A history of the cell · • 1674 Anton van Leeuwenhoek - observed tiny living things in drops of...
Transcript of A history of the cell · • 1674 Anton van Leeuwenhoek - observed tiny living things in drops of...
A history of the cell• 1607 English settlers found colony at Jamestown Virginia
• 1665 Robert Hooke, looked at cork and discovered and named cells
• 1674 Anton van Leeuwenhoek - observed tiny living things in drops of pond water.
• 1838 Matthias Schleiden - concluded that plants are made of cells
• 1839 Theodor Schwann - concluded that animals are made of cells.
• 1855 Rudolph Virchow - proposes that cells come from existing cells
• 1931 Janet Plowe - demonstrates that the cell membrane in a physical structure not just an interface between two liquids.
• 1945 World War II ends
• 1970 Lynn Margulis - proposes the theory that certain organelles, were once free-living cells themselves
The Cell Theory
• All living things are composed of cells.
• Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living things.
• New cells are produced from existing cells.
Two Cell Types
• Prokaryotic Cells- 1 to 10 um– have cell membrane and cytoplasm but no nuclei
– smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells
– bacteria
• Eukaryotic Cells- 10 to 100 um– do contain nuclei and other specialized organelles
– all plants, animals, fungus and protists
Prokaryotic Cell
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Organelles
Eukaryotic Cell
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Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Cell membraneRibosomesCell wall
NucleusEndoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatusLysosomesVacuolesMitochondriaCytoskeleton
Animal Cells Plant Cells
Lysosomes
Cell membraneRibosomesNucleusEndoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatusVacuolesMitochondriaCytoskeleton
Cell WallChloroplasts
Section 7-2
Venn Diagrams
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Cell Structures
• Cell Wall
• Cell Membrane
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• endoplasmic Reticulum
• Ribosomes
• Golgi Bodies
• Lysosomes
• Mitochondria
• microtubules / microfilaments
• Centrioles
• Cilia and Flagella
• Vacuoles
• Plastids
Cell Membrane
• All Cells have them
• Controls passage of material into and out of the cell
• double-layered, semi-permeable membrane
• composed of lipids and embedded protein molecules
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel
Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
The Structure of the Cell Membrane
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AIR
(a)
(b)
Hydrophobic tail
Hydrophilic head
WATER
WATER
WATER
Cell Wall
• Found in– Plants, algae, fungi and nearly all prokaryotes
• Lies outside the cell membrane
• provide support and protection for the cell
• most commonly made of cellulose
• Made of actin in bacteria
Cytoplasm
• Fluid-like material
• Between cell membrane and nucleus
• Contains organelles
• many biochemical processes occur here
Ribosomes
• Found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• Sites of protein synthesis
• free in cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Membrane-lined, interconnecting channels through the cytoplasm
• associated with– synthesis
– storage
– transport of material
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondria
• Found in all eukaryotic cells. (animal, plant, fungi, protist)
• Specialized double membrane structure
• Sites of most energy-producing reactions of aerobic cellular respiration.
• The “powerhouse” of the cell.
• Has its own DNA
Chloroplasts
• Found in plants and some algae
• Specialized double membrane structure
• Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
• Sites of photosynthesis
• Has some DNA
Golgi Bodies (Complex)
• Stack of membrane-bounded channels and vacuoles
• Synthesizes, packages and secretes cell products
Lysosomes
• Membrane-bounded sacs that contain digestive enzymes
• digest food in single celled organisms
• Destroy damaged or old cell parts
• Programmed cell death - apoptosis
Vacuoles
• Small or none in animal cells
• Large in plant cells
• Membrane-bounded , fluid filled sacs in the cytoplasm
• food vacuole
• waste vacuole
• contractile vacuole
Centrioles
• Only in animal cells
• involved in cell division
Plant Cell
Nuclearenvelope
Ribosome(attached)
Ribosome(free)
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrian
Cell wall
CellMembrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
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Animal Cell
Centrioles
NucleolusNucleus
Nuclearenvelope
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Mitochondrian
CellMembrane
Ribosome(free)
Ribosome(attached)
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
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cell membrane
nucleus
mitochondria
cell wall
What type of cell is this? Plant Cell
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Nucleus
Vacuole
vacuole
endoplasmicreticulum
mitochondria
cell membrane
Sites of protein synthesis. May be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum8.Cell Wall
A series of membrane-lined, interconnecting channels through the cytoplasm. Transports things throughout the cell. The “highway system” of the cell7.Chloroplasts
Watery fluid-like material that fills the space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus of the cell. Contains the organelles. Many biochemical processes occur here.
6.Mitochondria
Nonliving rigid supportive structure found outside the cell membrane in plants, algae, fungi and various other organisms. Most commonly composed of cellulose.5.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Chlorophyll-containing structures found in cells of green plants and some algae. Sites of photosynthesis.4.Ribosomes
Surrounds the cell and controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell. Double-layered, semi-permeable membrane composed of lipids and containing embedded protein molecules
3.Nucleus
Sites of most energy producing reactions of aerobic cellular respiration. The “power house” of the cell.2.Cytoplasm
Structure that directs the activities of the cell. Contains the hereditary material – the DNA in the chromosomes. Surrounded by the nuclear membrane.1.Cell Membrane
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