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The Spirit of the Age (1790-1850)
The Spirit of the Age (1790-1850) A sense of a shared vision among the
Romantics.
Early support of the French Revolution.
Rise of the individual alienation.
Dehumanization of industrialization.
Radical poetics / politics an obsessionwith violent change.
A sense of a shared vision among the Romantics.
Early support of the French Revolution.
Rise of the individual alienation.
Dehumanization of industrialization.
Radical poetics / politics an obsessionwith violent change.
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Enlightenment
EnlightenmentSociety is good, curbing
violent impulses!Society is good, curbing violent impulses!
Civilization corrupts!Civilization corrupts!
Romanticism
Romanticism
Early19c
Early19c
A Growing Distrust of Reason
A Growing Distrust of Reason
The essence of human experience is subjective and emotional.
Human knowledge is a puny thing compared to other great historical forces.
“Individual rights” are dangerous efforts at selfishness the community is more important.
The essence of human experience is subjective and emotional.
Human knowledge is a puny thing compared to other great historical forces.
“Individual rights” are dangerous efforts at selfishness the community is more important.
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The Romantic MovementThe Romantic Movement Began in the 1790s and peaked in the 1820s.
Mostly in Northern Europe, especially in Britain and Germany.
A reaction against classicism.
The “Romantic Hero:”
Greatest example was Lord Byron
Tremendously popular among the European reading public.
Youth imitated his haughtiness and rebelliousness.
Began in the 1790s and peaked in the 1820s.
Mostly in Northern Europe, especially in Britain and Germany.
A reaction against classicism.
The “Romantic Hero:”
Greatest example was Lord Byron
Tremendously popular among the European reading public.
Youth imitated his haughtiness and rebelliousness.
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Characteristics of Romanticism
Characteristics of Romanticism
The Engaged & Enraged Artist: The artist apart from society.
The artist as social critic/revolutionary.
The artist as genius.
The Engaged & Enraged Artist: The artist apart from society.
The artist as social critic/revolutionary.
The artist as genius.
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Wandering Above the Sea of Fog
Caspar David Friedrich,
1818
Wandering Above the Sea of Fog
Caspar David Friedrich,
1818
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Lady Macbeth - Henry Fuseli, 1794
Lady Macbeth - Henry Fuseli, 1794
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Characteristics of Romanticism
Characteristics of Romanticism
The Individual/ The Dreamer: Individuals have unique, endless
potential.
Self-realization comes through art Artists are the true philosophers.
The Individual/ The Dreamer: Individuals have unique, endless
potential.
Self-realization comes through art Artists are the true philosophers.
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The Dreamer Gaspar David Friedrich, 1835
The Dreamer Gaspar David Friedrich, 1835
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Solitary Tree Caspar David Friedrich, 1823
Solitary Tree Caspar David Friedrich, 1823
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Characteristics of Romanticism
Characteristics of Romanticism
Glorification of Nature: Peaceful, restorative qualities
[an escape from industrialization and the dehumanization it creates].
Awesome, powerful, horrifying aspects of nature.
Indifferent to the fate of humans.
Overwhelming power of nature.
Glorification of Nature: Peaceful, restorative qualities
[an escape from industrialization and the dehumanization it creates].
Awesome, powerful, horrifying aspects of nature.
Indifferent to the fate of humans.
Overwhelming power of nature.
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An Avalanche in the AlpsPhilip James de Loutherbourg,
1803
An Avalanche in the AlpsPhilip James de Loutherbourg,
1803
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Sunset After a Storm On the Coast of Sicily – Andreas
Achenbach, 1853
Sunset After a Storm On the Coast of Sicily – Andreas
Achenbach, 1853
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The DelugeFrancis Danby, 1840
The DelugeFrancis Danby, 1840
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Tree of CrowsCaspar David Friedrich, 1822
Tree of CrowsCaspar David Friedrich, 1822
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The Wreck of the Hope (aka The Sea of Ice)
Caspar David Friedrich, 1821
The Wreck of the Hope (aka The Sea of Ice)
Caspar David Friedrich, 1821
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Shipwreck – Joseph Turner, 1805
Shipwreck – Joseph Turner, 1805
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The Raft of the MedusaThéodore Géricault, 1819The Raft of the MedusaThéodore Géricault, 1819
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The Eruption of Vesuvius - John Martin
The Eruption of Vesuvius - John Martin
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Isaac Newton – William Blake, 1795
Isaac Newton – William Blake, 1795
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Dr. Frankenstein’s Adam & Eve??
Dr. Frankenstein’s Adam & Eve??
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Rain, Steam, and SpeedJoseph Mallord William Turner,
1844
Rain, Steam, and SpeedJoseph Mallord William Turner,
1844
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Rain, Steam,
& Speed
(detailed)
Rain, Steam,
& Speed
(detailed)
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The Slave ShipJoseph Mallord William Turner,
1842
The Slave ShipJoseph Mallord William Turner,
1842
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The Slave Ship
(detailed)
The Slave Ship
(detailed)
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Flatford Mill – John Constable, 1817
Flatford Mill – John Constable, 1817
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The Corn Field
John Constable,
1826
The Corn Field
John Constable,
1826
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The Hay Wain - John Constable, 1821
The Hay Wain - John Constable, 1821
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Characteristics of Romanticism
Characteristics of Romanticism
Revival of Past Styles: Gothic & Romanesque revival.
“Neo-Gothic” architectural style.
Medieval ruins were a favorite theme for art and poetry.
Revival of Past Styles: Gothic & Romanesque revival.
“Neo-Gothic” architectural style.
Medieval ruins were a favorite theme for art and poetry.
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Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop’s Ground
John Constable, 1825
Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop’s Ground
John Constable, 1825
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Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows
John Constable, 1831
Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows
John Constable, 1831
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Hadleigh Castle - John Constable, 1829
Hadleigh Castle - John Constable, 1829
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Eldena RuinGaspar David Friedrich, 1825
Eldena RuinGaspar David Friedrich, 1825
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Winter Landscape with ChurchGaspar David Friedrich, 1811
Winter Landscape with ChurchGaspar David Friedrich, 1811
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British Houses of Parliament1840-1865
British Houses of Parliament1840-1865
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Characteristics of Romanticism
Characteristics of Romanticism
The Supernatural: Ghosts, fairies, witches, demons.
The shadows of the mind—dreams & madness.
The romantics rejected materialism in pursuit of spiritual self-awareness.
They yearned for the unknown and the unknowable.
The Supernatural: Ghosts, fairies, witches, demons.
The shadows of the mind—dreams & madness.
The romantics rejected materialism in pursuit of spiritual self-awareness.
They yearned for the unknown and the unknowable.
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Cloister Cemetery in the SnowCaspar David Friedrich, 1817-
1819
Cloister Cemetery in the SnowCaspar David Friedrich, 1817-
1819
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Abbey in an Oak ForestCaspar David Friedrich, 1809-
1810
Abbey in an Oak ForestCaspar David Friedrich, 1809-
1810
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Mad Woman With a Mania of Envy
TheodoreGericault, 1822-1823
Mad Woman With a Mania of Envy
TheodoreGericault, 1822-1823
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Pity - William Blake, 1795Pity - William Blake, 1795
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The Great Red
Dragon and the Woman
Clothed with the Sun
William Blake,
1808-1810
The Great Red
Dragon and the Woman
Clothed with the Sun
William Blake,
1808-1810
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Stonehenge - John Constable, 1836
Stonehenge - John Constable, 1836
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Nightmare (The Incubus)Henry Fuseli, 1781
Nightmare (The Incubus)Henry Fuseli, 1781
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Manfred and the Witch of the Alps
John Martin - 1837
Manfred and the Witch of the Alps
John Martin - 1837
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Witches Sabbath
Francisco Goya,1798
Witches Sabbath
Francisco Goya,1798
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Procession of Flagellants on Good Friday
Francisco Goya, 1793
Procession of Flagellants on Good Friday
Francisco Goya, 1793
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Saturn DevoursHis Son
Francisco Goya,
1819-1823
Saturn DevoursHis Son
Francisco Goya,
1819-1823
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Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi
Eugène Delacroix,
1827
Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi
Eugène Delacroix,
1827
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Liberty Leading the People Eugène Delacroix, 1830
Liberty Leading the People Eugène Delacroix, 1830
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Detail of theMusket Bearer
Delacoix, himself
Detail of theMusket Bearer
Delacoix, himself
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The Rise of the Cartheginian Empire
Joseph Turner, 1815
The Rise of the Cartheginian Empire
Joseph Turner, 1815
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His Majesty’s Ship, “Victory”(Trafalgar) - John Constable, 1806His Majesty’s Ship, “Victory”
(Trafalgar) - John Constable, 1806
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An Officer of the Imperial Horse Guard
Théodore Géricault, 1814
An Officer of the Imperial Horse Guard
Théodore Géricault, 1814
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Napoleonat the
St. BernardPass
David,1803
Napoleonat the
St. BernardPass
David,1803
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The Shooting of May 3, 1808Francisco Goya, 1815
The Shooting of May 3, 1808Francisco Goya, 1815
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Pandemonium - John Martin, 1841
Pandemonium - John Martin, 1841
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Characteristics of Romanticism
Characteristics of Romanticism
Exoticism: The sexy “other.”
A sense of escape from reality.
A psychological/moral justification of imperialism?
Exoticism: The sexy “other.”
A sense of escape from reality.
A psychological/moral justification of imperialism?
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Grand Canal, VeniceJoseph Mallord William Turner,
1835
Grand Canal, VeniceJoseph Mallord William Turner,
1835
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Massacre of Chios - Eugène Delacroix, 1824
Massacre of Chios - Eugène Delacroix, 1824
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The Fanatics of TangiersEugène Delacroix, 1837-1838The Fanatics of Tangiers
Eugène Delacroix, 1837-1838
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The Sultan of Morocco and His Entourage
Eugène Delacroix, 1845
The Sultan of Morocco and His Entourage
Eugène Delacroix, 1845
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Women of Algiers in Their Apartment
Eugène Delacroix, 1834
Women of Algiers in Their Apartment
Eugène Delacroix, 1834
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The Turkish BathJean Auguste Ingres, 1852-1863
The Turkish BathJean Auguste Ingres, 1852-1863
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The Bullfight - Francisco GoyaThe Bullfight - Francisco Goya
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Charge of the Mamelukes, May 2nd, 1808
Francisco Goya, 1814
Charge of the Mamelukes, May 2nd, 1808
Francisco Goya, 1814
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The Royal Pavillion at BrightonJohn Nash, 1815-1823
The Royal Pavillion at BrightonJohn Nash, 1815-1823
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God as the Architect - William Blake, 1794
God as the Architect - William Blake, 1794
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Elohim Creating AbrahamWilliam Blake, 1805
Elohim Creating AbrahamWilliam Blake, 1805
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Body of Abel Found by Adam and Eve
William Blake, 1825
Body of Abel Found by Adam and Eve
William Blake, 1825
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Faust and MephistophelesEugène Delacroix, 1826-1827Faust and MephistophelesEugène Delacroix, 1826-1827
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The Seventh Plague of EgyptJohn Martin, 1823
The Seventh Plague of EgyptJohn Martin, 1823
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The Cathedral
Gaspar DavidFriedrich,
1818
The Cathedral
Gaspar DavidFriedrich,
1818
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The Cathedral(details)
Gaspar DavidFriedrich,
1818
The Cathedral(details)
Gaspar DavidFriedrich,
1818
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The Great Age of the Novel
The Great Age of the Novel Gothic Novel:
Jane Eyre - Charlotte Bronte (1847) Wuthering Heights - Emily Bronte (1847)
Historical Novel: Ivanhoe - Sir Walter Scott (1819) Les Miserables - Victor Hugo (1862) The Three Musketeers – Alexander Dumas (1844)
Gothic Novel: Jane Eyre - Charlotte Bronte (1847) Wuthering Heights - Emily Bronte (1847)
Historical Novel: Ivanhoe - Sir Walter Scott (1819) Les Miserables - Victor Hugo (1862) The Three Musketeers – Alexander Dumas (1844)
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The Great Age of the Novel
The Great Age of the Novel
Science Fiction Novel: Frankenstein - Mary Shelley (1817) Dracula – Bramm Stoker (1897)
Novel of Purpose: Hugh Trevar - Thomas Holcroft (1794)
Science Fiction Novel: Frankenstein - Mary Shelley (1817) Dracula – Bramm Stoker (1897)
Novel of Purpose: Hugh Trevar - Thomas Holcroft (1794)
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Other Romantic Writers
Other Romantic Writers
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm - Grimm’s Fairy Tales (1814-1816)
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm - Grimm’s Fairy Tales (1814-1816)
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - Faust (1806-1832)
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - Faust (1806-1832)
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The Romantic PoetsThe Romantic Poets Percy Byssche Shelley
Lord Byron (George Gordon)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
William Wordsworth
John Keats
William Blake
Percy Byssche Shelley
Lord Byron (George Gordon)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
William Wordsworth
John Keats
William Blake
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George Gordon’s
(Lord Byron)Poem
She Walks in Beauty
George Gordon’s
(Lord Byron)Poem
She Walks in Beauty
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• She Walks In Beauty
She walks in beauty, like the nightOf cloudless climes and starry skies;And all that's best of dark and brightMeet in her aspect and her eyes:Thus mellow'd to that tender lightWhich heaven to gaudy day denies.
One shade the more, one ray the less,Had half impair'd the nameless graceWhich waves in every raven tress,Or softly lightens o'er her face;Where thoughts serenely sweet expressHow pure, how dear their dwelling-place.
And on that cheek, and o'er that brow,So soft, so calm, yet eloquent,The smiles that win, the tints that glow,But tell of days in goodness spent,A mind at peace with all below,A heart whose love is innocent!
- Lord Byron •
When we two partedIn silence and tears,Half broken-heartedTo sever the years,Pale grew thy cheek and cold,Colder, thy kiss;Truly that hour foretoldSorrow to this.
The dew of the morningSunk, chill on my brow,It felt like the warningOf what I feel now.Thy vows are all broken,And light is thy fame;I hear thy name spoken,And share in its shame.
They name thee before me,A knell to mine ear;A shudder comes o'er me...Why wert thou so dear?They know not I knew thee,Who knew thee too well..Long, long shall I rue thee,Too deeply to tell.
In secret we metIn silence I grieveThat thy heart could forget,Thy spirit deceive.If I should meet theeAfter long years,How should I greet thee?With silence and tears.
When we parted
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• How Do I Love Thee
How do I love thee? Let me count the waysI love thee to the depth and breadth and heightMy soul can reach, when feeling out of sight.For the ends of Being and ideal GraceI love thee to the level of everyday'sMost quiet need, by sun and candlelight.I love thee freely, as men strive for rightI love thee purely, as they turn from praiseI love thee with the passion put to useIn my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith.I love thee with a love I seemed to loseWith my lost saints, --I love thee with the breath,Smiles, tears, of all my life! -- and, if God choose,I shall but love thee better after death.
• - Elizabeth Barrett Browning
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• A Red, Red Rose • O my luve's like a red, red rose. That's newly
sprung in June; O my luve's like a melodie That's sweetly play'd in tune. As fair art thou, my bonnie lass, So deep in luve am I; And I will love thee still, my Dear, Till a'the seas gang dry. Till a' the seas gang dry, my Dear, And the rocks melt wi' the sun: I will luve thee still, my Dear, While the sands o'life shall run. And fare thee weel my only Luve! And fare thee weel a while! And I will come again, my Luve, Tho' it were ten thousand mile!-
• Robert Burns
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MaryShelley
Frankenstein
MaryShelley
Frankenstein
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SirWalterScott
Ivanhoe
SirWalterScott
Ivanhoe
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WilliamWordsworth’
sPoem,
TinternAbbey
WilliamWordsworth’
sPoem,
TinternAbbey
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SamuelTaylor
Coleridge’sPoem,
The Rimeof the
AncientMariner
SamuelTaylor
Coleridge’sPoem,
The Rimeof the
AncientMariner
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The Political ImplicationsThe Political Implications
Romanticism could reinforce the greatest themes of political liberalism or political conservatism.
Contributed to growing nationalist movements.
The concepts of the Volk (people) and the Volkgeist (national character).
The uniqueness of cultures was emphasized.
Romanticism could reinforce the greatest themes of political liberalism or political conservatism.
Contributed to growing nationalist movements.
The concepts of the Volk (people) and the Volkgeist (national character).
The uniqueness of cultures was emphasized.
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Bibliographic Sources
Bibliographic Sources
CGFA: A Virtual Art Museum. http://cgfa.sunsite.dk/fineart.htm
“Romanticism” on Artchive. http://artchive.com/artchive/romanticism.html