A Project Report On Biogas

7/23/2019 A Project Report On Biogas

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A PROJECT REPORT ON

SCALED BIO GAS PLANT

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the reuirement! for

IC ENGINES CO"RSE

In

#EC$ANICAL ENGINEERING

B% & SE# !tudent!

DEPART#ENT O' #EC$ANICAL ENGINEERING

(A))redited b% NBA* +,-./+,-01

B2#2S COLLEGE O' ENGINEERING

(Autonomou! Colle3e under &T"1

BENGAL"R" / 45,,-0

No67 +,-4


2/13

DEPART#ENT O' #EC$ANICAL ENGINEERING(A))redited b% NBA* +,-./+,-01

B2#2S COLLEGE O' ENGINEERING

(Autonomou! Colle3e under &T"1

BENGAL"R" / 45,,-0

O)t7 +,-4

Thi! i! to )ertif% that the follo8in3 !tudent! mentioned in the li!t

en)lo!ed ha6e !ubmitted their pro9e)t report in partial

fulfilment of IC en3ine! )our!e

Si3nature of Staff in )har3e

( Dr2RS:1


3/13

B%;

-2 Narendra Pandit S / -B#-


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Introduction

The bio/3a! produ)ed from food 8a!te* de)ompo!able or3ani) material and =it)hen 8a!te*

)on!i!tin3 of methane and a little amount of )arbon di o@ide i! an alternati6e fuel for )oo=in3

3a! (LPG12 Al!o* the 8a!te material! )an be di!po!ed off effi)ientl% 8ithout an% odor or flie!

and the di3e!ted !lurr% from the bio/3a! unit )an be u!ed a! an or3ani) manure in the 3arden2The ma9or )omponent! of the bio/3a! plant are a di3e!ter tan=* an inlet for feedin3 the =it)hen

8a!te* 3a! holder tan=* an outlet for the di3e!ted !lurr% and the 3a! deli6er% !%!tem for ta=in3

out and utiliin3 the produ)ed 3a!2 Thi! pro9e)t i! al!o u!eful for !tudent! to ha6e a hand!/on

learnin3 e@perien)e in )on!tru)tin3 a #ini Bio/Ga! Plant* u!in3 lo)all% a6ailable material2

Bio-gas Composition

Bio3a! t%pi)all% refer! to a mi@ture of different 3a!e! produ)ed b% the brea=do8n of or3ani)

matter in the ab!en)e of o@%3en2 Bio3a! )an be produ)ed from ra8 material! !u)h a!

a3ri)ultural 8a!te* manure* muni)ipal 8a!te* plant material* !e8a3e* 3reen 8a!te or food

8a!te2 It i! a rene8able ener3% !our)e and in man% )a!e! e@ert! a 6er% !mall )arbon footprint2

Bio3a! )an be produ)ed b% anaerobi) di3e!tion 8ith anaerobi) ba)teria* 8hi)h di3e!t material

in!ide a )lo!ed !%!tem* or fermentation of biode3radable material!2

Bio3a! i! primaril% methane (C$.1 and )arbon dio@ide (CO+1 and ma% ha6e !mall amount! of

h%dro3en !ulphide ($+S1* moi!ture and !ilo@ane!2 The 3a!e! methane* h%dro3en* and )arbon

mono@ide (CO1 )an be )ombu!ted or o@idied 8ith o@%3en2 Thi! ener3% relea!e allo8!

bio3a! to be u!ed a! a fuel it )an be u!ed for an% heatin3 purpo!e* !u)h a! )oo=in32 It )an

al!o be u!ed in a 3a! en3ine to )on6ert the ener3% in the 3a! into ele)tri)it% and heat2

Durin3 )ombu!tion of bio3a! )ontainin3 !ilo@ane!* !ili)on i! relea!ed and )an )ombine 8ith

free o@%3en or other element! in the )ombu!tion 3a!2 Depo!it! are formed )ontainin3 mo!tl%

!ili)a (SiO+1 or !ili)ate! (SixOy1 and )an )ontain )al)ium* !ulfur* in)* pho!phoru!2 Su)h white

mineral depo!it! a))umulate to a !urfa)e thi)=ne!! of !e6eral millimeter! and mu!t be

remo6ed b% )hemi)al or me)hani)al mean!2

'or -,,, =3 (8et 8ei3ht1 of input to a t%pi)al bio/di3e!ter* total !olid! ma% be


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Aromati) m3m< ,/ +,, / / /

Or3ano)hlorinated

or or3anofluorated

m3m,, / / /

Physical characteristics

A))ordin3 to it! )ompo!ition* bio3a! pre!ent! )hara)teri!ti)! intere!tin3 to )ompare 8ith

natural 3a! and propane2 Bio3a! i! a 3a! appre)iabl% li3hter than air* it produ)e! t8i)e a! le!!

)alorie! b% )ombu!tion 8ith eual 6olume of natural 3a!2

TPES O' GAS BIOGAS -

$O"SE$OLD

ASTE

BIOGAS +

AGRI'OOD ASTE

NAT"RAL GAS

Compo!ition 5, C$.

C$.

+5 CO+

- N+

, O+4 $+O

0?2, C$.

+2+ C+

,2< C 3allon! of 8ater2

The uantit% and ualit% of methane %ou ma=e depend! on the nutrient 6alue of the feed!to)=

and ho8 8ell the mi)robe! )on6ert the a6ailable nutrient! into methane2 'or pra)ti)al

purpo!e!* bio3a! produ)tion and ualit% are fun)tion! of %our !pe)ifi) re)ipe and 3enerator

mana3ement2 Important thin3! to under!tand about 3eneratin3 bio3a! are;


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Construction of biogas extraction plant

The main )omponent! of bio3a! plant! are;

-2 Bio 8a!te dumpin3 unit

+2 Ga! flo8 pipe


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Thi! unit i! the pla)e 8here 8a!te i! dumped for !%nthe!i! of bio3a!2 Thi! )ontain! remo6able

lid for dumpin3 the 8a!te and remo6in3 the re!idue at the end of !%nthe!i! of bio 3a!2 It ha!

an outlet )onne)ted to 3a! )olle)tion )hamber 8ith a non/return 6al6e in bet8een* 6ia a 3a!

flo8 pipe

+2 Ga! flo8 pipe


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Ga! flo8 pipe )onne)t! bio3a! dumpin3 unit 8ith the )olle)tion )hamber2 A non/return 6al6e

i! )onne)ted at the end of the pipe 8hi)h i! pla)ed in!ide the )olle)tion )hamber


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It i! a 8ei3hted in6erted )%linder 8ith an outlet deli6er% 6al6e on the top of it2 The 8ei3ht of

the )%linder i! re!pon!ible for the produ)tion of pre!!ure in bio3a!2

42 Outlet Deli6er% &al6e

It )ontrol! the flo8 rate of bio3a! flo8in3 out of the )olle)tion )hamber2

Working of biogas plant


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The model bio3a! plant i! de!i3ned !u)h that it u!e! no mo6in3 part! to )olle)t and pre!!urie

the bio3a!2 Thi! t%pe of plant )an be u!ed in both lar3e !)ale produ)tion unit! and !mall

hou!ehold !%!tem!2 The plant ba!i)all% )on!i!t! of < !%!tem!* -1 Generation )hamber +1

Colle)tion )hamber


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purifi)ation te)hnolo3ie! e@i!t for lar3e/!)ale !e8a3e and bio/8a!te di3e!ter!* and the

te)hnolo3ie! for up3radin3 bio3a!* )ompre!!in3* !torin3 and di!pen!in3 bio methane are 8ell

de6eloped2 If )o!t/effe)ti6e method! for up3radin3 bio3a! )ould be de6eloped for the farm/

!)ale* bio3a! purifi)ation )ould pro6ide dair% farmer! 8ith re6enue to )omplement ele)tri)al

po8er !ale!2 Thi! i! e!pe)iall% )riti)al in the Pa)ifi) North8e!t* 8here lo8 po8er rate! ha6e

pre6ented )o!t )ompetiti6e po8er from farm/!)ale anaerobi)/di3e!ter!* limitin3 total dair%

deri6ed po8er2 En3ine )on6er!ion to a))ommodate bio3a! al!o repre!ent! a potential barrier*

but be)au!e bio3a! ha! the !ame propertie! a! natural 3a!* it )an be ea!il% u!ed b% 6ehi)le!

8hi)h are )onfi3ured for natural 3a!2

Methods of !urification of Bio as

"# Water and !ol$eth$lene l$col %crubbing !rocess#

!rocess

ater !)rubbin3 i! u!ed to remo6e CO+ and $+S from bio3a! !in)e the!e 3a!e! are more

!oluble in 8ater than methane2 The ab!orption pro)e!! i! purel% ph%!i)al2 "!uall% the bio3a!

i! pre!!uried and fed to the bottom of a pa)=ed )olumn 8hile 8ater i! fed on the top and !othe ab!orption pro)e!! i! operated )ounter/)urrentl%2

ater !)rubbin3 )an al!o be u!ed for !ele)ti6e remo6al of $+S !in)e $+S i! more !oluble than

)arbon dio@ide in 8ater2 The 8ater 8hi)h e@it! the )olumn 8ith ab!orbed CO +andor $+S )an

be re3enerated and re/)ir)ulated ba)= to the ab!orption )olumn2 Re3eneration i!

a))ompli!hed b% de/pre!!urin3 or b% !trippin3 8ith air in a !imilar )olumn2 Strippin3 8ith air

i! not re)ommended 8hen hi3h le6el! of $ +S are handled !in)e the 8ater ui)=l% be)ome!

)ontaminated 8ith elementar% !ulfur 8hi)h )au!e! operational problem!2 hen )heap 8ater

)an be u!ed* for e@ample* outlet 8ater from a !e8a3e treatment plant* the mo!t )o!t effi)ient

method i! not to re/)ir)ulate the 8ater Pol%eth%lene 3l%)ol !)rubbin3 relie! on the !ame

underl%in3 me)hani!m a! 8ater !)rubbin3* 8ith a ph%!i)al ab!orption pro)e!! that 8or=!

be)au!e both CO+and $+S are more !oluble than methane in the !ol6ent2 Sele@ol i! the trade

name for one of the )ommon !ol6ent! u!ed for thi! pro)e!!2

Ad&antages

The bi3 differen)e bet8een 8ater and !ol6ent! i! that CO + and $+S are more !oluble in

Sele@ol 8hi)h re!ult! in a lo8er !ol6ent demand and redu)ed pumpin32 Remo6in3 $ +S

beforehand i! an alternati6e2 The ad6anta3e! of !)rubbin3 are no !pe)ial )hemi)al! reuired

and remo6al of both CO+and $+S2 The di!ad6anta3e! of 8ater !)rubbin3 are that it reuire! a

lot of 8ater e6en 8ith re3eneration* a! 8ell a! limitation! on $+S remo6al* be)au!e the CO+

de)rea!e! p$ of the !olution and )orro!ion to the euipment )au!ed b% $+S2

'# Chemical Absorption

!rocess in a (utshell

Chemi)al ab!orption in6ol6e! formation of re6er!ible )hemi)al bond! bet8een the !olute and

the !ol6ent2 Re3eneration of the !ol6ent* therefore* in6ol6e! brea=in3 of the!e bond! and

)orre!pondin3l%* a relati6el% hi3h ener3% input2 #EA !olution )an be )ompletel% re3enerated

b% boilin3 for 4 min and i! then read% for re/u!e2 The ad6anta3e! of )hemi)al ab!orption are

)omplete $+S remo6al* hi3h effi)ien)% and rea)tion rate! )ompared to 8ater !)rubbin3* and

the abilit% to operate at lo8 pre!!ure2 Be)au!e of the!e ad6anta3e!* the pro)e!! i! )ommonl%

u!ed in indu!trial appli)ation!* in)ludin3 natural 3a! purifi)ation2 The di!ad6anta3e! are the

additional )hemi)al input! needed and the need to treat 8a!te )hemi)al! from the pro)e!!2


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!ressure %)ing Adsorption

!rocess

Pre!!ure S8in3 Ad!orption (PSA1 i! a te)hnolo3% u!ed to !eparate !ome 3a! !pe)ie! from a

mi@ture of 3a!e! under pre!!ure a))ordin3 to the !pe)ie! mole)ular )hara)teri!ti)! and

affinit% for an ad!orbent material2 It operate! at near/ambient temperature! and !o differ!

from )r%o3eni) di!tillation te)hniue! of 3a! !eparation2 Spe)ial ad!orpti6e material! are u!eda! a mole)ular !ie6e* preferentiall% ad!orbin3 the tar3et 3a! !pe)ie! at hi3h pre!!ure2 The

pro)e!! then !8in3! to lo8 pre!!ure to de!orb the ad!orbent material2 The PSA pro)e!! relie!

on the fa)t that under pre!!ure* 3a!e! tend to be attra)ted to !olid !urfa)e!* or Mad!orbedM2 The

hi3her the pre!!ure* the more 3a! i! ad!orbed 8hen the pre!!ure i! redu)ed* the 3a! i!

relea!ed* or de!orbed2 PSA pro)e!!e! )an !eparate 3a!e! in a mi@ture be)au!e different 3a!e!

tend to be attra)ted to different !olid !urfa)e! more or le!! !tron3l%2 If a 3a! mi@ture !u)h a!

air* for e@ample* i! pa!!ed under pre!!ure throu3h a 6e!!el )ontainin3 an ad!orbent bed that

attra)t! nitro3en more !tron3l% than it doe! o@%3en* part or all of the nitro3en 8ill !ta% in the

bed* and the 3a! )omin3 out of the 6e!!el 8ill be enri)hed in o@%3en2 hen the bed rea)he!

the end of it! )apa)it% to ad!orb nitro3en* it )an be re3enerated b% redu)in3 the pre!!ure*thereb% relea!in3 the ad!orbed nitro3en2 It i! then read% for another )%)le of produ)in3

o@%3en enri)hed air2

$o8e6er* durin3 bio3a! purifi)ation* the ad!orption material ad!orb! $+S irre6er!ibl% and

thu! i! poi!oned b% $+S2 'or thi! rea!on* a preliminar% $+S remo6in3 !tep i! often in)luded in

the PSA pro)e!!2 PSA u!in3 eolite! or a)ti6ated )arbon at different pre!!ure le6el! i! an

effe)ti6e method for the !eparation of CO+from methane2 A)ti6ated )arbon impre3nated 8ith

pota!!ium iodide )an )atal%ti)all% rea)t 8ith o@%3en and $+S to form 8ater and Sulphur2 The

rea)tion i! be!t a)hie6ed at ? to > bar and 4, to ?, oC2 The a)ti6ated )arbon bed! al!o need

re3eneration or repla)ement 8hen !aturated2 The ad6anta3e! of PSA te)hnolo3% are more

than 0? C$.enri)hment* lo8 po8er demand* and lo8 emi!!ion and remo6al of nitro3enand o@%3en2 The main di!ad6anta3e of PSA te)hnolo3% i! an additional $ +S remo6al !tep

needed before PSA2 Al!o* tail 3a! from PSA !till need! to be treated2

Conclusion

Bio 3a! i! an effe)ti6e rene8able !our)e of ener3% 8hi)h )an be applied to 6ariou!

appli)ation!* it i! )o!t effe)ti6e and )an be implemented in man% )ondition!2 The lo8 )o!t

fa)tor of bio3a! ma=e! it a 6er% a popular !%!tem in rural area!* in urban )ondition! it )an be

u!ed a! 8a!te treatment plant 8hi)h al!o produ)e! u!able methane fuel * the abo6e mentioned

model i! effe)ti6e in a lar3e !)ale and )an be implemented

A Project Report On Biogas

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