9JIKaL;~ ::-f'r- IV - Pile... · which haro booa ooam to aoro thaa ono phoao of tho Pllo Projoot...

llOOI IT • 711.1 i'WOJ!'A!!

c::ua•iaTi"*iic~·u"i•~"'"l 11&1'1 (, /z. o J 7 z. ... 'lllf ........ c.. .... J

I 9JIKaL;~ ::-f'r- WQPSJ :~ • - ·-

~-··

I t±*mw£i

Thio voluao of Book IT of tho ^ianhattaa Hatriat Mi*tor/ hao

bora wrlttoa to prorido tho k-oador with tho background noooaoary

for a oloaror undorataading of tho auooooding — Trow of thio book.

A briof dloouooiaa of tho Indopandont roaooroh oa radioaotirlty and

nuoloar phyoloo loading up to tho dlooorary of ylutonlua la proooatod*

ao wall m tho M a tniatratiTO arroagoaoato undor whloh tho Pllo

Projoot hoo oporatod froa Joauary 194* to SI noooabor 1946. Poatureo

which haro booa o o a m to aoro thaa ono phoao of tho Pllo Projoot

■ro inoludod la thla roluaa to avoid ropotltloa la ouoooodlai; roluaao.

Book IT of tho Maahattaa Dio trio* Hiotory ha* booa wrlttoa ao of

IX Daooabor 1944* la aa offort to proooat a ol«ar« ooasrohoaolvo

hiotory of tho Pllo Projoot to that dato, adauto dotallo and highly

t.chaioal dloouoolooo haro booa avoided whoravar poaaiblo.

Tho annaarji ooatoiao aa abotraot of ovory aaln subjoot troatod

la tho toxt and lo koyod to tho tori ia auoh a aanaor that paragraph

nuabaro and hoadlngo ia tho suaoary oorroopoad to tho varlouo oootloao

ia tho tozt«

3*o oupploooatary aatorial, or roforoneoo aro inoludod la **\r

▼oluao. A. gloooary of torao io prooentod la Appendix a.

Othor phooao of tho hiotory of tho Pile iYojoot aro doaoribad in*

Book IT - Vbluao 2 - Raaaaroh

Book IV - Voluao S - Dooiga

Book I? • Toluao 4 - Land Aoquioitloa# H.H.5T.

FOREWORD

Book IV - I'oluro® 6 - Cons tmotio:a

Book IV - Volume 8 - Operations

F 2

31 Deooaber 1946

7ar. No*

i M A m K DISTRICT Bln

W O K 17 ~ t'XLa W J T C f

vom m i - asm tm features

fAStt OF GOJJTSWtS

F o m m o

SUMMARY

SECTION 1 - I N T l i O W C T m

1 -1 Objective#1 -2 Scop®1-3 Authorisations

sscfioK 2 * sAfiti m w w B m r s

2 - 1 Natural Radioactivity 2“2 Artificial Disintegration2-3 Discovery and Effects of Neutrons £■**4 Fission

SECTION 3 - AIMISTRATIOH

3-1 General3~2 Rational Defense Research Committee (NDRC)3-3 Offic«^>f Scientific Research and Development

3-4 Manhattan Engineer District3-5 Administrative Jurisdiction

SECTION I* - PHASES OF TUB PILE PHOJ8CTU-l General4-2 Research 4-3 Development 4-4 Design4-5 Selection of Contractors

3. University of Chicago b* Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation c. a . I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc*

\ * * '.general .filaetric Company4 -0 Coordination

Page Ho.

1,11*11.2

2.12.12.22 .2

3.13.1

3.23*23.3

4.1■s*24*3k*34.3!;*3lx.ll4*54*6M

'U-, .10,

jrW-i, Av** „? *“ .

S~1 ' Oemral £#i5-2 ^«taH?srslcal Laboratory 5 ',15-3 Clinton Xa'i:K»r«tc«pies 5,1 >4 Hanford ‘Ungiwew *'oncks £ ,I

S'-'XJHCH 6 - EiTSLLTCS^ICB AKD S^CBKXTT

6-1 General 6 ,1 6-2 /inployraent 6 ,1

distribution of iafocncatioa 6,16«*lj Cn-Projoot Investigation* 6,16-£ Physical Security 6*26-6 Security of Cnforreation 6*2

SECTION ? - LAW 3SHJRCMSHT AMD JURISDICTION

7-1 Oeneral 7*1 7-2 Jtariadicrfcton 7 ,17-3 laar Suferceaent 7 ,2

SECTION 8 - CARE OP HEAL BSTATB

3-4 General 3 * 18-2 Village Rsaidencea and Buaineaa .Buildings 8*18-3 Farma and Orcharda 0*1 34i Irrigation Dlstricta 8*2 --5 Sfcreeta and Highways 3%23-6 Electric Power Linsa 3.23-7 Railroads 3*3

SECriOM 9 - ORGANISATION AND FERSQHMBL

9 -1 General ^*1 9*2 kjirerninent 9*1

a* national Offioiala 5 ,1b* Research Agencies 2 *1c* Manhattan Snginaor District % 2

2-3 Contractors ^#2a* University of Chicago 9*2b, K* I* du Pont da Nemours and Company, Inc*, 9*2c, General Electric Company

- APP3NDIX A - 01035ART

IHDRX

ii

pl utmil-. ?h.11 -" !Dvol 'Nd tMoretJ.col 4t •'dlee, . 111/ .. 11>.l a t>d ..-J.•

oai ~ • .,..., <1.-1-t .... n .. tiae llOUl.4 al1 ..... u. ..,..ui.1-

u oo <>t • ou1t.ule alto. a....i - c!ft1cn, • ..,.ir.lct:1_ ..i _...u ,.. ot

:tarp • • l e ~roduotlon !'acll1t1•• "1U.Ollt - benJ1t or oam;>leto ....

z. r.i-11 "wnlo

dlo.>.,....l"Od l a 15~ bf II. ~l. Thl.a >Ork Wiii t»ll- b:; the llo

la tl·>n or n.dilO - the J h c......,. !hot Ulcri ..., palaa1,., r.a1..,.. &"'1

touatice ot an a_tona 1-• aoo : .,, .. bJ" t h9 -1.11110. or • •1.ncl• al;ata

er beta putlole _. "' "> u od b)' ll. !lt!L'>lrtard and ~. Sodd;J 1" 1902.

?be 3.t'ttt!.o.1.al carvor•1c:i ot oce ohlAio•l o l tX»Ct to a notbar uu ao:occ-

p' S3!¥MJ ~ '?V..hcrlord. ill lil$t. .1o rGW• h1,;:h o:Ml!:f nwlJ.a~A 'f:ll• C::O~ioed

ln 1!>32 cxl J . ~wl ::::C .. TO{tO&cd tll&t. tills :-aa a~ • .& .DOW.r:al

d r f l f l f Tv c v n n

by ssany attaipts to convert uranium to m m olor.ento higher in the atonic

scale by bombardment with neutron.. This work established the fact that

uraniua-235 and uranium-238 fission upon bombardment. In 1940. h o m w ,

evidence obtained proving that uranium can undergo trmnmautation to

new elements higlwr la the atoaic scale. This « u followed by the die-

oovery end isolation of plutonitmu

8. Administration. . sttort* were cede to Interest the Ocvernasnt

la resesroh oa uranium fission beceuse of the possible military use of

the large aaounta of energy released by fiealoa. This resulted la the

formation of the Advisory Coamittea oa Uranium. With the organisation

of the National Defense Research Committee* nuclear physics researoh oa

uranium was conducted at several universities under HDHC contracts. Xa

Oeoesaber 1941, the t&ranium Section was reorganised under the Qffioe of

Soiantifie Research and Qsveloptnent and aa "all out" effort wee begua

et the tmivereity of Chicago under the direction of Dr. A. H. Ccrspton.

The Manhattan Engineer District was organised and assuoed over-all

direotloa ef the Pile Project effective Id August 194*. The OSHD re-

.mined in charge of research until 1 Hay 1949 whea the Sushettaa Dist

rict assumed full jurisdiction over all phases of the Project*

*• p*maa< °** ***• Pile PTojcot. - The evolution of the Pile frojeot

differed from the usual procedure because the urgent military need fcr

plutonium did not permit the completion of the ou«ternary exhaustive

research end pilot plant studies prior to design and oonetructlon of

the large scale production plants. Ihe research program was conducted

under the auspices of the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of

Chicago* The separation chemistry of the Pile PTojcot was studied on a

32

a11 "'fi! .. (iltli }1'111f~!llfl

! :t!!! J.ff ti~~~ .. • j

I -.e ·~;- if i~I t ~ :. ·!i •t·.. f • f

i= 1i~illjt 1' 4ll ;rf ( i i ~,, .. i"'r ,; 1 1 1~l11 1~

ir ! 1 · - i i r t • .. 1 ¥ ~ a i ·-

: l ~ i f ! ! . ? l 1 . f ! . f t I I I ; I f ;

:'§! jr1f.r 1 .111~ -~ - i i:Jii~! ~fJJ ,,-t;firl

' , ,~

G* a # gea u rj^ . ?he objective* o f th» P ile r-rojeot

diraotly affootod the >utcarr» of the ^ and I t «m » th H ita i. neoes.

sary &at s tr ic t secrecy bs mintained*. fcoh onploryee*# personal

history *as cheeked and, a fter m vXoymntt each person *a» ^ aoeea.

to only such information as wm necessary fo r tfas aoepUbioa o f h i*

task* Personnel wrere allowed to enter only those arsas in «hioh tfMy

worked and *ere constantly w inded af their security o b lig a ti***

mT* pa^rollod by Contractors* guards and M ilitary Polio©*

7* - ^ - ^ i>oro aanfe and Jurisdletlctu * rhe p ro lan o f law en force

saant and jurisdiction m » latch greater at the SmTord Btsgineer ffcrfes

than at the itaiversity of Chicago or at the Clinton Laboratories hmwnrf

of the at** o f the Project and the msaber <*f persons p lo y ed * Zte Jtate

o f flM htn*w aslntaiae* jurisdiction ow r th* Project aal its law m m

aoforoad by the C«*fcractor*s patrolnett, afeo worn deputised by the Bentm

County sheriff* A special set o f tra m * mguUMm* w e enacted by

the ^arraiss loners o f Beaton Comty, fb» antlre reservation was restrlo -

ted and no oontraband, mmh a# oo*»rae» firearm , and U*ocr# was

permitted on the plant area*

8* ^ a»tat»« • The area of the' Hanford .Ingiaeer tforfen

inoludsd several ooiaaualtlee* xaany & r » and orchards* and sever*!

utilities* ISwt of the dwell!*©* and business buildings mrm m o d

dur5ng the construction period but have since been boarded up. at ao».

wrfced for other uses* The farm and orolnrdS haw been operated by

Fradoral Prison Industries. One jfrrigatioa district 1* being used ani

ths other has been abandoned. The highways and railroad .have been

improved suid one oleotric power line has boon diasvmtled rfhile the others

34

M i d i ii» m p t

are being maintained and aome portion* ar® ia uaa.

9# Psrsonns1. - The Pil. Projeot was formsd under

the National ?ef«nse Heseareh vosmittee and was later direoted by a aub-

oomitfeM of the Office of Scientific Tte*earoh and Development. In

August 1942 tha Manhattan engineer District was formed and from 1 May

1943 unljtjl 51 Decsaber 1946 tha Project has been undap tha diraotioa of

'^ajor General i. R, Groves. Cel. K. D« Sichol*, as District Engineer,

and Uol* F, f, ilatthias sad it* Cel. f, J, Clarke, aa Area Engineers,

hare directed tha Sanford Baginaar Works aotlritiaa. Dr, a. S. So*pton

has served aa Diraator of tha ttetallurgio*l Projectj tha VSX Division

of tha iSaplosives Department and tha Sngineering Department of tha du

Pont Company were ia oharga of dasign and construction of tha Hanford

Engineer Storks and Clinton tabors tar las and of operation of tha Hanford

Sngineer tforke, until 31 August 1944, at which time, tha Ceneral Slaotria

Company assumed responsibility for operating tha Sanford phase of

production.

35

:J.UllATTA..~ LllSTRlCT rttsT"BY

500I IV .. f'U.E .PnOJBD!

VOUIMS l .. :JE'.mllAL 1'KA.1'1IRBI

i-1. ·:Jb;l!~.,... - the ~·11• l'l'ojff"'b• lmollfll u 'th9 z:-10 fr•j•n

alJlil d'••ari'b94. ta ~lM aua.•4ln.= YOJm.•• ...,.. a-~ .. 4 t• tar.ntpt.

t.h9 pro~ 1.nrol..-.4 1.n, tM ft'tabli91-n.• ~ & CIOll'trOlh4 ee1.fw

auatai.Ding •ohal.D re9'0tlon. .. ~o dw<Nl.op naa't•rt&M ·-.nd. •Uiod9 l!iliOll' eu.i. ~ f ,r:ir "tM proo•N• u cld:I. p. and OOiilttrut"t: "tM ... ._ __, ni•••• U4 ~111& .ta91Ut1.e•, -and 'tel prnduM ithl qua-ti1ill•• d

.wpla.atonJ.11a•• dl•'t•M• by .SlU:_,. ~- la U. ~ p1119d.blei

tl•·

l. '!hear•tieal mwl•M' ph,pioal ·~ ot the .tbe.loai

_. u--.w••Soa pr..,.. ....

.z:. 1b.e ptvaloal -4 ob9.!oa1 :r-•1..-M. •-••--r- -t• ••~

U.k a •-.11-oale lbala r•.otd• ...a W S.Gla'Ce

-~ qUaJt.tl.-1.. ot' p1~mdua.

a. S'Mh dn9lof en uMI •pt.1• -pbat1•• tirn.HpdGml ..

~ 111111111.d au ... t:e ~ -tM• pr ....... '°" i-c-••i&J.e ot-,..ttcm.

•• l'b9 ~P ot larp-.oal• 9roduot1oa plan't9 w1 thou~

O.a.et1- ~ .... ,1.t. !N ..... GI"' pllat plan' lri~·

JJ•t-lom.

ti• ?he aoqui8l td.oa ~ an .,... ol l~,. lllt"tlot•u•q l.N'p

for the production plants and attendant service and

housing facilities, yet remote from large centers of

population, and near abundant supplies of water and

electrical power*

9* The construction of intricate production plants, on

which the design was ever-changing, and attendant

service and housing facilities, in ths shortest pos

sible time, during a period in which the supplies of

labor# construction equipment, and building materials

were already inadequate*

?* The full-scale operation of unorthodox production

plants without the benefit of complete research or

pilot plant investigations*

«* Bie protection of all personnel Area the serious health

hasards that aeeoapany all stages of the process*

1-3* Authorisation*

a* All action in connection with the institution and prose-

outicn of this project was taken under authority granted by Congress in

the Acts which are described in another book (Book I)| the funds used

wore likewise appropriated by Acts there described#

b, Under the authority vested in hi* by these Acts, the

President of the United States issued orders and authorisations which

are described in the sans book (Book I)#

o* Major General L* ft* Groves directed or authorised the

general policies and directives under which the JJanhattan District

carried out the work* The 3-1 Committee of the OSHD and the Military

1*2

Policy Comittss r . # U t . « 4 th.tr Ssural appror*! of th* b*«io dooUioas

irrrolvod, as rtoordsd in tho *iaut»s of asstlags or in other documents U

t iw pro jest filss« (Hook III, Appsadix Dl| i h also Ssotioa Organise

tion and Fnrseaast).

SECT 10# 2 - EARLY DEVELOPMENTS

2“U ^ ural R*dlo»otl7lty. - "natural radioactivity’** was dia-

ooverad in 1896 by 3. Becquercl* He had wrapped a bit of a uranium

salt in black paper and placed it near a photographic plate with a

sheet of silver between the aalt and the photographic plate, ifter a

few hours a distinct photograph!* effect m m observed which indicate*

that the uranium salt gave off setae radiation sufficiently penetrating

to pass through the silver plate and affect the photographic emulsion.y

Subsequent experiments with different salts of uranium proved that the

emission came fro* the uranium* This work was followed lay the iso*

lation of radium by P* Curie and H* Curie in 189* and the discovery

that thorium, polonium, raditas* and actinium also gave off penetrat*

ing radiations* A great many substances were later found to be radio*

active, but practically all of these appeared to come originally Stem

either uranium or thorium* Subsequent work proved that three series

of naturally radioactive elements exist* The starting materials,

uraniiu&-2$®, uraaium>»288# and thorium, disintegrate naturally, forming

radioactive elements lower in the atomic seal** This cycle Is re*

peated until stable isotopes of lead are fcrmsd as the final products

of all three series* The flret general theory of radioactive trans

formations, that the disintegration of an atom is accompanied by the

omission of a single "alpha particle"* or "beta particle,"* was pro-

posed by 2* Rutherford and F* 3oddy in 1901*

artificial Disintegration*"* • The conversion of one ele»»

sent into another, the dream of scientists since the earliest days of

~' - HMla. .......... 11ir L a.tll·f:fw• la llU. ..... ,.,_.

w '"-~ ................... us.s... ....... ...-U•2-

._...,,._. ,riu:A UIM u. &lz? ~ - •=• 11 la .. ••It•

• - .1 -. n.ladwJr ... •··· 11 • ~ •••• (•r'l • ......_ • •....s.. 211 .. ., e1...- _.•est le-'"""" rr • .... .. , ,,_ w. •11 • .. ..U - ._... .. _ 1wu • ., U•I- • ___. -.-----. -· ~

'llWS1 JI .... ? ... ,. ........ _ ......... a.. ·• 111 •• -· alt

- n'"eet• - W~•11r 11e1&1 ... ._ '9 e. •···-• .,, ........

n. ._..el 1.- Olde, - •• -llf11 .. la,._ ••••I~ W. - rn&n

na.. • u ,.. ... ,. •••• te••••• ti It .td1 ..- a aw• co r 1ft...._ .... - ......,,.... ..... u , .... 'Jffnil ... ~ ,..,.. J1f.

~. Ille -- ..... d Wd9 ........ u- - .......... . 8. Ont'-• la~..._ :i.. z> sl a.. a ua._al ,..U_. J•& ttS..

...... ~ .. -- - ....... --·~ .. n:•l••al

.....iu •. as. ....... ,........._ s. h = • • • • :t a- u..i ..

••1- 1111 n ·~ ... •tw. ~ ....._ ... a ••• • 'Dli ••we_, el

tld9 ~ z ro. _.....,. ,.u.i. q · •• u.a .., r_. cud wt~.,...

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...... IQl.e •~ ts.M •wr1 ''• tM .-U•l.e r•ft- .......

..... n..1 ...... -11- etl _..._ ....... ., •• w ...

s1w11 ...

diwoww4 111PM by J. «Mt hit Fim * * «ttrt» u * • •■**"» «(mhnmi «t*» m m k * ly * b y 4 r « c m « * & »

** * * n w w * l y w » f«r «or« lm jrrhtflu rUio-

Mtinty. a» mum tM **• mm «t» r*#*u «r «* im ii M a P <rf ***** * + * r n * * m m * V m « * tiurt*

If thSj w « r«pwrt*4 M W t l ila*«# tt* «M*a> «f th* amtrt* v w » U

te •• r»*i*t «*t t)» Wm&mi «t m mmm m*U Wmm. m% 1 k m * H i m wrtrt*** « * a « b* jwrti#«Urly in «— tf,n

wit* v m U t a M r * W «f ^ «*

«**rgr# « * *f ur«alwi tgr «ufc mutemm aitfrt M l to th*

fttrm&ita *f «f «* «* « m»b«r kleh*r Umi « . xt *m A * «m 4

ty 3 W hi* m m M m * * # «» iw i » t »

dlff«r«ttt Hal# jwri«t* nwr» etworrM for ttiM pedwrtt, whidi 1*4 t*

Xa idftf 9t H«2ai ms4 1%. StvMMnMnii fwod tkrt o irU ii of tfao prtfliitli

rtattlt&ag fir on to* totafearferat «f yrwlw* with nmrfr m* iwr* r**Hy

****$— * h**im «at Im tium m * % k V I t ft*? * 4 * A»

lm U S i tad J* *# Bwoiftf tat kin i » 1M0 to rn * tiu* *i«*

awrtr** mwl fittloi «f urwltt tw «h*r*«« fw% n*utr«» om*** ftaaloR *f u m d t » I M « M o o p t m t * of th# n * * l m gr<N*a« r « m 4

fch* «v!4*sim for tht txltttao* «f e lsw te 9S» N , Mf *n| M

Ftwd twUtvM ht h*4 obtain*** Bewmr, in 1M0, 8* ifeltlUaa tt»l

F* ff« AW Iifli obtain** ttidoao# that amttroa bwrt>*rdb»iiit of o m iu i

$i*tt ur«aiu».W » »Mo)t dtotyt wit* ft «h*U of 8S MtwftM to

■ * * * ■ * » » • " » » U w » . t , M N m « , auiuww, * . a. im o .

*si J« W* disoersre* the element M (plutoulu*) ehleh wee

lmter f swat t* be plutoaiua-zsi, fhtwilaa lil t m dissever** hy

®* T* 3#*bw*K* ** *«grt, l« w, b n « ^ rt and I. o* Lesreaae early la

1M1, The first pure plateata»4*9 was lseUte4 la the fora ef its

s«spetin*» la August mni September I M S kjr 8* B. <*PMln«h«s and his e»»

workers*

a-i ....... 1 ... Ill~ .. tlMi ........ lllll.Ut11r7 .. o6 ...

1m"8ll --- 91 --· ........ lW ~ • ,, ... el ~ . 91 .... ~ ............. t.. u. a.1...- .............. --i:.

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---·· ·211·~ • u, - ....... . tit I k d ,.a.lfllt ... ,.U .. Mall .......... ..-SU. .ui'-7

J.at••... .... ··-· ..... lll*r-•--·· ~ --_,... ............... , ... _ ............ . ......... a.A Jlllllll$ • ell ti•dr'-•

•• .... ia 0 .. i.- .. "dlllli .. _, '\I IHl:I - !st• ... la

.. liuw .. "" Dr .. •llt••I•• ..... tlllt .U ~ i.-lt I ••• sub w

........_r-i.• .. 1a-.~e1 .. ....,.o z-.. 1llrwblll.. .... • ..... .... .... 11 ................ ,... .. __

... ·~· .. ··-· .... --ia.19· -... -, ""°" .... -Ali.ti•• tr *M -.,. ... ...,, 119 6tal r••=-.

W.. _.. I Da1w !On• .... f

t.t... ~ u. at&-1 a.t •• m ••• a0•111.1••

~ - T "NI. la,_. lN9 ... tilie .U.S.9' G ,._ -

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omtlll..U r. ... ._. .. I.a -:a.w )Ip.I• ...... 'H••• tlllllt -

-···

- ~• ••••• .......... • r • ._. ,.. .......... tr .............. 29 ......................... .

... •• q' • ._ ,................ ,.,,

... 1 . ......... "" ............. fl ..... ;: ,. ,.,. ••••• _ ... ---·--.··-··-..

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••••• ... -....... #SIM._•• ft11~

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.. ....... . .. . ........... ·---· ....... -···= ---- ..,,

.. ... ... , 11.ne..-11 .............. W.A.-..111 '5?11 ... ....

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.. - .... , ...................... , .... Ill - • ... u.. -· -- .... , ............................. •a... .... ·--·I ., Still. ..................... MU.1

,,,. - ...... _. .... .

Na•-~ ....._ r P• !!?! !Jd 1s lf!'!!Or .... • """"' e1 • .. , .. , _..

111"91, 'at *• 'fti ....... ... W.I' '• D 1W 1MS. lrlp4'•

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f/l•cll 1_.. .... ._ ....... -. ....... -aJ 8 tlal •• 1M

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mt ·1 tlrll a.an'? ' -.., • m 1s•• - .. ~ wa Mt•t ..

............ -............ . CZ 0 It

IMJl 5 3

.... ~ ,._ ... ·- J.19 .. .lfftl lllla ........

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2

,_ - .a.a 7 , •• ••otl'i&-- - ,_ -· ...... - .,

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.... 1rl1mt., _. -•••1w ~· n11•... Im MIU...._ -. ...-.. ..

..... ,.. • ._. ..... a,..,......._,...._.._.... ....,...., .... ... •.....U.C ~- t:w ..._, ... ~ .. ,,.- ..... n. .-Utr ., ... ---._ -. tlllil• p••• ta "' a "r ..... , •• ...,._. .,... • ._, el -. .,.._

-..s- JJha .. (- ft&. IJ ... t11ie 1Mt ._ ..... '1_.. ..,..

...

delivering plwtoaloo ayproatlaatoly throo yaaro nftor tha aaatrallaatloa

of r m m h uador tho Jlotnllorglaol Projoot.

*-»* P f y t U p ^ i , - Tho Gliataa laboratorloa m doaignad tad

M M t r a i M il OaH X t ^ f t w i m , m * ' n a k w k i * * u 4 pilot float

for tho dovolopaoat »f tb« " w p i n t i M ahoalotry*a of tho m o Projoot.

Thia W f M t l t m pilot plaat |1m « tho M M I N l vaa M l •uffioicntlp

adraaaa* ft* fete tin* oporatloaa bogoa »l Clinton Ubomtorioo

b#omw## *f »*Ut»ry it 1U luporatioa that d u l p and ««».

atmotlan of tho prodaotloa plaato it tho 8M f « H b | i « M r *orka pro*

aood pilot plant r m l t oaald It « H » M to fiol, joaip

oorh on tho ffaaford plaato aad fete ailatoa Uboratarioo «ao ^ogroaoiag

a* tho « • « U«i, Sooolto ooro ahtnlao*, haoomr, at Cliatoa Labora*

Wri#* *• aoaoidomhly la tho aolation of operating

problaoo o* the laafard Snglaoor Arti,

^ Stf.Slft* * **• *••**• •* **• prodoation plaato at tho ftaafard

Snglaoor *orko raqulrod ooaploto corporation batonaa tho roaoarah u 4

daalga organlaatlona, tiaoo thaao plaato a m tho firat of their typo

to bo daolgaed and tho doolgn had to bo aeffieiently floaifele to pomit

ahaagoo diotatod by anhaaqneat roaoarah tad oponiiot, Thia «aa par*

tiottlarly tree ia tho dealga af tho Separation Plants ohioh were

finally doaigaod far tho uao of oithor of too preeaaaea* tho quality

af tho dooiin oork oao thorn by tho abilitf of the Pileo to oporato

under uaforaeeea oenditlone and tho ability of tho antiro plant to

praduoo at or above tho propoaod aapaaity (800 Tel. «).

*-*• Saiaatloa of Sontraataro.

*' M y w f * * y of Chjaago. - Tho ooatraat for tho roaoaroh

4.1

.. fAll••.. .... .. I 0 1

............ 1 • ., Cid• ............ ,._

' SES. -ICW •lllfll ... D9 ft.la~ l1a DI• rt• UIQ .... M-..,

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.. .... ~Iii - , ................................ ...

_. _.. ...... , •• 41 · A... tll--- If ala4 ;· ....... --~ ·

,...:l'lr ........ ,._. ,.,.,,.._ ••••• ... .Uulr11 I .... , ..... .

.. .. ... 1.-. ·---··- - ...... ,,, ........ ,,. 1:111¥•

....... ID -· - ... Rief ... JO .... . as. ---- rmP ·-·.a ...... _.,._..._. - • r• ....... l•a.. .. M ._ aMll .. eal ld•d&,j ·~'.

I > ...... "1111; :n:i.tp ....... Mzilil 2 S : •• &! i I tllls•

... , d-d-' !Mt ... ,_. - 'W' .. s•l l ' JSS ...... :..

.. ....,,,..,_I '±•••.,-_. ¢ •••le# .. II rMI• ~ ... ' ..... a.i-··- ... ~

••-.. • Ill !NI., • .. all• el ._ Aas

_. "" ... ..._ nu ....... :a.-• .. ~ • .... I.Ml•••• dtlli ~

r.- tllie ....U. Ill tu- _. aMm I I 13'• 11121 be IM-.. _.

......_..., -~oa1 .... •M11-...aall••••..._.._,...,.. 1111'G.t:t11tz1•st=• •••& n• _...... f-. llU.._.._._. ft._

»» oaryy !*• MilfiMft aa tk# wi* JYojoot Arofraa, t*o

<?«apa#jr aado tToilablo «h* aajor portioa of Ito dot If a mi oesotruo*

tlaa ar*aniantl«». AM tha paak af aatirltjrf Jaaa 19dd#

90* of 1«» daalfft and aonatrnatloa flaraaa n r * aaplayad on tha Pila

frajaat ^ N M M l **ff t n u f t m d f H t othar da Pont plant*

•ad tralnad far Sdafard Stiflnaar *arka oparatlna a* tha Katallurgiaal

Labaratarjr and at CXlataa Ubaratarlaa. Tha T rim CaatraaW aaardad

aaay •abaontraata far apaalallaad *ark, la ardar ta faallltata aanatwa-

tlaa by atillaUf aa mail privately cwnad aqalpaaat at poaalbla and ta

radaaa tha bardaa af labar raaralteaat.

*• <” » !> Maatrla taapanr. • Oft I Saptaabar 1MI( taaoap-

tlaa af raapaaalbUltgr ralatlaa ta aparatla* af tha Saafnrd ftt«iaaor

Wtofe u d alliad raaaarah w a nadartafca* by tha Oaaaral Slaotrla Oaapaaf,

Tha aa* aantraat far aparatlon «aa ldaatlaal ta that uadar whlah da

fc*t had aparatad ftraa tha aoaplatlaa af aaaatraatiaa la Karah ltd*

wstll I Saptaabar 1MI, tha ahaaca balag tha raaalt af da l*at*a aal*i

aataay ratlraaaat froa tha atoala flald*

*"** $2£&5S£iS2S? * *** ***•♦«* ^ tha Pila fra jaat la tha <i 1

aahiavaaaat af tha aaahlaad afforta aad raaoaroaa af aur aalantlfla

laatltntlaaa, Inina trial arganUatlon*, aad (Nrraraaaat, Tha oaordl*

natlaa and dlraatiaa af thl» JVojaat, with ita prafata aalantlfla aad

aaflnaarlnf prablaaa, fcara baan a graat faat af adalalatratioa* tha

aaaaptlaaal dagraa af anoaaaa la attrlbntabla ta tha high oallbra,

alaaa aaaparatlaa, aad foraalght af thaaa paraoaa rapraaaatlag tha

Mrvaral raapaaalbla orgaalaatloaa la naaaf*naat# aalaatlfla aad taah*

nlaal advaaaaaaata, aad aaflnaarlnf.

4 .«

w W iirr

8W H O M ft * COSTS

M * *£££&• " t* U l coat of the Pile Project to 31 Beoanber

IMS i* » approotinetely #487,753,108, acoarding to tha latest available

dot*. Ihia mm inolodee the oooto of the Metallurgical laboratory,

Clinton Laberatariee, oat tho Buford Xngineer Horko. Sot lnolude* la

tho above toa a i« tho oooto of i dietrlet overhead! ilU tu y i i l i i i m

fbed notarial*! aad othar plant* or projooto under tho Uuhattaa Dla**

trto t, which nay be applicable, in nhalo or la part* to tho H I* Fro*

joot*

5*** M^allwKloal Laboratory. • Tha total soot of tho B*t*ll«v*

gioal Laboratory to 31 Ooooabor 194ft m approximately #33,894,388,

ft breakdown of thla ooot ohooa that #3,984,378 aas apart for rwodol-

inf axlating faeilitioa and for a**r oeaatnaotlon, and that operating

axponasa were approxlnataly #39,880*808, whilo aettlanaat of roatora-

tioa olaina anowted to $49,810 by tha oad of 1948*

W . Clinton Laboratories - Tha total ooot of Clinton Xnbora-

torloa to 31 9oecnber 1 9 M an* approaciantely 138,291,000* A breakdown

of thla *vm ahoa* that tha eoot of oonatraotion aao #15,041,000 and

tha ooot of oporationa a u approxinately 122,250,000*

jtofbrd laglnoar Work*. - Tha latoot available data ahona

that tha total aoat of tho Banford Bngicasr ftorks to 31 Qeoaaher

1948 «ae $419,587,830, Tho ooot of oeaotrnotloa, 1348,101,340, in*

oludlag #3,881,88ft for dealga, ia for all ooaatruotion oonpleted prior

to 30 Juno 1948 bat inoludee liquidation of Project obligationa and

ooat adjuatnanta through 81 Deoanber 194ft. Tho operation eoot, based

.. - ......... ,.. ft ..... ~ ......... - ............... ---- Ill ... .

•'pp·· Q 'D•I I• U ... - ................ "4Clw .. ew SE .. _

~ ... •••r.-• w -.waiw.... .., 1st.. •-• ,,,. s = .... ,-t.• _. IU....,_ ( .... ) _. .,.._._ ( .. ._,. -U.. 111-1.• .. ··~··· ... ... ... ., . , ............... -. . ....

\

............... • er •u•&• •sp 1a • ••• .. •••

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... '"11 ... M&ltll)* ................ ~ ............ ,.. ...

... _ ... '*' -.S. I IE .. -A a.at-,Ua J -.d•-W .... ,...._. ........ _...;..,-..

.... !!pl-!,'!' l!le • AD -11 ••• _. et••t _.

......... - .............. - ... I.a .... , .... -...., .. ., .... . •••• .... ...-.... M •• ~ 1111rs-t111r 1 1t1 .a 91 • • rxa •zl M ·allii 1119 - I 11• ......... 1'911• Ma tr•-._, •llSIF I 111 's •E '-I p;llll".lll fl .............. sztl,;,

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5 -u t e ^ - a > > t o i i ' < k . w m , w « i « t o i , m

***»*• "&*•• °* T N cjtw w M M lattowteo * grotim lm

tfco o*ro of ro*l wtito w » r M t i t g l ^ m m o k M m * tl tilt

of « i M « i or •* SUitai U k n i i r t e * i M h i>i is idNp

■wftwi feffMtr Vpriw oi«o w v w i u « l n— w t t u > » « M p t * * M * 4

. too InrS^ofcloft dlotarloto* o m o stotto hl^jkngr ooril o o m H ^

M l villo«» Itnaka« tfevoo olooftrlo powwr lijit— jr — j »

f e w f e Xian of m i m m * M t r n M m »o» at* Aral *j*4 F u m « «HVm>t'

(Soo T o U u 4 on* *)• '

*** H t t m S M M M l ""* *>»<»•— * n tte m f m

B i o M M M «11 M U & n aal t a H M w I r t H l a p « m -----Tit vp u

tft* «rl*in«l i w w » M i f a m i ooft« ia * » h ^ h i m t U o f t l w

«ott# t e l U t e p « m u m * M a g tfco oosttntetiaa p«rl*4 m d tfaoft

OQ***rt*0 f«r otfaM ooo, 41oaon»lo*, or b w r lii up, «mop* far o f*w

of tfc# botUr i w litoii *»!<* *r« still w o w y U A , ill M L H e g i tlmt

fcfto* bMtt U i r M a# or* Im i m M flfifMllr to ofcook o o tfaolr m b »

■ . •;*.. •••

*“*• 2&3SLJ8&. * N r *t ttm U s m boU41nc» sir* ttoo«

4«ri*# tbo porlod of potk popuUtiaa be* few* olooo b o m w i M to*

tbo bottwr m » tMw<to« tv « 4 Olnthti f*o*u«ttly «• tfc« A m will

b* mrth m tro for ftetwo tolo if tho baiLiia** *ro m l a t l m U Wirrt

of tbo fvso *a4 orohsrio koto ) m m oporotoA olaoo tbo M^tiiitloi of

tUftUoi* 2* tho ploat orooo, hofttftor, it o i W U f K i tbot ft* itn*

M i rofcario «bo«14 not bo oporotoi oflMr tho plonto owat *r%+

U

t m r o M m m « * k M M *» M M «*■»* t M m * u M to M W .

*M4 «•**% «M U M rn m rt. n . M n t M M t a M r l*

M M r« DM* • m w m la n » « w i f M l » M i m «

turn M« ■ * » * . M M M k t t i M M M n n k H M t k

w e w r •* « * W w « M m * M M * m « k m m iw .m il

fe * » Drtag *t MMt pUatIHfllfclMI mii' Hi' ~ja ,.-. A , , . . m . ..*w M PM Nf tRT MM

aifit «# «r«tar6i I* *fc« JfmfwrMhlf M l •#•»* I*

t* «rlag A * m m m m « * « w n * W ?rl»«ft i * W atfatfti* pip*

ua»** «***•% « * o « M r i m i m m * ** m m * * » i i i w w t n‘ Tv. : .. •. •. . ■• •• : .' .. ■

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tiw ««fl»4 » H tt|»llii ItrtrlM w n tin tk» M m

^ f w K t l a g «# * m p U j itoli« «|

A U * 4 « U ft 9 M » f w iw t t t ? U » * H I M itjtfd* i t m 4 th* * | « *

mat*. tt» yw>fr"i »t «ll* i tm Um <lw>< «*t t* ta * tfrtfrly

A i l * t e P M T p k r t htt b m 1 M N 4 W Twtftd ? « « » ,

m* U*fct Onnwr «Mi it »p*r*t*4 V «**• ewpMT. ft* Uthltal

a y i p i i k i n i t i r f i i m m m * m * m

«*&**» tmm md m*w41 tf«rtU4 * * * * * * m *o* 2Ma«tri*<*

w * HBg*i « * * Moat a# tfe* ««4

m t l» am *«r* iaprtv*! «*4 bn* bm «*** tlfhtt •* Mportry «r

p m w r t m r « ^ * 1 m * m t* W M * * i m X *

« * W ia<»rpor*t*l U t * th* a w H l U m *# « f f «tenrt— <»

•»** jBHtet* ttPti» * ft**# powir «gr»tea* < m N

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tfca w w prior tn i%» M * ti»iti«i f«r flrwjant* tfca Rural BUwbri.

tU m U m M toU ivm ttnm *i*%rib«tl«a U m «<rrU | RleHUii* «•

w r mA U rp ljr dimcOn** A m » n im ?»*•* kdm i*u\r*% lm U rn

m s n * *• frajw* «a* it* «wta*y r— r t - 4 wife tte SaaatrtUa

f M r M l i M w wafer «a m M «> l attfc ito % ar« m* « i« t r »

ftaifla h M r <M U ^ i gi f — y lyrtM w im i tfca c*aa». a traaa*

aiaalat U w # m M l ftNft H M M aat Qmmm m i l W w gk

S I A M «ai ttttrttettaa •jrrtntt la tha !teaftr4*ahit« Sfatffft

«raa ««4 i t tta XiaUaai araa, «• yarafeea* by tfea S t m i t ,

Tfca trwwatoaiaa Itaia mm U r t i iw i , tfca <«a ftw B w ftrl l i

baiac a m * f*r araa t r m a L i i U R , «ai w * U r m r t ta tha

UrttllMl ■ M H t NT ha r>1inil«l

W | « * & £ & * * « * akU*fr, M h m d m m , f*» s m * «&4 PMlfti

•P^ •>•** i f Milan# wan pur•!***•« by tha 3 m n m i

•a* has fcasa la>ra»a| m i n*iataia*4 fay a saWeelraatar*

JSCTXGH 9 - QaOAJS12ATICi AltD PEHSCHKIL

9~1* HSSSCSl.* * **» Pil* Projact eat originally formed under

th* S*tion«l Defense Heaeeroh Coaaittee of tha Offio* of Scientific

Hataaroh and Development and latar wae reorganised directly under tha

Offloa of Solantlfio Hataaroh and Devalopaent, Tha Itanhattan Diatriot

of th* Ccrpe of Ingineera gradually aaauoed oontrol froaa August 1948

until aaauning complete jurladiotioa on 1 aay 194J* Tha work con

tinued undar tha relating contraota and new oontrwota vara awarded aa

tha Project expanded. Only organisations and peraonnel tha* vara otm-

oemed with several phaaea of tha Pile Project will be mentioned here*

Contributions of organiratione wad personnel to any particular phae*

of tha Project are diaouaaad in th* r*ap**tiv* succeeding rolnsaaa.

9-8* g»yermet»;t,

»* yntlonal Offiolala* - Tha Pile Projeat w*a authorised

***• President of th* United Stats*, FTanklin D. aoosevelt, and

periodio reporta on ita progreea vara urnda to hia until hit death and

subsequently to Preaidant Barry 8* truman. Serving on th* Toy Policy

Coaaittee war* th* Vic* Preaident of th* United Statae, Hanry A.

%llaoe* th* Secretary of ^ar, Hanry L, Stimeoaf and th* Chi*f of

Staff, General George 0. Kareh*ll.

b* ft*M«rph Agenolet* - Prior to the formation of th*

Manhattan Engineer Diatriot, the Pile Project waa under tha direction

3uth* Chairaan of th* National Defense 3*searoh Cooraittee

and later Director of tha Office of Scientific 3esearoh and

Derelopaent, and Dr. J« 3, Conant, hie aaalatent* The progjraai ohief

for the Pile Project was 0# A* B* Compton*

o. Manhattan Bnglneer District. - The Manhattan Snginaar

District of the 0<xrp« of Bnglneers waa foraad during August 1941 by

Colonel J« C. Marshall* Oft 17 Septsabsr 1942 Brigadier General, now

Sajor Ceneral, L. X, Groves of tho Corps of Bngineere m s pleoed 1*

ooKplsts ohargs of *11 Arwy sotlrltiss routing to tbs Manhattan

Oiatrlot Protest, Brigadier General f* F. Ferrell has aeted ss

General Qrcrrss* deputy* Coloosl, K* D. Sishols served ss Distrist

Engineer of the V n h s t t M Btoginssr District with h s ^ w r U r s st tbs

Clinton Engineer *orke, Osk Hldgs» Tennessee* Colonel ?. f* Hatthiaa

hss served ss Deputy District Engineer In charge of ths Pile Project

and or so off loos bsvs boon jnaintainsd st WllalngtoE, Delaware |

Chicago, Zlllnoisf Clinton Lahoretorlee, Osk &ldge» Tenneeeee# and

Hanford and Richland, Washington*

9-8* Coatraotore*

a* Ohivarsity of Chlsaics* *• Dr* A. B* Compton has bss*

Projsot Director of ths astaUurgioel Projoot with hsad^uartors at

ths University of (Allonge*

b* B* I. in Pont ds Hsaoura and Coareany* Ins* - Iks 8. I*

dm Pont ds Honsurs and Coapany* Ins* designed and oona trusted Clinton

Laboratories and ths Hanford Engineer Works and hare opsratsd ths

HSnford Engineer Works* W* S. Carpenter, Jr.# as prssidsnt of ths

ooapany, entered into preliminary contract negotiations with ths OSfiD

UISIRICT

BOfar iv - piu atcw&cr

v a u m i - ris’o u L p s u m s a

i m S D I X A

slogs/jut

Alt>h* 3»rtioUa • An alpha partiols is the nucleus of 'oh* haliua atom*

It it aosipoeed of twe proton* and tvs neutrons amt has an a tends

rasaber of too amt aa atomio amss of four*

artificial nislatagratloo. - Ths breaking up of aa *les»nt whioh has

bssa exposed to bonberdaant with partiolos m a h as neutrons or

protons*

Atgalo fcss. - A t m X * aass Is ths relative weight of any atos ooapared

to 13 for $*ys*n. it Is equal to ths total number of protons and

neutrons la ths nucleus.

Atoals ?tiahsr» * fho stools nunbsr of any a t o % or Qlmetnt, is equal

to ths suabsr of protons in ths nuolous of ths atas#* Sines ths

protoa posssssss a unit positivs electrical charts, ths atondo

number is also equal to ths ost posi ties chars* on ths mielsua*

Beta PartlsU* • A bsta partiols is aa olestroa which, for convaniencs,

nay lm assuasd to hairs basn assoolatsd with a proton ia ths nu-

olsus of aa atoa in ths fora of a nsutroa* Thus, whsn a bsta

partiols is eaittsd, ths nuolsus contains ons rssro proton than

bofors resulting in trsnsautation to an aleaeat cos niaabor higher

in ths atomic seals.

Chain Roaotlon, • Ths tara chain reaction refers to the method of

conducting the fission process so that it is self-contained and

s e If-per petuat 1 ng .

Disintegration* • I>ieintegratian is a term used to describe the break

ing up of an atom under certain conditions* If an atom dieinte

grate* naturally. It is radioactive. Artificial disintegration

is that resulting frai* the bambardmemt of an atom with sub-atomic

particles*•

Sanaa Radiation. - 3 a m radiation Is the radiation of energy resulting

frcsi the complete conversion of ness to energy* The game* ray has

sere eleetrioal charge and sere mass and possesses a frequency

which is dependent upon its energy# Samoa rays may he likened te

light rays or X-rays „ differing from then only in frequenoy and

energy* Gaasaa rays are emitted free many radioactive substances*

Half Life* • Half life is the ter* applied te the period In vfeleh the

activity of a radioactive substance decreases te half of Its

Initial value. It varies from 1 x 1010 years for thorium te

OmOOt seconds for one isotope of aotiniue*

ffeptunlum. - Neptunium is the chenical element of atcade number 9&i

It is manufactured in the Hanford process and deoays te ths

Hanford product, plutonium*

Pile* m A term used to describe the unit consisting of a lattice ar

rangement of cylindrical pieces of uranium metal and a light

weight material, usually graphite, such that the proper conditions

for the continued fisaion of the uranium sure obtained with the

aubsequent production of plutonium.

Pilot Plant* - A pilot plant is a saall*soale production plant, used

experimentally for research aad to detonaine th# boot deaign for

large-aoale production unito.

Plutonium* • Plutonium la tho chemical eleraent of atomlo number 94*

It Is tho >roduot of tho Hanford process and constitutea the ond

toward which all aanufaoturing operation* or© directed*

Proton. • Tho proton ia * sub-atomic partiole and ia one of tho con*

atituenta of every known substance* Brotona *re associated with

nautrona to font tho nucleus of each atom of every chemical

element except hydrogen, the nuoleua of which contains only one

proton* Th* number of protona in tho nuoleua identifiea the

element*

Radloap tivt ty« • Radioaotirity ia tho phenomenon of spontaneous diain*

tegration of elements aooompaniod by the emission of raya*

Haturai radioactivity is sheen usually by element* of atomie

weight higher than lead and la not af footed by chemical or

physical influencee* Artificial radioactivity ia a temporary

radioactivity oauaed by bombardment of an atom with aub-atamio

per ticlee*

Semi-wortea * <* A. seai-worJca ia a development laboratory in vfcioh the

equipment and batohea handled are larger than those used in

regular laboratory reaoaroh* the semi-works stage la the inter*

mediate stage between laboratory research and pilot plant develop*

ment«

Separation Chemistry* - The term separation chemistry refere to the

study of the ohemiatry of tho varioua proeeaaea for the separa

tion of plutonium from uranium and flasion by-produote*

A3

s n e f H r ir

Slow • Slow neutrons, al*o oailed thermal neutrons* are those

of 1sweat velocity and energy. They are captured raore readily by

nuclei of uraniua and plutoniuai than are neutron* of any other

velocity and energy.

IHDEBX

Abelson, P. H», 2.*Aokart, B, S., 9.5 Actinium, 2.1 Administration, 5,Iff,Advisory Coawittos on Uranium, 8*1 Allard, Wash,, 8*8

Pumping Station, 3,2 Alpha PartieIs, 8,1, 8,8 Alpha Hays, 2.8Araa Engineer, fanford Engineer

Works, 7,2 Argonae Forest, t.tff,Argonna National Laboratory, 4,S Army# 8,1, 3,8, 5,8* 9,8

Service Faroes, 8,8# 8,8 Artificial Disintegration, 8*1 Atomic £ o „ 2*8 Atomic Seals, 8*1 Atomle Weight, 8*2 Authorisations, l.gff.

Sariua, 8,8 Beoker, 8*, 8*2 Beequerel, I*, 2,1 Benton County, Wash,, 7,1, 7*2, 7,8Coamiss loners, 7*2 Jail, 7,8 Sheriff, 7.1

Beryllium, 8*2 Beta Particle, 8,1, 8,8 Black Paper, 2*1 Bohr, 8», 8*8Bonneville Power Administration, 6.2, 8*2

Boron, 8*2 Bothe, ft*, 8.8 British, 3,8 Building Materials, 1,8 Supply, 1,8

Bush, 7*, 3,1, 3.8, 9,1

Carbon, 8*2Caro of Heal Estate, 8,Iff* Carpenter, if* S,, * » „ 4,6, 9*8

Chadwick, J 2.8 Chain Reaotlon* 1,1* 3.8 Chemloal Research, 1*1 Chioage, 111*, 4.4, 9*8 Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul

and Pacific Railroad, 3*1, 8*8 Chief of Engineers, 3.8 Chief of Staff, 3.8 Classified Information, 3*1 Clinton Engineer Works, 4*8, 9.8 Clinton Laboratories, 8*8, 4,8* 4.4, 4*5, 8*1, 7*1, 8*1, 9*8 Coots, 5*1

Cold Creek, Wash*, 8*8 Commanding Can*, ffOstern

Defense Command, 7*8 Comalssloners of Benton

County, 7.2 Compton, A* H., 3,8, 4.4, 4*5,

9*8Consist, J. B „ 8*8, 9*8 Congress, 1*2Construction# 3*8, 4.4ff*, 5.1,

9*8Equipment, 1*8 Supply, 1.8

Contraband, 7*2 Contract, 4*8, 9*2 Contractors, 9*2ff*Contractors* Otsrds, 8*2 Corps of Engineers, 8*8, 4.5,

9*1, 9.2 Costs, 5*lff#

Clinton laboratories, 5*1 Construction, 5*1 Operation, 5*1

Hanford Engineer Worko, 8.Iff, Coastruotlon, 5*1 Operation, 5.Iff#

'Metallurgical Laboratory, 5,1 Coastruotlon, 8,1 Operation, 5*1

Critical Materials, 1*8 Cunnlnghcm, B* 8«, 2*4 Curie, I „ 2,8 Curie, if,, 2,1 Curio, ,P„ 2,1

II

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P1uMLub% 14 . 3*4. 4*1 -289. 3*4 -339* 3*4

W

Polonium, 2.1, 2.2 Power Deposit, 5.2 Powsr, Slaotrioal, i.2 Power Plant Pilot Plant, 1.2 President of tho United States,1.2, 2.1, 8.2, 9.1

?rl**t Rapid*, fash., s.2Irrigation Oiotrlot, 8,2 Power Generating Plant, $.2

Priam Contractor's Patrolmen, 7.2 i¥l*oaar*, 8.2Production Plant*, 1.1, 1.2, 4.2,4.3, 4.6

Protoa, 2.2Publication Polioy, 6,1 Publisher*, 8.1 Puget 3ound, 8.2

ftadiatioa, 2*1, 2.2 aadioaotlv* disintegrations, 2.2 Hadieaotiv* Moment*, 2.1 ?adioaetiv* Produet*, 2.3 Radioactive Transformations, 2.1 Radioactivity, 2.1 Natural, 2.1

Radio Station*, 6.2 Radium, 1.1 Railroe*, 8.1, 8.6 Refereaoo Committee of the 8ation*

al Research Counoil, 6.1 Researoh, l.lff., 6*1, 4.2, 4.6

4.6Agencies, 9.Iff,Chemical, 1.1 lastitutioae, 6*1 Organisation*, 6.1, 4.2, 4.6 ?hy*lo*l, 1.1

Retirement, 4.6Siehlaad, Wash., 6.2, 7.2, 8.2,

8.6, 9.2Community Activities, 6,2 Irrigation 3y*t*m, 8.2

Rocaevelt, P. D., 3.1, 9.1 aural Sl**trifioation Administra

tion, 8.6 Ruth*rford, S., 2.1, 2.2

Seop*, 1.1Soaborg, 0. 2.3, 2.4 3eoretary of %r, 3.2, 3.3, 7.1,

9.1Security and Intelllgenoe Offioe*,6.2

Sedition, 6.1 Segre, 8., 2.4 Semi-Work*, 4.6, 4.6 Separation Plant*, 4.6 s*rvio* Faoilitie*, 1.2 3liver, 2.1

flat*, 2.1 Slow fteutron*, 2.6 Soddy, f., 2.1 Sej»*rv*ll, Oon. 6.,Stat* of 5fa*b., 7. Iff.

$*v*raer, 7.1 officials, 7.1

3tia*e«, 1, L., 9.1 3ton* snd *eb*ter Engineering Corp.

4.4ff*Strassmaan, #., 2.6 Subcontract*, 4.6

Tollman, 0. (3., 9.6 Theoretical ffuelear Physical Stud

ies, 1.1, 4.2 Thorium, 2.1Topi Policy Group, 6.2, 4.6 Total Bxelusloa Are* Be. 8, 7.2 Transmutation, 1.1, 2.6

Prooees, 1.1 Treason, 6.1 Truaaa, 8. 8*, 9.1

University of Chicago, 3.2, 4.2ff.,7.1, 6.1, 9.2 Maintonanoe Sept., 4.4

Uranium, 2.1, 2,6-288, 8.1, 2.8 - m-286, 2.1, 2.6 -289, 2.3 Program, 3.2 Salt, 2.1

Sabotage, 6.1 Saohs, A., 3.1 Schools, 7.2 Solentist*, 3.1

Vic* President of tho United State*,3.2, 9.1

Village Rasidences and Business Buildings, 8.1

14

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9JIKaL;~ ::-f'r- IV - Pile... · which haro booa ooam to aoro thaa ono phoao of tho Pllo Projoot...

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Transcript of 9JIKaL;~ ::-f'r- IV - Pile... · which haro booa ooam to aoro thaa ono phoao of tho Pllo Projoot...