A Methodology For Translation

Jean-Paul Vinay &

Jean Darbelnet

Teti Sumarni1102601

Direct & Oblique Translation

Direct Translation

Borrowing Calque Literal Translation

Oblique Translation

Transposition Modulation Equivalence Adaptation

A word taken directly from another language,

e.g., the English word bulldozer pure borrowing (Rice Cooker) naturalized borrowing (Computer-komputer)

Borrowing

Calque. A foreign word or phrase translated

and incorporated into another language, e.g., fin de semaine from the English weekend interest rate translated into tingkat suku

bunga.

Calque

Literal translation. Word for word translation, e.g., The

ink is on the table and L’encre est sur la table. Literal translation translates the meaning of every word

in the original language, understood correctly in context, into its nearest English equivalent, and attempts to express the result with ordinary English word order and style, as far as that is possible without distorting the meaning of the original.

The main point is that essentially literal translations attempt to represent the meaning of every word in the original in some way or other in the resulting translation.

Literal TranslationTerjemahan Harfiah

Shift

TranspositionA shift of word class, i.e., verb for noun, noun for preposition e.g.,Expéditeur and From. When there is a shift between two signifiers, it is called crossed transposition, e.g., He limped across the street and Il a traversé la rue en boitant.

ModulationA shift in point of view. Whereas transposition is a shift between grammatical categories, modulation is a shift in cognitive categories.

A shift from singular into plural

(plural into singular)

bunga-bunga : flowers

banyak rumah : many housestiga mobil : three carssepasang celana : a pair of trousers

Transposition Shift

A structural change that involves word-position in phrase

1 - 2 - 3

3 - 2 - 1

rumah - bercat merah - yang besar

big - red - house

long - dark – hair

rambut - hitam pekat - yang panjang

Splendid ancient electric train

kereta api listrik kuno yang sangat bagus(Machali, 2000)

phrase with adverb

1 – 2 – 3

3 – 1 - 2

highly - recommended - system

sistem - yang sangat - direkomendasikan

A structural change that involves word-position in sentence

Isu tentang HAM sudah kami bahas semenjak lima tahun yang lalu.

We have been discussing the issue of human rights since five years ago

Buku ini harus kamu baca

You must read the book

a change in part of speech

noun + noun noun + noun adverb + verb

verb + noun adj + noun verb + adj

mesin pembunuh

killing machine

bahan kimia chemical material

partai politik political party

...is categorically prohibited.

…dikategorikan terlarang.

in sentence

…… for the pursuit of happiness.

…untuk meraih/ mengejar kebahagiaan.

from explicit into implicit (implicit into explicit)

Pria yang berdiri di sana itu adalah paman saya

The man (who is) standing there is my uncle.

implicit

The man standing there is my uncle

from clause into particular type of phrase(phrase into clause) – (phrase with adjective verb)

bayi yang menangis crying baby

binatang yang berpikir thinking animal

burung yang berkicausinging bird

Jendral yang senantiasa tersenyumSmiling General

from word into phrase or clause(clause into word)

cozysuasana nyaman, hangat, dan akrab

incommunicadokondisi terputus komunikasi dengan dunia luar

interchangeabilitykondisi bisa saling dipertukarkan

Modulation. A shift in point of view. Whereas

transposition is a shift between grammatical categories, modulation is a shift in cognitive categories. Vinay and Darbelnet postulate eleven types of modulation: abstract for concrete, cause for effect, means for result, a part for the whole, geographical change, etc., e.g., the geographical modulation between encre de Chine and Indian ink.

you are going to have a child translated as Anda akan menjadi seorang bapak.

I cut my finger translated as Jariku teriris, bukan saya memotong jariku.

ModulationModulasi

Modulation

specific meaning

padi gabahberasnasi

kakakadik

general meaning

rice rice rice rice

brother, sister brother, sister

paklek : paman : uncle

pakde : paman : uncle

assassinate : membunuh Murder : membunuh

kill : membunuh

Anggur : grape

anggur : wine

mendengar : listenmendengar :

hear

coining a new term for a series of word

train : berlatih

Training : pelatihan

trainer : pelatih

trainee : peserta pelatihan

Equivalence. This accounts for the same situation using a

completely different phrase, e.g., the translation of proverbs or idiomatic expressions like, Comme un chien dans un jeu de quilles and Like a bull in a china shop.

Vinay and Darbelnet view equivalence-oriented translation as a procedure which replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording. They also suggest that, if this procedure is applied during the translation process, it can maintain the stylistic impact of the SL text in the TL text.

Equivalence

Adaptation. A shift in cultural environment, i.e., to express the

message using a different situation, e.g. cycling for the French, cricket for the English and baseball for theAmericans.

Re-writing process of the source text into the target text.

Usually applied in translating poetry and drama Replacing cultural elements of the source language by

the cultural equivalence in the target language.Example: as white as snow ----- seputih kapas, not seputih salju as snow is not familiar in the target language.

Adaptation

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