A New Nation and State Grows America and North Carolina 1790’s-1850.
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Transcript of A New Nation and State Grows America and North Carolina 1790’s-1850.
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A New Nation and State Grows
America and North Carolina
1790’s-1850
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The Nation
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1789• GEORGE WASHINGTON• BECOMES FIRST
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES – 1789-1796
• Whiskey Rebellion – 1791-1794
• First political parties• 1. Federalists – believed
in strong national government controlled by the wealthy elite
• 2. Democratic-Republicans – believed in a limited national government run by all men.
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1789
• FRENCH REVOLUTION BEGINS
• NOBILITY IS DRIVEN FROM POWER AND MANY ARE EXECUTED
• Neutrality Proclamation – America will not get involved in European conflicts
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1790
• WASHINGTON DC ESTABLISHED AS CAPITAL OF UNITED STATES, REPLACING NEW YORK
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1791• FIRST BANK OF THE UNITED STATES ESTABLISHED
• Alexander Hamilton• Government could
deposit money and make loans to business
• National Mint – government could print money
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1796• JOHN ADAMS ELECTED
2ND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
• XYZ Affair – 1798 – French wanted bribes to negotiate with America – led to undeclared war
• Alien and Sedition Acts – 1798 – allowed the President to deport foreign citizens and made it illegal to criticize government policies.
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1800•Thomas Jefferson elected 3rd President of the US
•LOUISIANA PURCHASE - 1803
•US BUYS MIDDLE THIRD OF NORTH AMERICA FROM FRANCE FOR $15 MILLION
•Lewis and Clark Expedition – 1804-1806 –Meriwether Lewis/William Clark, Sacagawea
•Pike’s Expedition – 1806 – Zebulon Pike
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Meriwether Lewis
William Clark
Sacagawea
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1812-14
• WAR OF 1812 BETWEEN US AND ENGLAND
• FOUGHT OVER BORDER DISPUTES, TRADE PROBLEMS, AND IMPRESSMENT
• President – James Madison
• Andrew Jackson – best General for the US
• US WINS
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1823• Florida added in 1819• Missouri Compromise –
1820 – Henry Clay
• MONROE DOCTRINE – James Monroe
• STATES THAT US WILL NOT PERMIT EUROPEAN NATIONS TO COLONIZE OR INTERFERE WITH THE AMERICAS
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Missouri Compromise
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1828
• ANDREW JACKSON BECOMES SEVENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
• Nullification Crisis
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1820’s-1860’s – Westward Expansion
• Manifest Destiny• Oregon Trail• Santa Fe Trail• Immigrants moved
west following these trails to settle in California, Oregon and other western areas.
• Donner Party
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1830
• INDIAN REMOVAL ACT
• AUTHORIZED THE REMOVAL OF ALL INDIANS EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI TO RESERVATIONS IN THE WEST
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Texas Independence 1836
• Texas becomes an independent country, breaking away from Mexico – joins the US in 1845
• Battle of the Alamo
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1838-39
• TRAIL OF TEARS• US ARMY MOVES
CHEROKEE INDIAN TRIBE TO OKLAHOMA
• 25% OF THE TRIBE DIES DURING THE JOURNEY
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War with Mexico – 1846-1848
• United States defeats Mexico in war
• Gains all of the Southwest part of America – California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, parts of Texas
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California Gold Rush - 1849
• Thousands of people head to California after gold is discovered in 1848
• California has tremendous population growth – leads to Compromise of 1850
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THE SOUTH AND COTTON
• COTTON BECOMES THE MAJOR CASH CROP OF THE SOUTHERN STATES
• 1793 – COTTON GIN INVENTED BY ELI WHITNEY
• Scientific agriculture• COTTON BELT – SOUTH CAROLINA TO
EAST TEXAS• SLAVE TRADE HAD BEEN OUTLAWED
IN 1808
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Cotton Gin
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Triangle Trade1. Going to Europe – Raw materials2. Going to Africa – trade goods3. Going to America – Slaves(Middle Passage)Usually, one-third to one-half ofthe slaves would die on the voyage
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Cotton Belt
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COTTON CONTINUED
• MOST COTTON WAS SHIPPED TO EUROPE, ESPECIALLY ENGLAND
• Cotton production discouraged the growth of Southern industry
• ABOUT ONE THIRD OF SOUTHERN WHITES WERE SLAVEOWNERS. ONLY 25% OF THAT COUNTED AS PLANTERS(OWNERS OF MORE THAN 20 SLAVES)
• Yeomen - small farmers• 1860 – 4 MILLION BLACK SLAVES IN SOUTH• 250,000 free blacks in the South
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Slavery Begins in America• 1517 – Atlantic Slave Trade begins –
Spain imports slaves from Africa to Central and South America (Native Americans were tried first)
• Between 1517 and 1808, over 20 million people are taken from West Africa. Half did not survive to reach America
• 1619 – First Africans arrive in Jamestown, Virginia – indentured servants
• Slaves were viewed as necessary for the South’s agricultural economy.
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The Middle Passage
• Most slaves were kidnapped by African slavers or sold to slave traders by the tribal kings
• Most were sent to “Seasoning Camps” first• Triangle Trade – three-part voyage• 1. Europe to Africa – guns, textiles,
manufactured goods• 2. Africa to America – Middle Passage –
slaves to America - 6 to 8 weeks• 3. America to Europe – sugar, tobacco,
cotton etc.
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The Middle Passage• Slave ships typically carried between 100
to 300 slaves, both men and women
• Most slaves were between the ages of 12 and 30
• Conditions on the trip were horrific. Anywhere from 10% to 50% of the slaves would not survive the trip
• Slave Auctions – slaves were sold anywhere between $200 and $2500 usually
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Graph for Loading slavesAboard ship
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SLAVERY
• SLAVES DID MANY DIFFERENT JOBS, BUT WERE MOST COMMONLY USED FOR AGRICULTURE
• HOUSE SLAVES
• FIELD SLAVES
• GANG LABOR
• OVERSEERS
• DRIVERS – SLAVE FOREMAN
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SLAVERY CONTINUED
• SLAVES WERE PROPERTY, NOT PEOPLE
• SLAVES COULD NOT LEGALLY TRAVEL OR BE TAUGHT TO READ OR WRITE
• SLAVE FAMILIES WERE FREQUENTLY SPLIT UP
• PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT WAS COMMON
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SLAVERY CONTINUED
• RELIGION WAS USED TO SUPPORT SLAVERY
• SLAVES TRIED TO KEEP THEIR CULTURE THROUGH FOLKTALES AND SPIRITUALS
• 1831 – NAT TURNER’S REBELLION
• Slave rebellions were the biggest fear for white southerners
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Underground Railroad
• 1830’s – escape system set up by free Blacks, escaped slaves, white abolitionists, and religious groups (Quakers)
• Harriet Tubman, Harriet Jacobs
• 1810-1850 – 40,000 slaves escaped using the Underground Railroad
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Frederick Douglass
• Escaped slave• Taught himself to
read and write• Became leading
abolitionist and speaker
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Abolition
• Abolition – complete end to slavery
• Emancipation – to free from slavery
• Abolition groups – religious groups, Quakers, Transcendentalists
• Not all abolitionists agreed on what to do
• 1817 – American Colonization Society – group to send freed slaves to Liberia
• Robert Finley• Theodore Dwight Weld• David Walker• William Lloyd Garrison –
published the Liberator, founded the American Anti-slavery Society in 1833.
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Abolition Leaders
William Lloyd GarrisonDavid Walker
Theodore DwightWeld
Angelina andSarah Grimke
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Opposition to Abolition
• Most Northern whites were opposed to Abolition
• Many worried that freed slaves would take their jobs
• The U.S. government ignored the issue as much as possible
• Southern whites believed that slavery was vital for their economy
• Did not want outsiders interfering
• Believed that blacks were better off
• Drove most southern abolitionists out
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NORTH VS. SOUTH
INDUSTRIES AND SOCIETY
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• TIME PERIOD BEGINNING IN MID 1700’S WHEN PEOPLE BEGAN TO FOCUS ON USE OF MACHINES TO HELP SPEED UP MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
• BEGAN IN ENGLAND – TEXTILE INDUSTRY• TECHNOLOGY – TOOLS AND MACHINERY
USED TO PRODUCE GOODS
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NEW METHODS
• MASS PRODUCTION• MAKING OF LARGE
NUMBERS OF IDENTICAL GOODS
• INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS
• SYSTEM IN WHICH EACH PARTICULAR PART OF A PRODUCT WOULD BE MADE EXACTLY THE SAME WAY
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FACTORY WORKERS
• MANY WOMEN – Lowell System• SMALL CHILDREN – Rhode Island
System• MANY EMPLOYEES WORKED LONG
SHIFTS DOING DANGEROUS JOBS FOR LOW PAY AND BENEFITS
• LABOR UNIONS – WORKERS ORGANIZATIONS TO GET BETTER PAY AND CONDITIONS – strikes and law suits
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TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION
• PERIOD DURING THE EARLY 1800’S IN WHICH TRANSPORTATION IN THE US WAS RAPIDLY IMPROVED
• STEAM POWER – Robert Fulton
• BOATS AND LOCOMOTIVES
• 30,000 MILES OF RAILROAD IN US BY 1860
• 1st transcontinental line finished in 1861
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COMMUNICATION
• 1832 – SAMUEL MORSE INVENTS TELEGRAPH
• ENABLED MESSAGES TO BE SENT INSTANTLY
• Morse Code• 1844 – 1st message
sent between two locations
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AGRICULTURAL AND HOME IMPROVEMENTS
• STEEL PLOW – 1837 – JOHN DEERE
• MECHANICAL REAPER – CYRUS MCCORMICK – BEGAN TO BE MASS-PRODUCED IN 1850’S
• SEWING MACHINE – 1846 – ELIAS HOWE AND ISSAC SINGER
• ICEBOXES – 1830’S• IRON COOKSTOVES• CLOCKS• INDOOR PLUMBING
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North Carolina
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Eastern Prosperity
• Farmers in Eastern North Carolina did well during this time period
• Bright Leaf Tobacco
• Most political and economic power stayed in the East
• Most Western farmers struggled – subsistence farming
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Rip Van Winkle State
• Few internal improvements
• Transportation system was poor – few roads and waterways
• Most North Carolinians did not want to pay taxes for public programs (education and transportation)
• Archibald Debow Murphey – early reformer
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Slow Improvements
• Constitution of 1835 – spread power more evenly between east and west, removed land ownership from voting requirements
• 1830’s – 1840’s – improvement in transportation – plank roads and first railroads – helped western farmers and businesses move product more easily
• Public education system begun in the 1850’s – Calvin Wiley – first state education superintendent
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Religious Revival
• 2nd Great Awakening• 1790’s-1830’s• Charles G. Finney• Believed that sin was
avoidable and each person was responsible for their own salvation
• Led to large growth in church membership
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Transcendentalism
• Belief in spiritualism over money and belongings
• Each person should rely on themselves instead of outside authority
• Ralph Waldo Emerson – Self-Reliance – 1841
• Henry David Thoreau – Walden - 1854
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Utopian Communities
• Some Transcendentalists tried to form perfect societies
• Brooks Farm• Shakers – did not
believe in private ownership, lived plain lifestyle
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Romanticism
• Belief that all individuals brought unique, important views to the world
• Nathaniel Hawthorne – Scarlet Letter
• Edgar Allan Poe• Emily Dickinson
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New Immigration
• 1840-1860 – 4 million new immigrants
• Mostly German and Irish – fleeing famine and harsh government
• Many native citizens resented them and feared that they would take their jobs - Nativists
• Know-Nothing Party – opposed to immigrants
• Major urban growth – jobs in factories
• Middle class• Poor people lived in
bad conditions - tenements
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Prison and Mental Health Reform
• Many people wanted to improve society
• Dorothea Dix – mental health reformer
• Child Crime• Prison Conditions
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Alcohol Abuse
• 1830’s – average person consumed 7 gallons of alcohol a year
• Temperance Movement – stop drinking
• Lyman Beecher
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Education Reform
• 1800’s – poor public education
• Few resources, little money, untrained teachers, one-room schools
• Many children worked to support their families
• Common-school movement
• Horace Mann• Lengthened school
year, better salaries and training
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Women and Minorities
• Few women went past grade school
• Catharine Beecher• Emma Willard• Led to increased
opportunities for women
• Oberlin College – 1837 – first co-ed college
• Free Blacks in the North had separate schools at first
• Few colleges would accept them – Oberlin in 1835 was first
• Southern Blacks had little to no Education
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Seneca Falls Convention
• First women’s rights convention – July 1848 – New York
• Beginning of the Women’s Rights movement• Declaration of Rights and Sentiments• Lucretia Mott• Elizabeth Cady Stanton• Sojourner Truth• Susan B. Anthony
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Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady StantonSojourner Truth
Susan B. Anthony