A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO PREVENTION

Presentation By:Patrice AllenShaji DanielGary Dobbs

Hsiu-Kuan TsaiTeresa Vazquez

What happens after you build a relationship with your clients?

Many counselors do emphasize the importance of relationship building most counselors emphasis the necessity of further intervention for change to occur.

Approaches to counseling and psychotherapy traditionally have focused on the one of three intrapsychic domains: Affect, Cognition and Behavior

1. Affect- referring to feelings we experience and express2. Cognition- are the thoughts we think3. Behavior – are overt acts we do

Change and Intervention

Most clients report that the reason they seek counseling is to change painful feelings such as anxiety or depression and recent research indicates that depression and anxiety show larger changes than any other domain after counseling.

Were to start is the big disagreement between counselors and psychotherapist. The three systems should be targeted but where to start can be controversial.

Permanence o change –If we change behavior without attention to underlying feelings will the problem resurface elsewhere? Desynchrony- even if a client changes their behavior , weeks may pass before the corresponding feeling change occurs.

Ready…set…go?

Research findings support the general efficacy of counseling, another words clients who receive treatment enjoy improvement than do two-thirds of persons who do not receive counseling.

Not anyone approach can be superior, and most research shows that not one method is superior.

Social learning approaches are superior to impatient clients.Cognitive and behavioral methods appear more effective with impulsive clients who are also depressed and anxious.

The text emphasize the benefit for beginning counselors to familiarize themselves with basic theory and practice of many approaches.

Efficacy of Counseling

45. Basic Counseling Text

Theory and Practice of Counseling & Psychotherapy

By: Gerald Corey

Current Psychotherapies 8th

By: Corsini and Wedding

The Skilled Helper, 9th

By: Gerard Egan

The following text present overviews of various counseling approaches, professions, and basic counseling skills.

46. Person-Centered Counseling

Person centered, client-centered, or nondirective theory centers on the work of Carl Rogers.

Client centered counselors tend to see there clients positively and use empathy, warmth, support, unconditional positive regard and genuineness.

Counseling notice their clients feelings and empathized with those feelings to help clients fully experience their affect and become more open to their life experiences.

47. Behavior Counseling

Behavioral counseling tends to be the pragmatists of the counseling profession.

They maintain that since it is the behavior that we ultimately want to change, then it is the behavior that we should target in counseling.

Whether it is to stop smoking, anxiety about school performance or depression, counselors prescribe, a regimen of relaxation and assertive training. Another example may be is a child is misbehaving a counselor may teach the parents about rewarding the more appropriate behavior.

48. Cognitive, Cognitive/Behavioral Counseling, and Social Learning Theory

This represent the latest movement in the counseling profession.

These counselors focus on inappropriate thoughts that cause harmful and painful feelings.

Cognitive, Cognitive/Behavioral Counseling, have proven to be the most effective approach for helping clients with depression, generalized anxiety, phobias, panic disorders, and OCD.

48. Cognitive, Cognitive/Behavioral Counseling, and Social Learning Theory

On, Social Learning Theory, special emphasis is placed on individuals learned expectations.

As a result from their individual experiences individuals learn the following:

a. Some event are ore personally rewarding then others.

b. Certain behavior can produce desired events, although there maybe events that are uncontrollable.

c. People differ in their feelings of competence for doing the behaviors that can produce desired events.

Help to modify clients expectation, exp. Snakes

PresentationBy

Shaji Daniel

Gestalt Counseling

Fritz Pearl is the counselor most strongly associated with Gestalt Counseling

The goal:◦ to help the client move towards self-support

Emphasis is given for body movement as a method of ◦ experiencing feelings and ◦ facilitating psychological growth.

Pay particular attention (as in the Person-centered Counseling) to ◦ noticing client feelings, ◦ Staying in the here- and now, and◦ Avoiding intellectual analysis of problem

Gestalt Counseling

Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Counseling

Sigmund Freud established the foundation psychoanalytic counseling

All other psychoanalytic and psychodynamic counseling theories evolved from there.

Freud’s theories on unconscious and personality development led to the development of indigenous counseling techniques ◦ Later different counseling theories were developed ( e.g. Behavioral

counseling, rational emotive therapy) were developed as a radical departure from Psychoanalytic theory.

Making the unconscious material conscious ◦ To help counselor and client to gain insight into mechanism of

psychological adjustment

Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Counseling

Psychoanalytic Counselors attempt to understand the client through client- therapist relationship

Bring transference (the projection onto the counselor of clients’ feelings toward the authority figure – e.g. parents) into open

◦ This helps the client to:

gain new understanding of their psychological processes, and ameliorate troubling symptom

Psychoanalytic (Cont.)

Existential Counseling

Existential Counseling◦ Examine the role of abstract and philosophical

issues in the psychological lives of the individuals

◦ grapple with basic dimensions of life and death more than any other counseling approaches,

◦ People are viewed in two terms: Being (an awareness of oneself) Nonbeing (a loss of identity)

◦ Anxiety as the experience of the threat of imminent nonbeing.

Existential Counseling

According to Existential Counselors◦ Client seek counseling to expand their

psychological world◦ Knowledge and insight follow behavioral change,

not vice versa. ◦ The job of the counselor is to expose oneself to

clients By doing this clients can become aware of similar

qualities in themselves

Existential counseling (Cont.)

Group Counseling

Group counselors: ◦ Subscribe to any of the counseling approaches ◦ They ,in common, recognize the benefits of working

with more than one client at a time Counseling can be done efficiently if the members of the group

as selected based on a relatively similar problem Interaction is done between the members than with the

counselor◦ With therapeutic groups, the role of the counselor is

more a facilitator than an active participant or a leader The group counselors supply group rules and emotional

challenges They also provide high amounts of support and interpretation of

group process.

Group Counseling

Presentation By:Gary Dobbs

53. FAMILY / SYSTEMS COUNSELING

FAMILY / SYSTEMS APPROACH

• RELATIVELY NEW• LOOK AT THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL

SYSTEMS ON THE CLIENT• GOALS OF THE COUNSELOR:

– METHODS OF COMMUNICATION W/IN THE FAMILY, FAMILY STRUCTURE, AND MEMBERS’ GROWTH

GESTALT: PSYCHOLINGUISTICS: HOW LANGUAGE INFLUENCES WHAT WE THINK, DO, AND FEEL

54. MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING

A MULTICULTURAL APPROACH

EMPHASIZES CULTURAL, ETHNIC, AND RACIAL INFLUENCES ON COUNSELING PROCESS

COUNSELOR SHOULD: ◦BE AWARE OF OWN VALUES AND BIASES◦ATTEND TO POTENTIAL INFLUENCES ON

COUNSELING PROCESS BROUGHT BY CULTURAL BACKGROUND

COUNSELORS SHOULD:◦SEEK CULTURALLY SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE

WHEN WORKING W/ A FEW DIFFERENT CULTURAL GROUPS

◦APPLY THEIR KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS IN A CULTURALLY SENSITIVE MATTER

◦FIND A BALANCE BETWEEN THE CLIENT’S CULTURAL BACKGROUND AND THEIR INDIVUALY UNIQUENESS

A MULTICULTURAL APPROACH

55. THE FEMINIST THEORY

55. THE FEMINIST THEORY

5 CORE VALUES◦1. HOW DOES SEX-ROLE SOCIALIZATION

INFLUENCE PERSONAL AND VOCATIONAL CHOICES

◦2. LOCATING CAUSES OF PHYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN THE ENVIRONMENT INSTEAD OF INTRAPSYCHIC CONDITIONS

55. THE FEMINIST THEORY

• 3. ENGAGING IN SOCIAL CHANGE ACTIONS THAT MIGHT IMPROVE WOMEN’S PSYCHOLOGICAL AND

PHYSICAL HEALTH• 4. AN EMPHASIS IN EQUALITY IN

RELATIONSHIPS• 5. WORK TO RAISE PERSONAL AND

SOCIAL CONSIOUSNESS ABOUT WOMEN’S ISSUES

Presentation By: Angela Tsai

56. BRIEF THERAPY

•Major Focus:Cost limitsTime limits

•Primary Goals:Reduction of symptomsRestoration of functioning

•Emphasize:EfficiencyOutcomesBenefits of provided services

56. Solution-Focused Therapy•Key Concepts:

Positive OrientationLooking For what is workingEmphasizes client strengths; minimize intervention Focus on current and future goals

•Basic Assumptions:The client is the expert on his or her own lifeSmall change lead into bigger changesThe client have all the resource they need to change There are advantages to a positive focus on solution and on

the future.There are exceptions to every problem

56. Do they( BT, SFBT) work?

• Consumer Reports survey(1995)– More improvement

• Steenbarger, 1994 – No different for BT

• Kopta ,Howard, Lowry, and Beutler(1994)- Acute ( temper outbursts and hopelessness): quick improvement- Characterological (paranoia and sleep trouble) : take longer to evidence change

57. Integrative Approaches• Common factor approach

- There are common elements in different therapeutic approaches

• There common elements:- Developing a therapeutic relationship- Creating or discovering a shared worldview- Increasing the client’s expectations for

improvement- Choosing or creating effective intervention

57. Integrative Approaches

•Common stages of change- The different interventions can be more effective

in certain stage•Six common change stages:

-Precontemplation: little or no awareness-Contemplation: aware of problem-Preparation: intend to change-Action : changes behaviour-Maintenance: continue the change-Termination: problem solved

58. Narrative Therapy•Key issue:

- Focus on the role of language and stories

- Encourage clients to tell their story- Assist clients to find methods to overcome

obstacles •Process:

- talking narrative - make sense of narrative (meaning making)

•Advantages:- Positively affect psychology & physical health - Strengthen the working alliance - Help clients re-experience emotional events- Come to a coherent understanding of the evens - Can be combined with any other approach

Presentation By:Teresa Vazquez

59. New and Emerging Approaches

New counseling approaches are continually being introduced yet many disappear after a few years. Listed below are a few new approaches which according to the author may stick around a little longer.

1.Acceptance and commitment therapy- http://contextualpsychology.org/

2. Schema Therapy- www.schematherapy.com

3. Emotion-focus Therapy

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

1.Acceptance and commitment therapy

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a unique empirically based psychological intervention that uses acceptance and mindfulness strategies, together with commitment and behavior change strategies, to increase psychological flexibility. Psychological flexibility means contacting the present moment fully as a conscious human being, and based on what the situation affords, changing or persisting in behavior in the service of chosen values.

This theory focuses on the idea that some individuals focus on having to much control of a situation which leads them to psychological problems. Example: A client is obsessing about a 70 hr. work week.

The therapist would help the client to perceive these thoughts as thoughts, accept them with out struggling, set goals in relation to what the client values in this context and act to fulfill the goals.

Schema Therapy

Schema Therapy- www.schematherapy.com

Schemas are seen as self-defeating themes that individuals continue to repeat throughout there lives.

The goals of Schema Therapy are: to help patients to stop using maladaptive coping styles and thus get back in touch with their core feelings, to heal their early schemas; to learn how to flip out of self-defeating schema modes as quickly as possible to eventually to get their emotional needs met in everyday life.

Emotion-Focus Therapy

3. Emotion-focus Therapy- “Whereas thinking usually changes thoughts, feeling uses changes emotion.” in other words people who wrote about the facts of a traumatic episode did not show improvement whereas people who wrote about emotional aspects did.

60. Research on Counseling and Psychotherapy

Research in counseling focus on process and outcome questions.BASICLLY: Is counseling effective?

Basic and previous research, most reviewers would say yes, but a clear and present factor is that counselors are asking better questions.

Research also shows that no one approach is universal, in the sense that not all clients respond uniformly to a specific approach.

Although a research-based approach is a great place to start most counselors adapt and individualize there approach understanding that with each client unique elements will arise.

61. Other Important Sources

The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology

By: Adler, A.

The DSM-IV-TR

Authors

Clinical Textbook of Addictive Disorders

By: Frances. R, Sheldon I. Miller

Reality Therapy: A New Approach to Psychiatry

By: William Glasser

61. Other Important Sources

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