A Nation Divided Mr. White’s US History 2. Main Idea and Objectives Main idea – An antiwar...
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Transcript of A Nation Divided Mr. White’s US History 2. Main Idea and Objectives Main idea – An antiwar...
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A Nation Divided
Mr. White’s US History 2
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Main Idea and Objectives
Main idea – An antiwar movement in the U.S. pitted supporters of the government’s war policy against those who opposed it.
We should be able to:Explain the draft policies that led to the Vietnam war becoming a working-class war
Trace the roots of opposition to the war
Describe the antiwar movement and the growing divisions in U.S. public opinion about the war
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The Draft
Most soldiers in the Vietnam war were called up using the Selective Service Act – draftAll males had to register with their local draft boards when they turned 18 – still todayMen could be called to serve from the ages of 18 to 26
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Manipulation of the Draft
Many young men looked for ways to avoid the draft, which was very easy to manipulate
Sympathetic doctors – would grant medical exemptions
Some changed where they lived to go to a different, more lenient draft board
Some joined National Guard or Coast Guard
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College Deferment
If a young man was enrolled in a university or college, they could put off their military serviceUniversity students in the 1960s tended to be white and financially well-offMany of the men who fought in Vietnam were those who couldn’t afford college – lower class whites and blacks
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African-Americans in VietnamServed in much larger numbers than most groups as ground combat troops – most hazardous place to beBlacks accounted for over 20% of U.S. combat deaths, even though they were only 10% of the U.S. populationMartin Luther King spoke out against the injustice of blacks fighting for freedom in another country, when theirs did not grant them freedomRacism in military units led to lower troop morale
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Women in the Military
Women were still not allowed to serve in combat roles
Over 10,000 women did serve, mostly as nurses
Also served in the USO and Red CrossUSO – provided hospitality and entertainment
Red Cross
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Roots of Opposition – New LeftIn the 1960s, there was a growing youth movement known as the New LeftFollowers demanded sweeping changes in American societyStudents for a Democratic Society
Charged that corporations and government had taken over AmericaWanted more “participatory government” and greater freedom
Free Speech Movement – focused criticism on the American “machine” – business and government
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Campus ActivismSDS and FSM ideas spread across campuses of colleges and universities
Protested dress codesCurfewsCampus issues
Students started joining together in protest against these issues, but would later protest the Vietnam War
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The Protest Movement EmergesApril, 1965 – SDS helped organize a march on Washington, D.C., by 20,000 protesters, other marches followedJohnson changed college deferment rules, requiring students to be in good academic standingProtests erupted after this – SDS calls for civil disobedience at campuses
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Opposition to the War
Youths opposed the war for many different reasons:
Most common belief was that the war in Vietnam was a civil war, and the U.S. had no business there
Some said Diem’s South Vietnamese government wasn’t any better than North Vietnam
Some thought war was draining America’s strength
Some just saw the war as morally unjust
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The Movement GrowsMovement grew beyond college campuses
Returning veteransFolk singers
“Eve of Destruction,” a protest song by Barry McGuire, talked about the wrongs of the Vietnam war
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Protest to Resistance1967 – antiwar movement had intensifiedSpring of 1967 – protesters marched on New York City’s Central Park - many people burned their draft cardsDraft resistance continued up until President Nixon phased it out in the early 1970sSome Americans had fled to Canada to avoid the draft
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March on the PentagonIn October of 1967, a demonstration at the Lincoln Memorial drew 75,000 protestersAbout 30,000 demonstrators marched on the Pentagon to “disrupt the center of the American war machine.”Protesters were turned back with tear gas and clubs – about 700 arrested
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War Divides the Nation
Americans were increasingly divided into two camps:
Doves – those who were opposed to the war and thought it should end
Hawks – felt America should use its military might to win the war
Some believed that the protests were acts of disloyalty
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Johnson Remains Determined
Johnson remained firmDoves attacked him for continuing the warHawks attacked him for not increasing military power
Johnson continued his policy of slow escalationJohnson’s own administration started to doubt the war – Robert McNamara resigns