A History of NursingHow Did We Get Here?

Early American DD Nursing1700- 1900

Individuals were sent to mental hospitalsNurses were untrained often were patients themselves

“ greater number were ignorant and often vicious women, recruited form very low class of society”

Ratio of trained nursing staff to patients 1/50. Individuals were placed in straitjackets, iron collars,

enclosed cribs , and other restraintsNo distinction made between Mentally Ill and Mentally

Retarded

Dorothea Dix 1802-1877

Changed view on mental and developmental disabilities

From wear housing and inhumane treatment

Saw MR as “consequence of depravity and intemperate parenting”

Advocated separate living and education Established institutional model

DD Nursing 20th Century

20th Century DD nursing

Colony Plan- Templeton Colony Medical Model- MR is an illness. Doctors determine all

care provided Multidiciplinary approach- (1920)- Dr would ask for

assessments from other disciplines and as “team leader” determine course of action

Interdisciplinary approach-(1945)- individual assessments and through meeting joint decision of best plan

Transdiciplinary ( 1970)-UCP&ARC nurses in Wisconsin evolved approach. Blurring of professional bountries, involving family and individual

Social Changes

President Kennedy ( 1960) expanded services delineation of 4 principles- normalization(SRV)

developmental model, least restrictive environment, mainstreaming

Deinstitutionalization result of exposes

Willowbrook Christmas in Purgatory

Consent decrees Medicaid reforms- Community medicaid waiver

Christmas in Purgatory

Christmas in Purgatory

Uniforms

Caps

And other Traditions

Characteristics of a Good Nurse Whilst recognizing the occasional utility of a man as a

nurse, we are inclined to think that the occupation is one which is most safely left in the hands of women

Tall and strong, who has a certain suppleness of movement. One accustomed to play lawn-tennis, who can ride, and skate, and row, makes the best material.

If she can dance, especially if she is an enthusiastic dancer , it is a great advantage.

If in addition to being well formed she is favored with good looks, it is all in her favors, for doctors readily recognize the influence of an attractive person in the management of refractory patients.

Education

If the doctor will teach, and the pupil is intelligent and willing, a very servicable nurse may be improvised in a few hours.

There is not particular mystery about nursing and the technicalities are easily acquired.

Age Requirements

Twenty one is a good age to begin and forty is a good age at which to retire.

A women is much older than a man at the age of forty, and by that time a woman should have made some permanent provision in life for herself. Few doctors will employ old nurses, and few patients care to have them.

Caps

Caps were originally large to cover most of head to keep hair neat

Cap and aprons signifyed respectability, cleanliness and servitude

Later became symbolic of recognition of achievement

Capping ceremony

Uniforms

Uniforms

uniform symbolic of servant uniform sign of respectability “She should be always always quietly

dressed….even off duty, qaudy ribbons and showy feathers do not become those”

Who was the first African-American army nurse?

Susie King Taylor

› Civil War nurse› Worked in battlefields of husband’s all-

black First South Carolina Volunteers

Who was the first paid executive secretary of the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses?

Mabel Keaton Staupers

› Took position in 1934-1946› Born Barbados, 1890› Worked to end segregation in nursing

organizations such as the ANA, NLN› Organized first private facility in Harlem

for black physicians to treat their patients

Who established the Frontier Nursing Service in Kentucky?

Mary Breckinridge

› Established 1925› Healthcare to women and their families in

rural Kentucky› Educated as Nurse Midwife in England› Started First School of Midwifery in the US

1939› between 1925-1975- 17,053 births and 11

maternal deaths = well below national average

Frontier Nursing Service

Who was the superintendent of nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War?

Dorothea Dix

› 1802-1887› Reformer for Mental Health› Considered the “Florence Nightingale” of

DD nursing› Talented administrator of health care

facilities

Who was the first trained African-American Nurse to graduate in the US ?

Mary Eliza Mahoney

› Graduated 1879 New England Hospital for Women and Children Training School for Nurses - only one of three that completed program

› ANA award in her honor given biannually to nurse for recognition of contributions in interracial relationships in nursing.

Who founded the Visiting Nurse Service in New York City ?

Lillian Wald

› Champion of the urban poor› Established Henry Street Settlement in 1893

which became New York Visiting Nursing Services

› Pioneer in Public Health Nursing

Who is considered the first hospital trained nurse in the US?

Linda Richards

› 1873 New England Hospital for Women and Children

› introduced concept of patient records› initiated practice of wearing uniforms› first stock holder of AJN

What Nurse died in Cuba during experiments to determine cause of yellow fever?

Clara Louise Maass

› Died age 25 in Havanna › volunteer to be bitten by mosquito to clear

up controversy over cause of yellow fever› commemorative stamp in US and Cuba› Hospital in NJ named after her (1952)

What nurse was the first commissioned officer in the US Army?

Florence Aby Blanchfield

› Commissioned 1947 as a lieutenant colonel by General Eisenhower

› Joined Army Nurse corp in 1917› Assigned in France, US, Phillippines and

China› Names Superintendent of Army Nurse

Corps - 1943› Expanded Army Nurse Corps from 1000 to

57,000 during WWII

Who Organized Nurses at the National Level?

Isabel Adams Hampton Robb

› First President of ANA› Organized Nursing School superintendents

which became the National League of Nurses

› Member of committee to form the AJN

Who was a catalyst for the establishment by the 48th Congress of the US pensions to nurses who worked in battlefield or hospitals during the Civil War?

Harriet Patience Dame

› General J Hooker ordered all sick and wounded soldiers to remain behind in VA. Dame organized them to help each other during 120 mile trek and won space on wagons. Saved many of their lives

› Matron of Nurses of 18th Corp Hospital on Broadway at times only nurse caring for wounded

› Convinced Surgeon General to equip military boats with hospital supplies and at least one surgeon on board

Who received the first doctorate in nursing education and from where?

Sister Mary B. Beck from Catholic University of America Washington DC› One of first 10 nurses to earn doctorate› first doctoral prepared nurse in religious

order› Established first code of ethics for

profession› establish first collegiate nursing program at

Marquette University

Who is the mother of psychiatric nursing?

Hildegard Peplau

› Developed “nurse-patient” relationship. Interactive process involving patients in their own care, instead of being a passive recipient

› Authored classic - “Interpersonal Relations in Nursing”

What is the connection between the two Florida based nursesUndine Sams and Mary E. Carnegie?

Interracial membership in the FNA in the 1940’s FNA one of first southern state nurses

associations to become un-segregated under leadership of Sams and Carnegie

What nurse brought modern health care to Native Americans in the early part of the 20th century?

Susie Walking Bear Yellowtail

› Helped to end abuses in Indian Health care system

› decreased death rate of Native American children

› established funding mechanism for education of native American Nurses

› Presidents Award in 1992 for Outstanding Nursing Health Care.

Who has been the most influential nurse of the 20th century?

Virginia A. Henderson

› Wrote the textbook on nursing practice Textbook of the Principles and Practice of Nursing

› Established tools that promoted nursing research Nursing Studies Index

› Considered the Florence Nightingale of her time because of her work as a teacher and researcher

Who is credited with the development of the hospice movement in the United States?

Florence S.Wald

Developed first program in Connecticut in 1960’s

Patterned program after the successful programs in England

Currently Clinical professor of nursing at Yale University

Who was the first African American Nurse in the US to earn a Master’s Degree?

Estelle Massey Osborne

1945 MS from NYU Became first black instructor at NYUActive in Nursing OrganizationsHelped to get recognition of Black nurses in

these organization and in the profession

What nurse was executed for providing nursing care to soldiers during WWI?

Edith Cavell-1915

Belgium Nurse When Germans invaded Belgium , she converted

hospital to a Red cross Hospital and took care of sick of every nationality

She was arrested and executed in October 1915 “Standing as I do before God and Eternity, I

realise that patriotism is not enough. I must have no hatred for bitterness towards anyone”

Who is the activist who as a Nurse Midwife provides Haitian women with the birth of their babies?

Yolaine Biennevil

Lives in MiramarTravels to Haiti three or four times a year Takes students and donated supplies with

her

Nurses Day May 12, 2004