A Hyksos Scarab and a Syrian Cylinder Seal From a Burial Cave at Moẓa 'Illit

9
7/21/2019 A Hyksos Scarab and a Syrian Cylinder Seal From a Burial Cave at Moẓa 'Illit http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-hyksos-scarab-and-a-syrian-cylinder-seal-from-a-burial-cave-at-moa-illit 1/9  Israel Antiquities Authority / ת ק י ת ע ת ש ר is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to 'Atiqot / ת ק י ת ע . http://www.jstor.org Israel Antiquities Authority תוקיתעה תושר / A "Hyksos" Scarab and A Syrian Cylinder Seal from a Burial Cave at Moẓa 'Illit תיליע  אצומב  הרובק  תרעממ  ירוס  לילג  םתוחו  " תיסוסקיה " תישופרח Author(s): Baruch Brandl and לדנרב  ךורב Source: 'Atiqot /  ת ק י ת ע  29 / 1996), pp. 7-14 ו  " נשתה ( Published by: Israel Antiquities Authority / תוקיתעה  תושר Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23458369 Accessed: 23-10-2015 14:08 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/  info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. This content downloaded from 131.94.16.10 on Fri, 23 Oct 2015 14:08:27 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

description

Syrian Cylinder Seal

Transcript of A Hyksos Scarab and a Syrian Cylinder Seal From a Burial Cave at Moẓa 'Illit

Page 1: A Hyksos Scarab and a Syrian Cylinder Seal From a Burial Cave at Moẓa 'Illit

7/21/2019 A Hyksos Scarab and a Syrian Cylinder Seal From a Burial Cave at Moẓa 'Illit

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 Israel Antiquities Authority /יק ת תע ת שר

is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to

'Atiqot /יק ת תע

.

http://www.jstor.org

Israel Antiquities Authority תוקיתעה תושר

/ A "Hyksos" Scarab and A Syrian Cylinder Seal from a Burial Cave at Moẓa 'Illit"היקסוסית" וחותם גליל סורי ממערת קבורה במוצא עילית חרפושית

Author(s): Baruch Brandl and ברוך ברנדל

Source:'Atiqot / 

יק ת ת ע

 29 / 1996), pp. 7-14 ו"נשתה(Published by: Israel Antiquities Authority / רשות העתיקות

Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23458369Accessed: 23-10-2015 14:08 UTC

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/  info/about/policies/terms.jsp

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of contentin a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

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Page 2: A Hyksos Scarab and a Syrian Cylinder Seal From a Burial Cave at Moẓa 'Illit

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'Atiqot

XXIX,

1996

A

HYKSOS SCARAB AND

A

SYRIAN

CYLINDER SEAL

FROM A BURIAL CAVE AT MOZA 'ILLIT

Baruch

Brandl

The two

objects

presented

below,

a scarab and

a

cylinder

seal,

were found in

a Late Roman

burial

cave at Moza Tllit

excavated in

1988

by

S.

Gudovitch

(this

volume).1

Both were

found,

along

with

eight

beads,

near the

uppermost

skull

in Burial

Trough

A,

and seem to

belong

to the

same necklace. As will

be

shown,

both

objects

belong

to

small,

clearly

defined

groups

of the

Middle

Bronze

Age.

Scarab

IAA

92-1128;

Reg.

No.

53/6;

Trough

A

(Fig.

1).

Material.

Faience,

brownish and

whitish

glaze.

Dimensions:

L

21

mm,

W

14.75

mm,

H

7.5 mm.

Method

of Manufacture'.

Molding,

glazing.

Workmanship:

Good.

Technical Details:

Perforated,

not

by

drilling.

Preservation: Almost

complete.

There

is a scar

at

either end of the

perforation,

most

probably

caused

by

the metal

ring

to which the

scarab was

affixed.

Base

Design

In a

vertical

disposition,

one

compact

scene is

depicted:

a seated

anthropomorphic figure

fac

ing

a

branch;

below,

a

small basket-like

element.

The

anthropomorphic

figure,

a male

with

long

hair,

most

probably represents

a

Canaanite

dig

nitary

clad in a

long

garment

with

shoulder

Fig.

1.

The Moza 'Illit

scarab.

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Baruch Brandl

straps.'

The

right

hand rests

upon

the

hip,

and

the

left arm

is

raised. The left heel is shown

behind an

emphatically

broad

right

shank.

The chair, probably a throne,1 is depicted in

profile.

It has a low back and lion's

legs,

front

and rear.

The

branch,

its leaves to one side

of

the

stalk,

is

topped

with a blossom.

Judging by

depictions

on other

scarabs,

it

may

be

identified

as a com

posite palm-branch

and lotus-blossom.4

The basket-like

element,

reminiscent

of the

hieroglyph

nb,

serves

here,

as

elsewhere,

both as

space-filler

in

the

lower

part

of the scarab oval

and a base for the main scene.

This scarab lacks

the

typical

oval frame. The

deficiency

is

compensated

for

by

the curved out

line of the

design

elements:

in

clockwise or

der—the lotus branch, the «(?-shaped element,

the

back of the throne and the

figure's

coiffure.

Typology

and

Style

The

Moza

Tllit find

belongs

to a small and

very

distinctive

group

of

scarabs,

more

common

in

Canaan than in

Egypt.

The

group

includes exca

vated scarabs from Gezer and

Tel

Michal,

as

well as scarabs

from

collections

(see

Fig.

2).

These scarabs

were not covered

by

Tufnell's

classification.5 Keel's elaboration of Tufnell's

Fig.

2.

Scarab

parallels.

1. Gezer

(Macalister

1902:P1. 6:7

=

Petrie in Macalister 1902:365

=

Macalister 1912

11:315 No.

55,

HI:P1. 202a:7

=

Galling

1937:24,

Fig.

1

=

Murray

1949:93,

PI. 11:4

=

Tufnell

1956:67-69,

Fig.

1:6

[incorrectly

attributed

to

Cave 28

II]

=

Galling

1977:10,

Fig.

3:1

=

Keel

1982:462,

528 No. 66

=

Tufnell

1984:Frontispiece,

No. 3

=

Schroer

1985:88,

Fig.

54

=

Keel

1994:111,132

No.

66).

Like our

scarab,

the Gezer scarab seems to have a dark

glaze

(Petrie

identified the material

as

schist),

and decorated back.

2.

University College,

London

[Egypt(?)]

(Petrie

1925:

25-26,

PI.

14:940),

with

decorated back

(J

29

A,

as in PI.

28,

rather than J 29 noted in PI. 22; cf PI. 21, No. 443).

3.

Berlin—purchased by

C. Schmidt in Palestine

(Pieper

1930:191,

196

[3.

Inv. No.

22668],

PI. 9:22668

=

Galling

1937:24—26,

Fig.

2

=

Galling

1977:10,

Fig.

3:2),

no information on back.

4. Tel Michal

(Herzog

1980:cover

=

Schroer

1985:84-85,

Fig.

55

=

Giveon

1988:96-97,

No. 112

=

Giveon

1989:341,

Fig.

29.1:2,

PI.

75:2),

with decorated back.

5. Plizaeus

Museum,

Hildesheim

[Egypt

(?)] (Seidel

1993

[1996]:49,

PI.

39

=

Keel

1995a:229,

Fig.

526).

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Scarab

and Cylinder Seal

from Moza

design

classes added

Sub-Class

10D,

En

throned

Anthropomorphic

Figure, 6

to accom

modate the items

noted

above,

as well as other

scarabs.7

A

rigorous stylistic

definition

allows us to de

fine

the six

scarabs

as a

subgroup

within Keel's

Class 10D.

All share a common feature—the

broad shank of the central

figure.

It is a feature

found

on several other scarabs from

Canaan,

such as those

from Gezer

(Macalister

1904:224,

PI. 6:1

=

1912 11:315 No.

77,

III:P1. 204b:

1)

and

Tell

el'Ajjul

(Petrie

1933:4,

PI. 3:35

=

Tufnell

1984:N0.

2516/2651/2754

=

Schroer

1985:84

Fig.

50, 86 - Giveon 1985:84-85, No.

71),

and

it

seems to indicate a

single workshop

or

pro

duction center.8

Iconography

The

figure

on the Gezer

scarab,

originally

iden

tified as female

(Petrie

in Macalister

1902:365;

Macalister 1912

11:315 No.

55),

was

recognized

by

Galling

(1937:24)

to

represent

a male.

Pieper (1930:196) identified the sitting figure

on the

Berlin

scarab

as a Semitic

deity.

This

suggestion

was

adopted by

Galling

(1937:24;

1977:10).

Despite

my

identification

of the

figure

as

a Canaanite

dignitary,

the cultic

interpretation

should not

be ruled out: Two

gold

plaques

found

at Ras

Shamra-Ugarit

(Schaeffer

1938:319,

Figs.

149:1 and

4; 1939:138,

Figs.

114

and

120),9

dated to the

fourteenth-thirteenth centuries

BCE,10

resemble

our

group

of scarabs.

They

de

pict

female

figures

clad in

long

robes, seated on

high-backed

thrones,

and

holding plants.

These

figures

have been identified

as

goddesses

(Bossert

1951:

N0.776;

Dever

1984:23).

Date

The scarab should be dated

to the Fifteenth

( Hyksos ) Dynasty

or

MB IIC12 on the follow

ing

considerations:

(a)

All the scarabs attributed

on the basis

of

motif

to Keel's

Design

Class 10D are of

local

Hyksos style.13

(b)

All the scarabs

containing

the

stylistic

fea

ture

of

broad-shanked

human

figures

belong

to

the

Hyksos group.

Unfortunately,

the six

scarabs

belonging

to

the

subgroup

discussed

here,

including

the exca

vated

ones,

lack

good

stratigraphie

al context.

Cylinder Seal

IAA

92-1127;

Reg.

No.

53/4;

Trough

A

(Figs.

3-5).

Material. Haematite.

Dimensions'. H 19

mm,

D 11.5

mm,

circumfer

ence 36.5 mm.

Method

of

Manufacture:

Carving, drilling, pol

ishing.

Workmanship:

Excellent.

Technical Details: Perforated

off-axis,

drilled

from both

sides;

the

perforation

is

enlarged

at

both

ends.

Preservation:

Slightly chipped

in three

places,

one on the

upper

and two on

the

lower

edge.

Description4

The seal is

composed

of a main scene and a

terminal (or secondary scene); it lacks upper and

lower line borders.

The main scene is

composed

of

standing

hu

man

figures,

a

female on the left and two males

on the

right.

The female

figure,

dressed

in

a

fringed

mantle15 and

holding

a double-barbed

spear,

faces a male

figure

dressed

in

a kilt

and

fringed

mantle and

holding

a curved staff

n its

right

hand. An

enigmatic symbol

termed

ball

and-staff'16 or

libra,1 17

held

in its left

hand,

rests on its

right

foot. In the field, beneath the

staff,

is a fish.18 The second male

figure,

dressed

in a

short

fringed

dress with a double

belt,

grasps

a double barbed

spear

similar

to that held

by

the

female

figure.

Both male

figures

are

beardless

and their hair is

short. In the absence of attrib

utes,

it cannot be said whether

the

anthropomor

phic figures represent gods

or

mortals.

The terminal consists

of five common

ele

ments

frequently occuring

on

Syrian

seals,

ar

ranged

in

three

horizontal

registers.

The

upper

register

contains a couchant

hare

facing

left,

with

one detached

antelope

head behind it

and

traces

of

another

in frontof it.

The

central

regis

ter

contains a

guilloche

enclosed

in two

parallel

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10

Baruch

Brandl

Fig.

3.

The

Moza

Tllit

cylinder

seal.

lines. The lower

register

shows

an

eagle

facing

left. Both hare and

eagle

wear a double

collar.19

Style

and

Typology

The

style

of

the seal features the

long

arms and

characteristic

pointing gesture

of the human

fig

ures

(Fig.

4).

There is a

pronounced linearity

in

the details: the

prominent triangular

noses and

eyes,

and the

parallel

lines used to

depict

the

hair, clothes,

weapons

and bird's

wings.

These

stylistic

features

permit

us to attribute

the seal to the

Workshop

A

group—a

North

Syrian

linear

style belonging

to the classical

stage

of the Middle Bronze

Age.

The

group,

ascribed to

workshops

in

Ugarit,

has been

dated

to 1820-1740 BCE.

The first

step

in the definition of this

group

was

made

by

Schaeffer

(Schaeffer

1974;

Schaeffer-Forrer

1983:10,

30-34)

who

grouped

several seals from

Ugarit

(Schaeffer

1932:3,

PI.

11:1a;

1949:40-41

Fig.

14,

57

Fig.

21)20

with

Cylinder

Seal

A

357

from

Chagar

Bazar

(Mai

lowan

1937:97, 111,

136-137,

Fig.

14:3,

PI.

12:1;

1967:208).

Collon

defined the

group

as a

workshop,

adding

two excavated seals

(from

Tell

el-'Ajjul

and

Kiiltepe)

as well as sixteen

seals from collections

(Collon

1985;

1987:52

Nos.

206-207,

210-211;

Porada 1985:

96-97,

Fig.

20)

to the five

published by

Schaeffer.

Col

Ion

(1985:58)

also identified

Ugarit

as the

pro

Fig.

4. Detail of

figures.

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Scarab and

Cylinder

Seal from

Moza

11

SSe$sr_.

Fig.

5.

Continuous-exposure

image

of the

cylinder

seal

(see

n.

1).

duction

center and

adduced

additional

dating

evidence from the

Kiiltepe

Level lb seal.

Recently,

Teissier

(1996:14—17)

coined the term

Workshop

A,

adding

several seals

to

the

group,

including

an additional

example

from

Ugarit

(Schaeffer 1932:3,

PI.

11:1c,

3;

Bossert

1951: No.

831b;

Schaeffer-Forrer

1983:14—15;

Amiet

1992:26, 29,

No.

32;

Teissier 1996: No.

182).

With

the

discovery

of

the

cylinder

seal from

Moza

Tllit—the second

item of

Workshop

A

to be

found in the

country—it may

be

possible

to

attribute a small

group

of

seals within this

work

shop

to

a

single

craftsman. These

include

the

seal from

Moza,

and

Seals R.S. 9.300

and R.S.

9.888

from

Ugarit,

characterized

by

the

distinc

tive

elongated

hands

(Fig.

6).

Date

The

cylinder

seal from

Moza Tllit

should

be

dated,

on

the basis of the

stratified

parallels

from

Ugarit,

Chagar

Bazar,

and

Kiiltepe,

to

the mid

eighteenth century BCE.2'

Summary

and

Conclusions

Both

the scarab

and the

cylinder

seal

belong

to

very

small and

distinctive

groups

of the

Middle

Bronze

Age.

Each of

these

groups

could

be re

lated to a

workshop

־01

production

center within

the

Syro-Palestinian

or

Canaanite

sphere

and

each reveals

affinities with

the Canaanite

center

of Ras

Shamra-Ugarit.

It seems

likely

that both

objects

were found

by

the

person they

were

buried

with,

perhaps

in a

nearby

burial cave or

caves.22 The

phenomenon

of

Byzantine

burials

containing

Middle

Bronze

Age

seals has been

encountered

at a number

of

sites.־ As the

two seals from

Moza Tllit

appear

to differ in their

production

dates,

it

may

be

suggested

that

they

were

found in two

different

caves or in one

cave with a

long range

of

use.

Alternatively,

the

cylinder

seal

may

have been

in use in

Middle

Bronze

Age

Canaan

at a later

date than that

attributed

to the

activity

of

Work

shop A in North Syria.

Fig. 6. Cylinder seal parallels.

1.

Ugarit

R.S.

9.300

(Schaeffer

1974:224,

Pl.

38:d-e;

Schaeffer-Forrer

1983:30,

31(d-e),

32;

Collon

1985: No.

11;

1987:

No.

207;

Amiet

1992:

26, 29,

Fig.

8:28).

2.

Ugarit

R.S.

9.888,

Tomb LVII

(Schaeffer

1974:225,227,

PI.

38:f-g;

Schaeffer-Forrer 1983: 31

(f-g),

34;

Collon 1985:

No.

23;

Amiet

1992:27,

30,

Fig.

36).

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12

Baruch

Brandl

Acknowledgements

I

wish

to thank Shlomo Gudovitch for his invita

tion to study and publish these seals. Thanks are

due to

Dominique

Collon of the

Department

of

Western Asiatic

Antiquities

at the

British Mu

seum,

and Beatrice Teissier of Wolfson

College,

Oxford,

who viewed the

cylinder

seal

in Jerusa

lem and

kindly

offered their

comments,

to Rafi

Greenberg

of the

IAA,

who commented

on the

original manuscript, and to Brace Zuckerman,

School

of

Religion, University

of Southern Cali

fornia,

for

producing

the

photograph

of the

cyl

inder seal

during

his visit to

Jerusalem in 1994.

Notes

1

The

objects

were drawn

by

Josephine

Jaroshevich

and

photographed by

Clara Amit.

Fig.

5 was

pre

pared by

B.

Zuckerman,

using

a

continuous-expo

sure

technique adapted

for use with a 35

mm camera.

In this

technique,

the surface of the seal is

recorded

by

means of

synchronized

rotation

and film

expo

sure.

2

The scarab is worn

but

compare

with

the scarabs

from Gezer, Tel Michal and the Pelizaeus Museum,

Hildesheim described below.

3

Murray

was the first

to

identify

this

chair as a

throne

(Murray

1949:93).

4

For

the

two

plants separately,

see Petrie 1930:P1.

7:50

(=

Murray

1949:93,

PI.

9:2);

combined,

see

Petrie 1934:P1. 11:399

(=

Murray

1949:P1.

10:13).

5

On the

history

and

development

of Tufnell's de

sign

classification see

Brandi 1986:247 n.

4.

6

It is

erroneously

termed 10E

in the discussion

(Keel

1995a:

162,

229).

7

One scarab from

Pella,

Tomb 62

(Millard

1991:134-135,

PI. 151 left

=

Smith and Potts 1992:

79-80,

PI. 39:b.4

=

Richards

1992:20,

90-91,

PI. 3

=

Keel

1995a:219?

-220,

Fig.

474)

is a variant of this

group,

with decorated back.

8

Keel

(1995b)

has

recently

discussed the issue of

workshops

in

Palestine.

9

According

to later

publications

they

are of elec

trum

(Winter

1983:Figs.

481^182;

Dever

1984:23).

10

According

to

Negbi

the date of

that

hoard

ranges

between

the

mid-fifteenth and late fourteenth centu

ries BCE

(Negbi

1976:101).

J1Cf.

Negbi

1970:30, PI. 4:20-21;

Metzger

1985:

Nos. 1155-1156.

12The writer follows Tufnell's view that the

Hyk

sos

period

equals

the Fifteenth

Dynasty

and

that

it

lasted about a

century,

c.

1650-1550 BCE

(Tufnell

1978:87;

1984:196-201,

Table

34).

13

Petrie was

the first to

suggest

that the

'Hyksos'

scarabs were

of Canaanite

workmanship

(Petrie

1931:3;

Murray

1949:92).

14

The directions refer to the

modern

impression.

15

Cf. Schroer

1985:56-57,

Fig.

3.

16

For the ball-and-staff' see

Collon 1986:49-51.

17

E.g.,

Ôztan 1993:504.

18

Cf. the fish on a seal from

Cyprus

(Schaeffer-For

rer 1983:66-A18; Schroer 1985:58-59. Fig. 7; Teis

sier

1996:N0.

138).

19

For all terminal

components

cf. Schroer

1985:58

59,

Figs.

6-7

and

82-83,

Fig.

44;

Teissier 1996:N0s.

208,

138 and

118,

respectively.

20

Two additional seals

from the Ashmolean

(Bucha

nan 1966:No.

887)

and

Seyrig

collections

(Cf.

Doumet 1992:N0.

284)

bought

in Beirut

and

said to

come from

Ugarit,

were also

included

by

him in the

group.

21

However,

other dates have been attributed to

Workshop

A

cylinder

seals:

Williams-Forte,

who

published

the ex-Borowski

Collection

cylinder

seal

(Williams-Forte

1981:N0.

213;

Collon 1985:N0.

6;

Teissier 1996:No.

178),

dates it to c.

1800-1700

BCE. Bleibtrau ascribes a 19th-16th

century

range

to

a seal in Vienna which she

compares

to

Chagar

Bazar Seal

A 357

(Bleibtrau

1981

:No.

82;

Teissier

1996:206).

22

Several Middle Bronze

Age

burial caves are

known from Moza

clllit,

including

three which have

been excavated

(Sussman 1966).

Recent excavations

have revealed traces of the Middle Bronze

Age

set

dement (De Groot and Greenhut 1995:73).

23

For

example,

Hyksos

scarabs

were

found

at Ha

Goshrim

(Foerster 1965)

and

south-west

of

Tirat

Zevi

(Foerster

1977),

while a Haematite

cylinder

seal

of

Syrian style

was found at Tel-Hai

(Barag

1977:7;

Mazar

1978:8).

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Scarab

and Cylinder Seal

from

Moza 13

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