A Large Area Advanced Materials

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CopyrightWILEYVCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,69469Weinheim,Germany,2012.

SupportingInformation

forAdv.Mater.,DOI:10.1002/adma.201200003

A Large-Area Light-Weight Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell based

on All Titanium Substrates with an Effi ciency of 6.69%

Outdoors

Jihuai Wu, * Yaoming Xiao, Qunwei Tang, Gentian Yue,

Jianming Lin, Miaoliang Huang, Yunfang Huang, Leqing Fan,

Zhang Lan, Shu Yin, and Tsugio Sato


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CopyrightWILEYVCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,69469Weinheim,Germany,2012.

ADVANCED MATERIALS

Supporting Information

for Adv. Mater., DOI: 10.1002/adma. 201200003

A Large-Area Light-Weight Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Based on All

Titanium Substrates with an Efficiency of 6.69% Outdoors

Jihuai Wu*, Yaoming Xiao, Qunwei Tang, Gentian Yue, Jianming Lin, Miaoliang Huang,

Yunfang Huang, Leqing Fan, Zhang Lan, Shu Yin and Tsugio Sato

Results and discussion

Morphology and compositions of the Ti foils

Figure S1 (a) shows the SEM image of the Ti foil cleaned in the 0.20 mM HF solution. It is

obvious that the surface of the cleaned Ti foil is roughened after immersed in the HF solution.

As shown on the Figure S1 (b), TiO2 nanofibers (TNFs) were produced on the cleaned Ti foil

after a NaOH hydrothermal treatment, and this Ti foil has a higher void space than the Ti foil

only cleaned in the HF solution. From Figure S1 (c-1) toFigure S1 (c-7), the SEM images

show that the HF post-treatment changed the surface morphology of the Ti foils. Figure S1

(c-4-0), (c-4-1), (c-4-2), and (c-4-3) show the TNFs treated by the HF solution with the time

of 400 s, it can be seen that the surface morphology like a honeycomb. This honeycomb

surface could improve the superficial area of the TiO2 anode, and the TNFs could provide


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direct pathways for the rapid collection of photogenerated electrons, resulting in quick and

efficient transport for electrons in the film, and the enhancement of photocurrent.[S1] Figure S1

(c-6-0), (c-6-1), (c-6-2), and (c-6-3) show the TNFs treated by the HF solution with the time

of 600 s, it can be seen that the honeycomb surface was corroded by the HF solution after 600

s, leaving honeycomb trace and TiO2 nanoparticles (TNPs) behind. The EDS (Figure S1 (d))

spectrum shows that the Sample C-4 is consisted of C, Au, Ti and O, however, Au in which

comes from the spray gold processing, and C from the conducting resin. Therefore, the Ti foil

honeycomb surface is consisted of Ti and O.

Figure S1. SEM images of the Samples A (a), B (b), C-1 (c-1) , C-2 (c-2), C-3 (c-3), C-4

(c-4-0, c-4-1, c-4-2, c-4-3), C-5 (c-5), C-6 (c-6-0, c-6-1, c-6-2, c-6-3), C-7 (c-7), and EDS (d)

of the Sample C-4

TiO2/Ti foil anodes


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Figure S2 (a), (b), and (c-4) show the SEM images of the light-weight TiO2 anodes prepared

on the Sample A, B and C-4. Compared to the three light-weight TiO2 anodes, the anode

prepared on the Sample C-4 has the largest void space to harvest the most light, this could be

confirmed by the Figure 2S (d). Figure 2S (d) shows the reflectance of the three light-weight

dye-sensitized TiO2 anodes, the wavelength at the 535 nm comes from the dye absorption,

[S2,S3] the reflectance of the Sample A is the highest, and the lower are the Sample B, and the

smallest is the Sample C-4. This is due to that the surface of the cleaned Ti foil is flat with

little rough, this structure leading to the highest reflectance. The Sample C-4 with a

honeycomb surface structure could use to catching the light, resulting in the smallest

reflectance. The lower reflectance means less light reflecting off the space, which resulting in

more light is utilized. As well known, the more incident light is harvested, the larger

photocurrent occurs. According to our experiments, the light-weight TiO2 anode prepared on

the Sample C-4 can harvest most light and produce largest photocurrent.

Figure S2. SEM images of light-weight TiO2 anodes on the Sample A (a), B (b), C-4 (c-4),

and reflectance of the three dye-sensitized TiO2 anodes (d)


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The photovoltaic performances of DSSCs with the same Pt/Ti CE and different

light-weight TiO2 anodes on the Sample A, B, C-2, C-4, and C-6, are shown in the Table 1. It

can be found that theISCvalue increases firstly and then decreases with the increase of the HF

post-treatment time, this trend is due to the reflectance of the light-weight TiO2 anodes. In

other words, the reflectance reduces after the NaOH treatment and the HF post-treatment,

because of the honeycomb surface, which is advantageous to harvest and utilize more light,

leading to higherISC. However, the honeycomb surface was corroded by the HF solution after

600 s, therefore, the reflectance increases, resulting in a lowerISC. The VOCvalues of the cells

based on the NaOH treatment and HF post-treatment, have comparatively similarVOC (0.720

V), this is due to the VOC is mainly determined by the energy level difference between the

Fermi level of the electron in TiO2 and the redox potential of the electrolyte,[S4,S5] since these

light-weight DSSCs have the same compositions, theirVOC are close. However, theirVOC are

higher than that of the Sample A, this is due to the TNFs could provide direct pathways for

the rapid collection of photogenerated electrons, resulting in quick and efficient transport for

electrons in the film, and the enhancement of photocurrent. [S1] The fill factor (FF) values are

little changed. Therefore, the and Pmax values of the DSSC increase firstly and then

decreases with the increase of the HF post-treatment time.

Table 1. The photovoltaic performance of DSSCs with different HF post-treatment times

SamplesHF post-treatment

time (second)

ISC

(A)

JSC

(mAcm-2)

VOC

(V)

FF

(%)

Pmax

*

(W)

A 0 0.629 6.29 0.715 0.711 5.81 0.320

B 0 0.641 6.41 0.720 0.715 6.00 0.330

C-2 200 0.652 6.52 0.722 0.713 6.10 0.336

C-4 400 0.665 6.65 0.721 0.715 6.23 0.343

C-6 600 0.643 6.43 0.718 0.714 5.99 0.330

*Pmax = Isc Voc FF


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References

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