undulatingandeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof90-120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-125cmclayloam
.>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Phosphorusverylow.
Rukuruku
201D
Rolling(12-15°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof90-120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-125cmclayloam
.>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Phosphorusverylow.
Sabeto
116C
Easyrolling(8
-11°).
Unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Haveexperiencedsevere
pasterosion.Verysevere
sheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-20cm
friabletofirm
clay.
20-48cmfirm
stonyclay.
Onweaklyweatheredmarl.
<50cm.
Weatheringin
situmarlat
50cm
.
Rockoutcropscover
12%ofthesurface.
Stonescover3%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-48cm
slightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogen.
Sabeto
116D
,116E,
116F
Rollingtomoderately
stee
p (12-25°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Haveexperiencedsevere
pasterosion.Verysevere
sheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-18cm
friabletofirm
clay.
18-43cmfirm
stonyclay.
Onweaklyweatheredmarl.
<50cm.
Weatheringin
situmarlat
50cm
.
Rockoutcropscover
15%ofthesurface.
Stonescover2%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-43cm
slightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogen.
Saliadrau
61Flattonearlevel(0-2°).
Slightlyundulating
microrelief.
Floodsdepositingsediment
havea1in10yearreturn
period.Floods(wateronly)
havea1in2yearreturn
period.W
aterliesfor2-3
days.
Noerosionrisk.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-12cm
loam
yfinesand.12-
30cm
siltloam
.30-45cmloam
.45-70cmloam
ysand.
70-84cmsiltloam
.84-125cm
loam
ysand.
>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-30cm
strongly
acid.30-
125cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogenand
potassium.
120 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Sal
iala
ilai
219G
,219H
Steepandverysteep
(26-40°).Veryuneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Veryseveresheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Neverexperiencessoil
moisturedeficits.
Welldrained.0-15cm
firm
slightlypeaty
siltloam
.15-40cmfriablesiltyclay
loam
.Onbasaltflowrock.
<50cm.Weakly
weatheredin
siturockat
50cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover15%
ofthe
surfa
ce.Surface
bouldersoccupy10%of
thesurfa
ce.
0-15cm
strongly
acid.15-40cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogenand
potassium.Veryhigh
phosphatefixation
properties.
Sam
abula
110A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Noerosionrisk.
Innormalyears
waterloggingforupto5
daysdurationmayoccuron
3-5occasionssometimein
theperiodNovem
berto
April.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-5cmfirm
clay.
5-20cm
friablestonyclay.
20-30cmfriablebouldery
clay.
Oninsitumarl.
<30cm.Weakly
weatheredin
siturockat
30cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-5cmnear
neutral.
5-20cm
slightly
alkaline.
20-30cm
moderately
alkaline.
Nonsaline.
Noneidentified.
Sam
abula
110B
,110C
Undulatingtorolling(4-
11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
risk.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-35cm
firm
clay.
35-45cmfriablestonyclay.
Oninsitumarl.
<45cm.Weakly
weatheredin
siturockat
45cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-7cmnear
neutral.
7-35cm
slightly
alkaline.
35-45cm
moderately
alkaline.
Nonsaline.
Noneidentified.
Sam
abula
110D
,110E,
110F,110G
Rollingtosteep(12-
35°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionrisk.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-10cm
firm
clay.
10-45cmfriableclay.
Oninsitumarl.
<45cm.Weakly
weatheredin
siturockat
45cm
.
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-10cm
near
neutral.
10-45cm
slightlyalkaline.
Nonsaline.
Noneidentified.
Sarow
aqa
135F,135G,
135H
Moderatelysteepto
verysteep(21-40°).
Unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Evidenceofpasterosion.
Veryseveresheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof30daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-10cm
friabletofirm
sandy
clay.
10-75cmfriableclay.
Onfirmclay.
<75cm.
Weatheredin
situparentrock
at75cm.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover8%ofthesurface.
Surfacestonesand
bouldersoccupy4%
of
thesurfa
ce.
0-10cm
moderately
acid.
10-75cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogen,phosphorus
andpotassium.
Saunaka
34A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.
Innormalyearsinfre
quent
(1-2timesperyear)short
duration(1-2days)surface
floodingandpondingmay
beexperiencedsom
etime
intheperiodNovem
berto
April.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotentialonslope
>1°.
Innormalyears
waterloggingbelow30cm
mayoccurforupto60days
sometimeintheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof60daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-30cm
loam
ysand.
30-125cm
+clay.
>125cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus
andseasonal
waterlogging.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
,phosphorus,andnitrogen.
Saunaka
34B
Undulating(4
-7°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Innormalyearsisolated
pondingforupto1-2days
mayoccursom
etimeinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Innormalyears
waterloggingbelow70cm
mayoccurforupto40days
sometimeintheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto90daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-25cm
loam
ysand.
25-125cm
+clay.
>125cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus
andseasonal
waterlogging.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
,phosphorus,andnitrogen.
Savudrodro
161D
,161E,
161F,161G
Rollingtosteep
(12-35°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Veryseveresheet,rilland
massmovem
enterosion
potential.Have
experiencedpastsheet
erosion.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-8cmfriablesandyclay
loam
.8-40cm
veryfirmsandyclay.
40-120cm
firm
sandyclay.
<100cm
.Weatheredin
siturockat
100cm.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover5%ofthesurface.
Surfaceboulders
occupy5%ofthe
surfa
ce.
Stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Calcium
,magnesium
and
potassiumlow.
Saw
akasa
48Flattonearlevel
(0-2°).Even
microrelief.
1in10yearreturnperiod
forfloodsdepositingsm
all
amountsoffreshalluvium
.1in2yearreturnperiodfor
otherfloods.
Noerosionhazard.
Innormalyearsmay
waterlogbelow75cmforup
to60daysduringtheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-30cm
friableclayloam
.30-70cmfirm
clayloam
.70-120cm
firm
clay.
<100cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
Slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Phosphoruslow.
Saw
eni
53Flattonearlevel
(0-2°).Uneven
microreliefduetovertic
properties.
Innormalyearsfloodingfor
upto5daysare
experiencedon2-3
occasionssometimeinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Accum
ulatingsoil.N
oerosionrisk.
Innormalyears
waterloggingbelow50cmis
experiencedforupto60
dayssom
etimeduringthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Poo
rly
drained.
0-20cm
veryfirmheavyclay.
20-45cmextremelyfirm
clay.
45-120cm
extremelyfirm
siltyclay.
<120cm
.Note
seasonalhigh
watertable.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-45cm
slightly
acid.45-
100cmslightly
alkaline.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassium.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 121
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Seatura
172D
,172E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotentialfollowing
forestclearance.Slight
soilslipanddebrisslide
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-15cm
friablehumicclay
loam
.15-70cmfirm
stonyclay.70-
125cmfirm
stonysiltyclay.
<120cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-15cm
strongly
acid.15-
125cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus.
Verylowpotassium
below
15cm
.
Seatura
172F,172G,
172H
Moderatelysteepto
verysteep(21-40°).
Hum
mockymicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet
androllerosionpotential.
Moderatesoilslipand
debrisslideerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-16cm
friablehumicclay
loam
.16-65cmfirm
stonyclay
loam
.65-125cm
firm
stonysilt
loam
.
<120cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-16cm
strongly
acid.16-
125cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus
values.
Ser
ea46
Nearflat(0-2°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Floodsdepositingsediment
havea1in10yearreturn
period.Floods(wateronly)
havea1in2yearreturn
period.W
aterliesfor2-3
days.
Noerosionrisk.P
otential
lateralcorrasionadjacent
toriver.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-6cmloam
yfinesand.
6-17cm
finesand.
17-92cmloam
yveryfine
sand.
92-150cm
finesand.
<150cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-6cmslightly
alkaline.
6-17cm
near
neutral.
17-250cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogen
throughout.
Serua
128E
,128F
Stronglyrollingto
moderatelysteep
(16-26°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.Severe
debrisslideandsoilslip
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-40cm
siltyclayloam
.40-60cmsiltyclay.
60-125cm
clay.
<125cm
.Strongly
weatheredin
siturockat
125cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcropsexceptinareas
ofmassmovem
ent.No
surfa
cestonesor
boulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Phosphorusverylow.
Potassium
andnitrogen
verylowbelow
10cm.
Serua
128G
,128H
Steeptoverysteep(27-
40°).Hum
mocky
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Veryseveresheetandrill
erosionpotential.Very
severedebrisslideandsoil
sliperosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-8cmclayloam
.8-43cm
siltyclayloam
.43-65cmsiltyclay.
65-125cm
clay.
<125cm
.Strongly
weatheredin
siturockat
125cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcropsexceptinareas
ofmassmovem
ent.No
surfa
cestonesor
boulders.
0-8cm
moderately
acid.
8-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Phosphorusverylow.
Potassium
andnitrogen
verylowbelow
8cm
.
Sigatoka
27Flattogentlyundulating
(0-1°).Smooth
microrelief.
1in10yearreturnperiod
form
ajorfloodscontributing
minoramountsofsediment.
Daysunderw
ater4to7.
Noseriouserosion.Slight
windpotentialw
here
structureshavebroken
down.A
slowly
accumulatingsite.
Subjecttoshortduration
waterloggingduringperiods
oflowfrequencymajor
floodevents.W
atertable
>125cm
from
surfaceatall
times.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsareexperiencedfor
>30daysduringthemonths
MaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-25cm
clayloam
.25-35cmsiltloam
.35-100cm
clayloam
.>100cm
finesandyclay
loam
.
>150cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stones.
0-150cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Loworganiccarbon
values.Lowpotassium
valuesinsubsoils.
Solevu
171B
,171C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-50cm
firm
clay.
Onweatheredinsitubasalt.
<50cm.
Weatheredin
siturockat
50cm
.
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Surface
boulderscover2%of
thearea.
0-70cm
strongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
low.
Solevu
171D
Rolling(12-15°).
Unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-55cm
firm
clay.
Onweatheredinsitubasalt.
<50cm.
Weatheredin
siturockat
50cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover10%
ofthearea.
Surfaceboulderscover
2%ofthearea.
0-65cm
strongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
low.
Solevu
171E
,171F
Stronglyrollingto
moderatelysteep
(16-25°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-18cm
friableclay.
18-60cmfirm
clay.
Onweatheredinsitubasalt.
<60cm.
Weatheredin
siturockat
60cm
.
Surfacerockscover
15%ofthearea.Few
surfa
ceboulders.
0-70cm
strongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
low.
Soqulu
217G
,217H
Steepandverysteep
(26-40°).Veryuneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Veryseveresheetand
debrisslideerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearsnever
experiencessoilm
oisture
deficits.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-12cm
softpeatysiltloam
.12-38cmfriablepeatysilt
loam
.38-57cmfirm
gravellyand
grittyloam
.57-70cmfriableloam
yfine
sandygravel.
70-150cm
weatheredinsitu
scoria.
<75cm.
Com
pactscoria
at75cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Surface
bouldersoccupy10%of
thesurfa
ce.
0-38cm
moderately
acid.
38-70cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogenand
potassium.Veryhigh
phosphatefixation.
122 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Sos
o3
Flattonearlevel
(0-1°).Com
monly
hummockymicrorelief.
Watertableperm
anently
highandfluctuateswiththe
tides.Notfloodedabove
30-50cmduringnorm
alhigh
tide.M
ajorfloodingrelates
tospringtidesandmajor
stormevents.
Noerosionrisk.
Innormalyearsthesoilis
waterloggedpermanently
belowabout40cmthough
thewaterfluctuatesdaily
withthetides.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Ver
y po
orly
drained.
0-8cmpeatysiltyclay.
8-67cm
clay.
67-95cmsiltyclay.
95-142cm
siltyclayloam
.142cm+loam
yfinesand.
<40cm.Note
highwatertable
andlowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-44cm
extremelyacid.
44-67cm
stronglyacid.
67-95cm
moderately
acid.
95-160cm
slightlyacid.
Moderately
saline.
Lowphosphorus.V
ery
lownitrogenbelow
8cm
.
Sot
e126B
,126C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-22cm
clayloam
.22-125cm
clay.
<65cm.
Strongly
weatheredin
siturock
between65and
75cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylowbelow
13cm
.
Sot
e126D
,126E,
126F,126G
Rollingtosteep(12-
35°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheet,rill,soil
creepandterra
cette
(undergrazingregime)
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-40cm
clayloam
.40-125cm
clay.
<70cm.
Strongly
weatheredin
siturock
between
70-75cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylowbelow
18cm
.
Suva
119B
,119C
Undulatingandeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Veryslightsheeterosion
potentialonslopes>7°.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenotexperienced.Welldrained.0-35cm
friabletofirm
clay.
35-75cmfirm
clay.
Onweatheringmarl.
<75cm.Insitu
marl(paralithic
contact)at
75cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-35cm
slightly
acid.35-75cm
nearneutral.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogen,phosphorus
andpotassium.
Tabaka
103C
Easyrolling(8
-11°).
Unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Veryseveresheeterosion
potential.
Duetocontinuousheavy
rainfallcanwaterlogfor
shortperiods.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-72cm
friableclay.
72-125cm
veryfriablefine
sandyloam
.
<125cm
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Boulders
occupy3%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-15cm
extremelyacid.
15-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassium.
Tabaka
103D
,103E
Rollingandstrongly
rolling(12-20°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Veryseveresheeterosion
potential.
Duetocontinuousheavy
rainfallcanwaterlogfor
shortperiods.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-12cm
friableclay.
12-60cmfriableloam
yclay.
60-90cmlooseloam
ysand.
<100cm
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover10%
ofthe
surfa
ce.Boulders
occupy5%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-12cm
extremelyacid.
12-90cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassium.
Tabia
189A
,189B,
189C
Flattogentlyundulating
toeasyrolling(0
-11°).
Slightlyhum
mocky
microrelief.
Sedimentationhasoccurre
dinthepast,butinfre
quent
now.Occasionalflooding
(withwaterlying2-3days)
onslopes<2°mayoccur2-
3tim
esannuallysom
etime
intheperiodNovem
berto
April.
Slightsheeterosion
potentialonslopes>3°
whencultivated..
Waterloggingmayoccur2-
3tim
esinwetseasonon
slopes<3°.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-28cm
clay.
29-43cmclayloam
.43-51cmsiltloam
.51-69cmfinesandyclay
loam
.69-125cm
clayloam
.
>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylow
throughout.Calcium
and
magnesium
verylowin
subsoils.%BSlowtovery
low.
Tabuquto
165A
,165B
Flattogentlyundulating
toundulating(0-7°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Haveexperiencedsevere
pastsoilerosion.Have
moderatewind,sheetand
minorrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-12cm
clayloam
.12-60cmclay.
60-75cmsandyclayloam
.Onfra
cturedinsiturock.
<75cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stones.
0-12cm
slightly
acid.12-75cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Calcium
andpotassium
lowintopsoilandverylow
below12cm.
Tabuquto
165C
Easyrolling(8-11°).
Generallyeven
microrelief.Som
eunevennessinareasof
windthrow
.
Neverfloods.
Haveexperiencedsevere
pastsoilerosion.Have
moderatetoseverewind,
sheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-9cmclayloam
.9-55cm
clay.
55-85cmfinesandyclay
loam
.Onfra
cturedinsiturock.
<85cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stones.
0-9cmslightly
acid.9-85cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Calcium
andpotassium
lowintopsoilandverylow
below12cm.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 123
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Tabuquto
165D
Rolling(12-15°).
Terra
cettedand
generallyuneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Haveexperiencedsevere
pasterosionandsoil
losses.Veryseverewind,
sheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-15cm
clayloam
.15-65cmclay.
65-95cmsandyclayloam
.Oninsitufracturedrock.
<85cm
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover5%ofarea.
Surfacestonescover
2%ofarea.
0-15cm
slightly
acid.15-95cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Calcium
andpotassium
lowintopsoilandverylow
below15cm.
Tacilevu
8Flattogentlyundulating
(0-1°).Hum
mocky
microreliefdueto
windthrow
..
Neverflooded.S
ubjectto
waveencroachmentduring
severestorm
events.
Subjecttominorscouring
bywavesinsom
eplaces
duringseverestorm
events.
Perchedwatertable.In
norm
alyearswaterlogging
mayoccurforupto60days
sometimeintheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Poo
rly
drained.
0-46cm
shellysandyloam
.46-81cmstonysandyloam
.81-100cm
stonycoarse
sand.
Oncementedbeachrock.
<100cm
.Wet
seasonsubsoil
waterlogging
andlownutrient
statusbelow
16cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
coralstones.
0-16cm
moderately
alkaline.
16-100cm
strongly
alkaline.
Nonsaline.
Availablephosphorusand
potassiumverylow.
Organiccarbonand
nitrogenverylowbelow
16cm
.
Tagimaucia
220A
,220B
Flattoundulating
(0-7°).Uneven.
Neverfloods.
Noerosionrisk.
Com
monlywaterlogsfor
partoftheyearbelow
50cm
depth.
Neverexperiencessoil
moisturedeficits.
Welldrained.0-2cmfriableslightlysandy
clayloam
.2-25cm
firm
clayloam
.25-90cmsoftslightly
gravellyclay.
<50cm.
Normallywet
below50cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
bouldersandstones.
0-25cm
strongly
acid.25-90cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
and
nitrogen.V
eryhigh
phosphatefixation.
Tailevu
170D
,170E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Generally
unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-15cm
friablesiltyclay
loam
.15-90cmveryfirmclay.
90-140cm
insitucoarse
angularbasaltrubble.
<90cm.Insitu
rockat90cm.
Notelowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
boulders.
0-140cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus.
Verylowpotassium
and
nitrogenbelow15cm.
Tailevu
170F,170G
Moderatelysteepto
stee
p (21-35°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-40cm
friableclayloam
.40-90cmfirm
clay.
90-120cm
boulderyclay(in
situweatheringrock).
<90cm.Insitu
rockat90cm.
Notelowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
boulderorstones.
0-120cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus.
Verylowpotassium
and
nitrogenbelow17cm.
Talacagi
66Flattonearlevel
(0-2°).Smooth
microrelief.
Floodsdepositingsediment
havea1in20yearreturn
period.O
therfloodshavea
1in2yearreturnperiod.
Accum
ulatingsite.No
erosionrisk.
Innormalyearswater
perchesoverthecompact
subsoilforupto90days
sometimeintheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof30daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Poo
rly
drained.
0-18cm
veryfriablesandy
loam
.18-36cmfriabletofirm
sandyloam
.36-102cm
com
pactfirm
clay
loam
.
<40cm.
Com
pactfirm
clayeysubsoilat
40cm
.Verylow
subsoilnutrient
status.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-102cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus,
potassiumandnitrogen.
Tamanua
24Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.
Floodsdepositingsediment
havea1in10yearreturn
period.Floods(wateronly)
havea1in2yearreturn
period.
Noerosionrisk.
Waterloggingbelow65cm
occursinmostyears
sometimeintheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-38cm
veryfinesandyclay
loam
.38-61cmsiltyclayloam
.61-97cmsiltyclay.
<65cm.Water
tableat65cm
duringpartof
thewetseason.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-38cm
moderately
acid.
38-97cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
throughout.
Tau
76D,76E
,76F
Rollingtomoderately
steep(12-25°)U
neven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheeterosion
potential.Have
experiencedpasterosion.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto140daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-18cm
friableclayloam
.18-40cmfirm
stonyclay
loam
.Onhardlimestone.
<50cm.Hard
limestoneat
50cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover15%
ofthe
surfa
ce.Stonesand
bouldersoccupy10%of
thesurfa
ce.
0-18cm
moderately
acid.
18-40cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogen.
Tau
76G,76H
Steeptoverysteep(26-
40°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Veryseveresheeterosion
potential.Have
experiencedpasterosion.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto140daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-16cm
friableclayloam
.16-38cmfirm
stonyclay
loam
.Onhardlimestone.
<50cm.Hard
limestoneat
50cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover30%
ofthe
surfa
ce.Stonesand
bouldersoccupy5%
of
thesurfa
ce.
0-16cm
moderately
acid.
16-38cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogen.
Taveuni
93C
Easyrolling(8-11°).
Hum
mockymicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-11cm
veryfriablehum
ic
loam
.11-31cmveryfriableclay
loam
.31-54cmfriableloam
.54-75cmfriablesiltyclay
loam
.75-114cm
friablegravelly
loam
.
<100cm
Rockoutcropscover3%
ofthesurfa
ce.Boulders
occupy5%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-114cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
.Very
highphosphatefixation
properties.
124 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Taveuni
93D,93E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Hum
mocky
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-25cm
veryfriablehum
ic
loam
.25-70cmfriablesiltyclay
loam
.70-100cm
veryfriable
gravellyloam
.
<100cm
Rockoutcropscover5%
ofthesurfa
ce.Boulders
occupy3-4%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-100cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
.Very
highphosphatefixation
properties.
Tavua
197C
Easyrolling(8
-11°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderate
potentialofsheeterosion
underintensecultivation.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-40cm
clayloam
.40-90cmclay.
Onweatheredinsiturock.
<90cm
Rockoutcropscover
lessthan2%ofarea.
Surfaceboulderscover
5-10%ofarea.
0-90cm
slightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Loworganiccarbon%in
topsoilsandverylow
below20cm.
Tavua
197D
Rolling(12-15°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotentialw
here
vegetativecoverbared.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>120daysoccur
sometimeintheperiodMay
toOctober.
Welldrained.0-38cm
clayloam
.38-100cm
clay.
Oninsiturock.
<100cm
Rockoutcropscover
lessthan2%ofarea.
Surfaceboulderscover
8-10%ofarea.
0-100cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Loworganiccarbon%in
topsoilsandverylow
below15cm.
Tavua
197E
,197F
Stronglyrollingto
moderatelysteep
(16-25°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotentialw
here
vegetativecoverbared.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>120daysoccur
sometimeintheperiodMay
toOctober.
Welldrained.0-28cm
clayloam
.28-80cmclay.
Oninsiturock.
<80cm
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover5-10%
ofarea.
Surfaceboulderscover
2-3%
ofarea.
0-80cm
slightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Loworganiccarbon%in
topsoilsandverylow
below15cm.
Tavuyaga
107G
,107H
Steepandverysteep
(26-40°).Veryuneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheet,rilland
debrisslideerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenotexperienced.Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-16cm
friablesandyclay
loam
.16-140cm
friablesandy
loam
.
>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Boulders
occupy10%
ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-16cm
slightly
acid.16-
140cmnear
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogen,
phosphorusand
potassium.Veryhigh
phosphatefixation
properties.
Tiri
2Flattonearlevel
(0-1°).Uneven
microreliefdueto
reclam
ationand
drainageworks.
Artificiallydrained.Water
tablestillaffectedbytidal
fluctuations.Innormal
yearswouldsuffer5-6
floods,eachlyingfor2-3
dayssom
etimeinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Noerosionrisk.
Innormalyearsanddueto
drainagewatertable
maintainedatabout60cm.
Canexperienceshort
durationwaterloggingtothe
surfa
ceduringfloodand
springtideevents.
Soilm
oisturedeficitsare
neverexperienced.
Ver
y po
orly
drained.
0-32cm
hum
icclayloam
.32-108cm
peatysiltloam
.108-135cm+siltloam
.
<30cm.Low
subsoilnutrient
statusandhigh
salinity.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-32cm
strongly
acid.32-
108cm
extremelyacid.
108-135cm
nearneutral.
Strongly
saline.
Potassium
verylow32-
108cm.
Toguru
19Flattonearlevel
(0-1°).Slight
hummockymicrorelief.
Innormalyearsand
becauseofhighwatertable
andtopographicpositions
floodingcanoccurforupto
12dayson2-3occasions
sometimeintheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Noerosionrisk.
Significantdisturbanceby
crabsandrodents.
Innormalyearsthewater
tablefluctuatesbetween
70cm
(sum
mer)and100cm
(winter)butcancom
etothe
surfa
ceforshortperiods.
Soilm
oisturedeficitsare
neverexperienced.
Ver
y po
orly
drained.
0-68cm
sandyloam
.68-92cmloam
.<100cm
.High
seasonalwater
tableandlow
subsoilnutrient
statusincluding
highaluminium
at46-68cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-46cm
moderately
acid.
46-68cm
extremelyacid.
68-92cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
below
23cm
.Phosphoruslow.
Tokotoko
30Flattonearlevel
(0-1°).
Slig
ht
hummockymicrorelief.
Duetohighwatertablesin
summermonthssurfa
ce
floodingmayoccuron3-4
occasionslyingforupto15
daysduringtheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.1in25
yearreturnperiodforfloods
depositingsediment.
Accum
ulatingsoil.N
oerosionrisk.
Innormalyearsthewater
tablefluctuatesbetween
15cm
(sum
mer)and100cm
(winter).
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Ver
y po
orly
drained.
0-17cm
siltyclayloam
.17-37cmclayloam
.37-134cm
clay.
<75cm.Note
highseasonal
watertable.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesandboulders.
0-37cm
moderately
acid.
37-134cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
below
17cm
.
Totoya
191B
,191C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedintheperiod
MaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-35cm
grittyclay.
35-63cmclay.
63-125cm
slightlystony
grittyclay.
<125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-63cm
slightly
acid.63-
125cmnear
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Availablephosphorusvery
low.Exchangeable
calciumandpotassium
low.Veryloworganic
carbonbelow
9cm
.
Totoya
191D
Rolling(12-15°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedintheperiod
MaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-40cm
grittyclay.
40-72cmclay.
72-125cm
grittyclay.
<125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-72cm
slightly
acid.72-
125cmnear
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Availablephosphorusvery
low.Exchangeable
calciumandpotassium
low.Veryloworganic
carbonbelow
10cm.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 125
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Tuva
181A
,181B,
181C
Flattoeasyrolling
(0-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotentialonslopes
>20.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedintheperiod
MaytoOctober.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-12cm
finesandyclay
loam
.12-36cmclayloam
.36-125cm
clayloam
(insitu
weatheredrock.)
<40cm.
Weatheredrock
between40-
50cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-12cm
moderately
acid.
12-150cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Phosphorusandnitrogen
verylow.
Tuva
181D
Rolling(12-15°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Experiencedpastsheet
andrillerosion.Severe
sheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof120daysare
experiencedintheperiod
MaytoOctober.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-14cm
siltyclayloam
.14-50cmclayloam
.50-125cm
clayloam
(insitu
weatheredrock).
<50cm.
Weatheredrock
between40-
50cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-14cm
moderately
acid.
14-150cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Phosphorusandnitrogen
verylow.
Tuva
181E
,181F
Stronglyrollingto
moderatelysteep.(16-
25°).Generallysmooth
microrelief,unevenin
areasofrillerosion.
Neverfloods.
Experiencedpastsheet
andrillerosion.Very
severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-10cm
siltyclayloam
.10-46cmclayloam
.46-125cm
clayloam
(insitu
weatheredrock).
<50cm.
Weatheredrock
between40-
50cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-10cm
moderately
acid.
10-50cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Phosphorusandnitrogen
verylow.
Tuvuca
80Flattonearlevel
(0-2°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Noerosionhazard.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-100cmveryfriableslightly
grittyverysandyloam
.>100cm
.Note
extremelyhigh
Mnlevels.
Rockoutcropscover
10%ofarea.N
osurfa
cestonesor
boulders.
0-10cm
slightly
alkaline.
Nonsaline.
Uaua
147A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Even
microrelief.
Floodingforupto7days
associatedwithhigh
intensitystorm
soccuron3-
4occasionsduringthewet
season.
Noerosionhazard.
Innormalyearswaterlogs
below70cmforupto3
monthssometimeinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-25cm
friablesandyloam
.25-100cm
firm
sandyclay.
<70cm.Water
tableat70cm
duringthewet
season.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-100cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogen,phosphorus
andpotassium.
Uaua
147B
Undulating(4
-7°).Even
microrelief.
Shortduration(2-3days)
floodingassociatedwith
highintensitystorm
soccur
on3-4occasionsduringthe
wetseason.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.
Innormalyearswaterlogs
below100cm
forupto2
monthssometimeinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-10cm
veryfriablegravelly
sandyloam
.10-20cmfriableheavy
sandyloam
.20-45cmfriablesandyclay.
45-130cm
firm
sandyclay.
<100cm
.Water
tableat100cm
duringthewet
season.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-45cm
strongly
acid.45-
130cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogen,phosphorus
andpotassium.
Ucunilawe
216G
,216H
Steepandverysteep
(26-40°).Veryuneven
microrelief.Abundant
surfa
cerockoutcrops
andboulders.
Neverfloods.
Veryseveresheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Neverexperiencessoil
moisturedeficits.
Welldrained.0-60cm
veryfriableloam
.60-120cm
veryfriableclay
loam
.
<100cm
.Insitu
basaltat
100cm.
Rockoutcropscover
30%ofthesurface.
Bouldersoccupy30%
of
thesurfa
ce.
0-100cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogen,
phosphorusand
potassium.Veryhigh
phosphatefixation
properties.
Ura
95D,95E
,95F
Rollingtomoderately
stee
p (12-25°).
Slig
htly
unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Neverexperiencessoil
moisturedeficits.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-22cm
looseclay.
22-50cmfriablesandyloam
.50-90cmfriablesandyclay
loam
.90-120cm
veryfriablesandy
loam
.
<125cm
Rockoutcropscover3%
ofthesurfa
ce.Boulders
occupy2%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-22cm
moderately
acid.
22-50cm
slightlyacid.50-
90cm
near
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
.High
phosphatefixation
properties.
Vaidoko
167B
,167C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheeterosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof30daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-25cm
clayloam
.25-45cmstonyclay.
Onweaklyweatheredinsitu
rock.
<45cm
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover30%
ofthearea.
Surfaceboulderscover
8-10%ofthearea.
0-25cm
slightly
acid.25-45cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
below
25cm
.
Vaidoko
167D
,167E,
167F
Rollingtomoderately
steep(12-25°).Uneven
microrelief(terra
cettes,
boulders).
Neverfloods.
Moderatelyseveresoil
creep,sheetanddebris
slideerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof30daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-3cmclayloam
.30-48cmboulderyclay.
Onweaklyweatheredinsitu
rock.
<48cm
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover20-30%ofthe
area.Surfaceboulders
cover2-3%ofthearea.
0-30cm
slightly
acid.30-48cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
below
35cm
.
Vaidoko
167G
,167H
Steeptoverysteep(26-
38°).Uneven
microrelief(terra
cettes,
boulders).
Neverfloods.
Severesheet,soilcreep
anddebrisslideerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof30are
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-25cm
clayloam
.25-35cmstonyclay.
Onweaklyweatheredinsitu
rock.
<35cm
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover25%
ofthearea.
Surfaceboulderscover
2-3%
ofthearea.
0-25cm
slightly
acid.25-35cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
below
25cm
.
126 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Vakaw
au98E,98F
Stronglyrollingand
moderatelysteep
(16-25°).Veryuneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Neverexperiencessoil
moisturedeficits.
Welldrained.0-35cm
veryfriablestony
siltyclayloam
.35-70cmfriablebouldery
loam
.70-105cm
veryfriable
boulderysiltloam
.
<50cm.
Profuse
bouldersat
50cm
.
Rockoutcropscover
20%ofthesurface.
Bouldersoccupy30%
of
thesurfa
ce.
0-35cm
moderately
acid.
35-105cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
.Very
lowphosphatefixation
properties.
Varaciva
195E
,195F,
195G
,195H
Stronglyrollingtovery
steep(16-38°).
Neverfloods.
Experiencedpasterosion.
Moderatetosevere
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-6cmveryfriablegravelly
clayloam
.1cmdiscontinuoushardiron
pan.
25cm
friablegrittyclayon
weatheredrock.
<30cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcropsorsurface
boulders.
Stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Nitrogen,B
S%
phosphorus,potassium
levelsverylow.
Vasilaulau
131D
,131E
Rollingandstrongly
rolling(12-20°).
Generallysmooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-30cm
clayloam
.30-45cmstonyclayloam
.Oninsiturock.
<45cm.Hardin
siturockat
45cm
.
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stones,nosurfa
ce
boulders.
0-45cm
strongly
acid.45-75cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassiumbelow
25cm.
Vasilaulau
131F,131G,
131H
Moderatelysteepto
verysteep(21-38°).
Unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-24cm
clayloam
.24-42cmstonyclayloam
.Oninsiturock.
<45cm.Hardin
siturockat
45cm
.
Manysurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stonesandnosurfa
ce
boulders.
0-42cm
strongly
acid.42-70cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassiumbelow
24cm.
Vatubaba
150F,150G,
150H
Moderatelysteepto
verysteep(21-39°).
Unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof30daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-20cm
veryfriableclay
loam
.20-30cmfriablestonyclay
loam
.30-40cmveryfirmstony
clay.
40-70cmveryfirmbouldery
loam
.70-120cm
veryfirmbouldery
sandyloam
.
<70cm.
Strongly
weatheredin
situbouldery
parentmaterial
at70cm.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover5%ofthesurface.
Surfaceboulders
occupy5%ofthe
surfa
ce.
Stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
low.
Vatukoula
198C
Easyrolling(8
-11°).
Unevenmicroreliefdue
torockoutcropsand
surfa
ceboulders.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof
100-120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-15cm
friableclayloam
.15-70cmboulderyclay.
70-100cm
boulderysilt
loam
.
<100cm
Rockoutcropsand
bluffscover30%
ofthe
area.Bouldersoccupy
8%ofthesurface.
0-100cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Nitrogenandpotassium
valueslow.
Vatukoula
198D
,198E,
198F,198G
Rollingtosteep
(12-35°).Veryuneven
microreliefduetorock
outcropsandbluffs.
Neverfloods.
Veryseveresheetandrill
erosionpotential.Potential
screeerosionbelowbluffs.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-12cm
friableclayloam
.12-50cmfirm
clay.
50-80cmmassivebouldery
siltloam
.Onweatheredrock.
<80cm.Insitu
rockatabout
80cm
.
Rockoutcropsand
bluffscover60%
of
area.Bouldersand
screedebrisoccupy
15%ofsurface.
0-80cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Nitrogenandpotassium
valueslow.
Vatulele
77H
Verysteep(35-40°).
Extremelyuneven
microrelief(roots,
boulders,etc.).
Neverfloods.
Severesheeterosion
potentialw
henforest
removed.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-20cm
stonyclay.
Oncorallinerock.
<20cm
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover60-80%ofarea.
Surfacestonesand
boulderscover50%
of
area.
Nearneutral.
Nonsaline.
Noneidentified.P
ossible
traceelement
deficiencies.
Vatum
a49A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.
Innormalyearsfloods
(wateronly)wouldoccur3-
4tim
esbutofshort
durations(1-2days).
Floodsdepositingsediment
havea1in10yearreturn
period.Floodsoccur
sometimewithintheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Accum
ulatingsoil.N
oerosionrisk.
Innormalyears
waterloggingcanoccurfor
upto40dayswithin1mof
thesoilsurfa
ce.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof90-100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-25cm
clayloam
.25-125cm
clay.
<125cm
.Note
seasonal
waterlogging.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-38cm
near
neutral.
38-125cm
moderately
alkaline.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
throughout.Nitrogenvery
low.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 127
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Vatum
a49B
Undulating(4-7°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Innormalyearsfloods
(wateronly)wouldoccur3-
4tim
esayearw
ithwater
runningoffw
ithin24hours.
Floodsdepositingsediment
have1in15yearreturn
period.Floodsoccur
sometimewithintheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Accum
ulatingsoil.N
oerosionrisk.
Innormalyears
waterloggingcanoccurfor
upto10dayswithin1mof
thesoilsurfa
ce.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof100-110daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-26cm
clayloam
.26-130cm
clay.
<125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-42cm
near
neutral.
42-130cm
slightlyalkaline.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
throughout.Nitrogenvery
low.
Vatuvonu
143B
,143C
Undulatingandeasy
rolling(4-11°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofup120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-10cm
friablefinesandy
clay.
10-15cmfriablesandyloam
.Onhardpum
iceoustuff.
<20cm.Weakly
weatheredin
siturockat
20cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover8%ofthesurface.
Surfacestonesoccupy
3%ofthesurface.
0-10cm
strongly
acid.10-15cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorus.
Vatuvonu
143D
,143E,
143F
Rollingtomoderately
steep(12-25°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofup120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-10cm
friablestonysandy
clayloam
.10-25cmfriableverystony
sandyloam
.Onweatheringpumiceous
agglom
erate.
<25cm.
Weatheringin
siturockat
25cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover12%
ofthe
surfa
ce.Surfacestones
occupy3%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-10cm
strongly
acid.10-25cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorus.
Veisaru
57Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Even
microrelief.
1in20yearreturnperiod
forfloodsdepositing
alluvium
.2in1yearreturn
periodforotherfloods.
Noerosionrisk.
Waterlogsbelow
50cmfor
4monthsintheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Poo
rly
drained.
0-18cm
friableclay.
18-71cmfirm
grittyclay.
71-150cm
firm
clayloam
.
<50cm.Water
tableat50cm
depthduringthe
wetseason.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-71cm
extremelyacid.
71-150cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogenand
phosphorus.
Verevere
146A
,146B,
146C
Flattoundulatingto
easyrolling(0-11°).
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potentialonslopes>3°.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-12cm
friablesandyclay.
12-50cmfriableslightly
stonyclayonweathered
rock.
<50cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcropsorsurface
boulders.
Slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusvalues
withlowsubsoilvaluesfor
potassium.
Vis
a125B
,125C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-50cm
clay.
50-125cm
clayloam
.<90cm.
Weatheredin
siturockat90-
100cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-50cm
strongly
acid.50-
125cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylowbelow
15cm
.
Vis
a125D
,125E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheet,rilland
soilcreeperosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-40cm
clay.
40-125cm
clayloam
.<75cm.
Weatheredin
siturockat
75-90cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-40cm
strongly
acid.40-
125cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylowbelow
13cm
.
Vis
a125F,125G
Moderatelysteepto
steep(21-35°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Oddrotationalslumps.
Severesheet,rillandsoil
creeperosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-30cm
clay.
30-100cm
clayloam
.<60cm.
Weatheredin
siturock
60-70cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-30cm
strongly
acid.30-
100cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylowbelow
11cm
.
Vitawa
163F,163G,
163H
Moderatelysteepto
verysteep(21-40°).
Generallyuneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsofupto120daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-23cm
clayloam
.23-43cmstonyclayloam
.43-75cmfracturedinsitu
rock(stonysiltyclayloam
).
<45cm.
Weatheredin
siturockat
about45cm.
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Com
mon
surfa
cestones.
0-23cm
strongly
acid.23-43cm
moderately
acid.
43-100cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorus.
Volivoli
11A,11B
,11C
Flattogentlyundulating
toeasyrolling(0-11°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandwind
(saltation)erosionattimes
ofcultivatedfallow.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof90daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-15cm
veryfriablecoarse
sand.
15-76cmloosecoarsesand.
76-150cm
veryfriable
coarsesand.
>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-60cm
slightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
and
organicmattervalues.
128 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Volivoli
11D,11E
,11F,11G
Rollingtosteep
(12-35°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andwind(saltation)
erosionattimeof
cultivatedfallow.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-12cm
veryfriablecoarse
sand.
12-150cm
loosecoarse
sand.
>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-50cm
slightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
and
organicmattervalues.
Vuna
85C
Easyrolling(8-11°).
Veryunevenmicrorelief
withrockoutcropsand
surfa
ceboulders.
Neverfloods.
Veryslightsheeterosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-27cm
veryfriablestony
clayloam
.27-60cmveryfriableloam
ymediumsand.
Onbrokenbasaltlava.
<60cm
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover10%
ofthe
surfa
ce.Boulders
occupy5%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-60cm
slightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusand
potassium.Veryhigh
phosphatefixation
properties.
Vuna
85D,85E
Rollingandstrongly
rolling(12-20°).Very
unevenmicroreliefw
ith
rockoutcropsand
surfa
ceboulders.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-20cm
veryfriablestony
siltyclayloam
.20-53cmveryfriableloam
yfinesand.
Onbrokenboulderybasalt
lava.
<55cm
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover20%
ofthe
surfa
ce.Boulders
occupy5-10%
ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-53cm
slightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusand
potassium.Veryhigh
phosphatefixation
properties.
Vuna
85F,85G
Moderatelysteepand
steep(21-35°).Very
unevenmicroreliefw
ith
rockoutcropsand
surfa
ceboulders.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheeterosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Som
ewhat
excessively
drained.
0-15cm
veryfriablestony
clayloam
.15-45cmveryfriablesandy
loam
.Onbrokenbasaltlava.
<45cm
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover30%
ofthe
surfa
ce.Boulders
occupy10%
ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-45cm
slightly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorusand
potassium.Veryhigh
phosphatefixation
properties.
Vunatoto
162E
,162F,
162G
,162H
Stronglyrollingtovery
steep(16-39°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-30cm
veryfriableclay
loam
.30-120cm
veryfirmbouldery
clay.
<50cm.
Weatheredin
situbouldery
parentmaterial
at50cm.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover5%ofthesurface.
Surfaceboulders
occupy5%ofthe
surfa
ce.
Stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lowphosphorus.
Vunavutu
12Nearflat(0-1°).
Floodswithwetseason
highintensitystorm
s.
Watermaypondforupto7
days.
Noerosionrisk.
Waterlogsforafewdays3
timesonaverageduringthe
wetseason.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>90daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-30cm
firm
siltyclay.
30-80cmfirm
stickyfine
sandyclayloam
.80-130cm
firm
stickysandy
clay.
>100cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcropsorsurface
boulders.
0-130cmnear
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogenvalues.
Vunibau
9Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).
Neverfloods.
Noerosionrisk.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-15cm
friablesandyloam
.15-50cmveryfriableloam
ysand.
50-160cm
loosesand.
>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcropsorsurface
boulders.
0-125cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogen,potassium
andphosphorusvalues.
Vunicibicibi
41A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Even
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof120daysmaybe
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-17cm
veryfriablegrittysilt
loam
.17-142cm
friabletofirm
clay
loam
.
>150cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus
andalum
inium
toxicity.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesandboulders.
0-17cm
slightly
alkaline.
17-142cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
and
nitrogen.A
luminium
toxicity.
Vunicibicibi
41B,41C
Undulatingandeasy
rolling(4-11°).
Generallyeven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof120daysmaybe
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-18cm
veryfriablegrittysilt
loam
.18-120cm
friabletofirm
grittyclayloam
.120-149cmfriableclay
loam
.
>150cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus
andalum
inium
toxicity.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-147cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
and
nitrogen.A
luminium
toxicity.
Vunicibicibi
41D
Rolling(12-15°).
Unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Veryseveresheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof120daysmaybe
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-20cm
friablegravellyclay
loam
.20-80cmfirm
grittyclay
loam
.80-152cm
friableclayloam
.
>150cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus
andalum
inium
toxicity.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-152cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
and
nitrogen.A
luminium
toxicity.
Vunilagi
15Flattogentlyundulating
(0-2°).Smooth
microrelief.
Innormalyearsinfre
quent
(4-5peryear)shortduration
(3-4days)floodingfrom
creeksandduringhigh
springtidescanoccur
sometimeinthewet
season.
Noerosionrisk.
Innormalyearsthewater
tablefluctuatesfro
m40cm
(sum
mermonths)to80cm
(winterm
onths).Notealso
sealevelcontrolonwater
table.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Poo
rly
drained.
0-69cm
clay.
69-100cm
+clayloam
(with
coralshellsandgravels).
<70cm.Note
highseasonal
watertable.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-16cm
slightly
alkaline.
16-100cm
moderately
alkaline.
Nonsaline.
Phosphorusverylow.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 129
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Vurevure
69Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Hum
mocky
microrelief.
Floodsfrequentlyduringthe
periodNovem
bertoApril
withwaterpondingfor
manymonths.
Noerosionrisk.
Permanentlywaterlogged.
Neverexperiencessoil
moisturedeficits.
Ver
y po
orly
drained.
0-90cm
softpeatyclay.
Watertableat
ornearsurface
form
ostofthe
year.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-90cm
strongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Notanalysed.
Vuya
185B
,185C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4-11°).
Microrelief-minor
surfa
ceundulations.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-85cm
clay.
85-120cm
grittyclay.
<120cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stones.
0-120cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowpotassium
insubsoils.
Veryloworganiccarbon
andcalciuminsubsoils.
Vuya
185D
,185E,
185F
Rollingtomoderately
steep(12-25°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-75cm
clay.
75-110cm
grittyclay.
<110cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stones.
0-110cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowpotassium
insubsoils.
Veryloworganiccarbon
andcalciuminsubsoils.
Vuya
185G
,185H
Steeptoverysteep(26-
39°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Veryseveresheet,rilland
debrisslideerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficits>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-20cm
grittyclay.
20-68cmclay.
68-100cm
stonyclay.
<100cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stones.
0-100cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lowpotassium
insubsoils.
Veryloworganiccarbon
andcalciuminsubsoils.
Waibici
222C
Easyrolling(8-11°).
Unevenmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Neverexperiencessoil
moisturedeficits.
Welldrained.0-60cm
veryfriableclay
loam
.60-120cm
veryfirmclay.
<125cm
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Surface
bouldersoccupy2%
of
thesurfa
ce.
0-30cm
extremelyacid.
30-120cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogen,
potassiumand
phosphorus.
Waibici
222D
,222E,
222F
Rollingtomoderately
steep(12-25°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Neverexperiencessoil
moisturedeficits.
Welldrained.0-25cm
veryfriableclay
loam
.25-80cmfriableclayloam
.80-125cm
firm
clay.
<125cm
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover3%ofthesurface.
Surfaceboulders
occupy3%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-25cm
extremelyacid.
25-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogen,
potassiumand
phosphorus.
Waibula
59A,59B
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-7°).Uneven
microreliefw
ith
commonsurfacebasalt
boulders.
Floodsdepositingsediment
havea1in10yearreturn
period.O
therfloodshavea
1in2yearreturnperiod.
Noerosionrisk.
Watertable>120cm
.Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-27cm
veryfriablecoarse
sandyloam
.27-30cmveryfriablecoarse
sand.
30-110cm
veryfriablesandy
clayloam
.Onbasaltboulders.
>100cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Basalt
bouldersoccupy5%
of
thesurfa
ce.
0-30cm
moderately
acid.
30-110cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Lowpotassium
and
nitrogen.
Waidina
129B
,129C
Easyrolling(4-11°).
Generallysmooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-18cm
siltloam
.18-105cm
siltyclayloam
.105-125cmweatheredin
siturock(siltloam
).
<100cm
.Weatheredin
siturockat
about100cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-62cm
moderately
acid.
62-105cm
slightlyacid.
105-125cm
nearneutral.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
and
magnesium
lowinsubsoil.
Waidina
129D
,129E
Rollingandstrongly
rolling(12-20°).Uneven
microreliefduetoforest
dimplingand
terra
cettes.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheet,rilland
soilcreeperosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-14cm
siltloam
.14-99cmsiltyclayloam
.99-125cm
weatheredinsitu
rock(siltloam
).
<100cm
.Weatheredin
siturockat
about100cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-77cm
moderately
acid.
77-99cm
slightlyacid.99-
125cmnear
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
and
magnesium
lowinsubsoil.
Waidina
129F,129G
Moderatelysteepand
steep(21-35°).Uneven
microreliefduetoforest
dimplingand
terra
cettes.
Neverfloods.
Contemporarysmallareas
ofmassmovem
ent.
Severesheet,rilland
debrisslideerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Moderately
welldrained.
0-12cm
siltloam
.12-80cmsiltyclayloam
.80-125cm
weatheredinsitu
rock(siltloam
).
<80cm.
Weatheredin
siturockat
about80cm.
Fewrockoutcrops
(landslidescars).No
surfa
cestonesor
boulders.
0-80cm
slightly
acid.
80-125cm
near
neutral.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
and
magnesium
lowinsubsoil.
130 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Waidradra
47Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.
Floodsdepositingsediment
havea1in10yearreturn
period.Floods(wateronly)
havea1in2yearreturn
period.
Noerosionrisk.
Waterloggingoccursbelow
75cm
,asaresultofraised
watertable,duringsome
partofthewetseason.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-56cm
clayloam
.56-61cmsandyloam
.61-100cm
clayloam
.
<75cm.High
watertableat
75cm
duringthe
wetseason.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-56cm
strongly
acid.56-61cm
moderately
acid.
61-100cm
stronglyacid.
100-125cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
verylowbelow
15cm
.
Waikalou
10Flattogentlyundulating
phas
e (0-2°).Smooth
microrelief.
Shortduration(3-6days)
floods1or2timesperyear
sometimeintheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Noerosionrisk.
Waterloggingonflatsites
upto60dayssom
etimein
theperiodNovem
berto
April.W
atertable
fluctuatesbetween70and
90cm
.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Poo
rly
drained.
0-50cm
finesandyloam
.50-
125cmsand.
<75cm.
Seasonal
waterlogging
andlownutrient
statusof
subsoils.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassiumthroughout.
Wailotua
74D,74E
,74F,74G
Rollingtosteep
(12-35°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheeterosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-10cm
friableboulderyclay
loam
.10-100cm
friabletofirm
boulderyclayloam
.
<100cm
.Insitu
limestoneat
100cm.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover15%
ofthe
surfa
ce.Surface
boulderscover10%
of
thesurfa
ce.
Slightlyalkaline.
Nonsaline.
Possibletraceelement
deficiencies.
Wailulu
225A
,225B,
225C
Flattoundulatingto
easyrolling(0-11°).
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-20cm
friableclay.
20-70cmfirm
clay.
70-100cm
friableclay.
<100cm
.Many
strongly
weathered
bouldersbelow
70cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover3%ofthesurface.
Surfaceboulders
occupy2%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-100cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogen,
phosphorusand
potassium.
Wailulu
225D
,225E,
225F,225G
Rollingtosteep
(12-35°).
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-25cm
friableclayloam
.25-85cmfirm
clay.
85-120cm
friableclay.
<100cm
.Many
strongly
weathered
bouldersbelow
50cm
.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover5%ofthesurface.
Surfaceboulders
occupy2%ofthe
surfa
ce.
0-120cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogen,
phosphorusand
potassium.
Waimaro
127B
,127C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slighttomoderatesheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof<10daysmay
occursom
etimeintheperiod
MaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-4cmclayloam
.4-62cm
clay.
62-125cm
stonyclay.
<65m
.Strongly
weatheredin
siturock
between65-
75cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
,magnesium
andcalciumverylow
below15cm.
Waimaro
127D
,127E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Uneven
(forestdimpled)
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheet,rilland
soilcreeperosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-20cm
clayloam
.20-70cmclay.
70-125cm
stonyclay.
<65cm.
Strongly
weatheredin
siturock
between65-
75cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
,magnesium
andcalciumverylow
below20cm.
Waimaro
127F,127G,
127H
Moderatelysteepto
verysteep(21-38°).
Teracettes.Forest
dimpledmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Som
erotationalslumps
occur.Severesheet,rill,
soilcreepandslum
ping
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-30cm
clayloam
.30-60cmclay.
60-125cm
stonyclay.
<60m
.Strongly
weatheredin
siturock
between60-
70cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
,magnesium
andcalciumverylow
below12cm.
Wainibuka
26Flattogentlyundulating
(0-2°).Smooth
microrelief.
Floods(1in15years)of
shortduration(waterand
sediment)mayoccur.
Noerosionrisk.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-68cm
clay.
68-83cmclaytoclayloam
.83-125cm
clay.
>125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nostonesor
boulders.
Slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
lowinsubsoil.
Wainikai
68Flat(0°).Even
microrelief.
Watertableatornear
surfa
ceform
uchofthe
year.
Accum
ulatingsoil.N
oerosionrisk.
Duetopermanenthigh
watertablethesoilis
continuallywaterlogged
throughouttheyear.
Soilm
oisturedeficitsare
neverexperienced.
Ver
y po
orly
drained.
0-25cm
fibricpeat.
25-45cmclayloam
.45-100cm
clay.
100-125cmsiltyclayloam
.
0cm.Dueto
perm
anent
watertableator
neartheground
surfa
ce.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-45cm
strongly
acid.45-
125cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Phosphorusand
potassiumverylow.
Wainikavou
33A,33B
Flatandnearlevelto
undulating(0
-5°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Floodshavea1in5year
returnperiod.W
aterliesup
to5days.
Noerosionrisk.
Innormalyears
waterloggingcanoccur
below30cmforupto15
dayson2-3occasions
sometimeintheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-10cm
siltloam
.10-23cmsiltyclayloam
.23-62cmclayloam
.62-125cm
clay.
>125cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogenand
phosphorusthroughout.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 131
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Wainikoro
140C
Easyrolling(8
-11°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potentialonslopes>2°.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-15cm
finesandyclay
loam
.15-85cmfinesandyclay.
85-125cm
finesandyclay
loam
.
>125cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus,
potassiumandnitrogen.
Wainikoro
140D
,140E
Rollingtostronglyrolling
(12-20°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Haveexperienced
significantsheeterosion
wherecontinuallycropped.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-13cm
finesandyclay
loam
.13-73cmfinesandyclay.
73-125+finesandyclay
loam
.
>125cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus,
potassiumandnitrogen.
Wainikoro
140F,140G,
140H
Moderatelysteepto
verysteep(21-40°).
Generallysmooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Severetopsoillosses
recognisedwhere
continuallycroppedwithout
conservationmeasures.
Veryseveresheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof>100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-10cm
sandyclayloam
.10-80cmfinesandyclay.80-
125cm+siltyclayloam
.
>125cm
.Note
lowsubsoil
nutrientstatus.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus,
potassiumandnitrogen.
Wainivesi
28Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.
Floodsdepositingsediment
havea1in25yearreturn
period.O
therfloodshavea
1in5yearreturnperiod.
Accum
ulatingsoil.N
oerosionrisk.
Innormalyearsmay
waterlogbelow125cm
sometimeduringtheperiod
Novem
bertoApril.
Neverexperiencessoil
moisturedeficits.
Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-23cm
friableclayloam
.23-46cmfirm
grittyclay
loam
.46-76cmveryfirmgrittyclay
loam
.76-122cm
veryfirmgritty
clay.
122-140cmveryfirmgritty
loam
.
<125cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
moderately
acid.
122-140cm
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
verylowpotassium
below
23cm
.
Wainunu
173A
Flattogentlyundulating
(0-3°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Veryslightsheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-16cm
veryfriablehum
ic
clayloam
.16-30cmfirm
siltyclay.
30-120cm
veryfirmclay.
>120cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-16cm
extremelyacid.
16-120cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus.
Wainunu
173B
,173C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-18cm
veryfriablehum
ic
clayloam
.18-50cmfirm
siltyclay.
50-125cm
firm
clay.
>120cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-18cm
extremelyacid.
18-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus.
Wainunu
173D
,173E,
173F
Smoothtomoderately
steep(12-25°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-18cm
veryfriableclay
loam
.18-52cmfirm
siltyclayloam
.52-125cm
firm
siltyclay.
>120cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-125cm
stronglyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorus.
Waioba
88G,88H
Steepandverysteep
(26-40°).Forest
dimpledmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Veryseveresheet,rilland
debrisslideerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-48cm
veryfriableloam
.0-
115cmfriableclayloam
.>100cm
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stoneorboulders.
0-88cm
slightly
acid.88-
115cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassium.Veryhigh
phosphatefixation
properties.
Waioru
102G
,102H
Steepandverysteep
(26-40°).Forest
dimpledmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-43cm
friablesiltyclay
loam
.43-97cmfirm
siltyclayloam
.97-110cm
firm
boulderysilt
loam
.
<100cm
.Profuse
bouldersbelow
100cm.
Rockoutcropscover
15%ofthesurface.
Bouldersoccupy3%of
thesurfa
ce.
0-110cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylownitrogen,
potassiumand
phosphorus.Veryhigh
phosphorusfixation
properties.
Waiqere
87C
Easyrolling(8
-11°).
Undulatingmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheeterosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-15cm
friablesiltloam
.15-27cmfriableclayloam
.27-45cmfriablesiltloam
.45-61cmveryfriablesandy
loam
.61-125cm
veryfriablesand.
>100cm
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Basalt
bouldersoccupy2%
of
thesurfa
ce.
0-7cmstrongly
acid.7-125cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassium.Veryhigh
phosphatefixation.
132 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil
Serie
sSo
il M
ap
Uni
tSl
ope
Mic
rore
lief
Susc
eptib
ility
to F
lood
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to E
rosi
onSu
scep
tibili
ty to
W
ater
logg
ing
Susc
eptib
ility
to D
roug
htO
vera
ll D
rain
age
Prof
ile T
extu
ral P
atte
rnM
in. E
ffect
. R
ootin
g D
epth
Out
crop
s &
Sur
face
St
ones
and
Bou
lder
sAc
idity
/ Al
kalin
itySa
linity
Kno
wn
Lim
iting
N
utrie
nts
Waiqere
87D,87E
Rollingandstrongly
rolling(12-20°).
Undulatingmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Severesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Welldrained.0-55cm
friablesiltloam
.55-70cmveryfriablesandy
loam
.70-100cm
veryfriable
mediumsand.
>100cm
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Basalt
bouldersoccupy4-5%
ofthesurfa
ce.
0-10cm
strongly
acid.10-
100cm
moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowphosphorusand
potassium.Veryhigh
phosphatefixation.
Waisava
132A
Gentlyundulating
(1-3°).Uneven
microrelief(commonly
duetopugging).
Neverfloods.
Noerosionrisk.
Innormalyears
waterloggingoccursforup
to60dayssom
etimeinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-90cm
clay.
90-110cm
sandyclayloam
.<130cm
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
Nonsaline.
Waisava
132B
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Uneven
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheeterosion
potential.
Innormalyears
waterloggingoccursforup
to30dayssom
etimeinthe
periodNovem
bertoApril.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-31cm
clay.
31-45cmclayloam
.45-105clay.
105-113cmsandyclay
loam
.
<100cm
.Note,
seasonal
waterlogging.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
Nonsaline
Potassium
verylow
throughout.
Yakita
153B
,153C
Undulatingandeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potentialonslopes>7°.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsarenever
experienced.
Imperfe
ctly
drained.
0-18cm
firm
sandyheavy
clay.
18-30cmfirm
tofriablevery
heavyclay.
30-100cm
firm
clay.
<100cm
.Com
pactclayat
70cm
.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stonesorboulders.
0-60cm
strongly
acid.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogen,phosphorus
andpotassium.
Yako
120B
,120C
Undulatingtoeasy
rolling(4
-11°).Smooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Slightsheetandrillerosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-30cm
veryfriablestony
clayloam
.Oninsiturock.
<30cm.
Fracturedinsitu
rockat30cm
depth.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
bouldersbutafew
surfa
cestones.
0-30cm
moderately
alkaline.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogen.
Yako
120D
Rolling(12-15°).
Smoothmicrorelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatesheetandrill
erosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-26cm
veryfriablestony
clayloam
.Oninsiturock.
<30cm.
Fracturedinsitu
rockat30cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
bouldersbutafew
surfa
cestones.
0-26cm
moderately
alkaline.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogen.
Yako
120E
Stronglyrolling
(16-20°).
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Moderatesoilsliperosion
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-28cm
veryfriablestony
clayloam
.<30cm.
Fracturedinsitu
rockat30cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
bouldersbutafew
surfa
cestones.
0-28cm
moderately
alkaline.
Nonsaline.
Lownitrogen.
Yaqara
199A
,199B,
199C
Flattoundulatingto
easyrolling(0
-11°).
Neverfloods.
Noneobserved.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsareexperienced
>100daysduringthemonths
ofMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-10cm
veryfriablesiltyclay
loam
.10-100onsiltyclay.
>125cm
.Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Nosurfa
ce
stones.
Moderately
acid.
Nonsaline.
Potassium
low.
Yasawa
7AFlattoundulating
(0-2°).Generally
smoothbutsurface
hummockswherewind
throwhasoccurred.
Neverflooded.
Duringhurricanesandhigh
tidestormeventsmay
experienceminorscouring.
Accretionofnew
sediment
atthesetim
esmore
significant.
Neverwaterlogged.Water
table>125cm
from
surface.
Watertablefluctuatesat
depthwiththetides.
Inmostyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsareexperiencedfor
100daysduringthemonths
ofMaytoOctober.
Excessively
drained.
60cm
mediumsand.
Mediumsand.
60-125cm
stonymedium
sand.
>125cm
.Low
nutrientsupply
below
10-15cm.
Nosurfa
cerock
outcrops.Com
mon
coralsurfacestone.
Moderately
alkaline
0-125cm.
Nonsaline.
Salinewater
table>125cm
nearto
coastline.
Phosphorusand
potassiumvaluesvery
low.Loworganicmatter
status.
Yavuna
164B
,164C
Undulatingandeasy
rolling(4
-11°).
Generallysmooth
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Moderatetoseveresheet
andrillerosionpotential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.0-9cmsiltloam
.9-30cm
sandyloam
.Onweatheredinsiturock.
<30cm.Insitu
rocknormally
encounteredby
30cm
.
Fewsurfacerock
outcrops.Fewsurface
stones.
0-9cmstrongly
acid.9-30cm
nearneutral.
30-50cm+
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
and
nitrogen.Low
phosphorus.
Yavuna
164D
,164E
Rollingandstrongly
rolling(12-20°).
Uneven(terra
cettes)
microrelief.
Neverfloods.
Contemporarydebris
sliding.S
everesheetand
rillerosionpotential.
Moderatedebrisslide
potential.
Neverwaterlogs.
Innormalyearssoilm
oisture
deficitsof100daysare
experiencedsom
etimeinthe
periodMaytoOctober.
Welldrained.9-7cmsiltloam
.7-24cm
grittysandyloam
.Onweatheredinsiturock.
<25cm.Insitu
rockat25cm.
Surfacerockoutcrops
cover5-8%ofthearea.
Com
monsurface
stones.
0-7cmslightly
acid.7-24cm
nearneutral.
24-50cm+
slightlyacid.
Nonsaline.
Verylowpotassium
and
nitrogen.Low
phosphorus.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 133
7. APPLICATION OF THE FERTILITY CAPABILITY SOIL CLASSIFICATION 7.1 The system
Soilclassificationsystemscommonlyemphasisesubsurfacesoilpropertiesratherthanthoseofthetopsoil,becauseoftheirpermanentnature.However,mostsoilmanagementpracticesarelargelyconcernedwiththeplowlayerortop20cm.Indescribingasoilsurface,soilpropertiesarealsosimpler,andmoreeasilyidentifiedanddifferentiated,thaninhorizonsbelowthesurface.Informationonthecharacteristicsandpropertiesofthetopsoilarealsoreadilyavailable.
TheFertilityCapabilitySoilClassification(FCSC)Systemwasdevelopedasanattempttobridgethegapbetweenthesub-disciplinesofsoilclassificationandsoilfertility.
FCSCisatechnicalsystemforgroupingsoilsaccordingtothekindsofproblemstheypresentforagronomicmanage-mentoftheirchemicalandphysicalproperties.Itemphasisesquantifiabletopsoilparameters,aswellassubsoilpa-rametersdirectlyrelevanttoplantgrowth.FCSCclassesindicatethemainfertility-relatedsoilconstraints,whichcanbeinterpretedinrelationtospecificfarmingsystems.FortheFCSC,threecategoricallevelshavebeenproposed,namely,type(textureofsurfacesoillayer),substratatype(subsoiltexture),andmodifiers.
7.2 Type
Type,thehighestcategory,isdeterminedbythetextureoftheplowlayer,orupper20cmofthesoil,whicheverisshallower.Fivetexturaltypesaredefined.Codelettersindicativeoftypearecapitalised.Theyare:
G=Gravellytopsoils : Theyaremorethan20%byvolumeofgravels,stones,rockfragments.Thisisconsideredamajorlimitingfactorforlandpreparationandcropproduction;
S=Sandytopsoils : Loamysandsandsands;
L=Loamytopsoils : Theyhave<35%clay,butarenotloamysandorsand;
C=Claytopsoils : Theyhave>35%clay;O=Organicsoils : Theyhave>30%organicmattercontenttoadepthof50cmormore.
7.3 Substrata type
Usediftexturalchangeorahardrootrestrictinglayerisencounteredwithin50cm.
S=Sandysubsoil : Textureasintype
L=Loamysubsoil : Textureasintype
C=Clayeysubsoil : TextureasintypeR=Rockorotherhardrootrestrictinglayer
7.4 Condition modifiers
Theyrefertochemicalandphysicalpropertiesoftheplowlayerortop20cm,whicheverisshallower.Themodifiersindicatespecificfertilitylimitationswithdifferentpossibleinterpretations.
Letter-codingoftheconditionmodifiersisgiveninlowercaseletters,whichhavebeenselectedtoprovideeasyassocia-tionwiththeconditionsdescribed.
Thecriterionlistedfirstisthemostimportantone.Theconditionmodifiersare:g=(gley)
Mottles≤2chromawithin60cmofsurfaceandbelowallAhorizonsorsaturatedwithwaterfor>60daysinmostyears
d=(dry)
Usticenvironment;dry>90consecutivedaysperyearwithin20–60cmdepth
e=(LowCEC)
Lowcationexchangecapacity(CEC)
134 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
a=(Altoxic)
Aluminiumtoxicity.pHvalue<5.0within50cm,exceptinorganicsoilswherepHvaluesmustbe<4.7.
h= (Acid)
pHvaluesbetween5.0and6.0,i.e.,stronglytomoderatelyacidi= (Fe-Pfixation)
Highphosphorusfixationbyiron.Huesredderthan5YRandwithagranularstructurev= (Vertisol)
Verystickyplasticclay>35%and>50%of2:1expandingclays;Severetopsoilshrinkingandswellingx= (X-rayamorphous)
PositivetofieldNaFtestindicativeofallophanedominanceinclayfractionp= (LowavailableP)
Lowavailablephosphoruswithin50cmofthesoilsurfacek= (Kdeficient)
Exchangeablepotassium<0.20%/100gm.LowKreservesb= (Basicreaction)
FreeCaCO3within50cm(effervescencewithHCL)orpHvalues>7.3c= (Catclay)
pH<3.5withjarositemottleswithhues2.Yoryellowerandchromas6ormorewithin60cmn= (Natric) >15%NasaturationofCECwithin50cm
TheassessmentofFijisoilsaccordingtoFCSCcriteriaisgivenbelowinTable4.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 135
Table 4: Fertility capability soil classification applied to Fiji soils
Soil Series Map Symbols FCSC Unit
Ba 43B–43F Cdeapk Batiki 55A Cgh Batiwai 204B–204G Chipk Bua 40A–40E Cdeaik Bucaisau 51A Cghk Bureni 205C–205F Chip Burenitu 121B–121G Ck
Cikobia 78A–78C CdikbCuku 154D–154H CRdpkDaria 133B–133E CehkDawasamu 14A SpkDelaibo 202D–202H CRkDelaimatai 183C–183H CdaipkDelainacau 207C–207F ChipkDeuba 13A SgpkDobuilevu 122B–122H CkDogo 5A CgpnDogotuki 156B–156F ChpkDrasa 71A–71C CdipkDreketi 4A CgpcDriti 137B–137E CRapkDulevi 90A–90E CehxkEkubu 83A CRdbEmuri 118A–118C CdhvpkGaigai 136D–136H CSeapGaloa 175B–175E CipkGau 169A–169D ChpkHafhafu 100B–100D LxkKavula 186E–186H CdhpKedra 65A LCghpKeiyasi 113C–113H CdhpkKelikoso 145A–145B CdhkKirikiri 99A–99B LxpKoro 94G–94H LRhpKorokadi 42A–42B LCdeapKoromavu 112D–112H SRdpKoroniqala 157B–157E CdehipkKoronivia 44A–44C LCehpkKorotuku 206A–206C CdikKorovuli 37A CdhikKubuna 190B–190E CdeaikKurukuru 144A–144D LCdaikKuta 209A OhLabasa 1A CSghcpLagilagi 63A CdLakeba 180D–180H CdhipkLami 75E–75H CRbLato 62A SdpkLau 182B–182E CLdapLaucala 92B–92E LxLautoka 73A CdkLawai 23A–23B SLdkLedrutua 208C–208H LdhpkLekutu 194C–194F LRdhkLewa 221A–221H CeapkLobau 124C–124H ChipkLodoni 168B–168H ChipkLomaiviti 176C–176F ChiLomaje 84B–84E SxLosa 86B–86D LRxk
136 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Lovonivia 45A–45B SdehiLutu 148C–148H LChpkMacuata 200C–200H CSdaMafua 108D–108H CSxMakomako 188B–188E CdehpkMalolo 149D–149F SdehpkManuka 215D–215E LhxkMataiwailevu 132A–132B CMatana 218D–218E ChxkMatavelo 52A CghpkMelimeli 32A OghkMolamolau 72A CdehpMomi 115B–115H CdpMonasavu 223D–223H ChpMuainase 21A LCkNabeka 101C–101E ChkNabiti 193B–193E CdaikNabuesa 226B–226H ChpkNabuono 155F–155H CdhipkNacamaki 96B–96E LSxkNacaugai 106G–106H CxpkNacokula 64A CgehpkNacula 130D–130H ChNadala 211A ChpkNadarivatu 224D–224H ChpkNadawa 151B–151E CRpNadi 36A–36D LdehkNadranu 210A OgehkNadrau 213A CNadroga 114C–114H CLdhpNadruka 56A CghkNaduru 25A ChkNaevuevu 82A–82E CRdNailoca 166D–166H ChipkNairai 179C–179H CdhipkNaitata 214E–214G CLxkNakavika 174A–174F CeapNakelo 18A LghkNalotu 111C–111E CRhpkNamaka 35A SCdehpkNamalata 184B–184E CdhiNamara 139B–139E LCehpkNamatiu 138B–138E ChpkNamosau 39A–39C CdeaikNamosi 158C–158H ChpkNamuana 134D–134G ChipNanukuloa 192B–192G CdhkNaqalotu 117F–117G CdpkNaqilai 67A CgpkNarayawa 160C–160H ShkNarewa 50A CgvpkNasau 105F–105H CdhpkNasegai 38A–38C ChpkNaselesele 20A SpkNasou 70A–70C CLdhpkNauluvatu 159D–159H ChpkNausori 31A CghkNavai 212A–212B CpNavava 177A–177H CkNavua 29A LghkNavunikodi 60A LChpkNawai 187B–187D CdkNaweni 203A–203C CkNayau 81A CRdipk
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 137
Nika 54A CdhvkNuku 6A SpkNukudamu 141A–141D LdhipkNukusa 142B–142D LSdehpkOgea 79A SdkbOno 89A–89B LhxkQalinaolo 227A–227C ChpkQaributa 17A OghkQeleni 104C–104E ChpkRana 16A SpkRauriko 152F–152H ChpkRavilevu 97G–97H ChkRaviravi 178B–178G CdaipkRawiti 58A CehikReree 91A–91B LSxkRewa 22A CkRewasa 196B–196E CdhpRoroa 109D–109H SpkRukuruku 201B–201D CdhipSabeto 116C–116F CRdSaliadrau 61A SLhkSalialailai 219G–219H LRhxkSamabula 110A–110G CRSarowaqa 135F–135H ChipkSaunaka 34A–34B ChpkSavudrodro 161C–161G ChkSawakasa 48A CpSaweni 53A CgpkSeatura 172D–172H CahpkSerea 46A SSerua 128G–128H CahipkSigatoka 27A CdkSolevu 171B–171F ChkSoqulu 217G–217H LhxkSoso 3A CgpcSote 126B–126G ChikSuva 119B–119C CpkTabaka 103C–103E ChpkTabia 189A–189D CLdaikTabuquto 165A–165D CdeaikTacilevu 8A SpkTagimaucia 220A–220B ChxkTailevu 170D–170H ChipkTalacagi 66A SCehpkTamanua 24A ChkTau 76D–76H CRdbTaveuni 93C–93E LhxkTavua 197C–197F CdTavuyaga 107G CSxpkTiri 2A CLgkcToguru 19A SghpkTokotoko 30A CghkTotoya 191B–191D CdpkTuva 181A–181F CdehipTuvuca 80A SdiUaua 147A–147B SCdaipkUcunilawe 216G–216H LhxpkUra 95D–95F CShxkVaidoko 167B–167H ChikVakawau 98E–98F CLhxkVaraciva 195E–195H CdeapkVasilaulau 131D–131H CRdhpkVatubaba 150F–150H CLehkVatukoula 198C–198H Cdhik
138 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Vatulele 77H CRdbVatuma 49A–49B CdkVatuvonu 143B–143F SRdpVeisaru 57A CghpVerevere 146A–146C CRdpkVisa 125B–125H ChkVitawa 163F–163H CdhpVolivoli 11A–11F SdeVuna 85C–85G CSxpkVunatoto 162E–162H CLpVunavutu 12A CdVunibau 9A ShpkVunicibicibi 41A–41D LCdeakVunilagi 15A CgpVurevure 69A CghVuya 185B–185H CdhikWaibici 222C–222G ChpkWaibula 59A–59B SChkWaidina 129B–129F ChkWaidradra 47A ChkWaikalou 10A CSghpkWailotua 74D–74H CbWailulu 225A–225H ChipkWaimaro 127B–127H CkWainibuka 26A CkWainikai 68A OCghpkWainikavou 33A–33B ChpWainikoro 140C–140H CdehipkWainivesi 28A ChpkWainunu 173A–173F CehpWaioba 88G–88H LxpkWaioru 102G–102H ChpkWaiqere 87C–87E LShxpkWaisava 132A–132C CkYakita 153B–153C ChpkYako 120B–120E CRdYaqara 199A–199C CdhikYasawa 7A Sdpk
Yavuna 164B–164E SRdpk
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 139
7.5 Interpretation of modifiersWhenonlyonemodifierisincludedintheFCSCunit,thefollowingdesignatedlimitationsormanagementrequirementsapplytothesoil;however,interpretationsmaydifferwhentwoormoremodifiersarepresentsimultaneouslyorwhentexturaltypesaredifferent.
g: Denitrificationfrequentlyoccursinanaerobicsubsoil.Tillageoperationsandcertaincropsmaybeadverselyaf-fectedbyexcessrainunlessdrainageisimprovedthroughtillageorotherdrainageprocedures.
d: Moistureisalimitationduringthedryseasonunlesssoilisirrigated.PlantingdateshouldtakeintoaccounttheflushofNatonsetofrains.
e: Lowabilitytoretainnutrientsagainstleaching,mainlyK,CaandMg.ApplicationsofthesenutrientsandofNfertilisersshouldbesplit.
a: PlantssensitivetoAltoxicitywillbeaffectedunlesslimeisapplied;extractionofsoilwaterbelowdepthoflimeincorporationwillberestricted.Limerequirementsarehighunlessan‘e’modifierisalsoindicated.Thismodifierisdesirableforrapiddissolutionofphosphaterocks.
h: Lowtomediumsoilacidity;requireslimingforAl-sensitivecrops.
i: HighPfixationcapacity, requiredhigh levelsofP fertiliserorspecialPmanagementpractices. SourcesandmethodofPfertiliserapplicationshouldbeconsideredcarefully.WithCtexture,thesesoilshavegranularsoilstructure.
x: HighPfixationcapacity;amountandmostconvenientsourceofPtobedetermined.LoworganicNmineralisationrates.
v: Clayeytexturedtopsoilwithshrinkandswellproperties.Tillageisdifficultwhentoodryortoomoistbutsoilscanbehighlyproductive;P-deficiencycommon.
p: LowavailableP;Pfertiliserisrequiredforplantgrowth.
k: LowabilitytosupplyK.AvailabilityofKshouldbemonitored,andKfertilisersmayberequiredfrequently;poten-tialK-Mg-Caimbalance.
b: Calcareoussoils.Potentialdeficiencyofcertainmicronutrients,principallyFeandZn:HighlevelsofNa.Requiresspecialsoilmanagementpracticesforalkalinesoils,includinguseofgypsumamendmentsanddrainage.
c: Potentialacidsulphatesoil.Drainageisnotrecommendedwithoutspecialpractices;shouldbemanagedwithplantstoleranttohighwatertablelevel.
Byusingtheindividualguidesforeachtype,substratatype,andmodifiers,itispossibletopreparecompositeinterpre-tationguidelinesforallofthepossibleFCSCunits.Morecomprehensiveinterpretativestatementsarepossiblewheninteractionsoftwoormoresoilconditionsareconsidered.FCSCunitscanbeappliedtospecificcropsorfarmingsystems.
7.6 Interpretations of FCSC nomenclatureLCgh Goodwater-holdingcapacity(L),mediuminfiltrationcapacity(L);erosionwillexposeundesirableclay-
texturedsubsoil(C);limitationsindrainagesothattillageoperationsandsomecropsmaybeadverselyaffectedbywaterinthelowerrootzone(g).Drainageneedstobeimproved.Strongtomediumacidsoil;limingrequiredforsomecrops(h).
Gehx Gravellythroughouttheprofile(G),verysusceptibletoerosion(e),cultivationdifficult(G),lowabilitytore-tainplantnutrients,especiallyK,CaandMg(e).Applicationsofthesenutrientsshouldbesplit.Stronglyacidandrequiringlimingforsomecrops(h);allophanedominatedmineralogyseeshighP-fixingcapacityandlowrateofNmineralisationofsuchsoils(x).
7.7 Analysis of Fijian FCSC unitsFCSCunitsaregroupedaccordingtotype,substratatypeandmodifier,andaregiveninTable5.Lowabilitytosupplypotassiumandphosphorus,acidity,strongdryseasonandhighiron/phosphorusfixationareconsideredmajorprob-lems,whicharedifficulttoimproveunderfieldconditionsforsubsistencefarmers.
140 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Table 5: Analysis of type, substrata type, and modifier for Fijian FCSC units Type Substrata Type Modifier
C=161 R= 23 k=168L= 29 C= 14 p=122S= 28 S= 12 h=122
O=5 L= 11 d=80 i=45 e=32 g=28 x=26 a=22 b= 7 v= 3 c= 3 n= 1
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 141
8. MATCHING OF SOIL ATTRIBUTES WITH CROP REQUIREMENTS; SOIL SUITABILITY ASSESSMENTS
8.1 Introduction
Theinteractionsbetweenelementsofthesoil-plant-atmospheresystemwhichformthebasistocropproductionandmanagementarecomplex.
Matchingistheprocessofcomparingtherequirementsofaparticularcropwiththediagnosticsoilattributesofapar-ticularsoilmapunit.
Theprocessinitiallyinvolvesconciselycharacterisingsoilsintermsofaselectednumberofattributesdeemedtobeimportantforcropproductionandmanagement.
Valuesofthesoilcharacteristicsforthesoilmapunits(>1200)werederivedfromthedatacompiledforthe1:50,000scalenationalsoilsurveyofFiji(SeruandLeslie1986)anddescribedintheFiji Soil Taxonomic Unit Description Hand-book(LeslieandSeru1998).ThekeysoilandclimateattributesusedinthecropsuitabilityanalysisaregiveninFigure2.
CropsimulationmodelssuchasthosedevelopedbytheInternationalBenchmarkSitesNetworkforAgrotechnologyTransfer(IBSNAT)project(IBSNAT1984,1989)wereconsideredtoosophisticatedandtheminimumdatasetsrequiredtoruntheIBSNATcropmodelsareincompleteforFiji.
Itwasdecidedtoadoptamanualapproachforcalculatingtheperformanceofcrops—asemi-quantitativedescriptionofplant/agro-ecologicalrelationshipsandtheiruseforestimatingcropperformance.Thismanualapproachproducedrobustresultsandprovidedcredibleestimatesforthecropsuitabilityfor78cropsmatchedwithsoilattributesforthesoilmapunits(>1200).
142 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Figure 2: Key soil and climate attributes used in the crop suitability analysis
(i) temperature - meanmax.temperature - meanmin.temperature
(ii) erosion - slope - soilerodibility
(iii) moistureconditions - meanannualrainfall - rainfallseasonality - profiletextures - landform(iv) nutrientavailability - pH - mineralreserve - CEC,BS% - Phosphorous,Pretention - Exch.Aluminium
(v) potentialformechanisation - stoniness/rockiness - slope - texturetopsoil
(vi) rootingconditions - effectiverootingdepth - waterholdingcapacity - profiletexture - stoniness
(vii) oxygenavailabletoroots - soildrainageclass(wetness) - porosityandaeration
(viii) soiltoxicities - acidsulphate - calciumcarbonate
(ix) excessofsalts - salinity
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 143
8.2 Process for determining crop suitability ratings
Thefirststepintheprocesswastoselectthecrops(78)andthendeterminetheclimaticrequirementsofeachcrop,e.g.soiltemperature,whichgovernedgrowthandpotentialyield.Thisdocumentedtherange(min.tomax.)underoptimalandabsoluteconditions.Thesedependlargelyonhowwellthecropgrowthcyclefitswithintheperiodduringwhichwa-terisavailable,notingthattheactualyieldattainableisalsoinfluencedbyvariationsinrainfall,soilfactors,susceptibilitytodroughtandotheragro-ecologicalfactors.
Aswithclimatedata,theedaphicrequirementsofcropsareessentiallythosegeneratedinanydetailedsoilinventoryandcharacterisation.Thoseedaphicattributesthataffectcropsarebothinternalandexternal.Theprincipalinternalat-tributesincludesoiltemperature,propertiesaffectingwater(principallypermeability,capacitytostoreandreleasewateranddrainagecharacteristics),aeration,naturalfertility(particularlythecapacitytosupplyplantnutrients),effectiveroot-ingdepth,textureandstoniness,absenceofsalinity,extremeacidityoralkalinity,toxicsubstancesandtilth.
Theexternalattributesinclude:landformfeatures,probabilityofflooding,trafficability,andaccessibility(rockoutcrops,surfaceboulders,etc.).
Theseedaphicfactorsprovidetheminimumdatasetformatchingwitheachcrop’srequirements.Theyweretabulatedonindividualcropworksheets(notpublished)todeterminetheprimarycropneedsbeforematchingwiththeclimaticdataandthesoilattributesforthenationalsoilmapunits.(SMUs).
Afterthematchingstep,ratingsforpotentialcropgrowthweredetermined,placingthecropforeachSMUintooneoffourcategoriesofpotentialyield,i.e.high,moderate,lowandverylow.
Givingconsiderationtothelimitationsandproductioninputneedsandcosts,thefinalsoilsuitabilityclassforeachcropcanbemade.
Todeterminethesuitabilityclassofasoilmapunit,thesoilandclimaticattributes(Table6)arematchedwithrequire-mentsoftheindividualcrops.
DefinitionsforsuitabilityclassesaregiveninFigure3.
Table6providestheresultsoftheanalysisofmatchingthesoilmapunitswiththe78crops.
ThesedatahavealsobeenspatiallyexpressedthroughGIS-generatedcrop-specificmaps.Themapsareone-archivewiththeFijiMinistryofPrimaryIndustries(MPI)andaprint-on-demandserviceisavailable.
AfuturenextstepavailabletoMPIistocalculatetheactualyieldrangeforeachsoilsuitabilityclassforeachcropas-sessed.
144 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Figure 3: Suitability classes
Class Definition
S1Highlysuitable
S2Moderatelysuitable
S3Marginallysuitable
NNotsuitable
Soilsthatareexpectedtobehighlyproductiveforthedefinedcrop.Nosignificantlimitations.
Soilsthatareexpectedtobemoderatelyproductiveforthedefinedcrop.Limitationsreducecropyieldsby15–40%and/orincreaserecurrentcostsforproductionandconservation.
Soilsthatareexpectedtohavealowproductivityforthedefinedcrop.Limitationsreducecropyieldsby40–70%and/orconsid-erablyincreaserecurrentcostsforproductionandconser-vation.
Soilswithveryseverelimitations,whichcannotbecor-rectedeconomically.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 145
Table 6: Soil suitability classification for 78 cropsSoil Series
MapCodeAvocado
Banana
Breadfruit
B.Beans
Capsicum
Cardamom
Carrot
Cashew
Cassava
Chillies
Ch.Cabbage
Cinnamon
Cloves
Cocoa
Coconut
CoffeeA.
CoffeeR.
Cowpea
Cucumber
Dalo
Daruka
Durian
Eggplant
Eng.Cabbage
Ginger
Gourd
Grapefruit
Guava
Horseradish
Jackfruit
Jatropha
Lime
LongBeans
Lychee
Macadamia
Maize
Mandarin
Mango
ManilaHemp
MungBean
Noni(Kura)
Nutmeg
OilPalm
Okra
Onion
Orange
Papaya
Peanut
Pepper
PigeonPea
Pimento
Pineapple
Potato
Pumpkin
RiceUpland
RiceIrrig.
Rubber
Sago
Sisal
Sorghum
Soursop
SoyaBean
Spinach
Squash
Sugar
Sunflower
SweetPotato
Tea
Tomato
TungOil
Turmeric
Urd
Vanilla
WaterMelon
WingedBean
Yagona
Yam
Zucchini
Ba43B
33
23
33
33
33
33
33
3N
32
3N
33
33
N3
33
N3
23
33
33
33
33
2N
33
33
33
33
32
33
NN
NN
23
33
33
23
3N
3N
33
N3
3N
N3
Ba43C
33
23
33
33
33
33
33
3N
33
3N
33
33
N3
33
N3
23
33
33
33
33
2N
33
33
33
33
32
33
NN
NN
33
33
33
33
3N
3N
33
N3
3N
N3
Ba43D
3N
2N
NN
N3
NN
NN
N3
3N
3N
NN
N3
NN
NN
N3
N3
23
N3
3N
33
3N
2N
3N
N3
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
3N
3N
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Ba43E
Ba43F
Batiki55A
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
22
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
21
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Batiwai204B
N2
22
NN
2N
1N
NN
N2
2N
2N
N1
2N
NN
1N
NN
N2
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N2
2N
Batiwai204C
N3
22
NN
2N
1N
NN
N2
3N
2N
N1
2N
NN
1N
NN
N2
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N2
2N
Batiwai204D
NN
2N
NN
NN
1N
NN
N3
3N
3N
N1
NN
NN
3N
NN
N3
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
N2
3N
Batiwai204E
Batiwai204F
Batiwai204G
Bua40A
23
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
23
22
22
22
N2
31
22
2N
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Bua
40B2
32
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
NN
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
32
22
22
2N
23
12
22
3N
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Bua
40C3
33
22
2N
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
NN
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
23
33
32
22
22
2N
23
12
2N
NN
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Bua
40D3
N3
NN
NN
22
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
N2
2N
21
2N
NN
N2
23
N3
N2
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NBua
40E2
Bucaisau51A
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
21
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Bureni205C
N2
22
NN
2N
1N
NN
N2
2N
2N
N1
2N
NN
2N
NN
N2
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N2
2N
Bureni205D
NN
2N
NN
NN
1N
NN
N3
3N
3N
N1
NN
NN
2N
NN
N3
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
N2
3N
Bureni205E
Bureni205F
Burenitu121B
N2
22
2N
23
1N
2N
22
2N
NN
21
22
22
2N
NN
N2
3N
2N
N2
NN
NN
23
22
NN
2N
NN
NN
22
22
NN
NN
N2
2N
N2
N2
N3
NN
NN
22
NBurenitu
121CN
22
22
N2
31
N2
N2
22
NN
N2
12
22
22
NN
NN
23
N2
NN
2N
NN
N2
32
2N
N2
NN
NN
N2
22
NN
NN
NN
22
NN
2N
2N
3N
NN
N2
2N
Burenitu121D
NN
2N
NN
N3
1N
NN
33
3N
NN
N1
N3
NN
2N
NN
N3
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
23
NBurenitu
121EBurenitu
121FBurenitu
121GCikobia
78A3
N2
NN
2N
N2
NN
N2
31
N3
NN
2N
2N
NN
22
2N
22
2N
22
N2
22
N2
N2
NN
22
N3
N3
NN
2N
NN
N2
N2
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
NN
2Cikobia
78B3
N2
NN
2N
N2
NN
N2
31
N3
NN
2N
2N
NN
22
2N
22
2N
22
N2
22
N2
N2
NN
22
N3
N3
NN
2N
NN
N2
N2
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
NN
2Cikobia
78C3
N2
NN
2N
N2
NN
N2
31
N3
NN
2N
2N
NN
22
2N
22
2N
22
N2
22
N2
N2
NN
22
N3
N3
NN
2N
NN
N2
N2
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
NN
2Cuku
154DN
N3
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N3
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N1
NN
NN
NN
NN
N3
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NCuku
154ECuku
154FCuku
154GCuku
154HDaria
133AN
N2
2N
N2
N2
2N
NN
22
N2
NN
12
NN
N1
NN
NN
23
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
N2
22
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
22
NDaria
133BN
N2
2N
N2
N2
2N
NN
22
N2
NN
12
NN
N1
NN
NN
23
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
N2
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
22
NDaria
133CN
N2
2N
N2
N2
2N
NN
22
N2
NN
12
NN
N1
NN
NN
23
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
22
NDaria
133DN
N2
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
32
N3
NN
1N
NN
N3
NN
NN
33
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N3
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N3
NN
23
NDawasam
u14A
N2
2N
NN
NN
22
2N
NN
1N
NN
N2
NN
22
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
22
NN
N2
Delaibo202D
NN
2N
NN
2N
12
NN
N3
3N
NN
N1
NN
NN
3N
NN
N3
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
N2
NN
Delaibo202E
Delaibo202F
Delaibo202G
Delaibo202H
Delaimatai
183C2
N2
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
2N
22
23
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
12
2N
NN
N2
2N
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Delaim
atai183D
3N
2N
N3
N3
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
22
N2
12
NN
NN
22
3N
22
2N
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
Delaimatai
183EDelaim
atai183F
Delaimatai
183GDelaim
atai183H
Delainacau207C
N2
22
2N
2N
22
NN
22
2N
NN
22
22
23
2N
NN
N2
1N
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
N2
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
NN
NN
22
N2
2N
Delainacau207D
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
33
3N
NN
N2
N3
NN
3N
NN
N3
1N
NN
NN
NN
3N
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N2
3N
Delainacau207E
Delainacau207F
Deuba13A
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
21
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Dobuilevu122B
N2
22
2N
2N
12
2N
22
2N
NN
21
22
23
12
NN
N2
1N
2N
N2
NN
2N
2N
22
2N
2N
NN
NN
22
2N
NN
NN
NN
22
N2
2N
2N
3N
N2
N2
2N
Dobuilevu122C
N3
22
2N
2N
12
2N
22
3N
NN
21
22
23
12
NN
N2
1N
2N
N2
NN
2N
2N
22
2N
2N
NN
NN
22
NN
NN
NN
NN
22
N2
2N
2N
3N
N2
N2
2N
Dobuilevu122D
NN
2N
NN
NN
1N
NN
33
3N
NN
N1
N3
NN
3N
NN
N3
1N
NN
NN
NN
3N
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N3
NN
Dobuilevu122E
Dobuilevu122F
Dobuilevu122G
Dobuilevu122H
Dogo5A
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
146 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil Series
MapCodeAvocado
Banana
Breadfruit
B.Beans
Capsicum
Cardamom
Carrot
Cashew
Cassava
Chillies
Ch.Cabbage
Cinnamon
Cloves
Cocoa
Coconut
CoffeeA.
CoffeeR.
Cowpea
Cucumber
Dalo
Daruka
Durian
Eggplant
Eng.Cabbage
Ginger
Gourd
Grapefruit
Guava
Horseradish
Jackfruit
Jatropha
Lime
LongBeans
Lychee
Macadamia
Maize
Mandarin
Mango
ManilaHemp
MungBean
Noni(Kura)
Nutmeg
OilPalm
Okra
Onion
Orange
Papaya
Peanut
Pepper
PigeonPea
Pimento
Pineapple
Potato
Pumpkin
RiceUpland
RiceIrrig.
Rubber
Sago
Sisal
Sorghum
Soursop
SoyaBean
Spinach
Squash
Sugar
Sunflower
SweetPotato
Tea
Tomato
TungOil
Turmeric
Urd
Vanilla
WaterMelon
WingedBean
Yagona
Yam
Zucchini
Dogotuki
156B
NN
33
3N
3N
33
3N
NN
3N
NN
3N
NN
33
N2
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
3N
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
22
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
N2
Dogotuki
156C
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Dogotuki
156D
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Dogotuki
156E
Dogotuki
156F
Drasa
71A2
32
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
2N
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
32
22
22
2N
23
12
22
2N
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Drasa
71B2
32
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
2N
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
32
22
22
2N
23
12
22
NN
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Drasa
71C2
32
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
NN
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
32
22
22
2N
23
12
2N
NN
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Dreketi
4AN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NDriti
137B
NN
N2
NN
2N
22
3N
NN
2N
NN
32
N3
23
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
Driti
137C
NN
N2
NN
2N
22
3N
NN
3N
NN
32
N3
23
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
Driti
137D
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
Driti
137E
Dulevi
90A
NN
22
NN
2N
1N
NN
N2
2N
2N
31
22
23
1N
NN
22
1N
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
22
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N1
1N
Dulevi
90B
NN
22
NN
2N
1N
NN
N2
2N
2N
31
22
23
1N
NN
22
1N
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N1
1N
Dulevi
90C
NN
2N
NN
2N
1N
NN
N2
2N
2N
31
N2
23
1N
NN
22
1N
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N1
1N
Dulevi
90D
NN
2N
NN
NN
1N
NN
N2
2N
2N
N1
N2
NN
NN
NN
N2
1N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N1
1N
Dulevi
90E
Ekubu
83A
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Emuri
118A
NN
NN
2N
NN
32
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
3N
2N
N2
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Emuri
118B
NN
NN
2N
NN
32
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
3N
2N
N2
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Emuri
118C
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Gai
gai
136D
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
N2
2N
2N
N1
NN
NN
1N
NN
22
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
N1
1N
Gai
gai
136E
Gai
gai
136F
Gai
gai
136G
Gai
gai
136H
Gal
oa175B
N2
22
NN
2N
12
2N
N2
2N
2N
31
N2
22
1N
NN
22
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
22
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N1
1N
Gal
oa175C
N2
22
NN
2N
12
2N
N2
2N
2N
31
N2
22
1N
NN
22
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N1
1N
Gal
oa175D
NN
2N
NN
NN
1N
NN
N2
2N
2N
N1
N2
NN
1N
NN
N2
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N1
1N
Gal
oa175E
Gau
169A
N2
22
NN
2N
12
2N
22
2N
2N
31
N2
22
1N
NN
22
1N
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
22
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N1
1N
Gau
169B
N2
22
NN
2N
12
2N
22
2N
2N
31
N2
22
1N
NN
22
1N
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
22
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N1
1N
Gau
169C
N2
22
NN
2N
1N
2N
22
2N
2N
31
N2
22
1N
NN
22
1N
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N1
1N
Gau
169D
NN
2N
NN
NN
1N
NN
N2
2N
2N
N1
N2
NN
1N
NN
N2
1N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N1
2N
Hafhafu
100B
NN
2N
NN
NN
1N
NN
N2
2N
2N
N1
2N
NN
1N
NN
22
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N1
2N
Hafhafu
100C
NN
2N
NN
NN
1N
NN
N2
2N
2N
N1
2N
NN
1N
NN
22
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N1
2N
Hafhafu
100D
NN
2N
NN
NN
1N
NN
N2
2N
2N
N1
NN
NN
1N
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
N1
2N
Kavula
186E
Kavula
186F
Kavula
186G
Kavula
186H
Kedra
65A
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
21
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Kelikoso
145A
23
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
23
22
22
22
N2
31
22
22
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Kelikoso
145B
23
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
23
22
22
22
N2
31
22
2N
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Keya
si113C
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
2N
2N
N2
22
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
1N
2N
N2
NN
N2
NN
N2
2N
N2
N2
N2
22
NN
NN
22
N2
22
22
NN
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
Keya
si113D
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
3N
NN
N3
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
1N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Keya
si113E
Keya
si113F
Keya
si113G
Keya
si113H
Kirikiri
99A
NN
2N
NN
NN
1N
NN
N2
2N
2N
N1
2N
NN
1N
NN
22
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N1
2N
Kirikiri
99B
NN
2N
NN
NN
1N
NN
N2
2N
2N
N1
2N
NN
1N
NN
22
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N1
2N
Koro
94G
Koro
94H
Korokadi
42A2
32
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
NN
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
32
22
22
2N
23
12
22
2N
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Ko
rokadi
42B2
32
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
NN
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
32
22
22
2N
23
12
22
NN
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Ko
romavu
112D
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Koromavu
112E
Koromavu
112F
Koromavu
112G
Koromavu
112H
Koroniqala
157B
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
2N
NN
N2
22
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
2N
2N
N2
NN
22
NN
N2
2N
N2
N2
N2
22
2N
NN
22
N2
22
22
2N
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
Koroniqala
157C
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
2N
NN
N2
22
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
2N
2N
N2
NN
22
NN
N2
2N
N2
N2
N2
22
NN
NN
22
N2
22
22
2N
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
Koroniqala
157D
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
N3
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Koroniqala
157E
Koronivia
44A
NN
22
NN
2N
1N
2N
N2
2N
2N
31
2N
22
1N
NN
N2
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
22
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
2N
N1
2N
Koronivia
44B
NN
22
NN
2N
1N
2N
N2
2N
2N
31
2N
22
1N
NN
N2
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
2N
N1
2N
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 147
Soil Series
MapCodeAvocado
Banana
Breadfruit
B.Beans
Capsicum
Cardamom
Carrot
Cashew
Cassava
Chillies
Ch.Cabbage
Cinnamon
Cloves
Cocoa
Coconut
CoffeeA.
CoffeeR.
Cowpea
Cucumber
Dalo
Daruka
Durian
Eggplant
Eng.Cabbage
Ginger
Gourd
Grapefruit
Guava
Horseradish
Jackfruit
Jatropha
Lime
LongBeans
Lychee
Macadamia
Maize
Mandarin
Mango
ManilaHemp
MungBean
Noni(Kura)
Nutmeg
OilPalm
Okra
Onion
Orange
Papaya
Peanut
Pepper
PigeonPea
Pimento
Pineapple
Potato
Pumpkin
RiceUpland
RiceIrrig.
Rubber
Sago
Sisal
Sorghum
Soursop
SoyaBean
Spinach
Squash
Sugar
Sunflower
SweetPotato
Tea
Tomato
TungOil
Turmeric
Urd
Vanilla
WaterMelon
WingedBean
Yagona
Yam
Zucchini
Koronivia44C
NN
22
NN
2N
1N
2N
N2
2N
2N
31
NN
22
1N
NN
N2
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
2N
N1
2N
Korotuku206A
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
23
22
22
22
N2
31
22
22
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Korotuku206B
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
23
22
22
22
N2
31
22
2N
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Korotuku206C
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
23
22
22
22
N2
31
22
NN
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Korovuli37A
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
2N
N3
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
23
22
22
22
N2
31
22
22
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
23
22
N2
2N
N2
Kubuna190B
23
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
23
22
22
22
32
31
22
2N
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Kubuna190C
23
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
23
22
22
22
32
31
22
NN
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Kubuna190D
23
2N
NN
N2
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
N2
NN
N3
22
N2
12
N2
2N
22
2N
23
2N
N2
2N
3N
31
NN
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
Kubuna190E
Kurukuru144A
2N
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
23
22
22
22
N2
31
22
22
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Kurukuru144B
2N
22
22
22
22
22
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12
22
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23
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31
22
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22
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22
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22
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Kurukuru144C
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22
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Lato62A
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23
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Lodoni168B
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21
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Lodoni168E
Lodoni168F
Lodoni168G
Lodoni168H
148 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil Series
MapCodeAvocado
Banana
Breadfruit
B.Beans
Capsicum
Cardamom
Carrot
Cashew
Cassava
Chillies
Ch.Cabbage
Cinnamon
Cloves
Cocoa
Coconut
CoffeeA.
CoffeeR.
Cowpea
Cucumber
Dalo
Daruka
Durian
Eggplant
Eng.Cabbage
Ginger
Gourd
Grapefruit
Guava
Horseradish
Jackfruit
Jatropha
Lime
LongBeans
Lychee
Macadamia
Maize
Mandarin
Mango
ManilaHemp
MungBean
Noni(Kura)
Nutmeg
OilPalm
Okra
Onion
Orange
Papaya
Peanut
Pepper
PigeonPea
Pimento
Pineapple
Potato
Pumpkin
RiceUpland
RiceIrrig.
Rubber
Sago
Sisal
Sorghum
Soursop
SoyaBean
Spinach
Squash
Sugar
Sunflower
SweetPotato
Tea
Tomato
TungOil
Turmeric
Urd
Vanilla
WaterMelon
WingedBean
Yagona
Yam
Zucchini
Lomaiviti
176C
NN
22
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2N
1N
2N
N2
2N
2N
21
2N
22
2N
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176D
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176E
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176F
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84B
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31
22
23
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86D
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Lovonivia
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148C
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22
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1N
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21
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22
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148D
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148E
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148F
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148G
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148H
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200C
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Macuata
200E
Macuata
200F
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200G
Macuata
200H
Mafua
108D
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108E
Mafua
108F
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108G
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108H
Makom
ako
188B
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22
22
22
22
22
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2N
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22
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22
32
22
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12
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
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22
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22
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22
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22
22
22
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22
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22
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22
32
22
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12
22
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22
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22
22
22
22
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22
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22
22
22
22
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22
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188D
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22
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12
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22
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22
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Makom
ako
188E
Malolo
149D
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Malolo
149E
Malolo
149F
Manuka
215D
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Manuka
215E
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218D
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218E
Matavelo
52A
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22
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22
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22
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22
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22
22
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Mataw
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123A
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22
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12
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N2
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21
22
22
12
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22
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22
22
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22
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123B
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22
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12
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21
22
22
12
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22
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22
22
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22
N2
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N2
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Melimeli
32A
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NN
NN
NN
NN
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NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Molam
olau
72A2
22
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
22
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
N2
22
22
2N
2N
22
22
2N
N2
2N
22
22
22
N2
N2
2N
22
NN
2Mom
i115B
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
22
N3
13
23
32
33
22
22
32
23
22
N2
32
22
2N
NN
22
32
22
22
2N
23
22
N2
2N
N2
Mom
i115C
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
22
N3
13
23
32
33
22
22
32
23
22
N2
32
22
3N
NN
22
32
22
22
2N
23
22
N2
2N
N2
Mom
i115D
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
3N
NN
N3
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
1N
NN
NN
NN
NN
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NN
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2N
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Mom
i115E
Mom
i115F
Mom
i115G
Mom
i115H
Monosavu
223D
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2N
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N2
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NN
NN
NN
Monosavu
223E
Monosavu
223F
Monosavu
223G
Monosavu
223H
Muainase
21A
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2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
N2
2N
2N
N2
2N
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2N
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22
NN
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2N
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2N
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2N
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2N
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2N
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2N
1N
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N2
2N
2N
31
N2
23
1N
NN
22
2N
2N
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NN
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2N
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2N
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2N
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NN
2N
N1
1N
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3N
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N1
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Nabiti
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32
23
23
22
23
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2N
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22
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22
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33
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13
23
32
33
22
33
32
23
22
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22
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22
32
22
22
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22
23
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22
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22
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33
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13
23
32
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22
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32
23
22
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22
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NN
22
32
22
22
2N
NN
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2N
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193D
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3N
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2N
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N3
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33
N3
13
N3
3N
33
NN
33
3N
N3
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NN
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2N
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Nabiti
193E
Nabuesa
226B
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22
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22
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22
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22
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22
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22
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22
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N2
2N
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22
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NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
2N
NN
N2
N1
N2
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 149
Soil Series
MapCodeAvocado
Banana
Breadfruit
B.Beans
Capsicum
Cardamom
Carrot
Cashew
Cassava
Chillies
Ch.Cabbage
Cinnamon
Cloves
Cocoa
Coconut
CoffeeA.
CoffeeR.
Cowpea
Cucumber
Dalo
Daruka
Durian
Eggplant
Eng.Cabbage
Ginger
Gourd
Grapefruit
Guava
Horseradish
Jackfruit
Jatropha
Lime
LongBeans
Lychee
Macadamia
Maize
Mandarin
Mango
ManilaHemp
MungBean
Noni(Kura)
Nutmeg
OilPalm
Okra
Onion
Orange
Papaya
Peanut
Pepper
PigeonPea
Pimento
Pineapple
Potato
Pumpkin
RiceUpland
RiceIrrig.
Rubber
Sago
Sisal
Sorghum
Soursop
SoyaBean
Spinach
Squash
Sugar
Sunflower
SweetPotato
Tea
Tomato
TungOil
Turmeric
Urd
Vanilla
WaterMelon
WingedBean
Yagona
Yam
Zucchini
Nabuesa226D
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N1
NN
Nabuesa226E
Nabuesa226F
Nabuesa226G
Nabuesa226H
Nabuono155F
Nabuono155G
Nabuono155H
Nacamaki
96BN
22
22
N2
N2
2N
N2
2N
2N
N2
2N
N2
22
NN
N2
2N
N2
NN
2N
NN
N2
NN
22
N2
N2
NN
N2
22
22
NN
NN
22
2N
22
NN
NN
N2
NN
11
2Nacam
aki96C
N2
22
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22
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22
N2
NN
22
NN
22
2N
NN
22
NN
2N
N2
NN
NN
2N
N2
2N
2N
2N
NN
22
NN
2N
NN
N2
22
N2
2N
NN
NN
2N
N1
12
Nacamaki
96DN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
2N
NN
N2
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
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N3
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11
NNacam
aki96E
Nacaugai106G
Nacaugai106H
Nacokula64A
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21
N2
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Nacula130D
NN
2N
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NN
2N
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N2
2N
2N
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1N
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2N
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2N
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2N
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N1
2N
Nacula130E
Nacula130F
Nacula130G
Nacula130H
Nadala211A
NN
22
2N
2N
22
2N
N2
2N
2N
22
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22
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2N
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2N
N2
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N2
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2N
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22
22
2N
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22
N2
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22
N1
22
Nadarivatu224D
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2N
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2N
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Nadarivatu224E
Nadarivatu224F
Nadarivatu224G
Nadarivatu224H
Nadawa151B
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N3
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3N
33
3N
NN
3N
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3N
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33
NN
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2N
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Nadawa151E
Nadi36A
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
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2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
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22
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2N
NN
22
22
22
22
3N
22
22
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Nadi36B
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
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2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
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22
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2N
NN
22
22
22
22
3N
22
22
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Nadi36C
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
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2N
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22
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22
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12
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
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22
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22
22
22
22
3N
22
22
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Nadi36D
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2N
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1N
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Nadranu210A
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22
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22
2N
22
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2N
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2N
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N2
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22
22
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22
N2
2N
2N
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22
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N2
Nadroga114C
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N2
2N
2N
22
2N
2N
2N
N2
22
NN
22
N2
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2N
2N
N2
NN
N2
NN
N2
2N
N2
N2
N2
22
NN
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22
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22
22
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2N
22
N2
2N
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Nadroga114D
NN
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2N
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3N
NN
N3
NN
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2N
NN
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NN
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2N
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Nadroga114E
Nadroga114F
Nadroga114G
Nadroga114H
Nadruka56A
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
NN
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22
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22
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2N
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N2
22
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22
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22
22
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2N
22
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Naduru25A
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22
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22
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22
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22
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22
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22
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22
Naevuevu82B
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22
Naevuevu82C
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22
Naevuevu82D
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Naevuevu82E
Nailoca166D
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2N
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N2
2N
Nailoca166E
Nailoca166F
Nailoca166G
Nailoca166H
Nairai179C
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
N2
N2
22
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NN
22
22
22
22
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22
22
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22
Nairai179D
22
2N
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22
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12
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22
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22
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Nairai179E
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Nakavika174A
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22
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22
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22
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22
22
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22
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22
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22
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22
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22
Nakavika174B
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22
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Nakavika174C
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NN
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Nakavika174E
150 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil Series
MapCodeAvocado
Banana
Breadfruit
B.Beans
Capsicum
Cardamom
Carrot
Cashew
Cassava
Chillies
Ch.Cabbage
Cinnamon
Cloves
Cocoa
Coconut
CoffeeA.
CoffeeR.
Cowpea
Cucumber
Dalo
Daruka
Durian
Eggplant
Eng.Cabbage
Ginger
Gourd
Grapefruit
Guava
Horseradish
Jackfruit
Jatropha
Lime
LongBeans
Lychee
Macadamia
Maize
Mandarin
Mango
ManilaHemp
MungBean
Noni(Kura)
Nutmeg
OilPalm
Okra
Onion
Orange
Papaya
Peanut
Pepper
PigeonPea
Pimento
Pineapple
Potato
Pumpkin
RiceUpland
RiceIrrig.
Rubber
Sago
Sisal
Sorghum
Soursop
SoyaBean
Spinach
Squash
Sugar
Sunflower
SweetPotato
Tea
Tomato
TungOil
Turmeric
Urd
Vanilla
WaterMelon
WingedBean
Yagona
Yam
Zucchini
Nakavika
174F
Nakelo
18A
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
NN
2N
NN
22
2N
N2
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
N2
NN
N2
22
N2
NN
NN
22
N2
2N
2N
NN
22
N2
N2
Nalotu
111C
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N2
2N
NN
32
2N
NN
3N
NN
2N
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
3N
2N
N2
NN
NN
NN
N2
2N
NN
2N
NN
N2
2N
NN
NN
NN
22
N2
NN
2N
NN
22
NN
N2
Nalotu
111D
NN
NN
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3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
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3N
NN
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NN
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NN
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NN
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Nalotu
111E
Namaka
35A2
22
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
3N
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
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22
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22
22
22
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22
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22
NN
2Na
malata
184B
22
22
22
22
22
22
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22
22
22
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22
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12
22
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22
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22
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22
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22
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22
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22
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22
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N2
22
N2
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
22
N2
N2
22
2N
NN
22
N2
22
22
2N
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
Namalata
184D
2N
2N
N2
N2
2N
N2
2N
2N
NN
N2
N2
NN
NN
22
N2
12
N2
2N
22
NN
2N
2N
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Namalata
184E
Namara
139B
N2
22
2N
2N
22
NN
22
2N
NN
22
22
23
2N
NN
N2
3N
2N
N2
NN
2N
2N
N2
2N
2N
NN
NN
22
NN
2N
NN
NN
22
N2
2N
NN
NN
22
N2
2N
Namara
139C
N2
22
2N
2N
22
NN
22
2N
NN
22
22
23
2N
NN
N2
3N
2N
N2
NN
2N
2N
N2
2N
2N
NN
NN
22
NN
2N
NN
NN
22
N2
2N
NN
NN
22
N2
2N
Namara
139D
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
N2
2N
NN
N2
N2
NN
2N
NN
N3
3N
NN
NN
NN
3N
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
3N
Namara
139E
Namatiu
138B
N2
22
2N
2N
22
NN
22
2N
NN
22
22
23
2N
NN
N2
3N
2N
N2
NN
2N
2N
N2
2N
2N
NN
NN
22
NN
2N
NN
NN
22
N2
2N
NN
NN
22
N2
2N
Namatiu
138C
N2
22
2N
2N
22
NN
22
2N
NN
22
22
23
2N
NN
N2
3N
2N
N2
NN
2N
2N
N2
2N
2N
NN
NN
22
NN
2N
NN
NN
22
N2
2N
NN
NN
22
N2
2N
Namatiu
138D
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
N2
2N
NN
N2
N2
NN
2N
NN
N3
3N
NN
NN
NN
3N
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
3N
Namatiu
138E
Namosau
39A
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
2N
NN
N2
22
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
1N
2N
N2
NN
22
NN
N2
2N
N2
N2
N2
22
2N
NN
22
N2
22
22
2N
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
Namosau
39B
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
2N
NN
N2
22
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
1N
2N
N2
NN
22
NN
N2
2N
N2
N2
N2
22
2N
NN
22
N2
22
22
2N
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
Namosau
39C
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
2N
NN
N2
22
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
1N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
22
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Namosi
158C
NN
22
NN
2N
12
2N
N2
2N
2N
N2
2N
NN
2N
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N2
22
Namosi
158D
NN
2N
NN
NN
1N
NN
N3
3N
2N
N2
NN
NN
2N
NN
N3
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
N2
3N
Namosi
158E
Namosi
158F
Namosi
158G
Namosi
158H
Namuana
134D
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
22
2N
NN
N2
N2
NN
2N
NN
22
NN
NN
NN
2N
N2
N2
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NNa
muana
134E
Namuana
134F
Namuana
134G
Nanukuloa
192B
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
2N
2N
N2
22
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
2N
2N
N2
NN
N2
NN
N2
2N
N2
N2
N2
22
NN
NN
22
N2
22
22
NN
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
Nanukuloa
192C
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
2N
2N
N2
22
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
2N
2N
N2
NN
N2
NN
N2
2N
N2
N2
N2
22
NN
NN
22
N2
22
22
NN
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
Nanukuloa
192D
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Nanukuloa
192E
Nanukuloa
192F
Nanukuloa
192G
Naqalotu
117F
Naqalotu
117G
Naqilai
67A
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
21
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Narayawa
160C
N2
22
2N
2N
22
NN
22
2N
NN
22
22
23
2N
NN
N2
NN
2N
N2
NN
2N
2N
N2
2N
2N
NN
NN
22
NN
2N
NN
NN
22
N2
2N
NN
NN
22
N2
2N
Narayawa
160D
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
N2
2N
NN
N2
N2
NN
2N
NN
N3
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
22
NNa
rayawa
160E
Narayawa
160F
Narayawa
160G
Narayawa
160H
Narewa
50A
N2
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
NN
NN
N2
22
2N
22
N2
NN
NN
NN
2N
N2
NN
N2
NN
N2
2N
NN
N2
NN
N2
22
NN
N2
N2
22
22
2N
2N
N2
N2
2N
N2
Nasau
105F
Nasau
105G
Nasau
105H
Nase
gai
38A2
N2
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
22
22
22
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
12
22
2N
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Na
sega
i38B2
N2
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
2N
22
22
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
12
22
NN
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Na
sega
i38C2
N2
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
2N
22
23
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
12
2N
NN
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Na
sele
sele
20A
N2
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Nasou
70A2
32
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
NN
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
32
22
22
2N
23
12
22
2N
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Na
sou
70B2
32
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
NN
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
32
22
22
2N
23
12
22
NN
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Na
sou
70C2
32
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
NN
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
32
22
22
2N
23
12
2N
NN
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Na
uluvatu
159D
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Nauluvatu
159E
Nauluvatu
159F
Nauluvatu
159G
Nauluvatu
159H
Nausori
31A
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
21
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Navai
212A
NN
22
2N
2N
22
2N
N2
2N
2N
22
NN
22
2N
NN
2N
2N
2N
N2
NN
NN
2N
N2
2N
NN
2N
NN
22
22
2N
NN
NN
22
N2
2N
2N
NN
22
N1
22
Navai
212B
NN
22
2N
2N
22
2N
N2
NN
2N
22
NN
22
2N
NN
2N
2N
2N
N2
NN
NN
2N
N2
2N
NN
2N
NN
22
22
2N
NN
NN
22
N2
2N
2N
NN
22
N1
22
Navava
177A
NN
22
NN
2N
12
2N
N2
2N
2N
N2
2N
NN
2N
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N2
22
Navava
177B
NN
22
NN
2N
12
2N
N2
2N
2N
N2
2N
NN
2N
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N2
22
Navava
177C
NN
22
NN
2N
12
2N
N2
2N
2N
N2
2N
NN
2N
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N2
22
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 151
Soil Series
MapCodeAvocado
Banana
Breadfruit
B.Beans
Capsicum
Cardamom
Carrot
Cashew
Cassava
Chillies
Ch.Cabbage
Cinnamon
Cloves
Cocoa
Coconut
CoffeeA.
CoffeeR.
Cowpea
Cucumber
Dalo
Daruka
Durian
Eggplant
Eng.Cabbage
Ginger
Gourd
Grapefruit
Guava
Horseradish
Jackfruit
Jatropha
Lime
LongBeans
Lychee
Macadamia
Maize
Mandarin
Mango
ManilaHemp
MungBean
Noni(Kura)
Nutmeg
OilPalm
Okra
Onion
Orange
Papaya
Peanut
Pepper
PigeonPea
Pimento
Pineapple
Potato
Pumpkin
RiceUpland
RiceIrrig.
Rubber
Sago
Sisal
Sorghum
Soursop
SoyaBean
Spinach
Squash
Sugar
Sunflower
SweetPotato
Tea
Tomato
TungOil
Turmeric
Urd
Vanilla
WaterMelon
WingedBean
Yagona
Yam
Zucchini
Navava177D
NN
2N
NN
NN
1N
NN
N3
3N
2N
N2
NN
NN
2N
NN
N3
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
N2
3N
Navava177E
Navava177F
Navava177G
Navava177H
Navua29A
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
NN
NN
N2
22
2N
22
N2
NN
NN
NN
2N
N2
NN
N2
NN
N2
2N
2N
N2
NN
N2
22
NN
22
N2
22
22
NN
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
Navunikodi60A
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
NN
2N
NN
22
2N
22
N2
NN
2N
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
2N
NN
2N
NN
N2
22
NN
NN
NN
22
NN
2N
2N
NN
22
N2
N2
Nawai187B
2N
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
22
N2
22
32
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
32
31
22
NN
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Nawai187C
2N
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
22
N2
22
32
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
32
31
22
NN
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Nawai187D
2N
2N
N2
N2
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
22
N2
12
NN
NN
22
3N
22
2N
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
Naweni203A
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
NN
NN
N2
22
2N
22
N2
NN
NN
NN
2N
N2
NN
N2
NN
N2
2N
2N
N2
NN
N2
22
NN
22
N2
22
22
NN
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
Naweni203B
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
NN
NN
N2
22
2N
22
N2
NN
NN
NN
2N
N2
NN
N2
NN
N2
2N
2N
N2
NN
N2
22
NN
22
N2
22
22
NN
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
Naweni203C
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
NN
NN
N2
22
2N
22
N2
NN
NN
NN
2N
N2
NN
N2
NN
N2
2N
2N
N2
NN
N2
2N
NN
22
N2
22
22
NN
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
Nayau81A
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Nika54A
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
NN
2N
N2
22
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
3N
2N
N2
NN
22
NN
N2
2N
N2
N2
N2
22
22
NN
22
N2
22
22
2N
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
Nuku6A
N2
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
1N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
1N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Nukudamu
141A2
22
22
N2
22
22
22
22
NN
22
22
22
22
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
22
22
2N
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Nukudam
u141B
22
22
2N
22
22
22
22
2N
N2
22
22
22
22
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
N2
N2
22
2N
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Nukudamu
141C2
22
22
N2
22
22
22
22
NN
22
22
22
22
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
22
2N
NN
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Nukudam
u141D
2N
2N
NN
N2
2N
NN
N2
2N
NN
N2
N2
NN
2N
NN
N3
12
N2
2N
22
NN
22
2N
N2
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Nukusa142B
22
22
2N
22
22
22
22
2N
N2
22
22
22
22
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
N2
N2
22
2N
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Nukusa142C
22
22
2N
22
22
22
22
2N
N2
22
22
22
22
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
N2
N2
22
NN
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Nukusa142D
2N
2N
NN
N2
2N
NN
N2
2N
NN
N2
N2
NN
2N
NN
N2
12
N2
2N
22
NN
22
2N
N2
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Ogea
79A3
N2
NN
2N
N2
NN
N2
31
N3
NN
2N
2N
NN
22
2N
2N
2N
22
N2
22
N2
N2
NN
22
N3
N3
NN
2N
NN
N2
N2
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
NN
2Ono
89AN
N2
2N
N2
N1
NN
NN
22
N2
N3
12
22
31
NN
N2
2N
N2
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
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N2
NN
NN
N2
22
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NN
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NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
11
NOno
89BN
N2
2N
N2
N1
NN
NN
22
N2
N3
12
22
31
NN
N2
2N
N2
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
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N2
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N2
N2
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N2
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11
NQalinaolo
227AN
NN
22
N2
N2
22
NN
NN
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N2
22
N2
22
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N2
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N2
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2N
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22
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N2
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N2
22
2N
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N2
2N
22
N2
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N2
2N
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2Qalinaolo
227BN
NN
22
N2
N2
22
NN
NN
NN
N2
22
N2
22
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N2
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N2
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2N
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22
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N2
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N2
22
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N2
2N
22
N2
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N2
2N
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2Qalinaolo
227CN
NN
22
N2
N2
22
NN
NN
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N2
22
N2
22
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N2
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2N
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22
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N2
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22
N2
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2Qaributa
17AN
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NQeleni
104CN
N2
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N1
N2
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22
N2
N2
12
N2
22
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23
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N2
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N2
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22
NQeleni
104DN
N2
NN
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N1
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NN
33
N3
NN
1N
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N2
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33
NN
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N2
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N3
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N3
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N3
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23
NQeleni
104ERana
16AN
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2N
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NRauriko
152FRauriko
152GRauriko
152HRavilevu
97GRavilevu
97HRaviravi
178B2
22
22
N2
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
22
22
NN
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
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22
NN
2Raviravi
178C2
22
22
N2
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
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2N
22
2N
NN
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Raviravi
178D2
N2
NN
NN
22
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22
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NN
2N
2N
N2
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21
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
22
NN
22
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N2
N2
NN
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NRaviravi
178ERaviravi
178FRaviravi
178GRawiti
58AN
2N
22
N2
N2
22
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22
22
N2
2N
2N
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N3
N2
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2N
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2N
NN
22
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2N
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22
2N
NN
2N
22
22
22
N2
NN
2N
22
NN
2Reree
91AN
N2
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N1
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22
N2
NN
12
NN
N1
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N2
2N
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12
NReree
91BN
N2
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N1
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22
N2
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12
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N1
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N2
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N2
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N2
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12
NRewa
22AN
NN
21
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N2
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2N
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2N
N2
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N2
N3
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2N
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N2
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22
NRewasa
196BN
NN
22
N2
N2
22
N2
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NN
22
2N
N2
2N
2N
NN
N1
N2
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2N
N2
2N
NN
22
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2N
2N
22
22
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N2
2N
22
22
22
N2
N2
2N
22
NN
2Rewasa
196CN
NN
22
N2
N2
22
N2
NN
NN
22
2N
N2
2N
2N
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N1
N2
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2N
N2
2N
NN
22
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2N
2N
22
2N
NN
N2
2N
22
22
22
N2
N2
2N
22
NN
2Rewasa
196DN
NN
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N2
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3N
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N1
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N2
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NN
NRewasa
196ERoroa
109DN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
N3
NN
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N2
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22
NRoroa
109ERoroa
109FRoroa
109GRoroa
109HRukuruku
201B2
32
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
NN
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
32
22
22
2N
23
12
22
NN
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Rukuruku
201C2
32
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
NN
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
32
22
22
2N
23
12
2N
NN
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Rukuruku
201D2
N2
NN
2N
22
NN
2N
N2
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
N2
2N
21
2N
N2
N2
2N
N2
N2
NN
2N
NN
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N2
N2
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2N
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NSabeto
116CN
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N2
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3N
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NSabeto
116DN
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3N
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NSabeto
116ESabeto
116FSaliadrau
61A2
22
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
N2
2N
22
2N
22
2N
23
22
22
22
22
N2
22
22
22
2N
NN
N2
22
2N
N2
N2
N2
22
22
N2
22
NN
2N
N2
2Salialailai
219GSalialailai
219H
152 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil Series
MapCodeAvocado
Banana
Breadfruit
B.Beans
Capsicum
Cardamom
Carrot
Cashew
Cassava
Chillies
Ch.Cabbage
Cinnamon
Cloves
Cocoa
Coconut
CoffeeA.
CoffeeR.
Cowpea
Cucumber
Dalo
Daruka
Durian
Eggplant
Eng.Cabbage
Ginger
Gourd
Grapefruit
Guava
Horseradish
Jackfruit
Jatropha
Lime
LongBeans
Lychee
Macadamia
Maize
Mandarin
Mango
ManilaHemp
MungBean
Noni(Kura)
Nutmeg
OilPalm
Okra
Onion
Orange
Papaya
Peanut
Pepper
PigeonPea
Pimento
Pineapple
Potato
Pumpkin
RiceUpland
RiceIrrig.
Rubber
Sago
Sisal
Sorghum
Soursop
SoyaBean
Spinach
Squash
Sugar
Sunflower
SweetPotato
Tea
Tomato
TungOil
Turmeric
Urd
Vanilla
WaterMelon
WingedBean
Yagona
Yam
Zucchini
Samabula
110A
NN
NN
2N
2N
22
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
22
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
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22
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NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
N2
Samabula
110B
NN
NN
2N
2N
22
NN
NN
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NN
2N
NN
22
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2N
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2N
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2N
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2N
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N2
Samabula
110C
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Samabula
110D
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NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Samabula
110E
Samabula
110F
Samabula
110G
Sarowa
qa135F
Sarowa
qa135G
Sarowa
qa135H
Saunaka
34A
N2
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
NN
2N
N2
2N
2N
22
N2
NN
NN
2N
2N
N2
NN
22
NN
N2
2N
22
N2
N2
N2
22
NN
22
N2
22
22
NN
2N
N2
N2
2N
N2
Saunaka
34B
N2
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
NN
2N
N2
2N
2N
22
N2
NN
NN
2N
2N
N2
NN
22
NN
N2
2N
22
N2
N2
N2
2N
NN
22
N2
22
22
NN
2N
N2
N2
2N
N2
Savudrodro
161C
N2
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
N2
2N
NN
N2
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
2N
Savudrodro
161D
N2
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
N2
2N
NN
N2
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
2N
Savudrodro
161E
Savudrodro
161F
Savudrodro
161G
Sawa
kasa
48A
N2
22
2N
2N
22
2N
N2
2N
NN
22
2N
22
2N
NN
2N
3N
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
22
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
N2
2N
Sawe
ni53A
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
NN
2N
NN
22
2N
22
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
22
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Seatura
172D
NN
2N
NN
NN
1N
NN
N3
3N
2N
N2
NN
NN
2N
NN
N3
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
N2
3N
Seatura
172E
Seatura
172F
Seatura
172G
Seatura
172H
Sere
a46A
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
N2
2N
2N
N2
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
NN
2N
NN
NN
22
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
N2
2N
Serua
128G
Serua
128H
Sigatoka
27A2
22
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
2N
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2So
levu
171B
NN
N3
3N
3N
33
3N
NN
3N
NN
3N
NN
33
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
N2
Solevu
171C
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Solevu
171D
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Solevu
171E
Solevu
171F
Soqulu
217G
Soqulu
217H
Soso
3AN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NSo
te126B
N2
22
2N
2N
22
2N
N2
2N
NN
22
22
22
2N
NN
N2
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
N2
2N
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
NN
NN
22
N2
22
Sote
126C
N2
22
2N
2N
22
2N
N2
2N
NN
22
22
22
2N
NN
N2
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
N2
2N
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
NN
NN
22
N2
22
Sote
126D
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N3
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
3N
Sote
126E
Sote
126F
Sote
126G
Suva
119B
N2
22
2N
2N
22
2N
N2
2N
NN
22
22
22
2N
NN
N2
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
N2
2N
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
NN
NN
22
N2
22
Suva
119C
N2
22
2N
2N
22
2N
N2
2N
NN
22
22
22
2N
NN
N2
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
N2
2N
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
NN
NN
22
N2
22
Tabaka
103C
NN
22
NN
2N
1N
2N
N2
2N
2N
21
2N
22
2N
NN
N2
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
2N
N2
2N
Tabaka
103D
NN
2N
NN
NN
1N
NN
N3
3N
3N
N1
NN
NN
2N
NN
N3
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
N2
3N
Tabaka
103E
Tabia
189A
23
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
23
22
22
22
N2
31
22
22
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Tabia
189B
23
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
23
22
22
22
N2
31
22
2N
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Tabia
189C
33
32
22
N2
22
22
2N
2N
N2
2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
33
33
22
22
22
N2
31
22
NN
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Tabia
189D
33
3N
N3
N3
NN
N3
N3
3N
NN
NN
N3
NN
NN
33
N2
12
N3
3N
33
NN
33
3N
N3
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
3N
NN
3N
NN
NN
3N
N3
NN
NN
N3
NN
Tabuquto
165A
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
2N
2N
N2
22
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
1N
2N
N2
NN
N2
NN
N2
2N
22
N2
N2
22
NN
NN
22
N2
22
22
2N
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
Tabuquto
165B
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
2N
2N
N2
22
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
1N
2N
N2
NN
N2
NN
N2
2N
22
N2
N2
22
NN
NN
22
N2
22
22
2N
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
Tabuquto
165C
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
2N
2N
N2
22
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
1N
2N
N2
NN
N2
NN
N2
2N
N2
N2
N2
22
NN
NN
22
N2
22
22
2N
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
Tabuquto
165D
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
1N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Tacilevu
8AN
22
NN
NN
N2
22
NN
N1
NN
NN
2N
N2
2N
NN
NN
N3
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
N2
NN
N2
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NN
N2
2N
NN
2Ta
gimaucia
220A
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NN
NN
NN
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Tagimaucia
220B
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Tailevu
170D
3N
2N
N3
N3
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
N2
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NN
22
N2
12
NN
NN
22
3N
22
2N
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Tailevu
170E
Tailevu
170F
Tailevu
170G
Tailevu
170H
Talacagi
66A
NN
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NN
NN
2N
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NN
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N2
2N
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21
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Tamanua
24A
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N2
2N
2N
22
2N
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22
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22
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21
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22
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Tau
76D
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2N
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NN
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NN
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NN
NN
NN
Tau
76E
Tau
76F
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 153
Soil Series
MapCodeAvocado
Banana
Breadfruit
B.Beans
Capsicum
Cardamom
Carrot
Cashew
Cassava
Chillies
Ch.Cabbage
Cinnamon
Cloves
Cocoa
Coconut
CoffeeA.
CoffeeR.
Cowpea
Cucumber
Dalo
Daruka
Durian
Eggplant
Eng.Cabbage
Ginger
Gourd
Grapefruit
Guava
Horseradish
Jackfruit
Jatropha
Lime
LongBeans
Lychee
Macadamia
Maize
Mandarin
Mango
ManilaHemp
MungBean
Noni(Kura)
Nutmeg
OilPalm
Okra
Onion
Orange
Papaya
Peanut
Pepper
PigeonPea
Pimento
Pineapple
Potato
Pumpkin
RiceUpland
RiceIrrig.
Rubber
Sago
Sisal
Sorghum
Soursop
SoyaBean
Spinach
Squash
Sugar
Sunflower
SweetPotato
Tea
Tomato
TungOil
Turmeric
Urd
Vanilla
WaterMelon
WingedBean
Yagona
Yam
Zucchini
Tau76G
Tau76H
Taveuni93C
NN
2N
NN
NN
1N
NN
N2
2N
2N
N1
NN
NN
1N
NN
22
3N
NN
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N1
2N
Taveuni93D
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
2N
2N
N1
NN
NN
1N
NN
N2
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N1
NN
Taveuni93E
Tavua197C
2N
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
N2
N1
22
NN
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Tavua197D
2N
2N
N2
N2
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
22
N2
12
N2
2N
22
3N
22
2N
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
Tavua197E
Tavua197F
Tavuyaga107G
Tavuyaga107H
Tiri2A
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Toguru19A
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
21
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Tokotoko30A
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
21
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Totoya191B
23
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
23
22
22
22
N2
31
22
2N
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Totoya191C
23
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
23
22
22
22
N2
31
22
NN
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Totoya191D
2N
2N
N2
N2
2N
N2
NN
2N
NN
N2
N2
NN
NN
22
N2
12
N2
2N
22
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
Tuva181A
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Tuva181B
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
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NN
2N
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NN
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NN
Tuva181C
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NN
NN
NN
2N
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NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
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NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Tuva181D
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
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NN
NN
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NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Tuva181E
Tuva181F
Tuvuca80A
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
1N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Uaua147A
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
NN
2N
N2
22
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
2N
2N
N2
NN
22
NN
N2
2N
N2
N2
N2
22
22
NN
22
N2
22
22
2N
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
Uaua147B
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
NN
2N
N2
22
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
2N
2N
N2
NN
22
NN
N2
2N
N2
N2
N2
22
22
NN
22
N2
22
22
2N
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
Ucunilawe216G
Ucunilawe216H
Ura95D
NN
2N
NN
NN
1N
NN
N2
2N
2N
N1
N2
NN
NN
NN
N2
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N1
1N
Ura95E
Ura95F
Vaidoko167B
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
2N
2N
N2
22
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
3N
2N
N2
NN
22
NN
N2
2N
N2
N2
N2
22
2N
NN
22
N2
22
22
2N
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
Vaidoko167C
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
2N
2N
N2
22
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
3N
2N
N2
NN
22
NN
N2
2N
N2
N2
N2
22
NN
NN
22
N2
22
22
2N
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
Vaidoko167D
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
N2
22
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Vaidoko167E
Vaidoko167F
Vaidoko167G
Vaidoko167H
Vakawau98E
Vakawau98F
Varaciva195E
Varaciva195F
Varaciva195G
Varaciva195H
Vasilaulau131D
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Vasilaulau131E
Vasilaulau131F
Vasilaulau131G
Vasilaulau131H
Vatubaba150F
Vatubaba150G
Vatubaba150H
Vatukoula198C
23
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
N2
N1
22
NN
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Vatukoula198D
2N
2N
N2
N2
2N
N2
NN
2N
NN
N2
N2
NN
N2
22
N2
12
N2
2N
22
3N
22
2N
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
Vatukoula198E
Vatukoula198F
Vatukoula198G
Vatukoula198H
Vatulele77H
Vatuma
49A2
22
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
NN
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
32
22
22
2N
23
12
22
2N
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
32
2N
22
NN
2Vatum
a49B
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
2N
N2
22
N2
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
23
22
22
22
N2
N1
22
2N
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
23
22
N2
2N
N2
Vatuvona143B
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
N2
Vatuvona143C
NN
NN
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NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
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NN
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NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
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NN
2N
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
N2
Vatuvona143D
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
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Vatuvona143E
Vatuvona143F
Veisaru57A
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
21
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Verevere146A
2N
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
N2
22
N2
22
22
22
N2
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
N2
N2
22
22
NN
22
N2
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
154 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Soil Series
MapCodeAvocado
Banana
Breadfruit
B.Beans
Capsicum
Cardamom
Carrot
Cashew
Cassava
Chillies
Ch.Cabbage
Cinnamon
Cloves
Cocoa
Coconut
CoffeeA.
CoffeeR.
Cowpea
Cucumber
Dalo
Daruka
Durian
Eggplant
Eng.Cabbage
Ginger
Gourd
Grapefruit
Guava
Horseradish
Jackfruit
Jatropha
Lime
LongBeans
Lychee
Macadamia
Maize
Mandarin
Mango
ManilaHemp
MungBean
Noni(Kura)
Nutmeg
OilPalm
Okra
Onion
Orange
Papaya
Peanut
Pepper
PigeonPea
Pimento
Pineapple
Potato
Pumpkin
RiceUpland
RiceIrrig.
Rubber
Sago
Sisal
Sorghum
Soursop
SoyaBean
Spinach
Squash
Sugar
Sunflower
SweetPotato
Tea
Tomato
TungOil
Turmeric
Urd
Vanilla
WaterMelon
WingedBean
Yagona
Yam
Zucchini
Verevere
146B
2N
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
N2
22
N2
22
32
22
N2
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
N2
N2
22
2N
NN
22
N2
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Verevere
146C
3N
2N
N3
N3
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
N2
NN
N2
22
N2
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
N2
N2
22
NN
NN
22
N2
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Visa
125B
NN
22
NN
2N
12
2N
N2
2N
2N
N2
2N
NN
2N
NN
N2
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N2
22
Visa
125C
NN
22
NN
2N
12
2N
N2
2N
2N
N2
2N
NN
2N
NN
N2
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N2
22
Visa
125D
NN
2N
NN
NN
1N
NN
N2
2N
2N
N2
NN
NN
2N
NN
N2
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N2
2N
Visa
125E
Visa
125F
Visa
125G
Visa
125H
Vitawa
163F
Vitawa
163G
Vitawa
163H
Volivoli
11A2
22
22
21
21
22
22
N2
NN
22
3N
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
2N
22
N2
22
22
2N
2N
N2
2N
NN
N2
22
22
22
21
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Vo
livoli
11B2
22
22
21
21
22
22
N2
NN
22
3N
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
2N
22
N2
22
22
2N
2N
N2
2N
NN
N2
22
22
22
21
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Vo
livoli
11C2
22
22
21
21
22
22
N2
NN
22
3N
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
2N
22
N2
22
22
2N
2N
N2
2N
NN
N2
22
22
22
21
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Vo
livoli
11D2
N2
NN
2N
22
NN
2N
N2
NN
NN
3N
2N
NN
N2
2N
21
2N
NN
NN
2N
N2
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NVo
livoli
11E
Volivoli
11F
Vuna
85C
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Vuna
85D
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Vuna
85E
Vuna
85F
Vuna
85G
Vunatoto
162E
Vunatoto
162F
Vunatoto
162G
Vunatoto
162H
Vu
navutu
12A2
22
22
21
21
22
22
N2
NN
22
22
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
2N
22
N2
22
22
2N
2N
N2
2N
NN
N2
22
22
22
21
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Vu
nibau
9AN
22
22
N1
N1
22
N2
N1
NN
N2
NN
22
2N
2N
NN
N2
22
NN
NN
2N
N2
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
N2
2N
NN
N2
NN
N2
NN
N2
N2
N2
NN
2N
NN
2Vu
nicibicibi
41A2
32
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
NN
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
32
22
22
2N
23
12
22
2N
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Vu
nicibicibi
41B2
32
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
NN
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
32
22
22
2N
23
12
22
NN
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Vu
nicibicibi
41C2
32
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
NN
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
32
22
22
2N
2N
22
2N
NN
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Vu
nicibicibi
41D2
N2
NN
2N
22
NN
2N
N2
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
N2
2N
21
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
N2
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NVu
nilagi
15A
NN
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
NN
2N
NN
2N
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
22
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
N2
NN
N2
Vurevure
69A
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
22
N3
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Vuya
185B
2N
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
22
N2
22
32
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
N2
N1
22
NN
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Vuya
185C
2N
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
N2
22
N2
22
32
22
N2
12
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
N2
N1
22
NN
NN
22
22
22
22
2N
22
22
N2
2N
N2
Vuya
185D
NN
2N
N2
N2
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
22
N2
12
NN
NN
22
3N
22
2N
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
Vuya
185E
Vuya
185F
Vuya
185G
Vuya
185H
Waibici
222C
N2
22
2N
2N
22
2N
NN
2N
2N
22
NN
22
2N
NN
2N
NN
2N
N2
NN
2N
2N
N2
2N
NN
2N
NN
22
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
2N
NN
N2
NN
22
Waibici
222D
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
Waibici
222E
Waibici
222F
Waibici
222G
Waibula
59A
N2
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
22
2N
NN
2N
3N
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
22
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
2N
NN
22
N2
22
Waibula
59B
N2
N2
2N
2N
22
2N
N2
2N
2N
22
NN
22
NN
NN
2N
3N
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
2N
NN
22
N2
22
Waidina
129B
NN
22
NN
2N
12
2N
N2
2N
2N
N2
2N
NN
2N
NN
N2
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N2
22
Waidina
129C
NN
22
NN
2N
12
2N
N2
2N
2N
N2
2N
NN
2N
NN
N2
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
N2
22
Waidina
129D
NN
2N
NN
NN
1N
NN
N3
3N
2N
N2
NN
NN
2N
NN
N3
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
N2
3N
Waidina
129E
Waidina
129F
Waidradra
47A
N2
22
NN
2N
12
2N
NN
2N
NN
22
2N
22
2N
NN
2N
3N
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
NN
NN
22
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
22
N2
N2
Waikalou
10A
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Wailotua
74D
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Wailotua
74E
Wailotua
74F
Wailotua
74G
Wailotua
74H
Wailulu
225A
N2
22
22
2N
22
2N
NN
2N
2N
22
2N
22
1N
NN
2N
NN
2N
N2
NN
NN
2N
N2
2N
NN
2N
NN
22
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
2N
NN
2N
N1
N2
Wailulu
225B
N2
22
2N
2N
22
2N
NN
2N
2N
22
2N
22
1N
NN
2N
NN
2N
N2
NN
NN
2N
N2
2N
NN
2N
NN
22
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
2N
NN
2N
N1
N2
Wailulu
225C
N2
22
2N
2N
22
2N
NN
2N
2N
22
NN
22
1N
NN
2N
NN
2N
N2
NN
NN
2N
N2
2N
NN
2N
NN
22
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
2N
2N
NN
2N
N1
N2
Wailulu
225D
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
2N
2N
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N1
NN
Wailulu
225E
Wailulu
225F
Wailulu
225G
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 155
Soil Series
MapCodeAvocado
Banana
Breadfruit
B.Beans
Capsicum
Cardamom
Carrot
Cashew
Cassava
Chillies
Ch.Cabbage
Cinnamon
Cloves
Cocoa
Coconut
CoffeeA.
CoffeeR.
Cowpea
Cucumber
Dalo
Daruka
Durian
Eggplant
Eng.Cabbage
Ginger
Gourd
Grapefruit
Guava
Horseradish
Jackfruit
Jatropha
Lime
LongBeans
Lychee
Macadamia
Maize
Mandarin
Mango
ManilaHemp
MungBean
Noni(Kura)
Nutmeg
OilPalm
Okra
Onion
Orange
Papaya
Peanut
Pepper
PigeonPea
Pimento
Pineapple
Potato
Pumpkin
RiceUpland
RiceIrrig.
Rubber
Sago
Sisal
Sorghum
Soursop
SoyaBean
Spinach
Squash
Sugar
Sunflower
SweetPotato
Tea
Tomato
TungOil
Turmeric
Urd
Vanilla
WaterMelon
WingedBean
Yagona
Yam
Zucchini
Wailulu
225HWaimaro
127BN
22
22
N2
N2
22
NN
22
NN
N2
22
22
22
NN
NN
2N
N2
NN
NN
N2
N2
NN
22
NN
N2
NN
NN
N2
N2
NN
NN
N2
NN
N2
NN
NN
N2
2N
22
2Waimaro
127CN
22
22
N2
N2
22
NN
22
NN
N2
22
22
22
NN
NN
2N
N2
NN
NN
N2
N2
NN
22
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
N2
NN
N2
NN
NN
N2
2N
22
2Waimaro
127DN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
3N
NN
NN
NN
N3
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N3
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
23
NWaimaro
127EWaimaro
127FWaimaro
127GWaimaro
127HWainibuka
26AN
22
22
N2
N2
22
NN
22
N2
N2
2N
N2
22
NN
N2
N3
N2
NN
NN
N2
N2
NN
NN
N2
N2
NN
NN
N2
22
NN
NN
N2
NN
N2
N2
NN
N2
2N
22
2Wainikai
68AN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
2N
2N
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NWainikavou
33AN
2N
22
N2
N2
22
NN
N2
NN
22
N2
N2
2N
2N
NN
NN
N2
NN
2N
N2
2N
NN
22
N2
2N
2N
2N
22
2N
N2
2N
22
22
2N
N2
NN
2N
22
NN
2Wainikavou
33BN
2N
22
N2
N2
22
NN
N2
NN
22
N2
N2
2N
2N
NN
NN
N2
NN
2N
N2
2N
NN
22
N2
2N
2N
2N
22
NN
N2
2N
22
22
2N
N2
NN
2N
22
NN
2Wainikoro
140C2
32
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
NN
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
32
22
22
2N
23
12
2N
NN
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Wainikoro
140D2
32
NN
2N
22
NN
2N
N2
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
N2
2N
21
2N
22
N2
2N
N2
32
NN
22
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
2N
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
NH
NWainikoro
140EWainikoro
140FWainikoro
140GWainikoro
140HWainivesi
28AN
22
22
N2
N2
22
NN
22
N2
N2
2N
N2
22
NN
N2
N3
N2
NN
NN
N2
N2
NN
NN
N2
N2
NN
NN
N2
22
NN
NN
N2
NN
N2
N2
NN
N2
2N
22
2Wainunu
173AN
N2
2N
N2
N1
N2
NN
22
N2
N2
12
N2
22
NN
NN
23
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
N2
22
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
22
NWainunu
173BN
N2
2N
N2
N1
N2
NN
22
N2
N2
12
N2
22
NN
NN
23
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
N2
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
22
NWainunu
173CN
N2
2N
N2
N1
N2
NN
22
N2
N2
12
N2
22
NN
NN
23
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
22
NWainunu
173DN
N2
NN
NN
N1
NN
NN
33
N3
NN
1N
NN
N2
NN
NN
33
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
N3
NN
NN
NN
N3
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N3
NN
23
NWainunu
173EWainunu
173FWaioba
88GWaioba
88HWaioru
102GWaioru
102HWaiqere
87CN
22
NN
N2
N1
N2
NN
N2
N2
N2
1N
22
2N
NN
NN
N3
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
11
NWaiqere
87DN
N2
NN
NN
N1
NN
NN
N2
N2
NN
1N
2N
NN
NN
NN
N3
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
11
NWaiqere
87EWaisava
132AN
N2
2N
N2
N2
2N
NN
22
N2
NN
12
NN
N1
NN
NN
23
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
N2
22
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
22
NWaisava
132BN
N2
2N
N2
N2
2N
NN
22
N2
NN
12
NN
N1
NN
NN
23
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
N2
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
22
NWaisava
132CN
N2
2N
N2
N2
2N
NN
22
N2
NN
12
NN
N1
NN
NN
23
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
N2
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
22
NYakita
153BN
22
22
N2
N2
2N
N2
22
NN
N2
22
22
22
NN
NN
23
N2
NN
NN
N2
N2
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
2N
NN
NN
N2
NN
N2
NN
NN
N2
2N
22
NYakita
153CN
22
22
N2
N2
2N
N2
22
NN
N2
22
22
22
NN
NN
23
N2
NN
NN
N2
N2
NN
22
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
22
NYako
120BN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NYako
120CN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NYako
120DN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
N2
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NYako
120EYaqara
199A2
N2
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
2N
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
12
2N
NN
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Yaqara
199B2
N2
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
2N
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
12
2N
NN
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Yaqara
199C2
N2
22
22
22
22
22
N2
NN
22
2N
22
2N
22
2N
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
2N
2N
12
2N
NN
N2
22
22
22
22
N2
22
2N
22
NN
2Yasawa
7AN
3N
33
N3
N2
33
NN
N1
NN
N3
NN
N3
3N
3N
NN
N1
N3
NN
3N
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156 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
9. REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READING
Blakemore,L.C.;Searle,P.L.;Daly,B.K.1981:Methodsforchemicalanalysisofsoils(Revised).NZ Soil Bureau Sci-entific Report 10A.
Cline,M.G.1955:SoilSurvey:TerritoryofHawaii,Series1939,No.25,U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,USA.
FAO/UNesco,1971:Soilmapoftheworld,1:500,000.VolumeIV,SouthAmerica.U.N.EducationalScientificandCulturalOrganisation,Paris.193pp.
Higgins,G.M.andKassam,A.H.1981:TheFAOagro-ecologicalapproachtodeterminationoflandpotential.Pedolo-gie, Gent 31,147-168.
IBSNAT(InternationalBenchmarkSitesNetworkforAgrotechnologyTransfer).1984:ExperimentaldesignanddatacollectionprocedureforIBSNAT:theminimumdatasetforagrotechnologytransfer.ICRISAT,Pataucheru,A.P.502324,India,212pp.
IBSNAT(InternationalBenchmarkSitesNetworkforAgrotechnologyTransfer).1989:Thedecisionsupportsystemforagrotechnologytransferversion2.1(DSSAT):usersguide.DepartmentofAgronomyandSoilScience.Col-legeofTropicalAgricultureandHumanResources,UniversityofHawaii,Honolulu,Hawaii.
Klingebiel,A.A.;Montgomery,P.H.1961:LandCapabilityClassification.U.S.D.A. Agriculture Handbook No. 210.
Latham,M.;Brookfield,H.C.1983:TheEasternIslandsofFiji,AStudyoftheNaturalEnvironment,itsuseandMan’sInfluenceonitsEvolution.General report No. 3, UNesco/UNFPA project. 184pp.
Leslie,D.M.;Seru,V.G.1998:FijiSoilTaxonomicUnitDescriptionHandbook(supplementtothenationalsoilmap).ManaakiWhenuaPress,LandcareResearchNZLimited.2volumes,928pp.
Milne,J.D.G.;Clayden,B.;Singleton,P.L.;Wilson,A.D.1995:Soildescriptionhandbook(Revised).Manaaki Whenua Press.157pp.
MinistryofAgricultureandFisheries.1977:Landusecapabilityclassificationandlandinventorysystem.LandUseSection,KoroniviaResearchStation.30pp.
Morrison,R.J.;Leslie,D.M.(Editors):ProceedingsoftheSouthPacificRegionalForumonSoilTaxonomy,Suva,Nov.1981.Institute of Natural Resources, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji. 445pp.
Sanchez,P.A.;Couto,W.;Buol,S.W.1982:TheFertilityCapabilitySoilClassificationSystem:Interpretation,Applicabil-ityandModification.Geoderma 27:283-309.
Seru,V.B.;Leslie,D.M.1986:SoilMapofFiji.Scale1:50,000.LandUseSection,LandResourcePlanningandDe-velopmentDivision,MinistryofPrimaryIndustries,Fiji.�
SoilSurveyStaff,1975:SoilTaxonomy.Abasicsystemofsoilclassificationformakingandinterpretingsoilsurvey.USDA. Soil Conservation Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 436.754pp.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 157
SoilSurveyStaff,1990:KeystoSoilTaxonomy,FourthEdition.AgencyforInternationalDevelopment;USDA;SoilManagementSupportServices.SMSS Technical Monograph No. 19.422pp.
SoilSurveyStaff,2003:KeystoSoilTaxonomy.NinthEdition.USDANaturalResourcesConservationService.332pp.
Taylor,N.H.andPohlen,I.J.1970:SoilSurveyMethod.Bulletin No. 25,NZSoilBureau,DSIR,NewZealand.242pp.
Twyford,I.T.;Wright,A.C.S.1965:TheSoilResourcesoftheFijiIslands,2volumes.Government Press, Suva.570pp.
UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture,1954:AManualonConservationofSoilandWater.Agriculture Handbook No. 61.
WaterandSoilDivision,MinistryofWorks,1974:LandUseCapabilitySurveyHandbook,aNZHandbookfortheClas-sificationofLand.SoilConservationandRiversControlCouncil,Wellington,NZ.
158 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
APPENDIX 1: Land Use Capability Classification (Land Use Section, MPI, 1977)
1. Basis of the classification
Landusecapabilityclassificationisasystematicarrangementofdifferentkindsoflandaccordingtothosepropertiesthatdetermineitscapacityforpermanentsustainedproduction.Theword“capability”isusedinthesenseof“suitabilityforproductiveuse”aftertakingintoaccountthephysicallimitationsthelandmayhave.
Thiscapacitydependslargelyonthephysicalqualitiesofthesoilandtheenvironment.Thesearefrequentlyfarfromideal,andthedifferencebetweentheidealandtheactualisregardedaslimitationsimposedbythesephysicalqualitiesofthesoil,andbytheenvironment.
Thelimitationsaffecttheproductivity,thenumberandcomplexityofcorrectivepracticesneeded,andtheintensityandtypeof landuse. Thedegreeof limitationscanbeassessed fromthesusceptibility toerosion,steepnessofslope,susceptibilitytoflooding,wetness,drought,salinity,depthofsoil,soiltexture,stoniness,structure,nutrientsupplyandclimate.
Asabasisforthisassessmentaninventoryismadeofthefactsabouttheland,andtheinformationisrecordedontheLand inventory maponwhicharedelineatedmanydistinctland inventory units.Theinformationcontainedonthismapiscombinedwithotherinformationongeology,climate,landuse,resultsofresearch,andfarmingandforestryexperi-encetoassessthecapacityofthelandforpermanentsustainedproduction.
2. Categories of land use classification
Thecapabilityclassificationprovidesforthreecategoriesofgroupingsoftheinventoryunits,allofwhicharedecidedobjectivelybutwhicharebasedonthephysicalqualitiesofasoilanditsparticularsiteasanentitywithoutreferencetosurroundingland.Thethreecategoriesare: majorclass;subclass;andcapabilityunit.
2.1 Land use capability
Thefirstgroupingisintoeightmajorclasses.ClassesI–IVcompriselandsuitableforarablecultivation;landinclasses V–VIIisnotsuitableforarablecultivationbutissuitableforpastoralorforestryuse;andclassVIIIislandsuitableonlyforprotectivepurposes.
Thefourarableandfournon-arableclassesarearrangedinorderofincreasingdegreeoflimitationorhazard,fromclassItoclassVIII.Correspondingly,therangeofusestowhichthelandmaybeput(i.e.itsversatility)decreasesfromclassItoclassVIII.
Thecapabilityclassgivesinformationaboutthegenerallimitationsofthelandonly,i.e.totaldegreeoflimitation.Itdoesnotgive,forinstance,productivityratingsforspecificcrops,butshowsthelocation,amountandgeneralsuitabilityofthelandforagricultural,pastoralorforestryuse.
Eachmajorclassmayincludemanydifferentkindsoflandunitsorsoils,andmanyoftheunitswithinaclassmayrequiredifferentmanagementtreatments.Thusitisdifficulttomakevalidgeneralisationsattheclasslevelaboutsuitablekindsofcropsorothermanagementneeds.
2.2 Description of land use capability subclass
Thesecondcategory,thecapability subclass,aresubdivisionsoflandusecapabilityclassesthatshowthekindofphysicallimitationsorhazards,andtherearefour,inthefollowingorderofprecedence:(e)erodibility;(w)wetness;
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 159
(s)soillimitationsintherootingzone;and(c)climate.
Thesearethesubclassesandtheymaybeusedintwoways—eitherasbroaddivisionsofthelandusecapabilityclassesatamoregenerallevelofclassificationforlanduse,orasgroupingsoftheunitsfordetailedclassifications.
Thefourbroadkindsoflimitationswhicharerecognisedinthesubclassesare:
Erodibility,whereerosionsusceptibility,pasterosiondamage,orsteepnessofslopearethemajorfactorssubclass e.ThissubclassispresentinallLUCclassesexceptclassI,whichcomprisesflatlandwithsoilsofgoodstructuralstabilityandfertility.
Wetness,where the landunitshavesoilswithpoordrainageorahighwater table,orwhere there is frequentfloodingfromriversorcoastalwaters,orareasofdeeppeat,ormangroveswamps— subclass w.ThesubclassappliesinallmajorclassesexceptclassV.ThesubclasswillberareinVIIandVIII,commoninclassesI,II,III,IVandVIandveryfrequentinclassV.
Soil limitationswherelimitationswithintherootingzoneexistssuchasshallowness,stoniness,rockoutcrops,lowfertilitywhichisdifficulttocorrect,salinity,toxicity,lowmoisture-holdingcapacity,orunfavourablesoiltextureandstructurephysicalproperties—subclass s.ThissubclassistheonlyonethatoccursinalltheLUCclasses.
Climatic limitations,wheretheclimateistheonlymajorhazardorlimitationintheuseofthelandsubclass c.Thesubclassisusedonlywhereclimateistheonlylimitationtotheuseoftheland,orwhereaclimaticfactor(e.g.excessiverainordrought,orextremetemperature)isthedominantlimitationtolanduse.ThissubclassispresentonlyinLUCclassesI–VI.
2.3 Explanatory notes
Certainconventionsareobservedindeterminingthecorrectsubclassforanyparticularlandunitandonlyinrarecasesismorethanonesubclassused.Thedominantkindoflimitationdetermineswhichofthefoursubclassesshouldbeused.Wheretwokindsoflimitationsareessentiallyequal,thesubclassesaregiventhefollowingprior-ity:e,w,s,c.Thatis,eisgivenprecedenceoverw,sandc,andwisgivenprecedenceoversandc,etc.
2.4 Description of land use capability units
Atthemostdetailedorlowestlevelofclassification,thecapabilityunitisusedasagroupingofthoselandinventoryunitsthatrespondsimilarlytothesamemanagement,areadaptedtothesamekindsofcrops,pastureorforestspecies,haveaboutthesamepotentialyield,andrequiretheapplicationofthesameconservationmeasures.
Thusthecapabilityunitcompriseslandwithinasubclass,withsimilarsoilcharacteristics,slope,erodibility,poten-tialproductivity,andmanagementrequirements.
Thecapabilityunitgroupstogethersimilarlandinventoryunitsandhelpstosimplifywhatmaybeaverycomplexinventorypattern.Whenshowntogetherwiththemajorclassandsubclass,thecapabilityunitprovidesthead-ditionalinformationaboutmanagementpracticesnecessaryforthebestuseoftheland.
ThesymbolusedforthecapabilityunitisasmallArabicnumeralplacedafterthesubclasssymbol,e.g.IIIe1;IIIe2.
AtthisstageitisnotpossibletosayhowmanycapabilityunitstherewillbeineachsubclassoftheeightLUCclasses.Thisisbecauseitiscurrentlyimpracticabletostandardisedefinitionsofunitsonanationallevel.How-ever,theultimateobjectiveistoworktowardsstandardisationofthecapabilityunit,firstonacatchmentbasis,thenonanationalbasis.
160 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
3. The classification
(a) Capability division:TheeightLUCclassescanbedividedintofourcapabilitydivisionsasshownbelow.
Capability division Major class1. Arable:
2. Non-Arable:
(a) Suitableforploughingandintensivecropping
(b) Unsuitable for ploughingbut suitable for less inten-sivecroppingundertraditionalcultivationmethods
(a) Unsuitableforarablecroppingbutsuitableforpasto-ralorforestryuse
(b) Unsuitableforproductivevegetation;suitableonlyforprotectivepurposes
I–III
IV
V–VII
VIII
(b) Description of individual LUC classes:
LUC class I:Representsgoodmultipleuseofland.Flat(0–3°)withdeep,easilyworked,fertilesoils;noriskoferosion,welldrainedbutnotseriouslyaffectedbydrought,andtheclimateisfavourableforthegrowthofawiderangeofcrops,aswellasforpastureandforestry.
ClassIlandisconfinedalmostentirelytowelldrained,recentalluvialareasabovefrequentfloodlevels.
SubclassesthatmayoccurinLUCclassIare:
Iw –1.Veryslightinitialwetness(soilconditionorhighwatertable)2. Veryslightriskofdamagingoverflowsfromriversandstreams(veryoccasionalflooding)
Is –1. Veryslightstoniness(presenceofrivergravels) 2. Veryslightsalinity(easilyremovablebypermanentwork)
Ic –1. Whereclimatelimitationsdominate(rainfall,altitude,andtemperature)
SubclasscshouldbethebestofallsubclassesinmajorclassI.
LUC class II: Arablelandwithonlyslight limitations,whichmakeitmoredifficulttomanagethanclassI.Managementandconservationpracticestoovercomethoselimitationsareeasytoapply.
Thelandmaybeflattogentlyundulating(0°–7°),welldrainedtomoderatelydrained,deeptoslightlyshallow,andfertiletomoderatelyfertile.
ClassIIlandisconfinedmainlytoalluvialareaswhichareeitherslightlypoorlydrainedorsubjecttoregularflooding.Thelandcanbeusedforarablecultivation,pastureorforestry.SubclassesthatmayoccurinLUCclassIIare:
IIe –1.Slopes(4°–7°)2. Slightsusceptibilitytoerosion
IIw –1. Slighttomoderatewetnessafterdrainage 2. Slighttomoderateriskofdamagingflooding
IIs –1. Slightstoniness(finegravels) 2. Slightinfertility,easytocorrect
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 161
3. Unfavourabletextureandstructure—difficulttocultivatetoatilth4. Slightsalinity5. Slightshallowness(soilsofmoderatedepth)
IIc –1. ClassIlandwithrainfall>4000mm—toomuchrain;andindryzone—toolittlerainingrowingseason
2. ClassIlandonmediumandhighaltitudeareas(>600mabovesealevel)—cloudiness,lesssun-shine
3. ClassIlandinareasoflowwintertemperature(<20°C)
LUC class III:Arablelandwithmoderatelimitationsthatrestrictthechoiceofcropsgrown,ormakespecialconservationpracticesnecessary,orlimitlanduseinbothoftheseways.
Thelandmaybeflatorgentlysloping(0°–11°),slightlyunstable,ofmoderatetoseverewetness,subjecttofrequentdamagingflooding,ofshallow,moderatelystony,and/orinfertilesoils.
ClassIIIlandoccursmainlyinareasofgleysoils,lowerriverterraces,sandycoastalflats,inceptisolsofmod-erateslopes,andinareasofbetteralfisolsandultisols.
Thelandmaybeusedforarablecultivation,pastureorforestry.SubclassesthatmayoccurinLUCclassIIIare:
IIIe –1. Moderateslopes(8°–11°)2. Moderatesusceptibilitytoerosion3. Severeeffectsofpasterosion
IIIw–1. Moderatetoseverewetness 2. Frequentdamagingflooding
IIIs –1. Moderatelystony(gravelsandstones—canbecollectedtoenableploughing)2. Lowfertilitynoteasytocorrect3. Lowmoisture-holdingcapacity4. Moderatesalinity5. Shallowsoils6. Areasofshallowpeat—easytodevelopforcropping
IIIc –1. ClassesIandIIlandwithrainfall1500–2000mm—toolittlerain2. ClassesI&IIlandinhighaltitudeareas(>600mabovesealevel)3. ClassIIlandinareasoflowwintertemperatures
LUC class IV:Marginalarablelandwithseverelimitationsthatrestrictthechoiceofcropsgrown,orneces-sitateintensiveconservationtreatmentandverycarefulmanagement,orthatmayaffectlanduseinbothoftheseways.
ClassIVlandmaybeflattorolling(0°–15°)andmaycompriseoneormoreofthefollowing:poortoverypoorlydrained;stonyorbouldery,orboth;veryshallowsoils;infertilesoils;coarsetexturedsoilsverylowinmoisture-holdingcapacity;ormangroveorpeatswampsthatarenottoodifficulttoreclaimforcropping.
CommonsoiltypesofclassIVlandare:stronglygleyedsoils,somealfisols,someultisols;orcolluviumde-rivedfromoxisols.
Becauseoftheselimitations,andinthecaseofrollingland,thedifficultyofinstallingandmaintainingconser-vationwork,thislandclassisusedmainlyforpasture,coconutplantations,orsubsistencecultivationundertraditionalcultivationmethods.
162 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Theupperslopelimitforthislandclassis12°–15°C;thisistoosteepforploughingeitherbymachineryorbydraughtanimals.Accordingly,croppingintheesubclasswillberestrictedtosubsistencecultivationusingtraditionalmethods,includingshifting.
SubclassesthatmayoccurinLUCclassIVare:
IVe –1. Rollingslopes(12°–15°)2. Highsusceptibilitytoerosion.Veryunstableunderarablecropping.3. Verysevereeffectsofpasterosion
IVw–1. Veryseverewetness(verypoorlydrainedareas—mineralsoils) 2. Highriskofdamagingflooding(veryfrequentflooding)
IVs– 1. Severestoniness—cannotbeploughedbutsuitablefortraditionalcultivationmethods1. Infertilesoils(e.g.alfisolsandultisols)difficulttocorrectwiththeuseoffertilisers2. Coarsetexturedsoilsverylowinmoisture-holdingcapacity,liabletoseveredrought3. Highsalinity—areasofmangroveswampsnottoodifficulttoreclaimforcropping4. Veryshallowsoils5. Areasofmoderatelyshallowpeatthatcanbedevelopedforcropping
IVc –1. ClassesI,IIandIIIinhighrainfallzones2. SomeclassIIIlandinhigheraltitudezones3. ClassIIIlandinareasoflowwintertemperatures
LUC class V:Thislandclassisunsuitableforarablecroppingbutsuitableforpastoralorforestryuse.
Steepness(slopes16°–20°)orstoninessarethemainlimitationsthatrenderitnon-arableandrestrictittopastoraluseorproductiveforestry.
Theerosionriskonslopesunderpastoralorforestryuseisonlyveryslight,butonsuchaslopethishazardwouldbetoogreatifputunderarablecultivation.Wheretheslopeislessthan15°thelandmaybetoostonyorboulderyfortheuseofmachineryinarablecultivation.
ThusClassV,ineffect,nowbecomesthebestnon-arableclass,confirmingtotheprogressionfromItoVIII.
SubclassesthatmayoccurinLUCclassVare:
Ve –1. Stronglyrollingslopes(16°–20°) 2. Slightsusceptibilitytoerosion
Vs –1. Stoniness—unsuitableforcropping
Vc–1. SomeclassIVlandinlowtomoderaterainfallzones2. ClassIVandinareasoflowwintertemperature3. ClassIIIandIVlandinhigheraltitudegroups
LUC class VI:Marginalpastorallandwithmoderatetoseverelimitations.Itcompriseslandthatisrathertoosteepforpastoraluse(slopes21°to25°C);orthathasevidenceofsevereeffectsofpasterosion;orthatishighlysusceptibletoerosion.ClassVImayalsocompriseoneormoreofthefollowinglandtypes:lowerriverterracessubjecttoveryfrequentflooding;peatandmangroveswampsthatwouldbetoodifficulttodevelopforcropping;areasthatareverystonytoverybouldery,orshallowtoveryshallowsoils;soilsthatareverylowtoextremelylowinmoisture-holdingcapacity,orlowtoverylowinfertility,orverysalinetoextremelysaline.
Productionorcommercial forestrymaybe thebest formof landusewhereerosionor low fertilityare thedominantlimitations.Onallotherlandtypesinthisclasspastureshouldbesuitablebutitsmanagementwillrequirespecialattention.
A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji 163
SubclassesthatmayoccurinLUCclassVIare:
VIe –1. Steepslopes(21°–-25°)2. Severeeffectsofpasterosion(class3)3. Moderatetoseveresusceptibilitytoerosion(class4)
VIw–1. Veryfrequentdamagingflooding2. Peatland3. Mangroveswamp.Thiscanalsobeasoillimitation.
VIs – 1. Veryshallowsoils2. Verystonytoverybouldery3. Infertiletoveryinfertilesoils4. Verylowtoextremelylowinmoisture-holdingcapacity5. Verysalinetoextremelysalinesoils.Thiscanalsobeawetnesslimitation.
VIc 1. ClassesIVandVlandinhighrainfallzonesandclassIVlandinlowtomoderaterainfallzones.Thismaynotexist.
2. ClassIVlandinveryhighaltitudegroup
LUC class VII: LandinclassVIIisgenerallyunsuitableforpastoraluse,butitssuitabilityforforestrymaybefairtomarginal.
Theclasscompriseslandthatiseitherverysteep(26°–35°);orthatisveryhighlysusceptibletoerosion,orshowingveryseveredamagefrompastorpresenterosion;orlandthatisveryshallow,verybouldery,orverylowinfertility.
Inareaswherethemajor(dominant)hazardiserosionorlowfertility,commercialforestrymaybethebestformoflanduse.Wheresteepness,shallownessorstoninessarethedominanthazards,protectionforestrymaybepractised,orotherwisethelandisbestleftuntouchedinitsnaturalstate.
SubclassesthatmayoccurinthisLUCclassare:
VIIe –1. Verysteepslopes2. Severedamagefrompresenterosion3. Highsusceptibilitytoerosion
VIIs – 1. Extremeshallowness2. Verystonyandbouldery
3. Veryinfertiletoextremelyinfertile
MajorclassVIIhasnosubclassesoneitherwetnessorclimaticlimitations.
LUC class VIII:LandinLUCclassVIIIisgenerallyunsuitableforproductiveuseinbothagricultureandfor-estry.Thisispredominantlyverysteepmountainland,mostlyaboveanaltitudeof2500feet.
Thisalsoincludeslowlandareasinunfavourablesituations,suchasextremeerosionorsusceptibilitytoero-sion(e.g.areashighlysusceptibletoslumpingorearthflow),orextremestoniness,shallowness,orinfertility;andalsoextremelysteepslopesinhightoveryhighrainfallareas(slopeGinAandBrainfallzones).AlsoincludedinmajorclassVIIIarepeatandmangroveswampswhosedevelopmentisnotlikelytobeeconomi-callyfeasible.
ClassVIIIlandisthereforebestprotectedand/orreservedforwatershedandwildlifeprotectionpurposes,orleftinitsnaturalstateuntouched.
164 A Reference Manual for Utilising and Managing the Soil Resources of Fiji
Subclassesthatmayoccurinthismajorclassare:
VIIIe –1. Extremesteepness2. Extremedamagefromerosion,orinstability
VIIIw –1. Peatswampnotfeasibletodevelop 2. Mangroveswampnotfeasibletodevelop
VIIIs –1. Extremeshallowness2. Extremestoniness3. Extremeinfertility