A New Sorghum Production System in Burkina Faso … - New sorghum...A New Sorghum Production System...
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A New Sorghum Production System in Burkina Faso
By John Sanders
January 24, 2016
Abstract
An open pollinated cross between two sorghum races was identified in Mali in the early ‘90s. Grinkan
was very successful on farmers’ fields in Mali with average yields of 1.5 and 1.9 T/ha on 50 and 150 ha in
2008 and 2009 respectively. In 2010 Grinkan was introduced into the cotton region of Burkina Faso in a
four year pilot project. Over the period 2010 to 2014 high yields were achieved. There was no scaling up
program1 in Burkina in contrast with Grinkan in Mali. There was an especially rapid decline once the
pilot project terminated.
So below we consider this collapse in Burkina focusing on the principal complaint about food processing
leading to the disappearance of the markets. We explain the technical response to this processing
problem. Grinkan has now been absorbed into the INERA breeding program and we expect the
emergence of a Grinkan like cultivar with the Saraisso title of a Burkina cultivar. Then we review the
impacts of the other components of the new technology and marketing strategy introduced.
Program Components and Grinkan
The higher rainfall regions in the Sahel are primarily cotton regions. Who cares about raising
cereal yields when white gold is available? Unfortunately there have been several problems with cotton
in the Sahel. Historically cotton zones have problems with declining soil fertility over time. Cotton yields
have been stagnating and even declining in the Sahel in the last decade. Secondly, the introduction of Bt
cotton internationally has reduced the costs of controlling insects and/or given yield advantages to
adopting producers. This has resulted in declining international prices for cotton and increasing difficulty
for non-adopters of Bt to compete internationally. But unlike the rest of sub-Saharan Africa outside of
South Africa Burkina has incorporated the Bt gene into its local adapted cotton varieties. Hence, cotton
has still remained as a very profitable activity followed by maize with a series of new high yielding
cultivars and hybrids and rapid productivity gains. Hence, even an improved sorghum technology would
be the third major cash crop and be treated like this in the farm planning process. So new sorghum
technology in the cotton zone needs to be introduced in the more marginal regions for rainfall variability
to take advantage of the greater tolerance to irregular or inadequate rainfall of sorghum than that of
cotton and maize.
Grinkan has out-yielded local sorghums by 50 to 100%.Local sorghums are tall and have loose
grain formation in the heads. Hence their maximum yield potential is expected to be about 1.2 tons/ha
with the expectation that following cotton in the rotation normal yields would be 800 kg/ha to 1 ton/ha.
1 The Ministry of Agriculture did make substantial quantity of seed available to the extension service for distribution in the cotton zone in 2013.
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Following fertilizer and other recommendations for normal and good rainfall years Grinkan would be
expected to give yields of 1.5 to 2 tons/ha with very good farmers getting 3 tons and higher. 2
2010 was a year of demonstrating Grinkan in a nearby plot while farmers adopted the
technology package but put it mainly in their locally improved Guinea cultivar Saraisso 11. In the 2011
and 2012 pilot project farmers began switching to Grinkan on a large scale. 2012 turned out to be an
excellent year for high yields of Grinkan (Pictures 1-3).
However, in the local markets, where farmers sell small quantities of sorghum to get cash (or
barter trade)on market day and make their small purchases, village women started avoiding Grinkan
because of the consistency of the grain on the second day of processing in the traditional method of
“to” preparation.3 This marketing effect spread to regional and urban markets in price discounts or even
refusal to buy Grinkan.
Picture 1. Grinkan in Kouakole, Burkina Faso 2012
2 Grinkan needs moderate fertilization (one sack of DAP and one sack of Urea or two sacks of NPK and one sack of Urea). Also especially in the lower fertility regions organic fertilizer is necessary to improve the structure and thereby better retain water and nutrients. 3 To the women this meant a runny “to“ on the second day. To food scientists this is the consistency problem. A section follows explaining how this problem is being overcome.
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Picture 2. Grinkan, Kouakole, Burkina Faso Farmer one ha plots put together in blocks. November 2012.
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Picture 3. Grinkan in the Bobo region before the harvest in 2012.
Rejection of Grinkan: pilot project sites
With the food processing and resulting marketing problem there was a 40% decline of area in
Grinkan from 2012-13 to 2013-14 decline. With the very late rainfall in 2014-15 farmers planted their
first two cash crops cotton and maize late so combined with the “to” preparation problem sorghum fell
out of the rotation in 2014-15.
Table 1. Introduction of Grinkan in the Bobo Region
Associations 2012 - 2013 2013 - 2014 2014 - 2015
Kouakole Grinkan : 50 ha Sariasso 11+ local=20 ha
Grinkan : 40 ha Sariasso 11+ local= 30 ha
Grinkan: 2 ha Sariasso 11+ local= 68 ha
Missidougou Grinkan : 50 ha Sariasso + local=20 ha
Grinkan : 20 ha Sariasso 11+ locale= 50 ha
Grinkan: 0 ha Sariasso 11+ local= 70 ha
Soukouralaye Grinkan : 2 ha Sariasso 11+ local=58 ha
Grinkan : 1.5 ha Sariasso 11+ local= 58.5 ha
Grinkan: 0 ha Sariasso 11+ local= 60 ha
The reasons given by Kouakole and Lena farmers for dropping Grinkan can be summarized:
1) “To” quality. With the usual production method of soaking overnight softer Grinkan becomes
too “watery” or loses consistency. For making “to” the dehulled grain needs to maintains its
thickness.4 Consistency is a trait well known and measured by nutritionists so can be used in
sorghum evaluation. Normally sorghum is not tested for consistency but it has been a leading
reason for the failure to adopt cultivars that were actively promoted such as NAD 1, L30 and
SRN 39. NAD 1 was a highly touted hybrid. SRN 39 has Striga resistance and L30 had high yields.
All three were promoted in Niger and then just disappeared (B. Ouendeba, conversation, 2015).
Food scientists can do consistency tests so consistency could be an important qualification
criteria along with yields, specific resistances, and taste.5 There are simpler solutions involving
two modifications of the preparation process. Unfortunately, village women did not adopt these
modifications and the word quickly went out about the “to” problem.
2) Markets. This “to” quality problem resulted in the loss of sale in the local markets as village
women refused to buy it. Subsequently, some regional merchants would not buy Grinkan. Then
even in urban areas there was a discount on Grinkan. So it is serious when women identify a
problem in the production of “to” even if there are other products that people appreciate from
this sorghum.
4 In the Bobo region substantial advances have been made in maize production and maize is consistently cheaper than either millet or sorghum and is now the predominant cereal used for “to” in the cotton zone. For the other traditional products, “bouillie” (a thick porridge), couscous and “zoum-koum” (a thin porridge) there is a preference for Grinkan. For forage, animals like Grinkan and some farmers in Mali specialized in using Grinkan as a forage. 5 The more different characteristics the breeder insists on having in his new cultivars, the less likely is he to produce a new cultivar. This is one reason why improving primary staple productivity is difficult.
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3) Susceptibility to the mold-head bug complex from late rains. The compact heads of Caudatum
enable high potential yields. Unfortunately, they do not dry quickly hence late rains on the
mature heads can lead to yield declines from mold and insects plus poor seed germination (if
not stored very dry)6 in the succeeding season. The short season Grinkan needs to be planted
late in the cotton zone. In doing that farmers can either plant too late or the farmers may have
already allocated their best land to other crops.
4) Insects. Grinkan is generally considered to taste better than most sorghums for humans and
animals but it also appeals to insects. Seedlings are attacked by insects (“chenilles”). During the
crop season when the heads are formed, the cecidomaye can lay their eggs and the larvae later
destroy the grain. This cecidomaye problem does not occur every year but is a serious problem
all over the world and attacks various cereals. Storage insects can be handled with the three
layered PICs sacks but these are more expensive than the usual sacks.7 Polypropylene sacks with
Phostoxin also give good control of insects but Phostoxin is dangerous. Further development of
Grinkan types with harder polycarp for more insect resistance in storage has already taken place
in IER (the national agricultural research institution of Mali).
5) Increased agronomic labor requirements. Farmers claim that Grinkan is much more sensitive to
the lack of sufficient weeding in the early stages than Saraisso 11. Thinning (not traditionally
done by farmers), density, and time of planting are all important with Grinkan. But this is typical
of a higher yielding cultivar to be more demanding of soil fertility and of improved agronomic
practices. It is a necessary labor investment for high cereal yields.
6) Weight per volume. Women also complain about Grinkan weighing less for the volume than
Saraisso 11. For women this appears to be more work for the mortar and pestle operation.
In Lena farmers complained about the consistency the next day and asserted that there were
problems in marketing associated with this and that the merchants preferred Saraisso 11. There were
adverse rainfall conditions late in the season in 2013 and a late commencement of rain in 2014 and
these were the principal reasons given for dropping Grinkan in Kouakole.
The Consistency of the “To “
So the consistency-marketing problem and sorghum being the third most important cash crop were
the principal factors resulting in the decline of Grinkan in the cotton zone. For the latter we need to
define the zones of more marginal cotton production. However, if the women are unhappy with the
basic staple the cultivar will be rejected. So let’s consider the processing process and the characteristics
of Grinkan different from traditional hard sorghums:
6 The PICs sacks for storage insect control make deterioration hence germination worse if the sorghum is not adequately dried. 7 The evidence is mixed on the use of PICs sacks for seed storage. Wholesalers use the polypropylene sacks with Phostoxin
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Threshing-Separating the grain from the panicule.
Dehulling-Removing the bran (“son”)
Milling into flour-
The traditional West African sorghums are Guineas with hard and vitreous (2.5-3.5) grains. In
contrast the Caudatum sorghums are soft and floury (vitrosity of 0 to 2). Grinkan is 25% Guinea and 75%
Caudatum.
After dehulling the traditional Guinea sorghums are soaked overnight to facilitate the grinding of the
hard grain in the milling process. When Grinkan is soaked overnight, the grain becomes too watery or
loses consistency.8 So the overnight soaking needs to be eliminated and the dehulling and milling done
in the same day. An alternative is to eliminate the dehulling process as is often done for cereals
emphasizing the health food characteristics.
Some women in Koutiala villages of Mali have adopted these processes when Grinkan was
introduced. Moreover, the extension service teaches these preparation techniques in southern Mali. So
in Mali this consistency problem is now more of a communication problem than a requirement to find
another cultivar.
Are Grinkan and Caudatum types dead in Burkina Faso?
The decline of the pilot program was rapid in Burkina with only two farmers (would be seed
producers) still producing Grinkan in 2014. NAFASO, a private seed company in Bobo with which AGRA
(a development program financed by the Gates Foundation) had been working, stopped producing
certified Grinkan seed in 2014 and had no plans to do so in 2015 because they could not obtain
foundation seed of Grinkan from the INERA research stations. So Grinkan has disappeared into the two
research stations in the cotton region, Farako-Ba and Fada. But we expect a Grinkan type to emerge
with a Saraisso title indicating that it is a product of these research stations (Hamido Traore, DG of
INERA, conversation, Dec 7, 2015). The yields, taste and attraction for animals are too great to drop this
genetic material.
Most farmers concentrated on their cotton and maize with the late rains in 2014. However,one
seed producer of Grinkan in Kouakole still obtained very high yields of 2 t/ha in 2014 as compared with
1.2 to 1.3 tons/ha for Saraisso 11 in the village. This same situation of continuing production of Grinkan
by individual producers in Mali has the problem of variety depreciation over time if the seed system
does not renew the cultivar making foundation seed available for farmer producers of certified seed.
8 In more technical terms this soaking reduces the amylose content of Grinkan which needs to be above 20.5% on a dry basis .A. Ndoye, Notes on Preparation of “To,” mimeo, June, 2015.
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Meanwhile we need to evaluate the other impacts of the pilot project in Burkina Faso.
Village Level Impact of our Project:
The principal impacts of the project were:
1) The acceptance of the need to fertilize directly the sorghum with a moderate level of inorganic
fertilizers. Previously, in the cotton zone sorghum had often followed cotton or maize and taken
advantage of the residual effects of fertilizer from the previous year but was not fertilized.
Farmers in the cotton region (Bobo area) are more accustomed to inorganic fertilizer so putting
it on sorghum was not a big change in practices. But it is only going to be practiced if farmers
believe they have markets. The yield effects and profitability of sorghum have been documented
at the farm level (see T. Abdoulaye et al, 2008; F. Baquedano et al, 2009; J. Coulibaly, 2010; J.
Coulibaly et al., 2013; J. Coulibaly et al., 2015).
2) Market strategy. The concept of storing and selling later to avoid the price collapse at harvest
was practiced with storage facilities being widely built with part of the labor being supplied by
farmers’ associations. Searching for markets higher in the marketing chain and even outside the
region became part of the activities of the farmers’ associations. But this marketing step to
higher levels of the marketing chain requires making investments in information and sometimes
in transportation especially if there is cartel behavior among wholesalers.
3) Development of the farmers’ associations and the revolving funds. A basic objective was to
create strong farmers’ organizations that could accelerate diffusion, organize the fertilizer
purchases, identify markets for the cereals, sell opportunely, and finally help members get
access to bank credit using the revoling funds as leverage. The best indicators of the evolution of
the farmers’ associations are the repayment rates on the input credits for fertilizer purchases.
With some initial difficulties in Lena in personnel selection both the Kouakole and the Lena sites
are now experiencing 100% repayment rates for the input credits financed with the revolving
funds.
When we started working with Kouakole in 2010 we financed 2.25 million cfa in inputs
for 50 members to be paid back to the farmers’ association in sorghum at harvest. The farmers’
association then would store and sell before the next planting season thereby both creating a
rotating fund and avoiding the post-harvest price collapse. In February 2015 in Kouakole there
were 220 active members (defined as those receiving input credits from the revolving fund to
buy inorganic fertilizers) and the revolving fund had increased to 13.4 million cfa. So no bank
financing is required and the farmers’ association has been increasing in area and farmer
membership. The Kouakole farmers’ is presently an independent organization servicing its
farmers. In 2014 OXFAM an English NGO, built a cement storage facility (50 ton capacity) for
Kouakole. So other agencies have facilitated activities here, which is also a sign of a functioning
farmers’ association.
Lena’s history was very different going through periods of poor reimbursement and
throwing out non-reimbursing members. We began Lena with 50 members and putting 2.25
million cfa into a revolving fund in 2010.9 In Febuary 2015 there were 52 members and a
9 The program paid for fertilizer with the condition that the farmers repay the loan to the farmers’ associations in sorghum (after the first year in Grinkan) before the next planting season.
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revolving fund of 2.5 million cfa. The rotating fund and membership have not expanded but they
still exist. Moreover, with their bank accounts the Lena farmers’ association has been able to get
loans for warrantage (loans with the grain in the storage as the guarantee for the loans) during
the last four years. OXFAM built them a new storage facility in 2014.
The farmers’ associations
Now let’s look at these farmers’ associations in more detail. The main program
accomplishments to date were to convince farmers to fertilize sorghum with two to three sacks, a
step upward from the zero or micro fertilization recommendations generally made for sorghum and
millet. Our recommendation was one sack of DAP and one sack of Urea or two sacks of NPK and one
sack of Urea. There was difficulty finding DAP in 2013 and 2014 and sometimes even Urea so
farmers’ substituted NPK. So there was good following of the fertilizer recommendations in general
given the difficulty in finding DAP.
The first four sites (different groups within the two farmers’ associations) show the cotton
system here with maize being more important in area terms than sorghum and a variety of
sorghums being produced (Tables A-1 and A-2). Some farmers’ groups received the subsidized
fertilizer and some did not. This apparently depends upon connections with the extension service.
The difference of 5,000 cfa/50 kg sack is large between subsidized and unsubsidized fertilizers.
The prices received for the sorghum are very low in the Bobo region as compared with the
Central Plateau in Burkina (Tables A-! and A-2). Moreover there was a discount for the private sale
of Grinkan at 9,000 cfa/sack while the average prices of sorghum sold by the association in the
program were 11,000 to 12,500 in 2013 and 2014 respectively.10
There are many crops in this cotton system. The increased world prices for cotton in 2010
resulting in higher Burkina prices in 2011 and the introduction of Bt cotton increasing productivity
(reducing costs)11 in Burkina undoubtedly influenced the decline in interest in Grinkan by providing
more cash income and encouraging area shifts to more cotton (Coulibaly, 2015).In the better cotton
regions the introduction of improved varieties and hybrids of maize with much higher fertilization
lev4els has also been rapid.
Moving to the Central Plateau in Korsimoro (Table A-2) some farmers were already
using an improved Caudatum, ICSV 1040 from ICRISAT. They were using organic fertilizer at reasonably high levels for semi-arid regions given their low animal density and plant residue availability. Moreover, the use of a traditional water retention device similar to tied ridges, the “zai”, was widespread.12 The local sorghum Kapelga, a Guinea, was low yielding but farmers appreciated
10 The UN program (PAM) to acquire grain from farmers and distribute it to the malnourished paid 15,000 cfa/sack in 2013 in Lena. 11 If high levels of insecticide were being used the principal effect of Bt is to reduce these costs of the insecticide rather than increasing yields. If low levels of insecticide were being used, the effect is to increase yields. Increasing yields also reduces per output unit costs. Generally, we would expect the predominance of the first effect of reducing the insecticide costs. 12 This technique consists of digging small holes in the field and then putting the organic fertilizer and the seed in the holes. It is a more labor intensive technique of tied ridges, as the tied ridges are done with oxen or horse traction and a plow adapted to make tied ridges.
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the taste and the price premium. There was also a great variety of crops and a much smaller total area in crops than in the cotton zone. The “zai” and the production (compost heaps) and delivery of organic fertilizer are very labor intensive. Areas involved in the farmers’ association sorghum program were smaller here than in the cotton zone and membership in the farmers’ associations stayed constant over the period in Korsimoro and Pissili.
The price per sack of 18,000 fcfa/sack was 5,500 to 7,000 fcfa/sack higher on the Central Plateau than in the cotton zone. Production conditions are much harsher on the Central Plateau. Why is there not more sorghum moving from the cotton zone to the Central Plateau?
Conclusions:
Conceptually using a Caudatum-Guinea cross to get high yields while still maintaining some
tolerance for late rains and mold problems is an excellent innovation and necessary innovation for
increasing sorghum productivity. Grinkan provided high potential yields with moderate fertilization
and excellent tastes. Grinkan follows the physiological innovations of the ‘50s that led to the
successes of the Green Revolution in rice and wheat. The basic idea is to convert the plant so that it
produces more grain and less stalk and leaves. Secondly, the plant is built with a sturdier stalk and
shorter to take higher fertilizer levels without lodging.
So we demonstrated the yield potential of an open pollinated intermediate height cross
between Guinea and Caudatum with high yield potential and excellent taste characteristics.
However, the adaptation of “to” processing was not generally known so women rejected the new
cultivar in the villages. This led to the rejection of Grinkan on the village markets and ultimately on
the larger markets. Now it is known how to make good “to” from Grinkan and this information could
be widely communicated. This communication process has begun in Mali.13 Now there is a technical
solution so the problem is communication14 (see the companion paper, Introducing a New Sorghum
Production System in Mali).
The problems that we documented need to be considered as second generation problems
because Grinkan is an outstanding new cultivar. Grinkan progeny or sister lines have already been
developed in Mali with a harder endosperm for greater resistance to storage insects. A longer cycle
progeny would be able to be planted earlier without as much risk from late season rains. The
experiment stations (in both Faroka-Ba and Fada) have incorporated Grinkan into their breeding
activity. So there was a setback here in 2014-2015 but we expect a strong comeback for the progeny
of Grinkan or lines with similar characteristics.15 We expect a Grinkan-like cultivar to emerge from
INERA in the next few years (Hamido Traore, DG of INERA, Dec 7, 2015).
Meanwhile, these research stations could continue to produce foundation seed of Grinkan for
the private seed companies to make certified seed available to farmers. Unfortunately, sorghum
hybrids have been the focus of the national programs in Mali and Burkina Faso with AGRA financing
13 This adaptation of processing for maize “to” is also necessary for some of the new maize hybrids. 14 The extension service in Sikasso has already been training women in adapting the processing techniques as many of the new maize hybrids have a similar soft, floury nature. This needs to be supplemented with TV and radio explanations aimed at women to take advantage of the potential of Caudatum cultivars. 15 Grinkan and similar related cultviars continue to be diffused in Mali and in the high rainfall region of Niger.
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and ICRISAT research support over the last five years. Moreover, in the cotton zone the focus of
development attention is on the new Bt cotton and the high yields of maize cultivars and hybrids. In
our pilot program in Burkina there should have been more initial effort to identify and focus field
activities on the more marginal cotton regions where both cotton and maize are more subject to
rainfall variation
The other components of our pilot program especially the introduction of new marketing
practices and the development of the farmers’ associations are now known. Many of these
associations have split into smaller units. So even if the funding and several associations remain,
they have lost this dynamic incentive from the new agricultural technology. A successful new
technology introduction drives this process of improving storage and marketing
In contrast with Mali the farmers’ associations have not changed very much their level of the
marketing chain to which they sell except to handle directly the collection functions. Increasing
interest in the marketing activity will occur once the farmer’ associations get back to a higher
yielding cultivar. Then marketing performance becomes much more important.
References
Abdoulaye, T., J.H. Sanders and B. Ouendeba, 2008. Evaluation of Sorghum and Millet
Technology and Market Strategy Introduction: 2006-2007 Crop year, INTSORMIL Bulletin No 8
Lincoln Ne 22 pages
Baquedano, F., J.H. Sanders, and J. Vitale, 2010. Increasing Incomes of Malian Farmers: Is
Elimination of US Subsides the Only Solution? Agricultural Systems, 103: 418-432
Coulibaly, Jeanne, 2010. Evaluation des Technologies de Production et de Commercialisation du
Sorgho et du Mil dans le Cadre du Projet IER-INTSORMIL/Mali, Campagne Agricola 2008-2009.
Bulletin IER-INTSORMIL n° 10, Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, 36 pages.
Coulibaly, J. J.H. Sanders, P. Preckel, and T. Baker, 2015 “Will Cotton Make a Comeback in West
Africa-Mali?” Agricultural Economics, 46:53-67
Coulibaly, Jeanne, Gautam Kumaraswamy and John H. Sanders, 2013.Economic Impact of
Sorghum and Millet Technologies in Mali Agricultural Campaign, 2010-11, Bulletin IER-INTSORMIL n°
11, Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, 31 pages.
Table A-1. Characteristics of the Participating Farmers’ Associations in the Bobo (Cotton Zone) Region,
2012-2015
Zones : Cotton zone 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 Traditional Production System
No 1. Kouakale - Area (ha) - First year - Members - Reimbursement
80 2011 200 483 sacks
100 - 200 500 sacks
120 - 220 600 sacks
Maize : 1.5 ha Sésame : 1 ha Red sorghum 1 ha Sariasso 11 :2,5 ha
11
(5 sacks/ha) - Sorghum Price (ASS.) - Inorganic
Fertilizer/ha (unsubsidized)a
- Organic Fertilizer/ha
12,500 f en Mai 3 sacks NPK 20-10- 05; 1 NPK=17500
12000 f en Mai 3 sacks NPK 20-10- 05; (1NPK=17500f)
- - 3 sacks NPK 20-10- 05;1 NPK=17500f 7.5 t/ha
Cowpeas: 0.25 haa
No2. Missibougou (part of Kouakale)
- Area (ha) - First year - Members - Reimbursement - - Price - Inorganic fertilizer/ha
(un-subsidized) - - Organic fertilizer/ha
25 2008 35 125 sacks (5 sacks/ha) 12,500 fcfa 2 sacks de NPK (20N 10P 5K)
35 - - 175 sacks 12,000 fcfa
40 - - 200 sacks 5.4 tons
Cotton : 3.5 ha Maize : 2 ha Millet : 2 ha Sariasso 11 :1 ha
No3. Lena Monemeta - Area (ha) - First year - Members - Reimbursement - Price - Inorganic Fertilizers
/ha (subsidized: Urea=12500 f and NPK=13500f)
- Organic fertilizer/ha
50 2009 54 with 4 women 200 sacks (4 sacks/ha) 15,000b 2NPK (14-23-14 ) + 1 Urea 0 (but planted after cotton)
52 - - 208 (4 sack/ha) 11,000 fcfa 2NPK (14-23-14 ) + 1 Urea
52 - - 208 sacs - 2NPK (14-23-14 ) + 1 Urea
Cotton : 4 ha Maize : 5 ha Sesame : 2 ha Red sorghum 2 ha Sariasso 11: 1 ha
No4. Lena : Korodiadi and Relwindi
- Area (ha) - First Year - Members - Reimbursement - Price assoc. sorghum - Price individual (sorg) - Inorganic fertilizer/ha
(subsidized)
8 2012 8 32 sacks 4sac/ha) 15,000-fcfab 9,000 fcfa 2 NPK (14-23-14)+ 1 Urea
8 - - 32 sacs 11,000-fcfa 9,000 fcfa 2 NPK (14-23-14) + 1 Urea
10 - - 40 sacs - - 2 NPK (14-23-14) + 1 Urea
Cotton : 3 ha Maize : 2.5 ha Millet : 1 ha Sariasso 11 : 1 ha Peanuts: 0.25 ha Cowpeas : 0.25 ha
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- Organic fertilizer/ha
5.4 tons
a. In Kouakale, the unsubsidized NPK (20-10-05) was: 17,500 fcfa. In Lena farmers were able to get the
subsidized NPK (14-23-14) at 13,500f/sack and Urea at 12,500 f/sack. DAP is (18-46-0) and Urea is (46-0-
0)
b. Purchased by SONEGESS, the Burkina agency charged to acquire and distribute cereals to the malnourished.
Table A-2.Interviews with Farmers’ associations on the Central Plateau (Febuary 2015)
Zone of Korsimoro 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 Traditional Production System
No 1. Relwende 2009 - Area (ha) ICSV - Members - Reimbursement - Yields (sacks/ha) - Price/sack - Inorganic fertilizer/ha
Subsidized : Urea 12,500f ; NPK=13,500f
- Organic fertilizer/ha
8 8 24 NA 18,000 fcfa NA 3 T with zai 6 T without zai
8 8 24 23-24 18,000 fcfa 2NPK (14-23-14) + 1 Urea 3 T with zai 6 T without zai
8 8 16 23-24 NA 1 DAP + 1 Urea 3 T with zai 6 T without zai
Maize: ¼ - ½ ha Millet: ½ - 1 ha Sesame: ½ - 1 ha Sorghum: ICSV: 1 – 5 ha Local Sorghum: ½ - 1 ha Peanuts ¼ - 1 ha Cowpea: ½ - 1 ha Upland rice: ¼ - ½ ha
No2. Nabouswende - Area (ha) - First year - Members - Reimbursement total - Price/sack - Inorganic fertilizer/ha
Organic fertilizer/ha
16 2009 26 48 sacks 18,000 fcfa NA NA
16 - 26 24 sacks 18,000 fcfa 2 NPK + 1 Urea 3 T with zai 6 T without zai
16 - 26 32 sacks NA 1 DAP+1 Urea 3 T with zai 6 T without zai
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No3. Tegwende - Area (ha) - First Year - Members - Reimbursement total - Price (fcfa)/sack - Inorganic fertilizer/ha
(subsidized : Urea 12500 f et NPK=13500f)
- Organic fertilizer/ha
25 2010 43 33 sacks 18,000 NA 3 T with zai 6 T without zai
25 - 43 32 18,000 2 NPK + 1 Urea
3 T with zai 6 T without zai
25 - 43 50 NA 1 DAP + 1 Urea 3 T with zai 6 T without zai
No 4. Wendwaoga - Area (ha) - First Year - Members - Reimbursement - Price/sack association - Inorganic
Fertilizers/ha (subsidized)
- Organic fertilizers/ha
13 2011 22 15 18,000 NA NA
13 - 22 14 18,000 2 NPK + 1 Urea 3 T with Zai 6 T without Zai
13 - 22 24 NA 1 DAP + 1 Urea 3 T with Zai 6 T without Zai
Zone de Pissila 2012-2013 2013 - 2014 2014-2015 Systèmes de production
No 1. Tegwende - Area (ha) - First Year - Members - Rembursement
- Price/sack paid by
association
- Inorganic fertilizer/ha (subsidized)
- Fumure organique/ha
15 2011 15 Reimbursed in cash No sale NA
15 - 15 Reimbursed in cash No sale - 2 NPK (14-23- 14) + 1 Urea 1.75 t
15 - 15 NA NA 2 NPK + 1 Urea 1.75 t
Maïze: ¼ ha Millet : 1 – 2 ha Sesame : 1 ha Sorghum-Kapelga : 1-4 ha Peanuts : ¼ - 1 ha Cowpea: 1 ha
14
No 2. Namanegb - Area (ha) - First Year - Members - Rembursement
- Price/sack paid by
association
- Inorganic fertilizer/ha (subsidized)
- Organic fertilizer/ha -
- - - - - - -
10 2013 10 Crédit reimbursed in cash No sale 2 NPK + 1 Urea 1.5 t
10 - 10 NA NA 2 NPK + 1 Urea 1.5 t
This farmers association was not financed by the project. Farmers imitated the farmers’ association implementing the project activities.
No 3. Sougrimane - Area (ha) - First Year - Members - Rembursement
- Price/sack paid by
association
- Inorganic fertilizer/ha (subsidized)
- Organic fertilizer/ha -
- - - - - - -
10 2013 10 Sold cowpeas to reimburse credit No sale 2 NPK + 1 Urea 2.25 t
10 - 10 NA 2 NPK + 1 Urea 2.25 t
This farmers’ association was not financed by the project. Farmers imitated the farmers’ association implementing the project activities