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1  

Phagocytosis  and    endosymbiosis  

h6p://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/images/018f2.gif  

The  double  membrane  of  mitochondria  is  more  evidence  of  their  separate  origin  from  Eukaryotes  

EukaryoFc  Cell  Mitochondria  

h6p://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/mitochondrion.jpg  

Matrix  

Cristae  

Energy  ReacFons    Glycolysis      Krebs  cycle    Electron  Transport  Chain  

Double  membrane  

EukaryoFc  Cell  Mitochondria  

•  Center  for  energy  producFon  in  the  cell  

•  Has  its  own  genome  •  Has  its  own  ribosomes  

•  High  membrane  density  

h6p://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/mitochondrion.jpg   h6p://www.nsf.gov/news/overviews/biology/assets/interact08.jpg  

EukaryoFc  Cell  Mitochondria  

•  Center  for  energy  producFon  in  the  cell  

•  Has  its  own  genome  •  Has  its  own  ribosomes  

•  High  membrane  density  

h6p://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/mitochondrion.jpg   h6p://www.nsf.gov/news/overviews/biology/assets/interact08.jpg  

EukaryoFc  Cell  Mitochondria  

•  Mitochondria  express  10%  of  the  genes  found  in  free  living  proteobacteria  

•  But  the  mitochondria  sFll  get  the  proteins  needed,  without  producing  them  

h6p://www.nsf.gov/news/overviews/biology/assets/interact08.jpg  

EukaryoFc  Cell  Mitochondria  

•  Most  of  these  genes  have  been  ‘stolen’  by  the  nucleus  

•  Now  they  are  Fghtly  regulated  and  imported  

h6p://www.nsf.gov/news/overviews/biology/assets/interact08.jpg  

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Maternal  Inheritance  

h6p://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/emfpu/geneFcs/explained/images/mtDNA-­‐egg-­‐and-­‐sperm.gif  

Male   Female  

h6p://classes.biology.ucsd.edu/bimm110.SP07/images/maternal%20inh.jpg   h6p://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~glad/dna/migraFonmap.jpg  

Human  migraFon  based  on  mitochondrial  DNA  

h6p://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/images/018f2.gif  h6p://www.origin-­‐of-­‐mitochondria.net/wp-­‐content/uploads/endosymbioFc-­‐hypothesis-­‐1.jpg  

EukaryoFc  Cell  Chloroplast  

•  Cyanobacterial  origin  •  Site  for  photosynthesis  

•  Has  its  own  genome  •  Has  its  own  ribosomes  

•  Double  outer  membrane  

h6p://www.nature.com/scitable/content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/14705175/U3CP5-­‐1_ChloroplastStructu_ksm.jpg  

EukaryoFc  Cell  Chloroplast  

h6p://liquidbio.pbworks.com/f/chloroplast2.jpg  

Plant  Cell  

h6p://www.tokresource.org/tok_classes/biobiobio/biomenu/review_quesFons/review_eukaryotes/plant%20cell%20unlabeled.jpg  

Mitochondria  

Chloroplast  

Golgi  Apparatus  

Endoplasmic  ReFculum  Nucleus  

Nucleolus  

Microtubules  

Cell  Wall  

Vacuole  

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Animal  Cell  

h6p://www.nkellogg.com/animal%20cell%20unlabeled.gif  

Mitochondria  

Lysosome  

Golgi  Apparatus  

Endoplasmic  ReFculum  

Smooth  Endoplasmic  ReFculum  

Nucleolus  

Ribosome  

Cell  Membrane  

Nucleus  

Peroxisome  

Endosymbionts  ≠  success  

h6p://w

ww.genom

enewsnetw

ork.org/gnn_images/new

s_content/04_03/protecFon/p_1.gif  

h6p://askabiologist.asu.edu/sites/default/files/resources/arFcles/cells/chloroplast.gif  

It  is  possible  to  survive  without    these  two  endosymbionts.  

Example:  Euglena  

h6p://www.infovisual.info/02/img_en/001%20Structure%20of%20a%20euglena.jpg   h6p://farm6.staFc.flickr.com/5205/5247676316_23ab5e7ed1.jpg  

Euglena  sp.  

•  Secondary  symbiosis  of  chloroplast  

•  Mitochondria  with  discoid  cristae  

•  Found  in  freshwater  all  over  the  world.  

h6p://silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu/Pics/Other%20Algae/Other_jpegs/Euglena_Key225.jpg   h6p://starcentral.mbl.edu/msr/rawdata/viewable/euglena_gracilis_1156320559__84w.jpg  

Amoeba  sp.   Amoeba  sp.  

•  Move  via  pseudopodia  

•  Eat  via  phagocytosis  

•  Predator  of  the  Petri  dish  

•  Visible:  food  vacuole,  contracFle  vacuole,  nucleus  

h6p://www.microscopy-­‐uk.org.uk/mag/imgsep01/amoebaproteus450.jpg  

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Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites Trichomonas  

h6p://www.trichomoniasis.org/gfx/t_vaginalis_trophozoites.jpg   h6p://img.jd.com/mk/T/X2604-­‐T-­‐43.png  

Infects  180  million  people  a  year    World-­‐wide  distribuFon  

Trichomonas  vaginalis  

h6p://www.trichomoniasis.org/gfx/t_vaginalis_trophozoites.jpg   h6p://img.jd.com/mk/T/X2604-­‐T-­‐43.png  

Infects  180  million  people  a  year    World-­‐wide  distribuFon  

Trichomonas  vaginalis  

Giardia  duodenalis  

•  IntesFnal  parasite  of  mammals,  including  humans  

•  No  mitochondria  =  no  Krebs  Cycle  –  No  Krebs  cycle  =  no  lipid  digesFon  •  No  lipid  digesFon  =  intensely  foul-­‐smelling  poop  

h6p://www.swvhreno.com/blog/wp-­‐content/uploads/2012/05/giardia-­‐trophazyte.jpg  

Giardia  duodenalis  

h6p://www.cdc.gov/parasites/images/giardia/Giardia_trophs.jpg   h6p://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Giardia-­‐spp.-­‐-­‐infected-­‐-­‐gerbil-­‐intesFne.jpg/250px-­‐Giardia-­‐spp.-­‐-­‐infected-­‐-­‐gerbil-­‐intesFne.jpg  

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Trichonympha  

h6p://www.connecFcutvalleybiological.com/images/L3250_termites.001.jpg   h6p://www.microscopy-­‐uk.org.uk/mag/imgmar03/Trichonympha755.jpg  

Trichonympha  

h6p://www.ebiomedia.com/images/stories/BioGalleries/GloriousGuts/trichonympha1.jpg   h6p://starcentral.mbl.edu/msr/rawdata/viewable/trichonympha6_tmw.jpg  

Wood  parFcles  digested  by  intracellular  prokaryotes    “flagella”  are  actually  spirochete  bacteria  adhered  to  the  surface  -­‐  ectosymbionts  

Review  

•  ProkaryoFc  vs.  EukaryoFc  flagella  •  Details  of  EukaryoFc  flagella  •  EukaryoFc  cytoskeleton  •  EukaryoFc  organelles  /  cell  anatomy  •  Mitochondria  /  Chloroplast  anatomy