A Hyksos Scarab and a Syrian Cylinder Seal From a Burial Cave at Moẓa 'Illit

7/21/2019 A Hyksos Scarab and a Syrian Cylinder Seal From a Burial Cave at Moẓa 'Illit

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-hyksos-scarab-and-a-syrian-cylinder-seal-from-a-burial-cave-at-moa-illit 1/9

Israel Antiquities Authority /יק ת תע ת שר

is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to

'Atiqot /יק ת תע

.

http://www.jstor.org

Israel Antiquities Authority תוקיתעה תושר

/ A "Hyksos" Scarab and A Syrian Cylinder Seal from a Burial Cave at Moẓa 'Illit"היקסוסית" וחותם גליל סורי ממערת קבורה במוצא עילית חרפושית

Author(s): Baruch Brandl and ברוך ברנדל

Source:'Atiqot /

יק ת ת ע

29 / 1996), pp. 7-14 ו"נשתה(Published by: Israel Antiquities Authority / רשות העתיקות

Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23458369Accessed: 23-10-2015 14:08 UTC

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of contentin a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Fri, 23 Oct 2015 14:08:27 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

http://www.jstor.org/

http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=iaa




http://www.jstor.org/stable/23458369

http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp






http://www.jstor.org/stable/23458369


http://www.jstor.org/



'Atiqot

XXIX,

1996

A

HYKSOS SCARAB AND

A

SYRIAN

CYLINDER SEAL

FROM A BURIAL CAVE AT MOZA 'ILLIT

Baruch

Brandl

The two

objects

presented

below,

a scarab and

a

cylinder

seal,

were found in

a Late Roman

burial

cave at Moza Tllit

excavated in

1988

by

S.

Gudovitch

(this

volume).1

Both were

found,

along

with

eight

beads,

near the

uppermost

skull

in Burial

Trough

A,

and seem to

belong

to the

same necklace. As will

be

shown,

both

objects

belong

to

small,

clearly

defined

groups

of the

Middle

Bronze

Age.

Scarab

IAA

92-1128;

Reg.

No.

53/6;

Trough

A

(Fig.

1).

Material.

Faience,

brownish and

whitish

glaze.

Dimensions:

L

21

mm,

W

14.75

mm,

H

7.5 mm.

Method

of Manufacture'.

Molding,

glazing.

Workmanship:

Good.

Technical Details:

Perforated,

not

by

drilling.

Preservation: Almost

complete.

There

is a scar

at

either end of the

perforation,

most

probably

caused

by

the metal

ring

to which the

scarab was

affixed.

Base

Design

In a

vertical

disposition,

one

compact

scene is

depicted:

a seated

anthropomorphic figure

fac

ing

a

branch;

below,

a

small basket-like

element.

The

anthropomorphic

figure,

a male

with

long

hair,

most

probably represents

a

Canaanite

dig

nitary

clad in a

long

garment

with

shoulder

Fig.

1.

The Moza 'Illit

scarab.






Baruch Brandl

straps.'

The

right

hand rests

upon

the

hip,

and

the

left arm

is

raised. The left heel is shown

behind an

emphatically

broad

right

shank.

The chair, probably a throne,1 is depicted in

profile.

It has a low back and lion's

legs,

front

and rear.

The

branch,

its leaves to one side

of

the

stalk,

is

topped

with a blossom.

Judging by

depictions

on other

scarabs,

it

may

be

identified

as a com

posite palm-branch

and lotus-blossom.4

The basket-like

element,

reminiscent

of the

hieroglyph

nb,

serves

here,

as

elsewhere,

both as

space-filler

in

the

lower

part

of the scarab oval

and a base for the main scene.

This scarab lacks

the

typical

oval frame. The

deficiency

is

compensated

for

by

the curved out

line of the

design

elements:

in

clockwise or

der—the lotus branch, the «(?-shaped element,

the

back of the throne and the

figure's

coiffure.

Typology

and

Style

The

Moza

Tllit find

belongs

to a small and

very

distinctive

group

of

scarabs,

more

common

in

Canaan than in

Egypt.

The

group

includes exca

vated scarabs from Gezer and

Tel

Michal,

as

well as scarabs

from

collections

(see

Fig.

2).

These scarabs

were not covered

by

Tufnell's

classification.5 Keel's elaboration of Tufnell's

Fig.

2.

Scarab

parallels.

1. Gezer

(Macalister

1902:P1. 6:7

=

Petrie in Macalister 1902:365

=

Macalister 1912

11:315 No.

55,

HI:P1. 202a:7

=

Galling

1937:24,

Fig.

1

=

Murray

1949:93,

PI. 11:4

=

Tufnell

1956:67-69,

Fig.

1:6

[incorrectly

attributed

to

Cave 28

II]

=

Galling

1977:10,

Fig.

3:1

=

Keel

1982:462,

528 No. 66

=

Tufnell

1984:Frontispiece,

No. 3

=

Schroer

1985:88,

Fig.

54

=

Keel

1994:111,132

No.

66).

Like our

scarab,

the Gezer scarab seems to have a dark

glaze

(Petrie

identified the material

as

schist),

and decorated back.

2.

University College,

London

[Egypt(?)]

(Petrie

1925:

25-26,

PI.

14:940),

with

decorated back

(J

29

A,

as in PI.

28,

rather than J 29 noted in PI. 22; cf PI. 21, No. 443).

3.

Berlin—purchased by

C. Schmidt in Palestine

(Pieper

1930:191,

196

[3.

Inv. No.

22668],

PI. 9:22668

=

Galling

1937:24—26,

Fig.

2

=

Galling

1977:10,

Fig.

3:2),

no information on back.

4. Tel Michal

(Herzog

1980:cover

=

Schroer

1985:84-85,

Fig.

55

=

Giveon

1988:96-97,

No. 112

=

Giveon

1989:341,

Fig.

29.1:2,

PI.

75:2),

with decorated back.

5. Plizaeus

Museum,

Hildesheim

[Egypt

(?)] (Seidel

1993

[1996]:49,

PI.

39

=

Keel

1995a:229,

Fig.

526).






Scarab

and Cylinder Seal

from Moza

design

classes added

Sub-Class

10D,

En

throned

Anthropomorphic

Figure, 6

to accom

modate the items

noted

above,

as well as other

scarabs.7

A

rigorous stylistic

definition

allows us to de

fine

the six

scarabs

as a

subgroup

within Keel's

Class 10D.

All share a common feature—the

broad shank of the central

figure.

It is a feature

found

on several other scarabs from

Canaan,

such as those

from Gezer

(Macalister

1904:224,

PI. 6:1

=

1912 11:315 No.

77,

III:P1. 204b:

1)

and

Tell

el'Ajjul

(Petrie

1933:4,

PI. 3:35

=

Tufnell

1984:N0.

2516/2651/2754

=

Schroer

1985:84

Fig.

50, 86 - Giveon 1985:84-85, No.

71),

and

it

seems to indicate a

single workshop

or

pro

duction center.8

Iconography

The

figure

on the Gezer

scarab,

originally

iden

tified as female

(Petrie

in Macalister

1902:365;

Macalister 1912

11:315 No.

55),

was

recognized

by

Galling

(1937:24)

to

represent

a male.

Pieper (1930:196) identified the sitting figure

on the

Berlin

scarab

as a Semitic

deity.

This

suggestion

was

adopted by

Galling

(1937:24;

1977:10).

Despite

my

identification

of the

figure

as

a Canaanite

dignitary,

the cultic

interpretation

should not

be ruled out: Two

gold

plaques

found

at Ras

Shamra-Ugarit

(Schaeffer

1938:319,

Figs.

149:1 and

4; 1939:138,

Figs.

114

and

120),9

dated to the

fourteenth-thirteenth centuries

BCE,10

resemble

our

group

of scarabs.

They

de

pict

female

figures

clad in

long

robes, seated on

high-backed

thrones,

and

holding plants.

These

figures

have been identified

as

goddesses

(Bossert

1951:

N0.776;

Dever

1984:23).

Date

The scarab should be dated

to the Fifteenth

( Hyksos ) Dynasty

or

MB IIC12 on the follow

ing

considerations:

(a)

All the scarabs attributed

on the basis

of

motif

to Keel's

Design

Class 10D are of

local

Hyksos style.13

(b)

All the scarabs

containing

the

stylistic

fea

ture

of

broad-shanked

human

figures

belong

to

the

Hyksos group.

Unfortunately,

the six

scarabs

belonging

to

the

subgroup

discussed

here,

including

the exca

vated

ones,

lack

good

stratigraphie

al context.

Cylinder Seal

IAA

92-1127;

Reg.

No.

53/4;

Trough

A

(Figs.

3-5).

Material. Haematite.

Dimensions'. H 19

mm,

D 11.5

mm,

circumfer

ence 36.5 mm.

Method

of

Manufacture:

Carving, drilling, pol

ishing.

Workmanship:

Excellent.

Technical Details: Perforated

off-axis,

drilled

from both

sides;

the

perforation

is

enlarged

at

both

ends.

Preservation:

Slightly chipped

in three

places,

one on the

upper

and two on

the

lower

edge.

Description4

The seal is

composed

of a main scene and a

terminal (or secondary scene); it lacks upper and

lower line borders.

The main scene is

composed

of

standing

hu

man

figures,

a

female on the left and two males

on the

right.

The female

figure,

dressed

in

a

fringed

mantle15 and

holding

a double-barbed

spear,

faces a male

figure

dressed

in

a kilt

and

fringed

mantle and

holding

a curved staff

n its

right

hand. An

enigmatic symbol

termed

ball

and-staff'16 or

libra,1 17

held

in its left

hand,

rests on its

right

foot. In the field, beneath the

staff,

is a fish.18 The second male

figure,

dressed

in a

short

fringed

dress with a double

belt,

grasps

a double barbed

spear

similar

to that held

by

the

female

figure.

Both male

figures

are

beardless

and their hair is

short. In the absence of attrib

utes,

it cannot be said whether

the

anthropomor

phic figures represent gods

or

mortals.

The terminal consists

of five common

ele

ments

frequently occuring

on

Syrian

seals,

ar

ranged

in

three

horizontal

registers.

The

upper

register

contains a couchant

hare

facing

left,

with

one detached

antelope

head behind it

and

traces

of

another

in frontof it.

The

central

regis

ter

contains a

guilloche

enclosed

in two

parallel






10

Baruch

Brandl

Fig.

3.

The

Moza

Tllit

cylinder

seal.

lines. The lower

register

shows

an

eagle

facing

left. Both hare and

eagle

wear a double

collar.19

Style

and

Typology

The

style

of

the seal features the

long

arms and

characteristic

pointing gesture

of the human

fig

ures

(Fig.

4).

There is a

pronounced linearity

in

the details: the

prominent triangular

noses and

eyes,

and the

parallel

lines used to

depict

the

hair, clothes,

weapons

and bird's

wings.

These

stylistic

features

permit

us to attribute

the seal to the

Workshop

A

group—a

North

Syrian

linear

style belonging

to the classical

stage

of the Middle Bronze

Age.

The

group,

ascribed to

workshops

in

Ugarit,

has been

dated

to 1820-1740 BCE.

The first

step

in the definition of this

group

was

made

by

Schaeffer

(Schaeffer

1974;

Schaeffer-Forrer

1983:10,

30-34)

who

grouped

several seals from

Ugarit

(Schaeffer

1932:3,

PI.

11:1a;

1949:40-41

Fig.

14,

57

Fig.

21)20

with

Cylinder

Seal

A

357

from

Chagar

Bazar

(Mai

lowan

1937:97, 111,

136-137,

Fig.

14:3,

PI.

12:1;

1967:208).

Collon

defined the

group

as a

workshop,

adding

two excavated seals

(from

Tell

el-'Ajjul

and

Kiiltepe)

as well as sixteen

seals from collections

(Collon

1985;

1987:52

Nos.

206-207,

210-211;

Porada 1985:

96-97,

Fig.

20)

to the five

published by

Schaeffer.

Col

Ion

(1985:58)

also identified

Ugarit

as the

pro

Fig.

4. Detail of

figures.






Scarab and

Cylinder

Seal from

Moza

11

SSe$sr_.

Fig.

5.

Continuous-exposure

image

of the

cylinder

seal

(see

n.

1).

duction

center and

adduced

additional

dating

evidence from the

Kiiltepe

Level lb seal.

Recently,

Teissier

(1996:14—17)

coined the term

Workshop

A,

adding

several seals

to

the

group,

including

an additional

example

from

Ugarit

(Schaeffer 1932:3,

PI.

11:1c,

3;

Bossert

1951: No.

831b;

Schaeffer-Forrer

1983:14—15;

Amiet

1992:26, 29,

No.

32;

Teissier 1996: No.

182).

With

the

discovery

of

the

cylinder

seal from

Moza

Tllit—the second

item of

Workshop

A

to be

found in the

country—it may

be

possible

to

attribute a small

group

of

seals within this

work

shop

to

a

single

craftsman. These

include

the

seal from

Moza,

and

Seals R.S. 9.300

and R.S.

9.888

from

Ugarit,

characterized

by

the

distinc

tive

elongated

hands

(Fig.

6).

Date

The

cylinder

seal from

Moza Tllit

should

be

dated,

on

the basis of the

stratified

parallels

from

Ugarit,

Chagar

Bazar,

and

Kiiltepe,

to

the mid

eighteenth century BCE.2'

Summary

and

Conclusions

Both

the scarab

and the

cylinder

seal

belong

to

very

small and

distinctive

groups

of the

Middle

Bronze

Age.

Each of

these

groups

could

be re

lated to a

workshop

־01

production

center within

the

Syro-Palestinian

or

Canaanite

sphere

and

each reveals

affinities with

the Canaanite

center

of Ras

Shamra-Ugarit.

It seems

likely

that both

objects

were found

by

the

person they

were

buried

with,

perhaps

in a

nearby

burial cave or

caves.22 The

phenomenon

of

Byzantine

burials

containing

Middle

Bronze

Age

seals has been

encountered

at a number

of

sites.־ As the

two seals from

Moza Tllit

appear

to differ in their

production

dates,

it

may

be

suggested

that

they

were

found in two

different

caves or in one

cave with a

long range

of

use.

Alternatively,

the

cylinder

seal

may

have been

in use in

Middle

Bronze

Age

Canaan

at a later

date than that

attributed

to the

activity

of

Work

shop A in North Syria.

Fig. 6. Cylinder seal parallels.

1.

Ugarit

R.S.

9.300

(Schaeffer

1974:224,

Pl.

38:d-e;

Schaeffer-Forrer

1983:30,

31(d-e),

32;

Collon

1985: No.

11;

1987:

No.

207;

Amiet

1992:

26, 29,

Fig.

8:28).

2.

Ugarit

R.S.

9.888,

Tomb LVII

(Schaeffer

1974:225,227,

PI.

38:f-g;

Schaeffer-Forrer 1983: 31

(f-g),

34;

Collon 1985:

No.

23;

Amiet

1992:27,

30,

Fig.

36).






12

Baruch

Brandl

Acknowledgements

I

wish

to thank Shlomo Gudovitch for his invita

tion to study and publish these seals. Thanks are

due to

Dominique

Collon of the

Department

of

Western Asiatic

Antiquities

at the

British Mu

seum,

and Beatrice Teissier of Wolfson

College,

Oxford,

who viewed the

cylinder

seal

in Jerusa

lem and

kindly

offered their

comments,

to Rafi

Greenberg

of the

IAA,

who commented

on the

original manuscript, and to Brace Zuckerman,

School

of

Religion, University

of Southern Cali

fornia,

for

producing

the

photograph

of the

cyl

inder seal

during

his visit to

Jerusalem in 1994.

Notes

1

The

objects

were drawn

by

Josephine

Jaroshevich

and

photographed by

Clara Amit.

Fig.

5 was

pre

pared by

B.

Zuckerman,

using

a

continuous-expo

sure

technique adapted

for use with a 35

mm camera.

In this

technique,

the surface of the seal is

recorded

by

means of

synchronized

rotation

and film

expo

sure.

2

The scarab is worn

but

compare

with

the scarabs

from Gezer, Tel Michal and the Pelizaeus Museum,

Hildesheim described below.

3

Murray

was the first

to

identify

this

chair as a

throne

(Murray

1949:93).

4

For

the

two

plants separately,

see Petrie 1930:P1.

7:50

(=

Murray

1949:93,

PI.

9:2);

combined,

see

Petrie 1934:P1. 11:399

(=

Murray

1949:P1.

10:13).

5

On the

history

and

development

of Tufnell's de

sign

classification see

Brandi 1986:247 n.

4.

6

It is

erroneously

termed 10E

in the discussion

(Keel

1995a:

162,

229).

7

One scarab from

Pella,

Tomb 62

(Millard

1991:134-135,

PI. 151 left

=

Smith and Potts 1992:

79-80,

PI. 39:b.4

=

Richards

1992:20,

90-91,

PI. 3

=

Keel

1995a:219?

-220,

Fig.

474)

is a variant of this

group,

with decorated back.

8

Keel

(1995b)

has

recently

discussed the issue of

workshops

in

Palestine.

9

According

to later

publications

they

are of elec

trum

(Winter

1983:Figs.

481^182;

Dever

1984:23).

10

According

to

Negbi

the date of

that

hoard

ranges

between

the

mid-fifteenth and late fourteenth centu

ries BCE

(Negbi

1976:101).

J1Cf.

Negbi

1970:30, PI. 4:20-21;

Metzger

1985:

Nos. 1155-1156.

12The writer follows Tufnell's view that the

Hyk

sos

period

equals

the Fifteenth

Dynasty

and

that

it

lasted about a

century,

c.

1650-1550 BCE

(Tufnell

1978:87;

1984:196-201,

Table

34).

13

Petrie was

the first to

suggest

that the

'Hyksos'

scarabs were

of Canaanite

workmanship

(Petrie

1931:3;

Murray

1949:92).

14

The directions refer to the

modern

impression.

15

Cf. Schroer

1985:56-57,

Fig.

3.

16

For the ball-and-staff' see

Collon 1986:49-51.

17

E.g.,

Ôztan 1993:504.

18

Cf. the fish on a seal from

Cyprus

(Schaeffer-For

rer 1983:66-A18; Schroer 1985:58-59. Fig. 7; Teis

sier

1996:N0.

138).

19

For all terminal

components

cf. Schroer

1985:58

59,

Figs.

6-7

and

82-83,

Fig.

44;

Teissier 1996:N0s.

208,

138 and

118,

respectively.

20

Two additional seals

from the Ashmolean

(Bucha

nan 1966:No.

887)

and

Seyrig

collections

(Cf.

Doumet 1992:N0.

284)

bought

in Beirut

and

said to

come from

Ugarit,

were also

included

by

him in the

group.

21

However,

other dates have been attributed to

Workshop

A

cylinder

seals:

Williams-Forte,

who

published

the ex-Borowski

Collection

cylinder

seal

(Williams-Forte

1981:N0.

213;

Collon 1985:N0.

6;

Teissier 1996:No.

178),

dates it to c.

1800-1700

BCE. Bleibtrau ascribes a 19th-16th

century

range

to

a seal in Vienna which she

compares

to

Chagar

Bazar Seal

A 357

(Bleibtrau

1981

:No.

82;

Teissier

1996:206).

22

Several Middle Bronze

Age

burial caves are

known from Moza

clllit,

including

three which have

been excavated

(Sussman 1966).

Recent excavations

have revealed traces of the Middle Bronze

Age

set

dement (De Groot and Greenhut 1995:73).

23

For

example,

Hyksos

scarabs

were

found

at Ha

Goshrim

(Foerster 1965)

and

south-west

of

Tirat

Zevi

(Foerster

1977),

while a Haematite

cylinder

seal

of

Syrian style

was found at Tel-Hai

(Barag

1977:7;

Mazar

1978:8).






Scarab

and Cylinder Seal

from

Moza 13

References

Amiet

P.

1992.

Corpus

des

cylindres

de Ras

Shamra-Ougarit

II. Sceaux

cylindres

en he'matite

et

pierres

diverses

(Ras

Shamra-Ougarit

IX).

Paris.

Barag

D. 1977. Tel Hai.

HA

63-64:7.

[Hebrew],

Bleibtrau,

E.

1981.

(ed.)

Rollesigel

aus dem Vor

deren

Orient:

Zur Steinscneidekunst

zwischen

etwa

3200 und 400

vor Christus nach Bestànden

in Wien und

Graz.

Vienna.

Bossert H. Th. 1951.

Altsyrien:

Kunst und Handwerk in

Cypem, Syrien,

Palastina,

Transjordanien

und

Arabien,

von den

Anfângen

bis

zum

volligen

Aufge

hen in der

griechisch-romischen

Kultur.

Tubingen.

Brandi B. 1986. Appendix B: The Scarabs from

Field VI at

Gezer.

In

Dever

W.G. ed.

Gezer

IV:

The 1969-71 Season in Field

VI.

The

Acropolis .

Jerusalem.

Pp.

247-257.

Buchanan

B.

1966.

Catalogue of

Ancient Near East

ern Seals in the Ashmolean Museum 1:

Cylinder

Seals. Oxford.

Collon D. 1985. A North

Syrian Cylinder

Seal

Style:

Evidence

of

North-South Links

with

'Ajjul.

In J.

N. Tubb ed. Palestine in the

Bronze

and Iron

Ages:

Papers

in

Honour of

Olga

Tufnell.

London.

Pp. 57-68.

Collon D. 1986.

Catalogue of

the Western Asiatic

Seals in the British Museum:

Cylinder

Seals

III,

Isin/Larsa and Old

Babylonian

Periods. London.

Collon D. 1987. First

Impressions,

Cylinder

Seals in

the Ancient Near East. London.

De Groot A. and Greenhut Z. 1995. Moza. HA

103:73-74

(Hebrew).

Dever W.G. 1984.

Asherah,

Consort of Yahweh?

New Evidence from Kuntillet

'Ajrûd.

BASOR

255:21-37.

Doumet

C. 1992.

Sceaux

et

cylindres

orientaux: la

collection Chiha

(Orbis

Biblicus et

Orientalis,

Se

ries

Archaeologica

9).

Freiburg

and

Gôttingen.

Foerster G. 1965.

Notes and

News:

Ha-Goshrim. IEJ

15:260-261.

Foerster G. 1977. Tirât Zevi.

HA 61-62:17

(Hebrew).

Galling

K. 1937. Biblisches Reallexikon.

Tiibingen.

Galling

K.

1977.

Amulett. Biblisches Reallexikon

(2nd

éd.).

Tûbingen. Pp.

10-11.

Giveon

R.

1985.

Egyptian

Scarabs

from

Western

Asia

from

the Collections

of

the British Museum

(Orbis

Biblicus

et

Orientalis,

Series Archae

ologica 3). Freiburg and Gôttingen.

Giveon R. 1988. Scarabs

from

Recent Excavations in

Israel

(Orbis

Biblicus et Orientalis

83).

Freiburg

and

Gôttingen.

Giveon

R. 1989.

Egyptian

Artifacts.

In

Herzog

Z.,

Rapp

G.

Jr.,

and

Negbi

O. eds. Excavations at Tel

Michal,

Israel.

Minneapolis

and Tel Aviv.

Pp.

341-344.

Gudovitch

S.,

this volume. A Late Roman Burial

Cave in

Moza

'Illit.

Herzog

Z. 1980. Excavations at Tel Michal

1978

1979. TA 7:111-146.

Keel

O. 1982.

Der Pharao als Vollkommene Sonne .

Ein

neuer

Àgypto-Palâstinischer Skarabâentyp.

Scripta

Hierosolymitana

28:406-529.

Keel O.

1994.

Der Pharao als

Sonnengott:

Eine

Grappe âgypto-palastinischer Siegelamulette

des

10./9. Jahrhunderts. Studien

zu

den

Stempelsiegeln

aus Palastina/Israel IV

(Orbis

Biblicus et Orien

talis 135). Freiburg and Gdttingen. Pp. 53-134.

Keel O.

1995a.

Corpus

der

Stempelsiegel-Amulette

aus Palastina/Israel:

Von

den

Anfdngen

bis

zur

Perserzeit,

Einleitung

(Orbis

Biblicus et

Orientalis,

Series

Archaeologica

10).

Freiburg

and

Gbttingen.

Keel O. 1995b.

Stamp

Seals

—

The

Problem of Pales

tinian

Workshops

in the Second Millennium and

Some Remarks on the

Preceding

and

Succeeding

Pe

riods. In Goodnick Westenholz J. ed. Seals and Seal

ing

in the Ancient Near East. Jerusalem.

Pp.

93-142.

Macalister

R.A.S. 1902. First

Quarterly Report

of the

Excavation of Gezer. PEFQSt 34:317-375.

Macalister R.A.S. 1904.

Eighth Quarterly Report

on

the Excavation of Gezer.

PEFQSt

36:194-228.

Macalister R.A.S. 1912. The Excavation

of

Gezer

1902-1905 and 1907-19091-III. London.

Mallowan M.E.L. 1937. The Excavations at Tall

Chagar

Bazar and An

Archaeological Survey

of

the Habur

Region.

Second

Campaign,

1936.

Iraq

4:91-177.

Mallowan M.E.L. 1967.

Impressions

of the Past. An

tiquity

41:202-212.

Mazar A.

1978.

Cylinder-Seals

of the Middle and

Late

Bronze

Ages

in Eretz-Israel.

Qadmoniot

41:

6-14

(Hebrew).

Metzger

M. 1985.

Konigsthron

und Gottesthron

(Al

ter Orient

und

Altes Testament

15).

Neukirchen

Vluyn.

Millard A. 1991.

Writing

in Jordan: From Cuneiform

to Arabic.

In:

Bienkowski P. ed. Treasures

from

an Ancient Land: The Art

of

Jordan.

Liverpool.

Pp.

133-149.

Murray

M.A. 1949. Some Canaanite Scarabs.

PEQ

81:92-99.

Negbi O. 1970. The Hoards of Goldwork from Tell

Ajjul

(Studies

in Mediterranean

Archaeology

25).

Gôteborg.

Negbi

O.

1976.

Canaanite Gods in Metal:

An

Ar

chaeological

Study

of

Ancient

Syro-Palestinian

Figurines.

Tel Aviv.






14

Baruch Brandl

Ôztan A.

1993. Three Seals in

Syrian Style

at Sad

berk Hanim

Museum in Istabbul. In Mellink

M.J.,

Porada

E.,

and

Ôzgiiç

T. eds.

Aspects of

Art and

Iconography:

Anatolia and Its

Neighbors—Studies

in Honor

ofNimet Ôzgiiç.

Ankara.

Pp.

503-506.

Petrie W.M.F.

1925. Buttons and

Design

Scarabs.

London.

Petrie

W.M.F. 1930. Beth Pelet I

(Tell Fara).

London.

Petrie W.M.F. 1931. Ancient

Gaza

I.

Tell el

Ajjul.

London.

Petrie W.M.F. 1933. Ancient

Gaza

III.

Tell el

Ajjul.

London.

Petrie W.M.F. 1934.

Ancient

Gaza

IV. Tell el

Ajjul.

London.

Pieper

M.

1930.

Die

Bedeutung

der Skarabaen fur

die palâstinensische Altertumskunde. ZDPV 53:

185-199.

Porada E.

1985.

Syrian

Seals from the Late Fourth to

the Late Second Millennium. In

Weiss

H.

ed. Ebla

to Damascus: Art and

Archaeology of

Ancient

Syria.

Washington,

D.C.

Pp.

90-104.

Richards F.V. 1992. Scarab Seals

from

a Middle to

Late

Bronze

Age

Tomb at Pella in Jordan

(Orbis

Biblicus et Orientalis

117).

Freiburg

and

Gottingen.

Schaeffer C.F.-A. 1932. Les fouilles de Minet-el

Beida et de

Ras-Shamra,

troisième

campagne (prin

temps 1931), rapport

sommaire.

Syria

13:1-27.

Schaeffer C.F.-A. 1938. Les fouilles de Ras Shamra

Ugarit,

neuvième

campagne

(printemps

1937),

rapport

sommaire.

Syria

19:193-255,

313-327.

Schaeffer C.F.-A.

1939.

Ugaritical.

Paris.

Schaeffer,

C.F.-A.

1949.

Ugaritica

II.

Paris.

Schaeffer C.F.-A.

1974.

Le

cylindre

A

357 de Cha

gar

Bazar.

Iraq

36:223-228.

Schaeffer-Forrer C.F.-A.

1983.

Corpus

I

des

cylin

dres-sceaux de

Ras

Shamra-Ugarit

et d'Enkomi

Alasia.

Paris.

Schroer S. 1985. Der Mann im Wulstsaummantel—

ein

Motiv der Mittelbronze-Zeit II B. In Keel O.

and Schroer S. 1985.

Studien

zu

den

Stempelsie

geln

aus PalastinaJIsrael I

(Orbis

Biblicus

et Ori

entalis 67).

Freiburg

and

Gdttingen. Pp.

49-115.

Seidel M.

1993.

Siegelamulette

(Skarabâen).

In

Eg

gebrect

A. ed.

Pelizaeus-Museum

Hildesheim. Die

Egyptische Sammlung.

Mainz. P. 49.

Seidel M. 1996. Seal Amulets

(Scarabs).

In

Egge

brecht

A.

ed.

Pelizaeus

Museum Hildesheim. The

Egyptian

Collection. Mainz. P. 49.

Smith R.H. and Potts T. 1992. The Middle and Late

Bronze

Ages.

In McNicholl A.W. et al. eds. Pel la

in

Jordan

2:The

Second Interim

Report of

the

Joint

University of

Sydney

and

College of

Wooster

Ex

cavations at Pella 1982-1985. Sydney. Pp. 35-82.

Sussman V.

1966. Middle Bronze

Age

Burials at

Moza.

'Atiqot

(HS)

3:4CM13

(Hebrew,

English

summary

on

p.

5*).

Teissier

B.

1996.

Egyptian Iconography

on

Syro

Palestinian

Cylinder

Seals

of

the Middle

Bronze

Age

(Orbis

Biblicus

et

Orientalis,

Series Archae

ologica

11).

Freiburg

and

Gôttingen.

Tufnell O.

1956.

Hyksos

Scarabs from Canaan.

Anatolian Studies 6:66-73.

Tufnell

O.

1978. Graves at Tell

El-Yehudiyeh:

Re

viewed after a Life-Time.

In

Moorey

P.R.S. and

Parr P.

eds.

Archaeology

in the Levant:

Essays

for

Kathleen

Kenyon.

Warminster.

Pp.

76-101.

Tufnell O. 1984. Studies on

Scarab Seals

II:

Scarab

Seals and Their Contribution to

History

in the

Early

Second Millennium B.C. Warminster.

Williams-Forte E. 1981.

Cylinder

Seals of

the

Mid

die

Syrian

Period In O. W. Muscarella

ed. Ladders

to Heaven: Art Treasures

from

Lands

of

the

Bible.

Toronto.

Pp.

241-246.

Winter

U. 1983. Frau und Gottin.

(Orbis

Biblicus et

Orientalis

53).

Freiburg

and

Gôttingen.

This content downloaded from 131 94 16 10 on Fri 23 Oct 2015 14:08:27 UTC

A Hyksos Scarab and a Syrian Cylinder Seal From a Burial Cave at Moẓa 'Illit

Documents

Transcript of A Hyksos Scarab and a Syrian Cylinder Seal From a Burial Cave at Moẓa 'Illit