INTRODUCTION TO CELLS

History of Cells

Robert Hooke, 1665

Anton von Leeuwenhoek, 1674

Matthias Schleiden, 1838

Theodor Schwann,

1839

Rudolph Virchow, 1855

Janet Plowe, 1931

Robert Hooke naturalist, philosopher, inventor, architect....

(July 18, 1635 - March 3, 1703)

In 1665 Robert Hooke publishes his book, Micrographia, which contains his drawings of sections of cork as seen through one of the first microscopes (shown at right).He was the first person to use the term “cells”.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723

In 1673 Anton van Leeuwenhook perfects the simple microscope and observes cells and microorganisms.He discovered bacteria in 1674 and four years later, he discovers protozoa.

Cell Theory

Matthias Schleiden

all plants are made of cells

Cell Theory

Theodore Schwann

all animals are made of cells

Rudolf Virchow

all cells came from pre-existing cells

Cell Theory

Cell Theory

• all living things are made up of cells• cells are the basic units of structure and function in

an organism• new cells are produced from existing cells

Matthias Schleiden

concluded that all plants are made of

cells (1838)

Theodore Schwann

concluded that all animals are made

of cells (1839)

Rudolf Virchowconcluded that all cells came from pre-existing cells

(1855)

Cell Specialization

Cells in organisms are specialized to perform different tasks.

Red Blood Cells

Muscle Cells Stomata

Terms

• Cell – the smallest unit that can carry on the processes of life.

• Unicellular – consists of only one cell

• Multicellular – consists of more than one cell

Cell TypesPROKARYOTE• No nucleus• No membrane-bound

organelles• Small ribosomes• Most cells are 1 -10 μm in

size• Evolved 3.5 billion years ago• Found only in

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms

EUKARYOTE• Has nucleus• Many organelles• Larger ribosomes• Cells can be between 2 -

1,000 μm in size• Evolved 1.5 billion years

ago• Includes Protista, Fungi,

Plantae and Animalia Kingdoms

Structure and Function of Cells

Cell Type Example

Prokaryotic Bacteria

Eukaryotic ProtistaFungiPlants Animal

Prokaryotic Cells

https://www.brainpop.com/science/diversityoflife/bacteria/

…. Different Image

Common Components and Cellular Organization

• Plasma Membrane– boundary surrounding the cell

• Genetic material: DNA– located in a membrane-bound nucleus

for eukaryotic cells• Cytoplasm

– Semi-fluid matrix containing enzymes and organelles (enzyme = biological catalyst)

• Cytoskeleton– network of filaments and tubules in cytoplasm

that maintains cell shape, allows movement

Features of Prokaryotic Cells

• All prokaryotic cells containStructure Function

Plasma Membrane Regulates flow of substances into and out of cell

Nucleoid Cytoplasmic region containing genetic material

Cytoplasm Cytosol: fluidRibosomesEnzyme

Features of Prokaryotic Cells

• All prokaryotic cells containStructure Function

Cell Wall Supports cellMaintains shape

Capsule Protects from dryingProtects against white blood cells

Infolded Plasma Membranes MetabolismCell division

Features of Prokaryotic Cells

• All prokaryotic cells containStructure Function

Bacterial Flagellum Movement

Plasmid Small circular DNA Replicates independently

Applying Your Knowledge

1. Cell Wall2. Flagellum 3. Capsule4. Plasmid5. Nucleoid

In bacterial cells:where is the genetic material located? which one is used for movement?which one provides structural support for the cell?

Prokaryotic Cell Video

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYe5tHaEXRE

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQ-SMCmWB1s

Your Turn to Draw a Prokaryotic Cell

• Now I would like you in your groups to draw a prokaryotic cell on your paper.

• Make sure to label your parts. – Use the vocabulary list on the board to help you.

Vocabulary

• Pill• Capsule• Cell Wall• Plasma Membrane • Ribosomes• DNA• Flagellum• Cytoplasm

Lets Review

Exit Card

• Tell me one thing that you learned about Prokaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic Cells

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cell Parts

• Cells – the basic unit of life

• Organelles - small structures inside a cell with specific functions.

A) Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane

1. Function: Regulates materials entering and exiting the cell.

2. Structure: Two layers of phospholipids, proteins

Cell membrane

Analogy – Lyndhurst city limits

B) Cytoplasm

1. Function: All cell contents that lie between the cell membrane and the nucleus. (organelles + cytosol) a. Cytosol = liquid portion/non-organelles.

2. Structure: made up of fluid and organelles except for nucleus

Analogy – All air, water, life that are in Lyndhurst, except City

Hall

Cytoplasm

C) Nucleus

1. Function: “Control Center.” Regulates DNA & RNA actions.

2. Structure: membrane bound, contains DNA

Analogy – City Hall

Nucleus

D) Nuclear Envelope

1. Function: Regulates what enters or exits the nucleus.

2. Structure: Double Layer of Lipids

Nuclear Envelope

E) Nucleolus

Analogy – The Mayor

1. Function: Produces RNA, which are used to make all proteins.

2. Structure: Inside Nucleus, separate from DNA

Nucleolus

F) DNA

Analogy – The Laws or City Code

1. Function: information on how to make proteins. a. Chromatin – unorganized DNA (normal state)b. Chromosomes – organized DNA (present before cell

division

2. Structure: Made up of nucleotides, locked in the nucleus

DNA (chromatin)

G) Endoplasmic Reticulum

Analogy – Roads & Sidewalks

1. Function: Transportation route for proteins.a. Rough ER: has ribosomes b. Smooth ER: no ribosomes

2. Structure: tubes and channels

Rough ER

Smooth ER

H) Ribosomes

Analogy – Restaurants, Factories, Builders.

1. Function: Makes proteins. 2. Structure: small circular organelles

Ribosomes

Free Ribosomes

I) Vacuoles and Vesicles

Analogy – Grocery stores, water tanks.

1. Function: Storage for water, nutrients or waste. 2. Structure: small membrane-bound organelle.

Vesicles

J) Lysosomes

Analogy – Recycling center

1. Function: packets of enzymes that break down materials in a cell.

2. Structure: Small membrane-bound organelles

Lysosomes

K) Mitochondria

Analogy – PG&E, Electric Companies

1. Function: Produce energy for the cell – site of cellular respiration. “The Powerhouse”

2. Structure: Double membrane-bound, kidney shaped.

Mitochondria

L) Golgi Apparatus

Analogy – Post Office

1. Function: Packages, labels and ships proteins out of the cell.

2. Structure: Pancake-shaped layered organelle

Golgi Apparatus

M) Cytoskeleton

Analogy – Wood, cement, steel beams

1. Function: Provide support and structure for the cell. a. Microfilaments b. Microtubules

2. Structure: Tubules

Microfilaments

Microtubules

N) Centrioles (Animals Only)

Analogy – Lyndhurst vs. North Arlington

1. Function: microtubules that help divide the cell during cell division.

• Structure: Tubules

Centrioles

O) Cilia & Flagella

Analogy – Cars or bicycles.

1. Function: provides movement for the cell or objects moving by the cell.

2. Structure:a. Flagella – 1 long fiber b. Cilia – many short fibers

FlagellaFlagella Cilia

O) Cilia & Flagella

Analogy – Cars or bicycles.

1. Function: provides movement for the cell or objects moving by the cell.

2. Structure:a. Flagella – 1 long fiber b. Cilia – many short fibers

FlagellaFlagella Cilia

P) Chloroplasts (Plants only)

Analogy – Solar Panels

1. Function: site of photosynthesis (converting sun and CO2 into sugar).

2. Structure: Membrane bound organelles that contain chlorophyll

Chloroplasts

Q) Cell Wall (Plant cells only)

Analogy – ground, rock wall

1. Function: Provides support for the cell and the plant.

2. Structure: Made of cellulose

Cell Wall

Video

• Animal Cell– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fzj6TRnXmps

• Plant Cell – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uohe2V4yOz

E

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Your Turn to Draw a Eukaryotic Cell

• Now I would like you in your groups to draw a prokaryotic cell on your paper. – Left Side of the room – Plant Cell – Right Side of the room – Animal Cell

• Make sure to label your parts. – Use the vocabulary list on the board to help you

Vocabulary

• Nucleus• Plasma Membrane • Ribosomes• Cytoplasm• Mitochondria• Golgi bodies• Lysosomes• Endoplasm • Cell Wall • Chloroplasts• Flagella

Cell Raps

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zafJKbMPA8

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdGpsDF2Ci8

Cell Raps

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zafJKbMPA8

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdGpsDF2Ci8

Lets Review