A DISCUSSION ON FIRAUN AND RELATED TOPICS

8/12/2019 A DISCUSSION ON FIRAUN AND RELATED TOPICS

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The Identification Of Pharaoh During The Time Of Moses

M S M Saifullah, Abdullah David & Mohammad Ghoniem

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Assalamu ala/1um a rahamatullahi a bara1atuhu

0" Introduction

$reated for the %ur%ose of evangelising the native %eo%les the colonialists ere

encountering as the/ e2%anded across the globe, the missions of the $hristian

missionaries ere one of the breeding grounds for biblical archaeolog/ in the nineteenthcentur/304 5 and remain so until this %resent da/" Although the earliest e2cavations in

6g/%t ere not %ur%osel/ develo%ed ith the intention to underrite the biblical

narrative, scholars ere cogni7ant of the fact that ancient 6g/%t had been mentioned in

the Old Testament, %articularl/ in the boo1s of Genesis and 62odus"3(4 As the mass

e2cavation of 6g/%t bec1oned, the colonial %oers rushed forth to anal/7e a countr/ full

of ancient treasures s%anning different religions and cultures over several millennia" In

8ictorian 9ritain much of the %o%ular interest revolved around the ancient 6g/%tian


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connections ith the 9ible, es%eciall/ the 62odus narrative" It is in such a conte2t that

Amelia 6dards, an amateur 6g/%tologist, and !eginald Stuart Poole of the De%artment

of $oins and Medals at the 9ritish Museum, founded the 6g/%t 62%loration #und :no

6g/%t 62%loration Societ/; in 0**("3


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There has been a long tradition of resolving the statements made in the Old Testament

ith actual archaeological discoveries"3*4 One of the most ve2ing uestions is the

identification of the Pharaoh during Moses e2odus from ancient 6g/%t, a sub=ect of

intense debate among biblical scholars from a ide variet/ of theological bac1grounds"

These scholars can be broadl/ divided into to grou%s one hich believes that the 9ible

should be the sole basis of dating and the other grou% hich uses ancient near easternarchaeolog/ to date the 62odus" 9oth these grou%s em%lo/ certain assum%tions and

overloo1 certain details in order to reach their conclusions" As one ill observe, %roving

the efficac/ of the statements contained in the Old Testament is not ithout %roblems"

Ehat at first a%%ears a seemingl/ harmless tas1 has no thrust itself into the limelight

once again and highlights the grave theological %roblems associated ith editorial

u%dating as ell as numbers in the Old Testament, and the modern scholars ingenious

attem%ts to harmonise them ith the archaeological data" There are to models current

for dating the 62odus, the earl/5date model and the late5date model"3J4 9oth models are

based on a considered amount of data both biblical and archaeological" Cevertheless,

each model contains a single Kfoundational te2tL that is a te2t on hich the %ro%onents of

each res%ective model %rinci%all/ ground their entire argument and it is to this e noturn our attention"

E?6C IS A CM96! COT A CM96!

Identif/ing the Pharaoh of the 62odus according to the NconservativeN evangelical

%osition, the earl/5date model, is relativel/ straightforard and is %rimaril/ based on a

set reading of a single verse from the ?ebre Masoretic te2t being the boo1 of I ings0,

In the four hundred eightieth /ear after the Israelites came out of the land of 6g/%t, in the

fourth /ear of Solomons reign over Israel, in the month of iv, hich is the second

month, he began to build the house of the +O!D"30)4

It is generall/ agreed that Solomon ruled c" J') 9$6 due to s/nchronisms ith 6g/%tian

and Ass/rian historical records"3004 Therefore, according to the NconservativeNevangelical %osition, one sim%l/ adds -*) to JF' 9$6 :fourth /ear of Solomons reign;

to arrive at the figure 0--F' 9$6"30(4 All archaeological evidence is strictl/ inter%reted

in light of this date, i"e", one arrives at the date before one adduces su%%orting

archaeological evidence" The Pharaoh of the 62odus according to the ancient 6g/%tian

chronological data is thus Tuthmosis III :sometimes also ritten as Thutmose III; ho

reigned in the %eriod 0-'J50-(B 9$6 3#igure


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fashion and I ings 0 has led to a number of ingenious solutions of overla%%ing reigns

being read dogmaticall/ into the te2t, hich, ultimatel/, bases its authorit/ on the

creative inter%retation of its theori7er"30'4 9/ doing this, one abandons a straightforard

and literal reading of the .udges through 62odus narratives" In essence, e have three

dates for the 62odus, i"e", from the ?ebre Masoretic te2t, -*) /ears, the Gree1

Se%tuagint, --) /ears, and c" )) /ears, the %eriod derived from tall/ing the /earsbac1ards from I ings to the boo1 of 62odus" These chronologies b/ themselves do

not give an absolute date for the 62odus because the biblical data does not disclose

hen Solomon reigned" These dates, hen combined ith c" JF' 9$6, the fourth /ear

of Solomons reign :as obtained from s/nchronisms ith 6g/%tian and Ass/rian historical

records discussed earlier;, ould give the date of the 62odus as 0--F' 9$6, 0-)F'

9$6 and c" 0BF' 9$6, res%ectivel/" The rulers of ancient 6g/%tian for these dates

ould be Tuthmosis III :0-'J50-(B 9$6;, Amenhote% II :0-(B50-)) 9$6;, both from the

Ce ingdom Period, and A%o%his :c" 0B'B50B-) 9$6;, a ?/1sos ruler from the Second

Intermediate Period, res%ectivel/"30*4 The $hristian missionaries tacit %reference

hoever is Amenhote% II"

If the numbers re%orted in the ?ebre 9ible do not add u% or cannot be harmonised in a

fashion suitable for the conte2t, then the various theories of biblical ins%iration, infallibilit/

and inerranc/ are necessaril/ rendered void and the divine authorshi% of the Old

Testament overstated" Additionall/, one should note the theological convictions and

%resu%%ositions of those %ro%onents of the earl/5date model mean the/ dogmaticall/

adhere to the Masoretic te2t re%orting of numbers and are unable to %rovide a

reasonable e2%lanation of their %reference for the numbers re%orted there as o%%osed to

the Se%tuagint or Dead Sea Scrolls" The folloing to re%resentative e2am%les ill

serve to illustrate the fact that such an a2iomatic standard cannot be ado%ted ithoutdifficult/" In 0 Samuel 0'-, is Goliath si2 cubits and a s%an tall :c" J JN;, or four cubits

and a s%an tall :c" JN; The Se%tuagint and the oldest e2tant ?ebre itness Dead

Sea Scroll -HSama, hich %redates the oldest Masoretic ?ebre manuscri%t b/ around

0,))) /ears, agree ith each other against the Masoretic Te2t"30J4 !emaining in the

boo1 of 0 Samuel, ho man/ vessels are re%orted in verse (0-F0 Given the choice of

to vessels as %er Dead Sea Scroll -HSama, three vessels as %er the Se%tuagint and

four vessels as %er the Masoretic te2t, Parr/ o%ts for one vesselQ3()4 Such e2am%les

could easil/ be multi%lied manifold"

E?6C IS A P+A$6 CAM6 COT A P+A$6 CAM6

The %roof te2t of those scholars ado%ting the late5date model is based on a set reading

of the boo1 of 62odus 000,


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Therefore the/ set tas1masters over them to o%%ress them ith forced labor" The built

su%%l/ cities, Pithom and !ameses, for Pharaoh"3(04

!amesses II as 1non to have constructed the cit/ of Pi5!amesses :or Pr5!amesses,

lit" Nhouse or delling of !amessesN; and it became the ca%ital of his 1ingdom" 9/

stud/ing the usage of the name Pi5!amesses in its eg/%tological conte2t, scholars of

ancient near eastern archaeolog/ uic1l/ identified the residence named in 62odus 000

must be referring to the same cit/" Attem%ts have been made b/ those scholars ho

su%%ort the earl/5date model to N%roveN that the name !amesses e2isted before the

advent of !amesses"3((4 ?oever, of those cities that used the name !amesses, none

of them %redate the reign of !amesses II" This %articular issue as studied in5de%th b/

%rominent 6g/%tologist Sir Alan Gardiner over J) /ears ago"3(


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9$6 or 0(-0F( 9$6 if one follos the Se%tuagint a date in consonance ith the data

%rovided in 62odus 000" The value (B has been chosen due to its %o%ularit/" One ill

sometimes find ((, () and other numbers of the inter%reters choosing"3('4 The

%ro%onents of the earl/5date model argue that should the numerical substitution theor/

be carried forard to its logical conclusion, other numbers contained in the Old

Testament become meaningless and o%en to inter%retation according to the him andfanc/ of the inter%reter" Therefore, dogmaticall/ ado%ting the earl/5date model becomes

the onl/ meaningful solution for them"

!ealising the %roblem such an inter%retation of 62odus 000 %oses in that it directl/

contradicts the data %rovided elsehere in the Old Testament regarding number of /ears

ela%sed since the Israelites came out of 6g/%t, the %ro%onents of the %reviousl/

discussed earl/5date model, in order to esca%e the charge of historical contradiction or

anachronism, affirm that Neditorial u%datingN has occurred"3(*4 According to them, this

means that the name of the storeFsu%%l/ cit/ built b/ the Pharaoh called !ameses in62odus 000 as originall/ named something else" That is, the theoretical original

reading, hich is %resentl/ un1noable and cannot be ascertained from the e2tant

biblical manuscri%ts, has in fact been u%dated b/ an un1non, unnamed editor:s;

centuries after Moses allegedl/ com%osed his te2t" Other ell51non historical

anachronisms in the 9ible due to Neditorial u%datingN, to name but a fe, are mention of

the Pharaohs hen the rulers of ancient 6g/%t ere not even called Pharaohs,

a%%earance of the name Poti%har in the time of .ose%h hen the name Poti%har itself

%ost5dates both .ose%h and Moses, and the anachronistic mention of the coin daric in

the time of David" Thus the issue of Neditorial u%datingN leaves Moses seeing %arts of the

reigns of to Pharaohs as mentioned in the 9ible :62odus ((


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The Old Testament in ?ebre :hich as the Cative +anguage of the %eo%le of God of

old,; and the Ce Testament in Gree1, :hich at the time of the riting of it as most

generall/ 1non to the Cations; being immediatel/ ins%ired b/ God, and b/ his singular

care and %rovidence 1e%t %ure in all Ages, are therefore authenticall@ so as, in all$ontroversies of !eligion, the $hurch is finall/ to A%%eale unto them"3


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ac1noledging there are grave %roblems and insoluble errors in the 9ible" +et us no

move from the last article to the first article" ?ere the I$9I %ur%osefull/ omitted reference

to the number of boo1s com%rising the canon of the 9ible due to established historical

variances on the com%osition of the canon throughout $hristendom"3


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!ohl uncriticall/ acce%ts the chronolog/ of the 62odus mentioned in the ?ebre 9ible

even though there e2ists serious contradictions" Therefore, not sur%risingl/, according to

him, the 62odus ha%%ened c" 0--' 9$6 3#igure 04" In effect, !ohls attem%t ma/ be

considered as a subset to the earl/5date model" Eith his Nne chronolog/N the rulerduring the event of the 62odus as not Amenhote% II as tacitl/ subscribed to b/ the

missionaries, but Dudimose from the 0


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So Ee sent this ins%iration to the mother of Moses NSuc1le :th/ child;, but hen thou

hast fears about him, cast him into the river, but fear not nor grieve for Ee shall restore

him to thee, and Ee shall ma1e him one of Our messengers"N Then the %eo%le of

Pharaoh %ic1ed him u% :from the river; :It as intended; that :Moses; should be to them

an adversar/ and a cause of sorro for Pharaoh and ?aman and :all; their hosts ere

men of sin" The ife of Pharaoh said N:?ere is; =o/ of the e/e, for me and for thee sla/him not" It ma/ be that he ill be use to us, or e ma/ ado%t him as a son"N And the/

%erceived not :hat the/ ere doing;Q 3Huran (*'5J4

?ere God is narrating the event after the birth of Moses and ho he as cast in the river

onl/ to be %ic1ed u% b/ %eo%le of the Pharaoh" Part of the dialogue beteen Moses after

his return from Midian and Pharaoh, as cited in the Huran (0*5((, ma1es it %erfectl/

clear that this Pharaoh is the same Pharaoh ho too1 custod/ of Moses in his infanc/"

:Pharaoh; said NDid e not cherish thee as a child among us, and didst thou not sta/ in

our midst man/ /ears of th/ life NAnd thou didst a deed of thine hich :thou 1noest;

thou didst, and thou art an ungrateful :retch;QN Moses said NI did it then, hen I as in

error" NSo I fled from /ou :all; hen I feared /ou@ but m/ +ord has :since; invested me

ith =udgment :and isdom; and a%%ointed me as one of the messengers" NAnd this is

the favour ith hich thou dost re%roach me,5 that thou hast enslaved the $hildren of

IsraelQN 3Huran (0*5((4

?ere Pharaoh reminds Moses of the time that he s%ent as a child in his household andthe event hen he 1illed a man 3Huran (*


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The age of Moses hen he left for Midian@

The number of /ears he sta/ed in Midian@ and

The length of Moses second so=ourn in 6g/%t after returning from Midian"

#irstl/, the Huran does not state in hich /ear of rule of Pharaoh that Moses as born"This means that e can onl/ or1 out the minimum length of the reign of the monarch"

Secondl/, the age of Moses hen he left for Midian can be dran from the

commentaries of the Huran (*0-"

Ehen he reached full age 3balagha ashuddah4, and as firml/ established :in life;

3istaW4, Ee bestoed on him isdom and 1noledge for thus do Ee reard those ho

do good" 3Huran (*0-4

The Huranic %hrase balagha ashuddah in the above verse has given rise to differences

in inter%retation of hat e2act age is meant b/ it" #urthermore, this %hrase is con=oined

ith the ord istaW meaning settled or firml/ established" This suggests that the %hrase

balagha ashuddah a istaW refers to a stage of Moses life in hich he attained his full

%h/sical as ell as s%iritualF%s/chological strength" The commentators inter%ret this as

bestoing of Pro%hethood on Moses and the corres%onding age of -) /ears :See the

commentaries such as TafsXr al5TabarX, TafsXr al5HurtubX, TafsXr al5.alal/n, Al5ashshWf of al5ama1hsharX, etc";"

Thirdl/, after 1illing of one of the 6g/%tians, Moses immediatel/ fled to Midian after

learning that the officials in 6g/%t ere %lanning to sla/ him" ?oever, hat is not clear

is the time that ela%sed beteen the conferment of isdom and 1noledge on Moses

and his 1illing of the 6g/%tian"

Ehen he reached full age, and as firml/ established :in life;, Ee bestoed on him

isdom and 1noledge for thus do Ee reard those ho do good" And he entered the

cit/ at a time hen its %eo%le ere not atching and he found there to men fighting,5

one of his on religion, and the other, of his foes" Co the man of his on religiona%%ealed to him against his foe, and Moses struc1 him ith his fist and made an end of

him" ?e said NThis is a or1 of 6vil :Satan; for he is an enem/ that manifestl/

misleadsQN ?e %ra/ed NO m/ +ordQ I have indeed ronged m/ soulQ Do Thou then

forgive meQN So :Allah; forgave him for ?e is the Oft5#orgiving, Most Merciful" ?e said

NO m/ +ordQ #or that Thou hast bestoed Th/ Grace on me, never shall I be a hel% to

those ho sinQN So he sa the morning in the cit/, loo1ing about, in a state of fear, hen


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behold, the man ho had, the da/ before, sought his hel% called aloud for his hel%

:again;" Moses said to him NThou art trul/, it is clear, a uarrelsome felloQN Then, hen

he decided to la/ hold of the man ho as an enem/ to both of them, that man said NO

MosesQ Is it th/ intention to sla/ me as thou sleest a man /esterda/ Th/ intention is

none other than to become a %oerful violent man in the land, and not to be one ho

sets things rightQN And there came a man, running, from the furthest end of the $it/" ?esaid NO MosesQ the $hiefs are ta1ing counsel together about thee, to sla/ thee so get

thee aa/, for I do give thee sincere advice"N ?e therefore got aa/ therefrom, loo1ing

about, in a state of fear" ?e %ra/ed NO m/ +ordQ save me from %eo%le given to rong5

doing"N Then, hen he turned his face toards :the land of; Mad/an, he said NI do ho%e

that m/ +ord ill sho me the smooth and straight Path"N 3Huran (*0-5((4

The events surrounding the conferment of isdom and 1noledge on Moses and his

1illing of the 6g/%tian in the Huran are mentioned successivel/ suggesting that the/

ere %erha%s se%arated b/ a shorter %eriod of time" As it stands, this %eriod of time is anun1non" In Midian, Moses offered to hel% to girls to ater their floc1s" The father of

the girls agreed to marr/ one of them to Moses under the condition that he serves him

for * /ears and voluntaril/ for ( more /ears to ma1e it 0) /ears as stated in Huran

(*(B5(J"

Afterards one of the :damsels; came :bac1; to him, al1ing bashfull/" She said NM/

father invites thee that he ma/ reard thee for having atered :our floc1s; for us"N So

hen he came to him and narrated the stor/, he said N#ear thou not :ell; hast thou

esca%ed from un=ust %eo%le"N Said one of the :damsels; NO m/ :dear; fatherQ engagehim on ages trul/ the best of men for thee to em%lo/ is the :man; ho is strong and

trust/N ?e said NI intend to ed one of these m/ daughters to thee, on condition that

thou serve me for eight /ears@ but if thou com%lete ten /ears, it ill be :grace; from thee"

9ut I intend not to %lace thee under a difficult/ thou ilt find me, indeed, if Allah ills,

one of the righteous"N ?e said N9e that :the agreement; beteen me and thee

hichever of the to terms I fulfill, let there be no ill5ill to me" 9e Allah a itness to

hat e sa/"N Co hen Moses had fulfilled the term, and as travelling ith his famil/,

he %erceived a fire in the direction of Mount Tur" ?e said to his famil/ NTarr/ /e@ I

%erceive a fire@ I ho%e to bring /ou from there some information, or a burning firebrand,

that /e ma/ arm /ourselves"N 3Huran (*(B5(J4

It is not clear from the above verses if Moses fulfilled * or 0) /ears in Midian" In an/

case, e can ta1e a minimum of *50) /ears as Moses sta/ in Midian"


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#ourthl/, there is no mention of an e2%licit length of Moses second so=ourn in 6g/%t after

returning from Midian" Conetheless, there are number of verses in the Huran hich can

hel% to give us an idea of the length of time of Moses second so=ourn in 6g/%t"

Said the chiefs of Pharaohs %eo%le NEilt thou leave Moses and his %eo%le, to s%read

mischief in the land, and to abandon thee and th/ godsN ?e said NTheir male children

ill e sla/@ :onl/; their females ill e save alive@ and e have over them :%oer;

irresistible"N Said Moses to his %eo%le NPra/ for hel% from Allah, and :ait; in %atience

and constanc/ for the earth is Allahs, to give as a heritage to such of ?is servants as

?e %leaseth@ and the end is :best; for the righteous" The/ said NEe have had :nothing

but; trouble, both before and after thou camest to us"N ?e said NIt ma/ be that /our +ord

ill destro/ /our enem/ and ma1e /ou inheritors in the earth@ that so ?e ma/ tr/ /ou b/

/our deeds"N Ee %unished the %eo%le of Pharaoh ith /ears :of droughts; and shortness

of cro%s@ that the/ might receive admonition" 9ut hen good :times; came, the/ said,

NThis is due to us@N Ehen gri%%ed b/ calamit/, the/ ascribed it to evil omens connectedith Moses and those ith himQ 9eholdQ in truth the omens of evil are theirs in Allahs

sight, but most of them do not understandQ The/ said :to Moses; NEhatever be the

Signs thou bringest, to or1 thereith th/ sorcer/ on us, e shall never believe in thee"

So Ee sent :%lagues; on them Eholesale death, +ocusts, +ice, #rogs, And 9lood Signs

o%enl/ self5e2%lained but the/ ere stee%ed in arrogance,5 a %eo%le given to sin" 6ver/

time the %enalt/ fell on them, the/ said NO MosesQ on /our behalf call on th/ +ord in

virtue of his %romise to thee If thou ilt remove the %enalt/ from us, e shall trul/

believe in thee, and e shall send aa/ the $hildren of Israel ith thee"N 9ut ever/ time

Ee removed the %enalt/ from them according to a fi2ed term hich the/ had to fulfil,5

9eholdQ the/ bro1e their ordQ So Ee e2acted retribution from them Ee droned them

in the sea, because the/ re=ected Our Signs and failed to ta1e arning from them" AndEe made a %eo%le, considered ea1 :and of no account;, inheritors of lands in both east

and est, 5 lands hereon Ee sent don Our blessings" The fair %romise of th/ +ord

as fulfilled for the $hildren of Israel, because the/ had %atience and constanc/, and Ee

levelled to the ground the great or1s and fine buildings hich Pharaoh and his %eo%le

erected :ith such %ride;" 3Huran '0('50


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:a;

:b;

#igure


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/ears are not enough to account for the Pharaohs reign before Moses as born, the

%eriod beteen the conferment of isdom and 1noledge on Moses and his 1illing of the

6g/%tian, and the length of Moses second so=ourn in 6g/%t after returning from Midian"

#urthermore, there are other %roblems associated ith this %eriod too" Tuthmosis III as

still a /oung child hen he succeeded to the throne of 6g/%t after the death of his father

Tuthmosis II :0-*(50-*) 9$6;" ?oever, ?atshe%sut :0-'J50-B* 9$6; as a%%ointedregent due to the bo/s /oung age" The/ ruled =ointl/ until 0-'< 9$6 hen she declared

herself a Pharaoh" She is shon dressed in mens attire and administered affairs of the

nation ith the full su%%ort of im%ortant officials" ?atshe%sut disa%%eared in 0-B* 9$6

hen Tuthmosis III, anting to reclaim the throne, led a revolt" After Tuthmosis III

became the sole ruler, he had her statues and reliefs mutilated" Thus the actual reign of

Tuthmosis III as for onl/ Y


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One of the %rinci%al themes hich a%%ear in the Huran in the stor/ of Moses is that of

Pharaoh claiming himself to be the %rinci%al god" Does !amesses II fit the descri%tion of

a Pharaoh ho claimed to be %rinci%al god of 6g/%t +et us investigate"

Ehen Moses calls Pharaoh to orshi% one true God, the call is re=ected" Instead

Pharaoh collects his men and %roclaims that he is their +ord, most high"

?as the stor/ of Moses reached thee 9ehold, th/ +ord did call to him in the sacred

valle/ of Tua, NGo thou to Pharaoh for he has indeed transgressed all bounds And sa/

to him, KEouldst thou that thou shouldst be %urified :from sin; 5 And that I guide thee to

th/ +ord, so thou shouldst fear ?imN Then did :Moses; sho him the Great Sign" 9ut

:Pharaoh; re=ected it and disobe/ed :guidance;@ #urther, he turned his bac1, strivinghard :against God;" Then he collected :his men; and made a %roclamation, Sa/ing, NI am

/our +ord, Most ?ighN" 3Huran 'J0B5(-4

#urthermore, hen Moses goes to Pharaoh ith clear signs, the/ are re=ected as being

Nfa1eN" Pharaoh then addresses his chiefs b/ sa/ing that he 1nos of no god for them

e2ce%t him"

Pharaoh said NO $hiefsQ no god do I 1no for /ou but m/self""" 3Huran (*


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The hierogl/%hs give good information about the him" +et us consider three hierogl/%hs

from the time of !amesses II :ho had %renomen sermaatre5sete%enre and nomen

!amesses mer/amun;"

Stela no" -0) of ?ildesheim Museum shos to %eo%le, one is standing earing the

double cron ith the uraeus, a short s1irt, a nec1lace and holds the so5called

hand1erchief or seal in one hand 3#igure B:a;4" ?e is called Ning of %%er and +oer

6g/%t, the +ord of the To +ands K!amesses5mer/amun, the GodLN"3B04

:a;

:b;

:c;

#igure B Stela no" :a; -0), :b; 0)'J of the ?ildesheim Museum" :c; These have an

im%ortant inscri%tion sa/ing N!amesses5mer/amun, the godN" This inscri%tion is mar1ed

inside a red bo2 in both the stelas :a; and :b;"3B(4

On stela no" 0)'J of ?ildesheim Museum a man is de%icted earing a long garment tied

at the aist, offering to floers ith his right hand" In front of him is a table laden ith

various 1inds of offerings, and to stands ith a vase beteen them 3#igure B:b;4"

O%%osite him are to statues, each earing a short 1ilt, an artificial beard and the cron

of %%er 6g/%t, ith uraeus in front" Above these to statues and before them are the

ords N+ord of the to +ands Ksermaatre5set%enreL Monthu5in5the5To5+andsN and

N+ord of the diadems K!amesses5mer/amunL, the GodN"3B


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#igure A relief in the Great Tem%le of Abu Simbel shoing !amesses II venerating

!amesses II"3B-4

Our last e2am%le of the divine 1ingshi% in ancient 6g/%t comes from the Great Tem%le at

Abu Simbel 3#igure 4" An interesting relief in the Great Tem%le of Abu Simbel shos the

N+ord of To +ands Ksermare5set%enreLN :R !amesses II; offering to N!amesses5

mer/amunN :R !amesses II;" Obviousl/, !amesses II is orshi%%ing !amesses II here"

?oever, e also note that the orshi%%er and the one ho is orshi%%ed have to

different names and that these names are %ronomen and nomen of !amesses II,

res%ectivel/" A closer loo1 at the iconogra%h/ reveals that the orshi%%er and he ho is

orshi%%ed are not identical" ?e, to hom the offering is made, is adorned ith a sun5

dis1 and has a curved horn around his ear, de%icting his divinit/" Therefore, !amesses II

is not sim%l/ orshi%%ing himself, but his divine self"3BB4 $oncerning the Pharaoh, the

Huran also mentions that he e2alted himself in the land and that he as e2travagant"

9ut none believed in Musa e2ce%t the offs%ring of his %eo%le, on account of the fear of

Pharaoh and their chiefs, lest he should %ersecute them@ and most surel/ Pharaoh as

loft/ in the land 3Arabic fir an la5 Wlin fi5al5ardh4@ and most surel/ he as of the e2travagant 3Arabic innahu lamin al5musrifXn4" 3Huran 0)*


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Mont5in5the5To5+ands as herald, Sun5of5!ulers as vi7ier, .o/5of56g/%t :(,0; 9eloved5of5

Atum as ma/or" The countr/ has gone to its %ro%er %lace"3B'4

?ere e see !amesses II in e2alting himself in four different as%ects, vi7", as god,

herald, vi7ier and ma/or" This is as if to sho that he as ever/thing to the ca%ital, and

commanded ever/thing"

#igure ' Portra/al of !amesses II as the living god at the Great Tem%le of Abu Simbel"

?o as !amesses II e2travagant The Arabic ord musrifXn is derived from the root

sarafa hich means Nto e2ceed all bounds, be immoderate, be e2travagant"""@ to aste,

suander, dissi%ate, s%end lavishl/N"3B*4 In order to %romote himself as the living god,

!amesses II built colossal monuments throughout 6g/%t, hich he furnished ith

numerous large5scale images of himself" Perha%s the best e2am%le of his e2travagant

a/s to %romote his divinit/ comes from the Great Tem%le at Abu Simbel here

!amesses II is de%icted as god, and the deit/ !e5?ora1ht/ is %ortra/ed on a diminutive

scale in the centre of the 1ings four colossal statues 3#igure '4" It is here, the cult of the

living god as %racticed"3BJ4 Thus, !amesses II a%%ears to fit the Huranic descri%tion of

the Pharaoh ho e2alted himself and as e2travagant in his a/s to de%ict himself as adivinit/" The issue of !amesses II building colossal structures brings us to another

im%ortant statement made in the Huran concerning the Pharaoh 5 he is called the

Pharaoh of the atWd or +ord of the sta1es"

P?A!AO? 5 +O!D O# T?6 AETZD

The Huran %rovides another ver/ uniue and interesting descri%tion of the Pharaoh

hich can be shon to be %articularl/ a%%licable to !amesses II" This is the Huranicreference to Pharaoh in a cou%le of verses as dhul5atWd :Nof the atWdN or usuall/

translated as N+ord of the sta1esN;" The relevant verses are

Or have the/ the dominion of the heavens and the earth and all beteen If so, let them

mount u% ith the ro%es and means :to reach that end;Q 9ut there 5 ill be %ut to flight


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interpretations. Ibn Abb s said: It means the lord of the secure building. Al!"ah"h"k said:He o#ned man$ buildings% buildings are called a#td. Also according to Ibn Abbs as#ell as &atdah and At" _: He o#ned stakes and ropes and pla$grounds #here he #asentertained. According to al!"ah"h"k also (it means): the one #ho has strength and

strong hand. Al'alb and u*til said: He used to torture people #ith the stakes. +hen

he got angr$ #ith someone, he #ould la$ him do#n on the ground and fasten him to fourstakes. Then he #ould release scorpions and snakes onto him until he died. It #as also

said: he #ould stretch the tortured bet#een four pillars, each of his limbs #ould be nailed

to that pillar #ith an iron stake and he #ould be left to die. It #as also said: the lord of the

stakes means the lord of man$ soldiers #here the soldiers #ere called stakes because

the$ uphold his command like the stakes uphold the house. Ibn &uta$bah said: The

Arabs sa$, -their po#er has got stable stakes-, meaning that it is strong and permanent.

The meaning #hich #e are concerned #ith here is the description of the Pharaoh being

-of the buildings-. The &urans choice of this phrase could not have been moreaccurate. This is #hat distinguishes /amesses II from all other Pharaohs. /amesses II

#as involved in more building pro0ects than an$ other Pharaoh throughout the histor$ of

ancient 1g$pt. 2ommenting on /amesses IIs incredible obsession #ith building, 'itchen

notes that:

He desired to #ork not merel$ on the grand scale #itness the /amesseum, 3u4or, Abu

5imbel, and the no# vanished splendours of Pi/amesse but on the #idest possible

front as the $ears passed.... 6ut certainl$ in his building #orks for the gods the entire

length of 1g$pt and 7ubia, /amesses II surpassed not onl$ the 1ighteenth !$nast$ butever$ other period in 1g$ptian histor$. In that realm, he certainl$ fulfilled the d$nast$s

aim for satiet$.89;

5imilarl$, 2la$ton ackno#ledges /amesses II as a preeminent builder among the

Pharaohs of ancient 1g$pt and states that his greatest feat #as the building of t#o

temples at Abu 5imbel, especiall$ the et his genuine building achievements are on a Herculean scale. He

added to the great temples at 'arnak and 3u4or, completed his father 5etis mortuar$


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temple at


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Gigure B: The


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/amesses gathered from the literar$ evidence and other primar$ and secondar$ sources

from that period.

Gigure : 3ocation of Pithom and Pi/amesses in the 7ile delta region.

=phill noted the follo#ing nine ke$ features of Pr/amesses from said sources including:

a cit$ containing monuments naming Pr/amesses, a central position for ro$al residence

and governance, access route to Asia for the armies, suitabl$ large area for

correspondingl$ large population, suitable for the core functions of the Arm$ such as

head*uarters etc., monuments of /amesses II, relevant deities present, scale of site andmonuments ade*uate and containing a river port.89E; In the timeline of the ancient near

east, the construction of Pr/amesses is certainl$ unprecedented as =phill informs us,

Per /amesses #as probabl$ the vastest and most costl$ ro$al residence ever erected

b$ the hand of man. As can no# be seen its kno#n palace and official centre covered an

area of at least four s*uare miles, and its temples #ere in scale #ith this, a colossal

assemblage forming perhaps the largest collection of chapels built in the preclassical

#orld b$ a single ruler at one time.89B;

+ith the use of a caesium magnetometer, the first geoph$sical measurements of Pr

/amesses took place in 9.89; =sing the data gathered from the recent

magnetometer inspections, the latest pro0ections have sho#n the cit$ centreMro$al

residence comprised at least s*uare kms, around @.L s*uare kms more than had

been previousl$ estimated. It is hoped that continued magnetic investigation #ill

eventuall$ lead to a map of Pr/amesses covering at a minimum the cit$ centreMro$al

residence.8E; +ith all the focus on the cit$ centreMro$al residence, one should also not

forget to consider the large suburban Done, #hich, #hen factored into the calculations,

sho#s the ancient cit$ of Pr/amesses comprised at least @ s*uare kms.8E;5ometimes numbers alone do not conve$ the sheer scale of the construction. If #e

consider the area of Pr/amesses in comparison to other celebrated cities in the ancient

near east such as the famous ancient esopotamian cities of 'horsabad, 7imrud,

7ineveh and 6ab$lon, the area bounded b$ Pr/amesses easil$ eclipses them all.8EF;

2ommenting on such a gigantic feat of human engineering =phill further remarks,


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#ould be in total agreement #ith the fact that the bod$ of /amesses II has survived in a

mummified form. It #as discovered in BB among a group of ro$al mummies that had

been removed from their original tombs for fear of theft. Priests of the Fst !$nast$ had

reburied them in a cache at !eir al6ahari on 3u4ors #est bank.8EK; The mumm$ of

/amesses II formed one of the cache and its resting place #as Tomb 'E in the alle$

of 'ings. 7othing #hatsoever #as kno#n at the time of the revelation of the &uranabout the mumm$ of /amesses II.

A fe# #ords also need to be said about the preservation of the mumm$ of /amesses II

8Gigure ;. In EK, 1g$ptologists at the 1g$ptian useum, 2airo, noticed that the

mumm$s condition #as #orsening rapidl$. The$ decided to fl$ /ameses II to Paris so

that a team of e4perts could give the mumm$ a medical e4amination. ?n 5eptember F9,

E9, a Grench Air Gorce plane touched do#n at 3e 6ourget airport 0ust outside Paris

carr$ing the mummified bod$. /amesses II ma$ have been dead for more than @,

$ears but his mummified bod$ #as #elcomed #ith a ceremon$ fit for an$ living head ofstate.

(a)

(b)

Gigure : umm$ of /amesses II sho#ing (a) top and (b) side vie#s.

The idea of bringing the mumm$ of /amesses II to Paris for an e4haustive scientific

investigation #as the brainchild of !r. aurice 6ucaille. The pro0ect #as codirected b$

2hristiane !esroche7oblecourt, curator of 1g$ptian Anti*uities at the usSe du 3ouvre,

and Professor 3ionel 6alout, !irector of the usSe de lHomme.8EL; ?ne of goals of the

pro0ect #as to stud$ the remains of the Pharaohs mumm$ for evidence that #ould

complement that from other archaeological and #ritten sources. Ho#ever, the main

mission #as to rescue the mumm$ from ph$sical deterioration caused b$ fungus,


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bacteria and insects.8E9; !uring the e4amination, scientific anal$sis revealed battle

#ounds and old fractures, as #ell as other medical conditions. Grom the 4ra$ anal$sis, it

#as concluded that /amesses II #as suffering from atherosclerosis and an 4ra$ of his

pelvis sho#ed calcification of both femoral arteries.8EE; In the last decades of his life,

/amesses II #as apparentl$ crippled #ith arthritis and #alked #ith a hunched back.8EB;

It #as suggested that /amesses II suffered from ank$losing spond$litis, no# part ofrheumatologic folklore.8E; All these led 6ucaille to infer that /amesses II could have not

pla$ed an$ role in the 14odus as he #as crippled.8B; He claimed, using the biblical data

(14odus F:F@), that his son erenptah #as the Pharaoh involved in the 14odus after

/amesses IIs death. Ho#ever, a recent stud$ using better 4ra$ imaging and

unpublished radiographs has concluded that the diagnosis of ank$losing spond$litis as

reported in the literature is unsupported. The authors prefer a diagnosis of diffuse

idiopathic skeletal h$perostosis8B; (or !I5H) #hich is corroborated b$ the

archaeological and historical studies about the ph$sical attributes and e4ploits of

/amesses II.8BF; Thus, the possibilit$ cannot be re0ected out of hand that /amesses II

#as the Pharaoh #ho perished in the sea #hile chasing the 2hildren of Israel.8B@;

Ho#ever, it must be emphasiDed that the process of mummification itself convolutes the

information of actual cause of death. Therefore, the cause of death of /amesses II cant

be verified from his mumm$.


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8; . ! ZaDAndreu, A +orld Histor$ ?f 7ineteenth2entur$ Archaeolog$: 7ationalism,2olonialism, And The Past, FE, ?4ford =niversit$ Press Inc., 7e# >ork, pp. @@K. It

#ould come as a surprise to man$ that even a scientific discipline such as archaeolog$

had to find its place amongst contemporar$ political events in 0u4taposition #ith #estern

imperial and nationalistic ideologies current in the nineteenth centur$. Hence, in the

#ords of ! ZaDAndreu, -... archaeolog$ is not a valuefree and neutral social science aspreviousl$ presumed.- 8ibid., p. K;. 5een b$ man$ as the archaeolog$ of the 3evant #ith

a (evangelical) 6iblical bias, it is of course an entirel$ different discussion if such a

discipline named biblical archaeolog$ is even appropriate. Gor some topical vie#s see P.

/. 5. oore$, A 2entur$ ?f 6iblical Archaeolog$, , The 3utter#orth Press:

2ambridge (=')% . 2. oreland (1d.), 6et#een Te4t And Artifact: Integrating

Archaeolog$ In 6iblical 5tudies Teaching, F@, 5ociet$ ?f 6iblical 3iterature: Atlanta% T.

+. !avis, 5hifting 5ands: The /ise And Gall ?f 6iblical Archaeolog$, FK, ?4ford

=niversit$ Press Inc.: 7e# >ork% C. '. Hoffmeier Y A. illard (1ds.), The Guture ?f

6iblical Archaeolog$: /eassessing ethodologies And Assumptions, FK, The

Proceedings ?f A 5$mposium August FK, F At Trinit$ International =niversit$,

+m. 6. 1erdmans Publishing 2o.:


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8E; Gor a ver$ recent e4ample see C. '. Hoffmeier, -a0or


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K, ood$ Press: 2hicago, pp. F@FLF% A. 1. Hill Y C. H. +alton, A 5urve$ ?f The

?ld Testament, F, Uondervan:


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Period- in 1. Hornung, /. 'rauss Y !. A. +arburton (1ds.), Ancient 1g$ptian

2hronolog$, F9, Handbook ?f ?riental 5tudies 5ection , The 7ear And iddle 1ast

olume B@, 6rill: 3eiden Y 6oston, p. KF.

8; C. !. Ha$s, -/econsidering The Height ?f


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/ise And Gall ?f The @th2entur$ 14odus2on*uest Theor$-, Cournal ?f The

1vangelical Theological 5ociet$, FL, olume KB, 7o. @, pp. KEBKE% idem., -The

6iblical !ate Gor The 14odus Is KK9 62: A /esponse To Cames Hoffmeier-, Cournal ?f

The 1vangelical Theological 5ociet$, FE, olume L, 7o. F, pp. FLFL.

8F; . A.


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8@K; ibid., pp. F.

8@L; !. . /ohl, A Test ?f Time, L, olume I: The 6ible Grom $th To Histor$,

/andom House =' 3td.: 3ondon.

8@9; ibid., p. @@.

8@E; 1. Hornung, /. 'rauss Y !. A. +arburton, -2hronological Table Gor The !$nastic


2hronolog$, F9, op. cit., p. KF% '. A. 'itchen, -The Historical 2hronolog$ ?f Ancient

1g$pt, A 2urrent Assessment- in . 6ietak (1d.), The 5$nchronisation ?f 2ivilisations In

The 1astern editerranean In The 5econd illennium 6.2., F, Proceedings ?f AnInternational 5$mposium At 5chlo ;Haindorf, LthEth ?f 7ovember 9 And At The

Austrian Academ$, ienna, thFth ?f a$ B, 2ontributions To The 2hronolog$ ?f

The 1astern editerranean olume I, Qsterreichischen Akademie !er+issenschaften: +ien, pp. KLK9 Y p. K. This is a ne# revised version of 'itchens

article originall$ published in '. A. 'itchen, -The Historical 2hronolog$ ?f Ancient 1g$pt,

A 2urrent Assessment-, Acta Archaeologica, 9, olume 9E, pp. @.

8@B; !. . /ohl, A Test ?f Time, L, olume I: The 6ible Grom $th To Histor$, op.cit., p. @FE.

8@; 6. oung, -The Talmuds T#o

Cubilees And Their /elevance To The !ate ?f The 14odus-, +estminster Theological

Cournal, F9, olume 9B, pp. EB@% /. I. asholD, -?n The !ating ?f The 14odus-,

Presb$terion, F9, olume @F, 7o. F, pp. @% /. '. Ha#kins, -Propositions Gor1vangelical Acceptance ?f A 3ate!ate 14odus2on*uest: 6iblical !ata And The /o$al

5carabs Grom t. 1bal-, Cournal ?f The 1vangelical Theological 5ociet$, FE, olume

L, 7o. , pp. @K9% C. '. Hoffmeier, -+hat Is The 6iblical !ate Gor The 14odusV A

/esponse To 6r$ant +ood-, Cournal ?f The 1vangelical Theological 5ociet$, FE, op.

cit., pp. FFLFKE% idem., -/ameses ?f The 14odus 7arratives Is The @th 2entur$ 6.2.

/o$al /amesside /esidence-, Trinit$ Cournal, FE, op. cit., pp. FBFB% 6.


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'. A. 'itchen, -The Historical 2hronolog$ ?f Ancient 1g$pt, A 2urrent Assessment- in .

6ietak (1d.), The 5$nchronisation ?f 2ivilisations In The 1astern editerranean In The

5econd illennium 6.2., F, op. cit., pp. KKK. The dating here ma$ be slightl$

different but it should not make an$ impact on our argument.

8KL; 1. Hornung, /. 'rauss Y !. A. +arburton, -2hronological Table Gor The !$nastic


2hronolog$, F9, op. cit., pp. KFKK% '. A. 'itchen, -The Historical 2hronolog$ ?f

Ancient 1g$pt, A 2urrent Assessment- in . 6ietak (1d.), The 5$nchronisation ?f

2ivilisations In The 1astern editerranean In The 5econd illennium 6.2., F, op.

cit., pp. @K.

8K9; 1. Hornung, /. 'rauss Y !. A. +arburton, -2hronological Table Gor The !$nastic


2hronolog$, F9, op. cit., p. KK% '. A. 'itchen, -The Historical 2hronolog$ ?f Ancient

1g$pt, A 2urrent Assessment- in . 6ietak (1d.), The 5$nchronisation ?f 2ivilisations In

The 1astern editerranean In The 5econd illennium 6.2., F, op. cit., p. L.

8KE; +. C. urnane, -The 1arlier /eign ?f /amesses II And His 2oregenc$ +ith 5et$ I-,

Cournal ?f 7ear 1astern 5tudies, EL, olume @K, 7o. @, pp. L@% idem., Ancient

1g$ptian 2oregencies, EE, 5tudies In Ancient ?riental 2iviliDation 7o. K, The

?riental Institute: 2hicago (I3), pp. LEBE% A. 5palinger, -Traces ?f The 1arl$ 2areer ?f

/amesses II-, Cournal ?f 7ear 1astern 5tudies, E, olume @B, 7o. K, pp. FEFB9.

8KB; '. A. 'itchen, -/amesses II- in !. 6. /edford (1d.), The ?4ford 1nc$clopedia of

Ancient 1g$pt, F, olume III, ?4ford =niversit$ Press: ?4ford (='), p. 9.

8K; !. P. 5ilverman,-!ivinities And !eities In Ancient 1g$pt- in 6. 1. 5hafer (1d.)

/eligion In Ancient 1g$pt:


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Importance-, Annales !u 5ervice !es Anti*uitSs !e 3Ig$pte, LK, olume LF, pp. KK@LL, Plates I[[[II. ?ther important #orks are


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8LL; H. Te elde, -2ommemoration In Ancient 1g$pt-, in H.


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temples of Abu 5imbel, /amesses II and his *ueen 7efertari can be seen on p. F@9.

89@; ibid., p. F@9.

89K; 1. P. =phill, -Pithom And /aamses: Their 3ocation And 5ignificance-, Cournal ?f

7ear 1astern 5tudies, 9B, olume FE, 7umber K, p. F.

89L; . HamDa, -14cavations ?f The !epartment ?f Anti*uities At &ant]r (Ga*us !istrict)

(5eason, a$ Fst Cul$ Eth, FB)-, Annales !u 5ervice !es Anti*uitSs !e 3Ig$pte,@, op. cit., pp. @9B, Plates II% 3. Habachi, -'hat\na&ant]r: Importance-, Annales

!u 5ervice !es Anti*uitSs !e 3Ig$pte, LK, op. cit., pp. KK@LL, Plates I[[[II.

899; 1. 6. Pusch Y A. Herold, -&antirMPi/amesses- in '. A. 6ard (1d.), 1nc$clopedia ?f

The Archaeolog$ ?f Ancient 1g$pt, , /outledge, Ta$lor Y Grancis 6ooks 3td: =',

pp. 9KE9K% 1. 6. Pusch, -Piramesse- in !. 6. /edford (1d.), The ?4ford 1nc$clopedia

of Ancient 1g$pt, F, olume III, ?4ford =niversit$ Press: ?4ford (='), pp. KBL.

89E; 1. P. =phill, -Pithom And /aamses: Their 3ocation And 5ignificance-, Cournal ?f7ear 1astern 5tudies, 9, olume FB, 7umber , p. @E. =phill records a ver$ useful

table allotting points to the above listed cities based on this concise list of nine attributes

re*uired for Pr/amesses as discerned from the primar$ and secondar$ sources.

89B; 1. P. =phill, The Temples ?f Per /amesses, BK, Aris Y Phillips, +arminster:

1ngland, p. .

89; 1. Pusch, -To#ards A ap ?f Piramesse-, 1g$ptian Archaeolog$, , 7umber K,p. @.

8E; 1. 6. Pusch, -Piramesse- in !. 6. /edford (1d.), The ?4ford 1nc$clopedia of

Ancient 1g$pt, F, olume III, op. cit., p. L.


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8E; 1. 6. Pusch Y A. Herold, -&antirMPi/amesses- in '. A. 6ard (1d.), 1nc$clopedia ?f

The Archaeolog$ ?f Ancient 1g$pt, , op. cit., p. 9KE.

8EF; 1. P. =phill, The Temples ?f Per /amesses, BK, op. cit., p. FFE. 7.6. The

comparative calculations made b$ =phill #ere based on the measurements of Pr

/amesses available to him at the time. As #e have observed, modern investigations

sho# the cit$ is no# considerabl$ larger than previousl$ imagined.

Perhaps due to the uncertaint$ surrounding the identification and e4act measurements,

some modern studies still maintain 7ineveh and subse*uentl$ 6ab$lon #ere the largest

cities in the ancient near east. Gor e4ample see, 2. ork: (=5A), pp. EB.

8EL; . 6ucaille (Trans. A. !. Pannell Y . 6ucaille), ummies ?f The Pharaohs:

odern edical Investigations, , 5t. artins Press: 7e# >ork, pp. vii44.

8E9; 5. Pain, -/amesses /ides Again-, 7e# 5cientist, FK, Issue FKE@ (@th

7ovember), p. LK.

8EE; -/amses II (/amses The


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8E; 1. Geldtkeller, 1. 3emmel, A. 5. /ussell, -Ank$losing 5pond$litis In The Pharaohs

?f Ancient 1g$pt-, /heumatolog$ International, F@, olume F@, pp. L.

8B; . 6ucaille, oses And Pharaoh: The Hebre#s In 1g$pt, L, 7TT ediascope

Inc.: Tok$o (Capan), p. .

8B; A. 2. Aufderheide Y 2. /odrZgueDart Zn, The 2ambridge 1nc$clopedia ?fHuman Paleopatholog$, B. 2ambridge =niversit$ Press: =', pp. E (!I5H) Y pp.

FK (Ank$losing 5pond$litis). 6efore a B stud$ on 6ritish 5a4on and medieval

skeletons !I5H and ank$losing spond$litis #ere not separated 8ibid., p. B;.

Paleopatholog$ is the stud$ of diseases in the remains of ancient peoples and animals.

8BF; /. '. 2hhem, P. 5chmit, 2. GaurS, -!id /amesses II /eall$ Have Ank$losing

5pond$litisV A /eappraisal-, 2anadian Association ?f /adiologists Cournal, FK,

olume LL, 7o. K, pp. FFE. Also see A. 5. /ussell, -Ank$losing 5pond$litis ?r !I5H

In Ancient ummies-, 2anadian Association ?f /adiologists Cournal, FK, olume LL,

7o. L, p. @@L% /. '. 2hhem, P. 5chmit, 2. GaurS, -Ank$losing 5pond$litis ?r !I5H:

/epl$-, 2anadian Association ?f /adiologists Cournal, FK, olume LL, 7o. L, p. @@L%

5. Pain, -/amesses /ides Again-, 7e# 5cientist, FK, op. cit., p. LK% C. 1. Adams Y 2.

+. Aslop, -Imaging In 1g$ptian ummies- in !. A. /osalie (1d.), 1g$ptian ummies And

odern 5cience, FB, 2ambridge =niversit$ Press, 7e# >ork, p. @B.

7. 6. Gor the latest facial reconstruction of /amesses II face using a three dimensional

computer model see 2. . +ilkinson, -The Gacial /econstruction ?f Ancient 1g$ptians-

in !. A. /osalie (1d.), 1g$ptian ummies And odern 5cience, FB, op. cit., pp. E

E.

8B@; 5ta$ing active and getting regular e4ercise are amongst the best #a$s of managing

the s$mptoms of diffuse idiopathic skeletal h$perostosis (!I5H). A recent stud$ suggests

that the people suffering from !I5H sho# improvement #ith e4ercise therap$. 5ee the

stud$ b$ A. AlHerD, C. 5nip, 6. 2larke, C. 1sdaile, -14ercise Therap$ Gor Patients +ith

!iffuse Idiopathic 5keletal H$perostosis-, 2linical /heumatolog$, FB, olume FE, 7o.

F, pp. FEF.

8BK; 1. +. 3ane, An Arabic1nglish 3e4icon, 9B, Part @, 3ibrairie !u 3iban: 6eirut,


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FEFB.

8BL; ibid., p. FB.

8B9; Gor detailed discussion of Heb5ed festival see H. Grankfort, 'ingship And The

A DISCUSSION ON FIRAUN AND RELATED TOPICS

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