International Journal of English Linguistics; Vol. 7, No. 6; 2017 ISSN 1923-869X E-ISSN 1923-8703

Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education

138

A Functional Study of Lexical Conversion within Modern Chinese Nominal Group

Weiwei Zhang1 & Manliang Li1

1 Foreign Languages College, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China 1 Correspondence: Manliang Li, Foreign Languages College, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Tel: 86-0471-499-6235. E-mail: flclml95@imu.edu.cn

Received: July 11, 2017 Accepted: August 15, 2017 Online Published: September 25, 2017

doi:10.5539/ijel.v7n6p138 URL: http://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v7n6p138

Abstract

The phenomenon of lexical conversion within modern Chinese nominal group is often presented in ancient Chinese grammar. For many years, there have been earnest discussions in China about how we can better study the Chinese nominal group from alternative dimensions, e.g. cognition, pragmatics, multi-category words, word-class shift as well as functional perspective, but few pay attention to the lexical conversion from perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). As the SFL itself is “a problem-oriented theory” (Huang, 2006), to apply this theory to explain some certain language phenomena merits serious consideration. This paper is based on the Cardiff Grammar, an important model of SFL and the purpose is to explore the semantic and syntactic function in lexical conversion within modern Chinese nominal group. Through the contrastive study in light of the Cardiff Grammar, the Chinese nominal group can be functionally used as a Main Verb, a Main Verb Extension (MEx) and a prepositional group (pgp).

Keywords: Systemic Functional Linguistics, the Cardiff Grammar, modern Chinese nominal group, lexical conversion, Main Verb, Main Verb Extension, prepositional group

1. Introduction

Halliday (1988) has put forward that “we live in an age of growth, in which every day more and more things come into our lives; and things, and all their parts, need names. So more and more words come in with them- new words, or new ways of exploiting, embellishing and combining the old ones; and in this way the balance is maintained”. Not only do the things need new names, but also the functions of some certain words are changing, the Chinese nouns for instance. For years, the lexical conversion of Chinese nominal group has drawn public attention of linguists. Most Chinese scholars study Chinese nominal group from the point of cognition (such as Shen, 2010; Gao, 2008), and some from the aspect of pragmatics (such as Gao & Xu, 2000); some hold that the certain Chinese characters are multi-category words, normally referring to nouns and verbs (such as Liu et al., 2004, pp. 168-170; Hu, 2006; Lv, 1979, p. 36); some regard the lexical conversion as a word-class shift (such as Wang, 1989), and others study from the functional perspective (such as Zhang & Fang, 1996, pp. 203-217; He & Hong, 2014). However, there are limited studies about the lexical conversion of Chinese nominal group from the perspective of SFL, precisely the Cardiff Grammar, a model of SFL. The discussion is mainly carried out from two fields: nominal group used as the Main Verb (sometimes the Main Verb Extension) and as the preposition. Interestingly, it is not proper to use the term “verb”, “preposition” or “adjective”, because these is no word class in the Cardiff Grammar. Instead, we should re-express: nominal group used as the Main Verb (sometimes used as the MEx) and as the prepositional group.

2. Theoretical Framework

2.1 Categories of the Cardiff Grammar

The Cardiff Grammar, as one of the two most important models of SFL (the other is the Sydney model), is a “function-oriented, multifunction-oriented and meaning-oriented linguistics” (Huang, 2007). Fawcett, the founder of the Cardiff Grammar, attributes the fundamental categories in the theory to class of UNIT, ELEMENT of structure, PLACE and ITEM, which can be illustrated by Figure 1 below:

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Fawcett, 2000,

or short, whic, epithet, age,

miner (dd), superminer (fd), pucing determindition, there is

Vol. 7, No. 6;

wcett (2008, par is a hindran

concept of “vation of the Sybut provides a2000, p. 226)

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Figure

repositional group

y fill C, A, MEShe fell in loveehind the door

than her. Last

elationships be

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element SELE

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position; cv=comp

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n the Cardiff G

nes four relatio

Linguistics

ECTOR (usuall

up (Fawcett, 2

entational determi

ccasionally Adondon, the ngppletive (cv) in ngp, such as r

h as two meterse hundred and

the elementsmper (pt for sho

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group (Fawcett

pletive.

t to go to schoe girl in blue. isher (f) in a qin a qtgp, such

Grammar

onships in the

ly the word of)

008, p. 251)

ner; v=selector; p

djunct (A) of p last month isa prepositiona

rd, pd, fd, qd, mrs wide. When d twenty.

s of prepositioort, an occasioof minor rela

t, 2008, p. 251)

ool, The phoneRarely, it fills

qlgp, such as gh as more than

e Cardiff Gram

Vol. 7, No. 6;

):

pd= partitive determ

a clause (Faws A and the ngal group, such m, etc. Furthera ngp is a car

on (p for shoronal element, wationship (Faw

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“xuesheng 学生

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(I am a studenEnglish), and theans student in

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character. Thero word class w

inal Group

Cl

M C ngp

dd

ash her hair

urnal of English

141

ships of syntax

ause; S= Subject; O

lause, while ddwash her hair we can see: a uosed by dd thigroup is directlpectively fillehis kind of anxuesheng 我是

ance of two Ch

omplement; E=En

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ominal Group

ord category innoun to modifyt Chinese or mrefore, there is

within Chinese

A ngp

h dd

r this even

Linguistics

x (Fawcett, 200

O=Operator; M= M

d and h are thethis evening i

unit can be comis and h evenily expounded b

ed by the nominalysis can als是学生 (I am

hinese clauses

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n Chinese langfy another nounmodern Chiness no fixed wornotional word

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nal group withnal group withto the second

guage is not ren in English, be. According trd class. Howed.

mposed of

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mposed of

isounded by

Vol. 7, No. 6;

omplement; A= A

he group (exacitem. The ana

e or more elemements are direlements are f

y, her hair andto Chinese clad Wo qu Beijin

h only one elemh only one elemd Chinese clau

elatively fixedbut it is commto Ma (1898), ever, in accord

2017

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ctly a alysis ments rectly filled d this auses, g 我

ment- ment- use in

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dance

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(1) Wo ye

(2) Wo ye

(3) Ta dahead teach

In these tteacher in shunv 淑女illustrated

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(4) Ivy gav

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e lai shunv yix

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ang guo banzhher of only one

three examplecharge of a cl女) as far as thby the tree dia

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if the above g to Fawcett (fpress a whole 大款 and zhure

of a class), tho

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JOINTLY expraning except a

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In

xia 我也来淑女

yihui 我也大款

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ystemic functio

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all, shunv 淑女 iser is modified, wher from the first onse characters, they

three exampleforthcoming a)process. From

en 主任 functough they are n

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m the comprehtion as M or Mnouns morphol

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Fawcett, forthc

arizes the chard meanings as icause “it functi” (Fawcett, 200Among the Chid shunv 淑女

urnal of English

142

me pretend to b

used to be a we

zhi zhuren le y

dy), dakuan 大y nominal grouerned. Thereforamework of th

f the Chinese n

ave two Chinese cwo elements shuality that this ladyeir internal structuone complete mea

ed to nominalause has just ohension of the MEx (to be a lalogically.

and Fawcett (fronmental proalled reified prthing” realized

coming b)

racteristic of tif it were a “thions as an “ex08, p. 184). Ininese clauses, is reasonably

Linguistics

be a lady too)。

ealthy man)。

yige ban 但只主

大款 (a wealthups and each ore, these three

he Cardiff Gram

nominal group

characters, but wiu 淑 (kind) and ny possesses is shuures. Despite that aning without mod

l groups, the one M, and som whole clauseady, to be a we

forthcoming aocess, influentrocess, which

d by a nominal

this kind of phing” (a “reifiextension” of the

other words, gwe find a simia MEx. Furthe

。

主任了一个班

hy person) anof which only e Chinese nommmar:

ps in example (

ith the first one anv 女 (lady) horiz淑 (kindness). Hdakuan 大款 as

dified relation.

clauses are grmetimes has a

e, we can inferealthy person

) regarded thetial process ais expressed “group” (Fawc

process: someted event”). Suce Main Verb (Mgave is not enoilar principle aermore, the ME

Vol. 7, No. 6;

班 (He used to

nd zhuren 主任has a head, ex

minal groups ca

(1) to (3)

analyzed by the fozontally. And the

However, the seconwell as zhuren 主

rammatically fa MEx which hr that shunv 淑and to be a tea

e process as: aand event- rel“not through thcett, forthcomin

times it can bch as “a kiss” iM), so that theough to expresat work. In exaEx shunv 淑女

2017

be a

任 (a xcept an be

orm of en, the nd and 主任 is

false. helps 淑女, acher

ction ating he M ng b).

be an in (4), e two ss the mple

女 also

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Key. Cl= ClaNote. In Figu(once) is also

Example (have introdbut here w

Here, we flanguage eChinese doall of whiChinese suexpressingis not the smeaning, bcommon san exclamthat althouclause hasChinese “ngroup in C

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Figu

ause; S= Subject; Mure 8, “wo 我” (I)o the A.

(2) is different duced a concep

we have to mak

Figu

find obvious dexpresses a moes not. In Chich have a pauch as “bu 不g the meaning same as O in Ebut Chinese dosense tells us th

matory sentenceugh an event is an obvious Mnominalization

Chinese, and ex

In

ure 8. A system

M= Main Verb; M) is the S; “ye 也”

from (1) at thpt of incongru

ke a change:

ure 9. A system

differences betwmeaning of pol

inese, “tense iast meaning” (” (a negation wof tense (past English. O in Eoes not. Chinehat “dakuan 大e in tradition) is incongruentlM, such as wn” word is direxample (2) can

nternational Jou

mic functional

MEx= Main Verb E” (too) is the A; “la

he level of formuence and a tab

mic functional a

ween the gramarity, tense anis specified by (Halliday & Eword) expressitense), etc. AlEnglish sentenese Grammar h大款” is considshould have aly realized by

was in His obsectly used as an be shown in a

urnal of English

143

analysis of ve

Extension; A= Adjai 来” (to be) is th

m, because it dble of the relati

analysis of ver

mmar of Chinend modality, it

three particlesEllis, 1951). Ning the meaninlthough these mnce can be movhas its own sydered to be an an M, and this

a nominal groservation on tan M, and thisa tree diagram

Linguistics

erbalization of

junct; E= Ender.he M; “shunv 淑女

does not have ionship of logi

rbalization of d

ese and the grat has the Opers added to the

Nonetheless, thng of polarity marked words ved to the beg

ystem to expresM. This is becM is a kind o

oup in the wathe bee’s behas is exactly the

m in the followi

example (1)

女” (a kind lady) i

an obvious Mical form to sem

dakuan 大款

ammar of Englrator (O) to “hverb: le 了, gu

here are someand the word “function as Oinning to exhibss an interrogacause a normalof nominalizatiay of nominaliavior was caree lexical conveing Figure 10:

Vol. 7, No. 6;

is the MEx; “yixia

. In section 2.1mantics and sy

lish. When Enhelp” the M, wuo 过, laizh 来e marked wor“guo 过” (use, the usage of bit an interrogative meaning.l clause (otherion. We also nzation, the En

reful. Howeverersion of a nom

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a 一下”

1, we yntax,

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gative . Yet, r than notice nglish r, the minal

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Key. Cl= Cla

Example (to be a tea

Key. Cl= Cla

3.3 Chines

In ancientadjectives.of time anclassify it (see Wang

In English

(1) A short

(2) The sch

(3) The loa

(4) This in

Such usagFawcett (2occurs whclass occur

In the Cardmore, due (but this grammar):

(5) Zanm

(6) Zanm

(7) Ta chan

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Figu

ause; S= Subject; M

(3) is more or cher in charge

Figu

ause; S= Subject; M

se Nominal Gr

t Chinese, the . Yet, modern

nd location), beas the noun u

g, 1962). In add

h, there are som

t circuit will re

hematic of a p

ad-bearing inte

nstrument shou

ge of the nouns2000, p. 264), hen a unit fills rs above it in t

diff Grammar,to the embedd

is an advanta:

men Beijing jian

men dianhua lia

ng shijian juzh

In

ure 10. A syste

M= Main Verb; O

less similar toe of only one cl

ure 11. A syste

M= Main Verb; O

roup Used as a

noun is frequChinese nounsecause it break

used as adverbdition, some ev

me nouns prece

esult when cur

ressure reduci

ernal walls are

uld always be k

s above usuallythe complexit

an element of the tree structu

a prepositionading and fillinage to demon

n 咱们北京见

anxi 咱们电话

hu zaiBeijing

nternational Jou

mic functional

O= Operator; A= A

o (2), with the lass:

mic functional

O= Operator; A= A

a Prepositional

uently used ass barely deal wks the gramma

b, such as illusven hold that t

eding verbs or

rrent-carrying w

ng valve is sho

e cast from rein

kept dust-free.

y expresses thty of languagethe same class

ure”.

al group typicang occurrence, nstrate some l

见 (See you in

话联系 (Let’s c

他长时间居住

urnal of English

144

l analysis of ve

Adjunct; E= Ender.

second “zhure

l analysis of ve

Adjunct; E= Ender

l Group

s Adjunct (A),with the noun aatical rules. Asstrated by Ma the noun canno

adjectives too

wires touch ea

own in Fig 4.

nforced concre

——Wang (1

he meaning of e is in part caus of unit- and a

ally contains athe internal stanguage phen

Beijing)。

connect by pho

住在北京 (He

Linguistics

erbalization of

.

en 主任” as a

erbalization of

; C= Complement

, with the formas A (except ths for this phen(1898). Some

ot be A at all (Z

o. For example

ach other.

ete, generally a

987).

time, place, mused by the realso, in a loose

a preposition (ptructure of lannomena that c

one)。

lived in Beijin

f example (2)

an M. “zhuren

f example (3)

t; ∑= Sentence.

m of a noun phe nouns exprenomenon, som

consider it asZhu, 1982, p. 1

:

about 6in in th

manner, degreeecursion of emer sense, when

p) and a complnguage can be cannot be cle

ng for a long tim

Vol. 7, No. 6;

主任” here m

preceding verbessing the meae Chinese ling

s a word-class 141).

ickness.

e, etc. Accordinmbedding, and n a unit of the

letive (cv). Whrelatively comared in tradit

me)。

2017

means

bs or aning guists

shift

ng to “this same

hat is mplex tional

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In (5) Zan北京(only(in) is cove

Key: Cl= Cla

Key. Cl= Cla

4. Conclus

This paperfunction ostudy furththat the SFto study Rsuccessorssometimesthe follow

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nmen Beijing jiy have a head) ert, and this is

ause; S= Subject; M

ause; S= Subject; M

sions

r is a new attof the phenomeher indicates thFL can be appl

Russian, Germas. Last but nots MEx (as illuing Figure 14:

In

ian 咱们北京is a cv of the the same with

Figure 12.

M= Main Verb; A

Figure 13. A s

M= Main Verb; A

tempt of functena in lexical hat SFL is a glied to other dian, French, Japt least, the studstrated in secti

nternational Jou

京见 (which meprepositional g

h (6) and (7):

. A systemic fu

A= Adjunct; E= En

systemic functi

= Adjunct; E= En

tional syntacticonversion w

general linguisifferent languapanese, and evdy shows thation 3.2) and e

urnal of English

145

eans See you igroup (zai Bei

unctional analy

nder.

ional analysis

nder.

ic analysis whwithin modern

tic theory, justages (at least Cven Sanskrit, et the Chinese nven a pgp, and

Linguistics

in Beijing), theijing 在北京

ysis of exampl

of example (6

hich is to explChinese nomit like Huang (

Chinese) besideetc., which givnominal groupd the research

e Chinese nomin Beijing) in

le (5)

6) and (7)

lore the semaninal group. On(2007) has putes English. Thves enough resp can be functfindings can b

Vol. 7, No. 6;

minal group Bewhich the p z

ntics and syntn the one handt forward. It pris makes it feaearch space fotionally used abe demonstrat

2017

eijingzai 在

tactic d, the roves asible or the as M, ed as

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Notes. 1. ThWEALTHY M大”, “kuan 款

(“yong dianhsemantics- BChinese char长”, “shi 时”很长时间” (a

Acknowle

This reseaNominal GLi is the co

Reference

Fawcett, Rhttps:

Fawcett, Rand S

Fawcett, RLond

Fawcett, RLond

Gao, F., &

.org

Figur

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