A National Portrait of Treatment in the CJS · A National Portrait of Treatment in ... COD Survey...

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A National Portrait of Treatment in the Criminal Justice System SAMHSA Criminal and Juvenile Justice Matrix Workgroup January 8, 2009 Faye S. Taxman, Ph.D. Professor George Mason University Center for EvidenceBased Crime Policy Evidence Based Corrections & Treatment http://gunston.gmu.edu/cebcp/ [email protected] Acknowledgements: NIDA U01 DA 16213; CJDATS is funded by NIDA in collaboration with: SAMHSA, CDC, NIAAA, and BJA G E O R G E M A S O N U N I V E R S I T Y

Transcript of A National Portrait of Treatment in the CJS · A National Portrait of Treatment in ... COD Survey...

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A National Portrait of Treatment in the Criminal Justice System

SAMHSA Criminal and Juvenile Justice Matrix WorkgroupJanuary 8, 2009

Faye S. Taxman, Ph.D.Professor

George Mason UniversityCenter for Evidence‐Based Crime PolicyEvidence Based Corrections & Treatment 

http://gunston.gmu.edu/cebcp/[email protected]

Acknowledgements:  NIDA U01 DA 16213; CJ‐DATS is funded by NIDA in collaboration with: SAMHSA, CDC, NIAAA, and BJA

GEORGE

MASON

UNIVERSITY

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Why this Presentation?

• National trends in treatment for offenders based on the National Criminal Justice Treatment Practices Survey (and its addendums)

• Use of Evidence‐Based Practices (EBPs) for drug‐involved offenders

• Factors that increase the use of EBPs• Role of Criminal Justice Agencies in Treatment for Offenders

• Applications to Medically‐Assisted Treatments

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Why National Surveys?• Fragmented Information

– No national estimates of PREVALENCE or NATURE of treatment services offered to substance abusers in the criminal justice system

– Studies focused on specific subpopulations  (prison or jail) or single jurisdictions

– Prior surveys were dated (late 1990’s/early 2000)

• Data needed to – Set national priorities regarding service delivery to offender 

populations– Understand factors that may influence adoption of evidence‐

based practices– Advance practice

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National Surveys: Response Rates

• Criminal Justice Treatment Practices– N = 1,902– Adult:  67% Administrators, 75% State Executives– Juveniles: 54% Administrators, 70% State Executives

• COD Survey (only facility administrators of NCJTP)– N = 757– Adult:  63% Administrators– Juvenile:  65% Administrators– Community Treatment Providers: 61%

• Drug Treatment Court Survey – N = 208– Drug Court Coordinators:  68%– Treatment Providers:  75%

GMU

Survey administered via mailMulti‐level (state agency executive, facility administrator, staff, tx providers, drug court 

coordinators)No differences in response rates based on region and facility type

Taxman, et al 2007; Melnick, et al 2008; Taxman and Perdoni, in press

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Offenders have more serious Substance Use & Other Disorders

70

38

2.6

9

44

40

4.7

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Lifetime Use

Last 30 Days

Juvenile General Juvenile Justice Adult General Adult Justice

• Offenders Have Higher Rates of Psycho‐Social Dysfunctional Than the General Population– Substance Use Disorders – Mental Health and Somatic Health Disorders – Educational Deficiencies 

• CJ Populations:  4 Times Greater SA Disorders

NSDUH 2007GMU

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Insatiable Appetite:  The Ever Expanding Correctional Population 8+M Adults, 650K Juveniles 

GMU*Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005 adjusted with estimates from Taxman, et al 2007.ADP=average daily correctional population

253,000 juvenilesneed TX(198,000 males, 54,000 females)

54,000 juvenilesreceive tx(21.5% ADP)

5.6 M adultsneed TX

(4.5M males, 1.1M females)

424,000 adultsreceive tx (7.6% ADP)

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Education Outpatient Intensive OPT  Residential

No Use30%

User19%

Abuse20% 

ADDICT31%

What type of treatment should offenders receive ?

Belenko & Peugh, 2005; Taxman, et al., 2007 GMU

• Estimates based on severity of substance  use disorders• Half of women offenders need the most intensive services; one‐third of males

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Over Half of CJ Facilities Offer  Some Type of Services

74

55

47

27

0 50 100

ED

OP

IOP

RES

Prisons

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62

60

22

26

ED

OP

IOP

RES

0 50 100

Jails

53

47

22

6

ED

OPT

IOP

RES

0 50 100

Community Corrections

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But…Few Offenders Can Participate, and the Service Mix Is Inconsistent with Need

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

ED

OPT

IOP

RES

NEED Community Jail Prison% ADP Participate in TX 

GMU

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Unlikely to Reduce Recidivism• Too few offenders exposed to treatment

◄ Less than 11% can receive tx a year; on any given day, ~7.6% are in treatment• Treatment is inconsistent with needs

– Not multi‐dimensional—should address 3+ conditions including criminal values/thinking– Effective treatments should be geared to recovery management instead of episodic– Little use of medications and other advances in the field

524,000

398,000101,000 50,000 97,000

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1600000

1800000

2000000

2200000

2400000

ED OP IOP Drug Court Res

Need based on SUD

# Exposed to Treatment

GMU

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http://www.nicic.org/Library/020095

What are the features of the Treatment Delivery System Practices?

TIP 44. Substance Abuse Treatment for Adults in the Criminal Justice System

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Education Outpatient Intensive OPT  Residential

No Use30%

User19%

Abuse20% 

ADDICT31%

Multidisciplinary Problem of SA vs. Risk 

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Other TX such as Criminal Thinking

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Screening for:

Criminal Justice Risk• Actuarial based Models  • Historically used to 

determine  sanction• Main Factors

– Age of first arrest– Number of arrests and/or 

convictions– Number of failed attempts on 

probation (or parole)– Number of incarcerations– Number of escapes– Substance Abuse

• Main Tools:  – Composite Score of Criminal 

History– Wisconsin Risk/Needs**– Level of Service Inventory– Other Tools (Specialized)

Substance Abuse• Screen for SA Problem 

(Based on DSM‐IV)• Triage Method• In CJ, used to refer to 

clinical assessment• Many tools exist:

– CSAT’s SSI– ASI**– Sassi– TCU Drug Use Screen

**Most Frequently used GMU

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Risk Tools:  Few In Place

0102030405060708090

Dr Tx Prison Generic Prison Jail Community Corrections

% NO Risk Tool %use LSI-R %use WRNGMU

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Is the SA Tool Used?  

0102030405060708090

Dr TX Prisons Generic Prison Jails Community Corrections

Dr Tx Prison:  ASI (55%), TCUDS‐II (39%)/Generic Prison:  SASSI (39%), TCUDS‐II or ASI (33%)/Jail:  ASI (58%), MAST (29%)/State Comm Corr:  SASSI (58%), ASI (47%)/Local Comm Corr:  SASSI (46%), ASI (43%)Chi‐Square=17.8, p<.01 for Use of SA Tool by setting GMU

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Tx Practices in “Practices”

0 20 40 60 80 100

Adult Prison

Adult Jail

Adult CC

%Referral w Appointment

% Administrators Reporting Facility Use

Taxman, Perdoni & Harrison, 2007; Young, Dembo, & Henderson, 2007

•20% report the use of Cognitive Behavioral Treatments; few use manuals

GMU

0 20 40 60 80 100

Adult Prison

Adult Jail

Adult CC

% Treatment 90 days+

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Limited Use of Evidence‐Based 

Practices

GMU

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Modest Use of EBPS Today

Standardized risk assessmentStandardized SA toolsEngage and retain clients in treatmentTreatment duration of 90 days+Comprehensive ServicesTherapeutic community/CBTContinuing care or aftercareGraduated sanctions and incentives

Indicates over 30% administrators reported use of the EBP

Friedmann, Taxman, & Henderson, 2007: Henderson, et al 2007;  Henderson, Taxman & Young, 2008

Setting Mean EBPs Adopted

Adult Prison 5.6

Adult Jail 3.9

Adult CC 4.7

Juvenile Res. 5.7

Juvenile CC 4.8

Drug Court 6.6

Drug testing in treatmentSystems integration Address co‐occurring disordersAssess treatment outcomesFamily involvement in treatmentQualified staff Developmentally appropriate treatment

GMU

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Administrator & Organizational Characteristics Predict EBP Use

GMU

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Organizational Structure and

Leadership

Community Setting

Administrator:•Human Services Background•Increased Knowledge of EBPs •Supports Rehabilitation

Organizational Culture and

Climate

Learning

Performance

Quality Tx

Training Resources

Physical Facilities

Internal Support

Training

Resources

What Matters in  Adoption of EBPS?

GMU

Network Connections

CJ

Non CJ

Integration

Friedmann, Taxman, & Henderson, 2007: Henderson, Taxman & Young, 2008

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Factors to Improve Networkness?  Integration or Boundaryless Processes of SA & CJ Agencies 

Most Typical Activities:• Share Information with

agencies• Develop Client Eligibility

Across Agencies• Written Program Programs• Joint Staffing of Program• Modified Program to Meet

Correctional and SA Agencies

• Written MOU between agency

Average Number of Activities Integrated:

Drug Court=6.1Probation/Parole=4.5Prison=3.2Jails=3.7

Interagency integration is associated with more use of EBPs, more holistic services, and improved outcomes

Fletcher, et al, in press ; Taxman & Perdoni, 2007 GMU

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GMU

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State of Practice

• EBP:  Modest adoption, mostly in front‐end practices

• Service Integration:  Correctional and SA treatment processes that are boundaryless creates structures to enhance client‐centered approach

• Low tendency to use NIDA principles of treatment including CBT, medications, and support systems.  

• Inbalance in programming:   needs and services are not necessarily matched too few evidence based treatments

GMU

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Advancing Practices, Even in Low Resourced Environments

• Given that Drug Abusing Offenders are Unlikely to Receive Adequate Level of Care or Continuity of Care, Progress can be made if:  – Expand the use of standardized risk and need tools to assign to 

appropriate treatment– Convert Drug/Alcohol Education services into more proven 

effective drug treatment strategies– Integrate criminal justice and treatment agencies processes– Focus on moderate to high risk offenders

• Work with CJS Administrators to Advance Belief in Importance of Providing SA Treatment services

• Use External Supports and Partnerships to Alter CJ Cultures (create learning environments)

• Emphasize revised role of CJ Personnel—from security to behavioral managers

GMU

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Advances in Changing CJ Cultures

• Correctional cultures need to embrace behavioral management techniques of engagement, clear expectations, and rewards/consequences

• Change the role of probation/parole and correctional officers from security to facilitator of change

• Improves correctional environment by emphasizing that accountability is self‐management of behavior  

• Use evidence‐based practices– Shown to reduce recidivism and technical violations– Creates culture of accountability– Alters role of officer to be a facilitator of change/behavioral manager

GMU

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Applications to Newest Innovation:  Medically Assisted Treatments 

• Research evidence to support medications to assist offenders to self‐manage behavior 

• Avoid the pitfalls of prior practice:– Address culture of corrections– Develop staff understanding of medications– Address value clarification:  personal failings vsmedical management– Ensure that policies are in place  

• Advance Practice:– Medical management/reinforcers– Client understanding of self‐management of behavior– Integrate with behavioral treatment to maximize results  – Compliance‐gaining strategies, but not punitive; avoid technical 

violations by giving treatment options– Emphasize probation/parole offices use of behavioral management 

techniques

GMU

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Journal of Substance Abuse TreatmentSpecial NCJTP Issue, April 2007, Volume 32(3)

• Taxman, F. S., Young, D. W., & Fletcher, B (editors).  The National Criminal Justice Treatment Practices Survey:  An overview of the special edition.  (Pages 221‐223)

• Taxman, F. S., Young, D. W., Wiersema, B., Rhodes, A., & Mitchell, S.  National criminal justice treatment practices survey: Methods and procedures. (Pages 225‐238)

• Taxman, F. S., Perdoni, M., & Harrison, L. D.  Drug treatment services for adult offenders:  The state of the state. (Pages 239‐254)

• Young, D. W., Dembo, R., & Henderson, C. E.  A national survey of substance abuse treatment for juvenile offenders.  (Pages 255‐266)

• Friedmann, P. D., Taxman, F. S., & Henderson, C. E.  Evidence‐based treatment practices for drug‐involved adults in the criminaljustice system.  (Pages 267‐277)

• Henderson, C. E., Young, D. W., Jainchill, N., Hawke, J., Farkas, S., & Davis, R. M.  Adoption of evidence‐based drug abuse treatment practices for juvenile offenders.  (Pages 279‐290)

• Grella, C., Greenwell, L., Prendergast, M., Farabee, D., Hall, E., Cartier, J., & Burdon, W.  Organizational characteristics of community and correctional treatment providers.  (Pages 291‐300)

• Oser, C., Tindall, M. S., & Leukefeld, C.   HIV testing in correctional agencies and community treatment programs:  The impact of internal organizational structure.  (Pages 301‐310)

Additional Resources• Belenko, S. & Peugh, J. (2005). Estimating drug treatment needs among state prison inmates. Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 77 (3): 269 ‐ 281so• Henderson, C., Taxman, F. S., & Young, D. (2008). “A Rasch Model Analysis of Evidence‐Based Treatment Practices Used in the Criminal Justice 

System,” Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 93, 163–175.• Henderson, C., Taxman, F. S., & Young, D. (2008). “A Rasch Model Analysis of Evidence‐Based Treatment Practices Used in the Criminal Justice 

System,” Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 93, 163–175.• Taxman, F.S. (2008).   “No Illusion,  Offender and Organizational Change in Maryland’s  Proactive Community Supervision Model,” Criminology and 

Public Policy, 7(2), 275‐302.• Taxman, F.S., Shephardson, E. & Byrne, JM (2004).  “Tools of the Trade:  A Guide to Implementing Science Into Practice,”  National Institute of 

Corrections<  Washington, DC:  National Institute of Corrections, 2004. http://www.nicic.org/Library/020095

Special Edition:  Drug & Alcohol Dependence, Spring 2009—Organizational Change  GMU