A Quick Reference Guide to Spanish 12 Conjugations · A Quick Reference Guide to Spanish 12...

Updated version- May. 2011

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A Quick Reference Guide to

Spanish 12 Conjugations

The TENSES 1. Simple Present 2. Progressive 3. Reflexives 4. Simple Past (Preterit) 5. Imperfect 6. Commands (The imperative) 7. Subjunctive 8. Future 9. The Conditional 10-11. Present Perfect (Present Participle) 12-13. List of commonly used verbs 14-16.Quick multi-tense conjugations for helping verbs 17. Quick guide to using PRONOUNS


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PRESENT TENSE To conjugate in the present tense, drop the ending of the infinitive verb and attach the endings

below. These endings apply to ALL verbs except for the irregulars below.

AR ER IR --o --as --a

-- amos --áis --an

--o --es --e

--emos -- éis --en

--o --es --e

--imos --ís --en

Ejemplos: HABLAR Nosotros hablamos español (We speak Spanish)

COMER Tú comes pizza(You eat pizza)

VIVIR Yo vivo en White Rock (I live in White Rock)

STEM-CHANGING VERBS

EI O UE E IE

Irregular YO form

Pedir

Servir

Vestir(se)

*Decir

Seguir

Conseguir

Competir

Acordar

Almorzar

Acostar(se)

Dormir(se)

Encontrar

Morir

Morder

Poder

Recordar

Volver

Querer

Pensar

Preferir

Perder

Cerrar

Empezar

Recomendar

Despertar(se)

*Venir

NOTE: if the verb ends

in IR, it still stem

changes in the pretérito

tense

Hacer - hago

Salir - salgo

*Venir - vengo

*Decir - digo

Traer - traigo

Poner - pongo

Oír - oigo

Dar - doy

Ver - veo

Saber – sé

Conocer – conozco

OTHER IRREGULARS VERBS

SER

Soy somos

Eres sois

Es son

ESTAR

Estoy estamos

Estás estaís

Está están

IR

Voy vamos

Vas vais

Va van

TENER

Tengo tenemos

Tienes teníais

Tiene tienen


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Progressive tenses: “ –ING” [Subject + ESTAR + Main verbENDING]

To use the progressive, the verb ESTAR (to BE) functions as a helping verb, used before the main verb. After estar is properly conjugated, then you must DROP the ENDING of the main verb and ADD one of the 2 endings shown below. In other words, the same ending applies to all subjects, regardless of gender or quantity.

VERB ENDINGS

AR verbs : end in ANDO

IR verbs: end in IENDO

ER verbs: end in IENDO

Conjugations of ESTAR, used for ALL 3 verbs types:

Yo + estoy /estaba + main verb ending

Tú estás / estabas “ “

él/ella/ustd. está/ estaba “ “

Nosotros estamos/ estábamos “ “

Ellos/Ellas/Ustds + están / estaban + main verb ending

** To change the verb tense (past, present or future) just change ESTAR accordingly

Examples:

CAMINAR: Yo estoy caminando I am walking

ROMPER: Tú estás rompiendo You are breaking

VIVIR: Él estaba viviendo en México He was living in Mexico

ESTUDIAR: Tú estabas estudiando ayer You were studying yesterday

DIVERTIRSE: Yo me estaba divertiendo I was having fun.


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REFLEXIVE VERBS In Spanish, there are many reflexive verbs that DO NOT exist in the same form in English.

In English, they are often seen as to be or to get (ex: vestirse = to get dressed)

In Spanish, the word „myself‟ (or any of the selves) does NOT exist so they use reflexives

There are only 4 reflexive pronouns, and they MUST AGREE with the conjugation.

ME myself

TE yourself

SE himself/herself/yourself

themselves/yourselves

NOS ourselves

STRUCTURE & USAGE Reflexive verbs appear as the infinitive version of a verb WITH „se‟ attached at the end.

Lavarse Vestirse

1.) To conjugate, you must remove the „se‟ from the end & put it before the conjugated verb.

pronoun + conjugated verb [NOTE: still need the regular pronoun too (yo, tu, el, nosotros …]

Yo me lavo Tu te vistes

2.) When there are 2 verbs:

a) it can stay before first verb pronoun + conj.Verb1 + infinitive reflexive verb2

yo me quiero lavar Tu te vas a vestir

b) or it cab be attached to the second (infinitive) verb conj verb + infinitve/pronoun

yo quiero lavarme tu vas a vestirte

3.) When giving a command - conjugate the root verb as a command & attach appropriate pronoun

to the end of the command. command/pronoun! Lávate! Vístase!

Some common Refelxive VerbsAcostarse* – to lie down

Dormirse* – to go to sleep

Despertarse* – to wake up

Levantarse – to get up

Ducharse – to get showered

Bañarse – to bath oneself

Cepillarse – to brush …

Peinarse – to do one‟s hair

Afeitarse – to shave

Arreglarse – to get ready

Vestirse* – to get dressed

Maquillarse – to put on make-up

Cortarse – to cut oneself

Quemarse – to burn oneself

Lastimarse – to get injured

Enfermarse – to get sick

Irse -- to go/leave

Transformarse – to get transformed

Divertirse* – to have fun

Enamorarse – to fall in love

Quejarse – to complain

Calmarse – to calm down

Aburrirse – to get bored

Enojarse – to get mad

Confundirse – to get confused


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El Pretérito: “I ...ed”

Used for actions that happened in the past and were completed in the past (they are not STILL going on). To create this tense, you must DROP YOUR VERB ENDING and ADD the appropriate ending from the list below.

AR Yo é Nosotros amos Tú aste Vosotros asteis él ó Ellos aron Ella ó Ellas aron Usted ó Ustedes aron

Ejemplo: HABLAR Nosotros hablamos español (We spoke Spanish)

ER/ IR Yo í Nosotros imos Tú iste Vosotros isteis él ió Ellos ieron Ella ió Ellas ieron Usted ió Ustedes ieron

Ejemplo: COMER Tú comiste pizza You ate pizza)

Ejemplo: VIVR Yo viví en White Rock (I lived in White Rock)

Irregulars have slightly different endings and change the spelling of the root.

Pretérito verb endings for irregular verbs ---e ---imos

--iste ---eis .

---o -- ieron

I - stem changers U - stem changers UV - stem changers J- stem changers HACER: hic--/hizo*

QUERER: quis---

VENIR: vin---

HABER: hub---

PODER: Pud--

PONER: Pus---

SABER: Sup---

ANDAR: anduv---

ESTAR: estuv---

TENER: tuv---

DECIR: dij

TRAER: traj

CONDUCIR: conduj--

** NO „i‟ in plural conjugation

=dijeron)

Other irregulars use the similar endings but NO accents needed SER

Fui fuimos

Fuiste fuisteis

Fue fueron

IR

Fui fuimos

Fuiste fuisteis

Fue fueron

DAR

Di dimos

Diste disteis

Dio dieron

VER

Vi vimos

Viste visteis

Vio vieron

**exception ALERT** --IR verbs that stem change in the present tense still change in the pretérito — but ONLY in

the singular (el) & plural (ellos) forms . (see Avancemos 2 text pg. R30-31). [NOTE: If there are 2 vowels in the stem changer, drop the 2nd]

Ej: Servir yo serví el café……………. él sirvió la comida Ej. Vestirse tú te vestiste ……………… Ellos se vistieron Ej. Pedir Nosotros pedimos salsa… Ustedes pidieron sopa Ej. Dormir Yo me dormí……………….Los chicos durmieron mucho (NOT o>ue = NOW it’s o>u)


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The Imperfect Past tense “I used to ….” Describe the past & habitual actions

Used when telling stories or for continuous or habitual actions (It was raining „for a long time‟ yesterday OR I „always‟ woke up at 6:00am). To create this tense, you must DROP THE ENDING of your verb and ADD the appropriate ending from the list below.

AR Yo aba Nosotros ábamos * Tú abas Vosotros abais él aba Ellos aban Ella aba Ellas aban Usted aba Ustedes aban

Ejemplo: HABLAR Nosotros hablábamos español (We used to speak Spanish)

ER / IR Yo ía Nosotros íamos Tú ías Vosotros íais él ía Ellos ían Ella ía Ellas ían Usted ía Ustedes ían

Ejemplo: COMER Tú siempre comías pizza (You always ate pizza)

Ejemplo: VIVR El año pasado, yo vivía en Mexico (Last year, I lived in Mexico)

RULES:

All ER/IR verbs have accents All AR verbs have an accent on “nosotros” form There are NO stem changers and only 3 irregulars as seen below.

SER IR VER

Era Eras Era

*éramos eran

Iba Ibas iba

*íbamos iban

Veía Veías Veía

*Veíamos Veían

WHEN TO USE?

1) To tell/narrate stories (once upon a time…) 2) To refer to habitual or repetitive actions (we ALWAYS ate dinner together) 3) To describe things that happened in the past (moods, feelings, atmosphere) 4) To tell time (ej. eran las 6:00) 5) To tell age (ej. tenía 13 años) **You do NOT use this tense if the action happened once or has been completed.**


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COMMANDS Commands are used when talking directly to a person(s). They are used to give instructions and are not necessarily aggressive. Commands are not used in the 3rd (él/ ellos) person or towards yourself. Also, remember that ALL spelling quirks that apply in the present tense still apply to Commands & the Subjunctive (see bottom of next page for list of applicable spelling changes)

VERB ENDING TU

(informal)

TU No….. (Negative)

USTED (formal singular)

USTEDES (plural)

AR -a -es -e -en

ER -e -as -a -an

IR -e -as -a -an Ejemplos: Abren sus libros por favor Camina más rápido.

No hables tanto. Cruza la calle en la esquina.

IRREGULAR VERBS They ALL still follow the same ending pattern, but the new roots take on the form

Of their irregular present tense “yo” conjugations.

ESTAR (regular+ accent ) Está estés esté estén

SER ( keep „e‟ + accent) Sé seas sea sean

VER ( keep the „e‟) ve * veas vea vean

DAR (regular+ Accent) da des dé den

IR ve * vayas vaya vayan

HACER haz hagas haga hagan

TENER ten tengas tenga tengan

PONER pon pongas ponga pongan

SALIR sal salgas salga salgan

VENIR ven vengas venga vengan

DECIR di digas diga digan

TRAER Trae Traigas Traiga traigan

Ejemplos: ¡No me digas! Salga de aquí inmediatamente No sean así

NOTE: Using Pronouns with Commands

A.) Affirmative commands (+) = Attach all pronouns to the end of the command

Ej. Explícaselo ** Don‟t forget to add an accent to hold original verb sound

B.) Negative Commands (-) = All pronouns go before command verb (after the NO)

Ej. No se lo expliques

C.) Nosotros Commands: = These are used to say Let’s…(do something)…”

Ej. Organicémonos = Must drop the “s” ending before adding NOS to the

Ej. Vámonos end of the nosotros command form.

** Don‟t forget to add your accent here too!!


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EL SUBJUNTIVO ¡ Expression of possibility + QUE + subjunctive verb…!

1. The subjunctive is used to Express Hopes/wishes – ojala que gane el premio

Impersonal statements – Es importante que hagas la tarea (todos)

Doubt – no creo que tengamos tarea

Persuasion – recomiendo que vayas a la venta

Anticipation of reactions– Yo espero que él llegue temprano

2. Uses the same conjugation as commands, but adds yo/ nosotros

AR ER/IR --e

--es

--e

--emos

--en

--a

--as

--a

--amos

--an

3. Present tense stem changers are still stem changers (just like Commands)

Ar/Er/Ir IR verbs only

EIE OUE EI (Pensar)

Piense

Pienses

Piense

*Pensemos

Piensen

(Poder)

Pueda

Puedas

Pueda

*Podamos

Puedan

(Pedir)

Pida

Pidas

Pida

*Pidamos

Pidan

** No stem change in nosotros form with AR/ER verbs ** All --IR verbs do CHANGE in nosotros

4. IRREGULARS: based on the same roots as irregular commands (don‟t include “tú” column)

Yo Tú Él/ ella/ usted Nosotros Ellos/ustedes

ESTAR esté estés esté estemos estén

IR vaya vayas vaya vayamos Vayan

SER sea seas sea seamos sean

VER vea veas vea veamos vean

DAR dé des dé demos den

HACER haga hagas haga hagamos Hagan

TENER tenga tengas tenga tengamos Tengan

PONER ponga pongas ponga pongamos Pongan

SALIR salga salgas salga salgamos Salgan

VENIR venga vengas venga vengamos Vengan

DECIR Diga Digas Diga Digamos digan

SABER sepa sepas sepa sepamos sepan

5. SPELLING CHANGER RULES STILL APPLY – when come before “E” or “A”

CAR que ZAR ce GAR gue Buscar busques Empezar* empiecen llegar lleguemos

GER ja GUIR ga

Proteger proteja seguir * siga


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Future Tense “I will …”

The future tense is one of the easiest tenses to learn. It is formed by keeping the verb in its infinitive form and adding the appropriate ending as shown below. The best part is that all 3 verbs (AR, ER & IR) use the same endings!!! In other words, do NOT drop the verb ending before adding the NEW ending, which is the same for all 3 types of verbs.

AR + ER + IR

Yo é Nosotros emos Tú ás Vosotros éis Él á Ellos án Ella á Ellas án Usted á Ustedes án

Can be used to express future events as well as imply probable/likely outcomes (ie. it might… it’s probably)

Examples:

CAMINAR: Ella caminará = She will (probably) walk Ellos caminarán = They will walk

VIVIR: Yo viviré = I will (likely) live Tú vivirás = You will live

COMER: Ustedes comerán = You will all eat Nosotros comeremos = We will eat

irregular root patterns (use the same endings as above)

Drop the “e” Replace “e” or “i” with “D” Replace “c” with “R”

INFINITIVE Stem INFINITIVE Stem INFINITIVE Stem

HABER

PODER

QUERER

SABER

Habr-

Podr-

Querr-

Sabr-

PONER

SALIR

TENER

VENIR

Pondr-

Saldr-

Tendr-

Vendr-

HACER

DECIR

Har-

Dir-


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The Conditional:“I would…” To Express probability (things that would likely happen)

Yeah, more easy conjugations!!! The conditional tense, like the future tense, also keeps the verbs in the infinitive form and also has only one ending for all 3 types of verbs. In other words, do NOT drop the verb ending before adding the NEW ending (as shown below), which is the same for all 3 types of verbs.

AR + ER + IR

Yo ía Nosotros íamos Tú ías Vosotros íais Él ía Ellos ían Ella ía Ellas ían Usted ía Ustedes ían

Examples:

CAMINAR: Él caminaría por la playa = He would walk along the beach Ellos caminarían en la nieve = They would walk in the snow

VIVIR: Yo viviría en el caribe = I would live in the Caribbean

Tú vivirías en N. Y. = You would live in N. Y.

COMER: Ustededes comerían todo = You all would eat everything Nosotros no comeríamos = We would not eat

GUSTAR: Me gustaría ir a tu fiesta = I would like to go to your party

Les gustaría ir al concierto = They would like to go to the concert

IRREGULAR ROOT PATTERNS (use the same endings as above)

Drop the “e” Replace “e” or “i” with “D” Replace “c” with “R”

INFINITIVE Stem INFINITIVE Stem INFINITIVE Stem

HABER

PODER

QUERER

SABER

Habr-

Podr-

Querr-

Sabr-

PONER

SALIR

TENER

VENIR

Pondr-

Saldr-

Tendr-

Vendr-

HACER

DECIR

Har-

Dir-

** Notice these roots are the same as the future tense!!!!**


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PRESENT PERFECT AKA: Present Participle

“I have _____ …..” ( Subject + haber + past participle )

This participle tense is used to talk about things that have already happened. (ex: I have eaten already. They haven’t seen the movie. Has he eaten?)

Like the progressive tense, this verb tense also relies on a helping verb. You must use both verbs as a package in order to conjugate correctly. These verbs cannot be separated.

STEP 1: First you must conjugate the helping verb HABER (there is/are) as shown below. This verb MUST match

the subject in the sentence. In English, this verb is the equivalent of the helping verb HAVE when referring to things you have done.

HABER Yo he …. main verb Nosotros hemos …. _________

Tú has…. _________ Vosotros habéis …. _________

Él ha…. _________ Ellos han ……. _________

Ella ha …. _________ Ellas han ……. _________

Usted ha …. _________ Ustedes han ……. _________

STEP 2: Now you must conjugate your main verb. Drop the ending of the main verb and add one of the endings

shown below. This ending remains the same regardless of the subject’s gender or quantity, so you have even less to remember!!

Past Participle Endings AR verbs: end in ADO ER verbs: end in IDO IR verbs: end in IDO

EXAMPLE: CAMINAR (to walk) Yo he caminado = I have walked

Tú has caminado = You have walked

VIVIR (to live) Él ha vivido = He has lived Ellos han vivido = They have lived

COMER (to eat) Nosotros hemos comido = we have eaten Vosotros habéis comido = You guys have eaten

Note: The past participle can also be used as an adjective (cansar = cansado// aburrir = aburrido) When the past

participle is used as an adjective, be sure the ending agrees in number and gender with the noun it describes (ex: las chicas están cansadas)


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Past Participle as Adjectives: When using participle adjectives, make sure the ending agrees in number & gender with the noun it describes. We are familiar with many, but below is a list of irregulars. [NOTE: they are often used with the verb ESTAR]

Eg. Ellas son divertidas/ la clase es aburrida/ La puerta está abierta.

Past Participle Irregulars INFINITIVE VERB IRREGULAR VERSION Abrir Abierto

Decir Dicho

Decubrir Descubierto

Escribir Escrito

Freír Frito

Hacer Hecho

Ir Ido

Morir Muerto

Poner Puesto

Resolver Resuelto

Romper Roto

Ver Visto

Volver Vuelto

PAST Perfect tense- (I had travelled) Is used to describe things that HAD already (Ya) or not yet (todavía no) happened by a specific time. In other words, it requires further context and is often paired with the pretérito.

HABER (imperfect)

Había Habíamos

Habías Habíais

Había Habían

Examples: 1. Yo había visitado Toledo antes. I had visited Toledo before. 2. Irma ya había salido cuando Alberto llegó Irma had already left when Alberto arrived. 3. Maite todavía no había comprado el pan cuando la panadería cerró. Maite still hadn’t bought the bread/ hadn’t

bought the bread yet when the bakery closed.

FUTURE Perfect tense – (I will have travelled) Use the FUTURE tense of HABER to change this to future tense

HABER (future)

Habré Habremos

Habrás Habréis

Habrá Habrán

Examples: 1. El lunes, habremos visto el famoso cuadro de El Greco. On Monday, we will have seen El Greco’s famous painting. 2. Para entonces Elena habrá explorado la ciudad. By then Elena will have explored the city.

+ Past Particple (always ends in “o” b/c it’s a verb)

+ Past Particple (always ends in “o” b/c it’s a verb)

A Quick Reference Guide to Spanish 12 Conjugations · A Quick Reference Guide to Spanish 12...

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