A Critical Overview of Disaster Theory
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Transcript of A Critical Overview of Disaster Theory
A Critical Overviewof Disaster Theory
David AlexanderUniversity College London
The Problem
Theorem: A better knowledge of naturalhazards will contribute almost nothingto resolving the disasters problem...
...unless context is taken fully into account.
Lesson to be learned:We will never even understandthe problem, let alone solve it,unless we start being realistic
about the world in which we live.
• colossal imbalances in power and wealth
• immense but eminently solvable problemsthat are not solved because there ispowerful opposition to attempts to do so
• huge differences in thedefinition of what is rational
• many key activities are notlegitimate by any standards.
What is the world actually like?
• community-level DRR: communities arenot homogeneous or harmonious units
• communities are notparticularly interested in DRR
• neither are governments
• disasters can be explained withreference to power structures
Terry Cannon's observations onDisaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
• people, governments & communities seldomact on the basis of evidence and research
• rationality can only be defined in context.
• corruption
• political decision-making
• shoddy building (often wilful)
• ignorance (sometimes wilful)
• seismicity.
What causes earthquake disasters?- in probable order of importance -
Without corruption, the impact ofthis earthquake would have been
about 10% of what it actually was.
• difficult to define
• virtually impossible to measure
• extremely pervasive, endogenous
• moral and ethical frameworks vary
• links with other ills (black economy).
Corruption
NB: Correlation does not prove causation, but....
www.bbc.co.uk/news
"Our research shows that the successof early warning is largely determined
by politics, not science."- Chatham House, London
• widening wealth gap since 1970
• failure to divert resources fromresponse to prevention and mitigation
• half of world trade goesthrough 78 tax havens
• one fifth of world trade is illicit(drugs, armaments, people, species)
• relationship of proxy wars to aid.
Reality check:
• consolidate power structures
• augment profits
• allow introduction of convenientlyrepressive measures
• permit gratuitous social engineering.
The economic and socialVALUE of disasters
• resources that debilitatelocal coping capacity
• munitions, military hardware, soldiertraining and some humanitarian stuff
• an instrument of political influence
• a means of liningcertain people's pockets.
What is aid?
• BIG concrete on poor people's land
• of direct benefit to the donor countries
• aid is in DEEP CRISIS.
What is aid?
Disaster Risk Reduction
On the nature of theory
"Theory isour roadmap"
Prof. Thomas E. DrabekUniversity of Denver
The road map to what?
• disaster risk reduction• adaptation to dynamic risks• crisis response planning• emergency management• recovery planning and management
Theory tells us what we can and cannot do.
In the DRR field, theory is unique- or at least rather distinctive:
it cannot wait 100 years to be tested.
Theory, if it is any good,• explains• connects• validates• qualifies• makes more
efficient.
Pioneers in DRR
Rev. DrSamuel Henry Prince
1885-1960Nuova Scotia,
Columbia University
ProfessorHarlan H. Barrows
1877-1960Michigan,
Chicago University
1920
1923
Gilbert Fowler White 1911-2006
"Boundedrationality"
Herbert Simon, 1916-2001homo economicus
In disasters and disaster risk,how important is gender?
Kobe 1995 earthquake deathsby gender and age
― males ― females
Long term
Short term
Emic components
Etic components
METAMORPHOSISOF CULTURE
Experiences of culture[mass-media and consumer culture]
Accumulated cultural traits and beliefs
Inherited cultural background
Ideological(non-scientific)interpretations
of disaster
Learned(scientific)
interpretationsof disaster
BENIGN (healthy)at the service of the people
MALIGN (corrupt)at the service of vested interests
interplay dialectic
Justification Development
[spiritual, cultural, political, economic]
IDEOLOGY CULTURE
Can we define disaster?
1998 2005
HUMANCONSEQUENCES
OF DISASTER
“ORTHODOX” MODEL
PHYSICALEVENT
HUMANVULNERABILITY
“RADICAL CRITIQUE” (K. HEWITT et al.)HUMAN
CONSEQUENCESOF DISASTER
HUMANVULNERABILITY
PHYSICALEVENT
LET'S CHANGE THE MODEL:-
HUMANCONSEQUENCES
OF DISASTER
HUMANVULNERABILITY
CULTURE HISTORYPHYSICALEVENTS
CONTEXT & CONSEQUENCES
known knowns- things we
know
Modified Rumsfeld Classification
unknown knowns -things we
don't realisewe know
known unknowns -things we
know we don't know
unknown unknowns -things we
don't know we don't know
Rese
arc
h a
ndapp
lica
tion
sInt
ens
ify
searc
hBroa
den
our cultureW
e ca
ndo noth
ing
DETERMINISMCause Effect
PROBABILITY(constrained uncertainty)
Cause Single, multiple or cascading effects
THE KNOWN
THE UNKNOWN
PURE UNCERTAINTYCausal relationship
unknown
Greyarea
Cascading effects
Collateral vulnerability
Secondarydisasters
Interaction between risks
Climatechange
Probability
Indeterminacy
"Fat-tailed" (skewed)distributionsof impacts
C
E
E
E
E
C
E/C
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E/C
(a)
(b)
C – causeE - effect
Disaster
Resilience
The "cradle"of resilience:
Canonbury TowerLondon N1.
Built in 1509to survive the
Universal Deluge:inhabited in 1625by Francis Bacon.
Francis BaconSylva Sylvarum, 1625
LAW
STATESMANSHIP
LITERATURE
SCIENTIFICMETHOD
MECHANICS
MANU-FACTURING
ECOLOGY
MANAGEMENT(ADAPTIVE)
CHILDPSYCHOLOGY
ANTHROPOLOGY
SOCIALRESEARCH
DISASTER RISKREDUCTION
SUSTAINABILITYSCIENCE CLIMATE CHANGE
ADAPTATION
c. 50 BC
AD 15291625
1859
19301950
1973
2000
2010
NATURALHISTORY
• an objective, a process or a strategy?
• a paradigm, diverse paradigms?
• 'bounce-back' or 'bounce-forward'?
• focuses on the community scale?
• can reconcile dynamic & static elements?
Resilience
Resilience Vulnerability
Riskamplification
factors
Riskmitigationfactors
Totalvulnerability
Risk perceptionfactors- +
positivenegative
DIALECTIC
Vulnerability
Total: life isgenerally precariousEconomic: people lackadequate occupationTechnological/technocratic: dueto the riskiness of technologyDelinquent: caused bycorruption, negligence, etc.Residual: caused bylack of modernisationNewly generated: caused bychanges in circumstances
RESILIENCE:as a material has brittle strength and ductility:so must society havean optimum combination of resistance tohazard impacts and ability to adapt to them.
RESILIENCE
Social
Tech
nica
l
Physical
Psych
ological
CLIMATE CHANGEADAPTATION
DISASTER RISKREDUCTION
OTHER HAZARDSAND RISKS
naturalsocial
technologicalintentionalcompoundcascading
SUSTAINABILITYSCIENCE
RISKSdaily: unemployment, poverty, disease, etc.major disaster: floods, storms, quakes, etc.emerging risks: pandemics, climate change
SUSTAINABILITYdisaster risk reduction
resource consumptionstewardship of the environment
economic activitieslifestyles and communities
SUSTAINABILITY
Conclusion: thewords of a dwarf perched on the
shoulders of giants
• advances in knowledgehave had a positive impact
• the whole problem is betterknown than ever before
• interdisciplinary research and problem-solving have made some progress
• but the balance is still weighted heavilyin favour of a worsening situation.
Correcting a one-sided picture:-
• realism helps
• transparency is necessary
• gross inequality is in no one's interest
• national policies are needed and can work
• cultivate a flexible attitude.
The positive messages
THE PILLARS OF MODERN LIFE
idealismprinciplebelieffaith
fanaticismultranationalismauthoritarianism
backlash
virtuecharityservicedefence of principles
unscrupulousnesscorruption
opportunismcensure
capital availabilitywealth diffusionfinancial security
financial repressiondebt burdenconsumerism
ingegnuitypragmatismtechnological progress
crass materialismgalloping consumption
pollution and wastetechnological hegemony
Ideocentrism
Morality
Luchrocentrism
Technocentrism
SPI
RIT
FLESH
PHILOSOPH
ICAL
MECHANISTIC
Positive Negative
...culturally conditioned.
Ideocentrism+ ideal: effective disaster mitigation- fanaticism: politicization of humanitarian relief
Morality+ virtue: untiring application of mitigation measures- corruption: failure to observe building codes
Luchrocentrism+ financial security: monetary reserves vs. disaster- financial repression: poverty --> vulnerability
Technocentrism+ ingenuity: new hazard monitoring systems- technological hegemony: unfair distribution of
mitigation benefits
Earthquake disasteras a negative windowof opportunity
But at the bottomthere was hope....
"Pandora's box"theory of disasters
Organisationalsystems:management
Socialsystems:behaviour
Naturalsystems:function
Technicalsystems:
malfunction
VulnerabilityHazard
Resilienc
e
Politicalsystems:decisions
[email protected]/dealexanderemergency-planning.blogspot.com
Ishinomaki, Japan