900 15 atechniques - Rutgers Universityadvis/900_repro_PDFs/900_15_atechniques.pptx.pdfMeetings...

Meetings 01-02: Introduction to Animal Reproduction (2) Meetings 03-04: Reproductive Structures and their Functions (2)

Meetings 05-07: The HPG axis and its Liposoluble and Watersoluble Hormones (3) Meetings 08-09: The Neuroendocrine Control of Male and Female Puberty Onset (2)

Meetings 10-11: REVIEW AND TEST #1 Meetings 12-17: Female and Male Reproduction and Techniques for their Control (6) Meetings 18-19: REVIEW AND TEST #2

Meetings 20-21: Reproductive Behavior and the Spermatozoa in the Female Tract (2) Meetings 22-23: Embryogenesis, Placentation, Parturition and Lactation (3)

Meetings 24-25: Puerperium, Lactation and Reproductive Ageing (2) Meeting 26 Reproductive Pathology and Case Studies (1) Meetings 27-28: REVIEW AND TEST #3 AND TEST #4

Animal Reproduction 15

• JP Advis DVM, Ph.D.

Bartlett Hall, Animal Sciences, Cook,

(732) 932 - 9240, [email protected]

• Course website: rci.rutgers.edu/~advis

• Material to

be covered:

• About

lecture

slides: • There are not intended to be the sole source for studying the course material !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

• Slides are good to review the course material after you have study your course textbook

• Slides are a good indicator of the relative importance of lecture topics (see slide # per topic)

• Group slides by titles when using them to review course material. Match lectures and text.

Reproductive Cyclicity

# lectures for cumulative test # 02 book

12 Reproductive cyclicity: terminology and basic concepts 1 - 9

13 Reproductive cyclicity: the follicular phase 1 - 9

14 Reproductive cyclicity: the luteal phase 1 - 9

15 Reproductive cyclicity: techniques for controlling female reproductive processes

1 - 9

16 Endocrinology of the male and the spermatogenesis process 1 - 10

17 Endocrinology of the male and techniques to control male reproductive processes

1 - 10

18 REVIEW – material from lecture # 12 through lecture # 17 1 - 10

19 EXAM # 02 - material from lecture # 01 through lecture # 18 1 - 10

LECTURE #15

Overview of main techniques the best approaches are those that mimic as close as possible the natural physiological events

Estrous synchronization

exogenous progesterone, CIDR,

PGF2a

Induction of ovulation

PMSG, HCG, GnRH, super-

ovulation, embryo transfer

Contraceptives

exogenous progesterone, RU486, intra-uterine devices, prolonged lactation

Reproductive techniques: Intro

The preovulatory surge of LH is an obligatory event for

reproduction to occur. It is elicited by E2.

LECTURE #15




PGF2a




Contraceptives



The hormonal profiles of a menstrual and of an estrous cycle

are similar, when lined up to the LH surge as time zero.

human

rat

LECTURE #15




PGF2a




Contraceptives


If you understand this list of events, you are ready to

put them in motion at the “races” and as techniques

• menses, estrus, LH surge, repetitive events

• differences / similarities menstrual / estrous cycles

• main events a drop in P4, increase in E2, LH surge

• folliclar vs luteal, E2 vs P4, ovarian vs uterine phases

• luteolysis, LH surge, ovulation as cyclic events

• GnRH as trigger of LH surge (mouse without GnRH)

• E2 as trigger of GnRH release (phasic vs tonic E2 r)

• a race: FSH, follicular wave, atresia, dominant follic.

• FSH stimulates FSH/LH receptor formation and E2

• E2 stimulates formation of ovarian FSH receptors

• increase follicule growth in presence of low FSH/LH

Players involved in events occurring

during the reproductive cycle


LECTURE #15




PGF2a




Contraceptives





LECTURE #15




PGF2a




Contraceptives





LECTURE #15




PGF2a




Contraceptives





LECTURE #15




PGF2a




Contraceptives


• removal of P4 negative Fb on FSH / LH (by luteolysis) as starting point of a cyclic race to fun or problems

• increase tonic FSH / LH release (amplitude, frequency), as initial response of the neuroendocrine system

• increase E2 intraovarian & hypothalamic effects, as a little engine going beserk to fulfill a "sponge" goal

• E2 triggers the preovulatory surge of LH

• GnRH neuron "practically" lacks E2 receptors, a cause we have to care about neurotransmitters (+,- input array)

• synaptic-like features among GnRH neurons and the concepts of network and subnetworks (like the heart?)

• coexistence of GnRH and galanine in a subnetwork

• NPY and E2 role as an example of GnRH input array

• Kisspeptine, a possible new “runner” in the race

• ßEND and GnRH disinhibition as mechanism for the preovulatory surge of LH, an ovulation obligatory event




LECTURE #15




PGF2a




Contraceptives



GnRH

GnRH neuron



LECTURE #15




PGF2a




Contraceptives


Exogenous P4 / CIDR

Exogenous P4 (CIDR) can be used to synchronize estrus

for artificial insemination and embryo transfer techniques

Remember the

races ???

LECTURE #15




PGF2a




Contraceptives


PGF2alpha can be used to synchronize estrus for artificial

insemination and embryo transfer techniques

normal estrous cycle –

estrus every 21 days

PGF2a injection day 0 – 6 no effect

PGF2a injection day 6 - 17 cows in estrus in 3 days

PGF2alpha

LECTURE #15




PGF2a




Contraceptives


PMSG and HCG

PMSG and HCG can be used to induce ovulation in

prepubertal animals and in animals in their follicular stage

The influence of PMSH and HCG on reproductive performance of Atabay breed ewes in

breeding and non-breeding seasons was investigated. For this purpose, two

experiments were conducted at breeding and non-breeding seasons. At each

experiment, 30 Atabay ewes with initial live weight of 28±1.5 kg and age of 2.5±0.45 year

were randomly allocated into three equal groups. After estrous synchronization, using

intramuscular progesterone administration following treatments were studied: Group 1

(control); ewes that received only saline, Group 2; ewes that received 1000 IU of PMSG,

and Group 3; ewes that received both PMSG (1000 IU) and HCG (500 IU). The

percentage of ewes showing estrus was similar in breeding season for all groups

(P>0.05) while in non-breeding season, a higher percentage of ewes of group 3 showed

estrus (P<0.05). Conception rates in groups 1, 2 and 3 in non-breeding season were

found as 80, 90 and 100 percent, respectively (P<0.05), while pregnancy rates were not

significant in experimental groups in breeding season. Gestation period and parturition

period were shorter for groups received gonadotropins than control group in both

seasons (P<0.05). At this study, single birth rates were significantly lower for ewes in

group 3 than other groups in both experiments but multiple birth rates were higher for

group 3 than groups 1 and 2 (P<0.05). Lambing rate in breeding season for groups of 1,

2 and 3 was 90, 80 and 140 percent (P<0.05) respectively, while it did not significantly

differ between experimental groups in non-breeding season. Results of this study

showed that oestrus response, conception rate, gestation period and single birth rate

did not affected by season but parturition period for breeding and non-breeding

seasons was 22.6 and 27.5 days, respectively (P<0.05). In addition, multiple birth rate

and lambing rate were higher in breeding season (P<0.05) than non-breeding season.

Samadi F. (2009), J of Agricultural Sci and Nat Resources 16 (3) pp 105 – 111.

LECTURE #15




PGF2a




Contraceptives


GnRH pulses

GnRH pulses can be used to induce ovulation in


LECTURE #15




PGF2a




Contraceptives


P4

Results of ovulation induction employing a physiological frequency of GnRH administration to hypogonadotropic hypogonadal women upon ovarian steroid secretion. Normal values are represented by the light green and pink shaded areas. (From Crowley, W.F. Jr., Filicori, M., Spratt, D.J., et al. (1985) The physiology of gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) secretion in men and women. Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 41: 473.)

E2

GnRH pulses

Days before or after the LH surge

GnRH pulses can be used to induce ovulation in


LECTURE #15




PGF2a




Contraceptives


PGF2alpha and GnRH

PGF2alpha and GnRH can be used to induce ovulation in


LECTURE #15




PGF2a




Contraceptives


Overview on contraceptives

Most contraceptive techniques affect specific hormonal

effects found during an estrous or menstrual cycles.

LECTURE #15




PGF2a




Contraceptives





LECTURE #15




PGF2a




Contraceptives





LECTURE #15




PGF2a




Contraceptives


Exogenous P4



LECTURE #15




PGF2a




Contraceptives


RU-486 a P4 receptor blocker



LECTURE #15




PGF2a




Contraceptives


Intrauterine devices (IUD)



The intrauterine device (IUD) is a small, flexible gadget that is

inserted into your uterus and stays there long term - for years, if

you wish. It is made of: a) plastic and copper, or b) impregnated plastic that slowly releases a synthetic form of the hormone

progestin. The copper IUD works by: 1- preventing the fertilized

egg from attaching to the uterine lining, 2- the copper helps to kill

sperm. The hormonal IUD: 3- changes the mucus (sticky fluid) at

the cervix so sperm can't get through; 4 - changes the uterine lining so a fertilized egg can't grow. To get an IUD, you need to

see a healthcare professional, such as your doctor. They are

about 98-99% effective and you can expect to be fertile again once

the IUD is removed. Copper IUDs tend to cause heavy periods;

hormonal IUDs may have the opposite effect and you might lose your period altogether while using it. There is a small risk of some

health problems, such as getting pelvic inflammatory disease in

the first few weeks after insertion.

LECTURE #15




PGF2a




Contraceptives


Intrauterine devices (IUD)



Overabundant white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) pose risks to property, health, and

safety of human beings. Public concerns about lethal management can impair efforts to

address these issues, particularly in urban settings. Several techniques developed for

reducing reproductive output of deer have limited utility because they require repeated

dosing to achieve permanent effect and face uncertain regulatory approval for use beyond

experimentation. From 10 August 2006 through 30 December 2007, we evaluated the

contraceptive efficacy of copper-containing intrauterine devices (IUDs) implanted trans-

cervically in white-taileddeer at the E.S. GeorgeReserve inPinckney, Michigan. Intrauterine

deviceswere implanted before (n = 9) and shortly after (n = 10) the breeding season. Post-

breeding season IUD treatment was in conjunction with a 5cm3 dose of 5 mg/ml prostaglandin

F2 (PGF2), delivered subcutaneously. Intrauterine devices reduced pregnancy rates when

administered prior to breeding (P < 0.001) and prevented pregnancy for up to 2 years (the

duration of the study). Two of 8 does that received IUDs prior to the breeding season and

survived to the end of the study became pregnant (due to loss of the implant) during the

second year while all (n = 16) does without implants conceived. Cervical changes associated

with early pregnancy made trans-cervical implantation after the breeding season challenging,

and resulted in improperly placed IUDs in 2 treated does. The apparent expulsion of IUDs by

pregnant does that received the combined treatment after breeding suggests IUD treatment

should be limited to the pre-breeding season. Intrauterine devices show potential as a tool

for small-scale deer population management via non-steroidal reproductive inhibition.

Malcom KD et al (2009), Contaceptive efficacy of a novel intrauterine device in white-tailed

deer. Animal Reproduction Science 117, 261 - 265.

LECTURE #15




PGF2a




Contraceptives


Prolonged lactation



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