83188087 Eee Project Report on Solar Tracking System

8/13/2019 83188087 Eee Project Report on Solar Tracking System

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INDEX

CHAPTERS:

1. Introduction....4

i) Aim of project and problem definition...5

ii) Recent trends and developments in the field..5

iii) Literature survey and technoloical survey....!

". #heoretical details of the topic...$

".1 %eed of &olar #rac'in system.1(

"." %eed of &olar onitorin &ystem..1(

*. &ystem desin....1"

*.1 +loc' diaram....1*

*."+loc' ,iaram description.14

4. -ircuit or'in.1$

4.1 &olar #rac'in &ystem ..."(

4." &olar /anel onitorin &ystem.."(

5. Result0 -onclusion and uture &cope"1

i) Result.""

ii) -onclusion.""

iii)uture scope.."*

!. References.."4

2. /roposed or'.. "!

3. ,ata sheets "$


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LIST OF FIGURES:

1. +loc' diaram of solar trac'in system.........1*

". +loc' diaram of solar /anel onitorin system .14

*. &olar panel..15

4. /in confiuration of /I- 1!2*..1!


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AIM OF PROJECT:

ur aim is to desin the system0 hich ill automatically trac' the sun6s position

and accordinly chane the direction of the solar panel to et the ma7imum output from the

solar cell.

Alon ith this e are oin to ma'e a solar monitorin system usin 8& and

8/& module.

PROBLEM DEFINITION:

#o implement a solar trac'in system hich ill automatically trac' sun6sposition to increase the efficiency of solar system. #he 8& facility is provided ithin the

system hich helps the user to monitor the system from anyhere in the orld.

RECENT TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN FIELD:

97istin techni:ues for trac'in sun rely typically on one of the folloin methods;

1. ne of the methods ma'es use of sensors mounted on solar panels to obtain the

desired rotation.

". In other method the diurnal motion of the sun is ell understood and the telescope is

accurately mounted hose orientation is computer controlled dependin on sun6s

calculated position

+ut in our system e are directly trac'in the sun6s position ithout ma'in use of

sensors thus ma'in the system cost efficient. e are also providin the 8& facility by

hich e can monitor the system from anyhere in the orld.


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#he charin of the solar cell ill ta'e place ma7imum hen the sunrays are fallin

on it ith some particular a uidin source. &olar cells constantly monitor the sunliht and

rotate the panel toards the direction here the intensity of sunliht is ma7imum. #he sun

moves from the east to est durin its day time.

LITERATURE SURVEY:

-riteria for choosin icro controller:

1. #he first < foremost criterion in choosin a icro controller is that it must meet the tas' at

hand efficiently < cost effectively. In analy=in the needs of a icro controller based project0

e must first see hether an 3>bit0 or 1!>bit0 or *">bit icro controller can best handle the

computin needs of the tas' most effectively. Amon other considerations in the cateory

are;

&peed; hat is the hihest speed that the icro controller supports?

/ac'ain; ,oes it comes in 4(>pin ,I/ @dual in line pac'ae) or "3>pin ,I/ or a

/ @:uad flat pac'ae) or some other pac'ain format? #his is important in terms

of space0 assemblin < prototypin the end product.

/oer consumption; #his is especially critical for battery>poered products.

#he amount of RA < R on chip.

#he number of IB pins < the timer on the chip.

-ost per unit; #his is important in terms of the final cost of the product in hich a

icro controller is used.

Co many inbuilt function it has?

". #he second criterion in choosin a micro controller is ho easy it is to develop products

around it. Dey considerations include the availability of an assembler0 debuer0 a code E

efficient c lanuae compiler0 emulator0 technical support0 and both in>house and outside

e7pertise.

PIC 16F73 fro M!"ro#"$!% Cor%or&'!o(:

#his popular /I- 1!2* chip has inbuilt A,- and on>chip R in the form of proram

and data memory. #his is ideal for development since flash memory can be erased in seconds

compared to the tenty minutes or more needed for the 3251 for this reason the /I- 1!2* is

used in place of the 3251 to eliminate the aitin time needed to erase the chip < thereby


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speed up the development time. #o use the /I- 1!2* to develop a micro controller based

system re:uires a R burner that supports flash memoryF hoever0 a R eraser is not

needed. %otice that in flash memory you must erase the entirecontents of R in order to

proram it aain. /R burner itself does this erasin of flash < this is hy a separate

eraser is not needed.

Vo)'&*+ R+*,)&'or 7-./:

e need the reulated 5 G output for the most of the I-6s used in our system. %o the

output of bride rectifier is unreulated ,-. #o et 5G reulated ,- output from it e have

used reulator I- 23(5. #he 23(5 is desined ith ade:uate heat sin'in and can deliver

output currents in e7cess of 1A. It has internal thermal overload protection and internal short

circuit current limitin. or proper operation a common round is re:uired beteen input and

output voltaes.

MAX 030 DS 12C030:

#he ,&14-"*" is a lo poer dual driverBreceiver featurin an onboard ,- to ,-

converter. I-- is specified at *.( mA ma7imum0 ma'in the device ideal for battery and

poer conscious applications. #he driver6s sle rate is set internally and the receivers feature

internal noise filterin0 eliminatin the need for e7ternal sle rate and filter capacitors. #he

device is desined to interface data terminal e:uipment @,#9) ith data circuit>terminatin

e:uipment @,-9).

S'+%%+r Mo'or &(4 !'5 I('+rf&"!(* !'$ M!"ro Co('ro))+r :

&tepper motor is a diital actuator hose input is in the form of prorammed

eneri=ation of the stator indins and hose output is in the form of discrete anular

rotation.

S+)+"'!o( of '$+ 5'+%%+r o'or:

#o select appropriate stepper motor for our system as important tas' before use. e

had one throuh folloin criterion of the stepper motor to et the appropriate one.

#he selected stepper motor must provide specified0

1) /ositionin accuracy @)0 e7pressed in mmBmicrons0 or deBminutes of arc


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") &peed of operation @G)0 specified in mmBsec or deBsec or radBsec

3) Acceleration @)0 e7pressed as the operatin speed v0 startin from rest

#he steps involved in the selection of stepper motor are as follos0

1) -ompute0

i. &tep anle s from

ii. &teppin rate s @&tepsBsec) from G

iii. Acceleration @radBsec")

iv. #otal moment of inertia Ht reflected on the motor shaft

v. #otal tor:ue #m re:uired to be developed by the motor

vi. &elect a rane of stepper motors havin a step anle s

2) Refer to tor:ue Gs. steppin rate curves of the motor selected in step ". &elect a

stepper motor hich is capable of deliverin tor:ue # #m computed in step 1@v)

at a steppin rate s @stepsBsec) computed in step 1@ii)

3) ,etermine hether the stepper motor selected can provide the necessary

acceleration .


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CHAPTER 0: THEORETICAL DETAILS OF TOPIC


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01 NEED OF A SOLAR TRAC8ER:

/hotovoltaic6s is the field of technoloy and research related to the application of

solar cells as solar enery. &olar cells have many applications. Individual cells are used for

poerin small devices such as electronic calculators. /hotovoltaic arrays enerate a form of

reneable electricity0 particularly useful in situations here electrical poer from the rid is

unavailable such as in remote area poer systems0 9arth>orbitin satellites and space probes0

remote radiotelephones and ater pumpin applications. /hotovoltaic electricity is also

increasinly deployed in rid>tied electrical systems.

&olar 9nery has been the poer supply of choice for Industrial applications0 here

poer is re:uired at remote locations. ost systems in individual uses re:uire a fe 'iloatts

of poer. #he e7amples are poerin repeater stations for microave0 #G and radio0

telemetry and radio telephones. &olar enery is also fre:uently used on transportation

sinalin e.. lihthouses and increasinly in road traffic arnin sinals. &olars reat

benefit here is that it is hihly reliable and re:uires little maintenance so its ideal in places

that are hard to et to.

hile the output of solar cells depends on the intensity of sunliht and the anle of

incidence0 it means to et ma7imum efficiencyF the solar panels must remain in front of sun

durin the hole day. +ut due to rotation of earth those panels can6t maintain their position

alays in front of sun. #his problem results in decrease of their efficiency. #hus to et a

constant output0 an automated system is re:uired hich should be capable to constantly rotate

the solar panel. #he &olar #rac'in &ystem is made as a prototype to solve the problem0

mentioned above. It is completely automatic and 'eeps the panel in front of sun here e et

ma7imum output.

00 N++4 of So)&r Mo(!'or!(* S95'+:


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ur 8overnment pays 1*(( Rs. /er street liht for per years to some aencies for

chec'in proper or'in of a panel. #he contract is made for 5 years so in all total it pays

!5(( Rs per street liht. &o instead of ivin that money to some aencies for monitorin

the street liht e are oin to desin a solar street liht monitorin system hich ill

or' for lifetime so there ill lots of savin of money.

&o e are oin to desin a system hich ill monitor all street liht panel hich

ill ive panel voltae0 panel current0 battery voltae0 battery temp. If any street liht is not

or'in then it ill be firstly 'non to our base station throuh our project accordinly

then that street liht ill iven service.


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CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM DESIGN


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31 BLOC8 DIAGRAMS:

311 So)&r Tr&"!(* S95'+:

F!* 1: B)o" 4!&*r& of 5o)&r 'r&"!(* 595'+


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310 So)&r Mo(!'or!(* S95'+ :

F!* 0: B)o" 4!&*r& of So)&r Mo(!'or!(* S95'+

30 BLOC8 DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION:

#he system comprises of folloin eiht sections;

So)&r C+)):

A solar cell0 sometimes called a photovoltaic cell0 is a device that converts liht

enery into electrical enery. A sinle solar cell creates a very small amount of enery @about

.! volts ,-) so they are usually rouped toether in an interated electrical panel called a


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solar panel. &unliht is a somehat diffuse form of enery and only a portion of the liht

captured by a solar cell is converted into electricity

hen the sun rays fall on the solar cell in some particular direction then only e et

ma7imum output .#he output of solar cells depends on the intensity of sunliht and the anle

of incidence. #o et the ma7imum output the solar panels must remain in front of sun durin

the hole day. Cence the solar cells are rotated in the direction of sun6s position here e

et ma7imum efficiencyF the solar cell captures the sun6s rays and ives the analo output to

the A,-.

&unliht is made up of pac'ets of enery called photons. hen the photons stri'e the

semi>conductor layer @usually silicon) of a solar cell a portion of the photons are absorbed by

the material rather than bouncin off of it or oin throuh the material.

hen a photon is absorbed the enery of that photon is transferred to an electron in an

atom of the cell causin the electron to escape from its normal position. #his creates0 in

essence0 a hole in the atom. #his hole ill attract another electron from a nearby atom no

creatin yet another hole0 hich in turn is aain filled by an electron from another atom.

#his hole fillin process is repeated a fe =illion times and voila0 an electric current is

formed.

F!* 2: So)&r %&(+)


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PIC Co('ro))+r:

#his is the heart of the project0 as e 'no the processor is the heart of any project.

Cere /I- controller ta'es that job. #he chip used is Atmel 1!2*. #here are to memory

bloc's in each of these /I- controllers. #he proram emory and ,ata emory have

separate buses so that concurrent access can occur. #he proram memory can be read

internally usin &pecial unction Resistors in /I-. /I- 1!2J devices have a 1* bit proram

counter capable of addressin an 3D ord 7 14 bit proram memory space. #he /I- 1!2*

devices have 3D 7 14ords of LA&C proram memory.

PIN DIAGRAM FOR PIC

S'+%%+r o'or:


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&tepper motor is a diital actuator hose input is in the form of prorammed

eneri=ation of the stator indins and hose output is in the form of discrete anular

rotation.

#he stepper motor is used to rotate the solar panel accordinly here e

obtain ma7imum voltae.

LCD:

ost of the projects ith the any processorBmicrocontroller -/K @3(35B3(51BAR)

re:uire some form of display. In mar'et various displays are available li'e 2>sement0 52

matri7 L9, and L-,0 bar raph0 L-,0 etc. It6s important for decidin the re:uired display

set for our project. &election of display depends on various factors li'e poer consumption0

ambient liht conditions0 surroundin temperature0 visibility from lon distance0 total

information to be display0 cost of display0 circuitBlines re:uired for display interfacin0 etc.

MAX 030 :

In our project e have used AJ "*" for interfacin our system ith the 8& port

and computer. #he voltaes enerated by solar panel are iven to computer serially throuh

the hyper terminal. or this e re:uire serial IB interfacin standard. R& "*" is idely used

serial IB interfacin standard.

&ince R&"*" is not compatible ith the microcontroller0 e need a line driver@voltae

converter) to convert the R&"*"6s sinals to ##L voltae levels that ill be acceptable to the

1!2*6s #7, and R7, pins.

#he AJ"*" converts from R&"*" voltae levels to ##L voltae levels0 and vice

versa. ne advantae of the AJ"*" chip is that it uses a M5 G poer source that is the

same as the source0 hich is the same as the source voltae for the 1!2*.

PC !('+rf&"+:

A continuous database can be maintained on the /-. #he memory and R#-

can be used to store the records of position of the solar cell in timely manner. Cence e can

monitor our system hether it6s or'in properly as and hen re:uired.


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CHAPTER 2: CIRCUIT ;OR8ING


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21 So)&r Tr&"!(* S95'+:

#he /I- controller receives analo input from panel.

#he ma7imum voltae hich can be obtained from solar cell is set as referencevoltae in micro controller.

#he /anel output voltae and current is compared ith the reference voltae and

current accordinly controller ives sinal to the stepper motor.

If the output of A,- is e:ual to the reference voltae then stepper motor 'eeps the

solar panel in same direction.

And if output is less than reference voltae then stepper motor 'eeps rotatin the solar

panel till e et the voltae e:ual to the reference voltae.

20 So)&r P&(+) Mo(!'or!(* S95'+ :

#he /I- controller receives analo input from panel.

#he ma7imum voltae hich can be obtained from solar cell is set as reference

voltae in /I- controller.

/anel voltae is compared ith reference voltae if @panel voltae Q *.2v) then

charer must be on for purpose of charin battery.

#hen /anel voltae is compared ith reference voltae if @panel voltae *.4v) then

inverter must be on for purpose of drivin load.

#hen +attery voltae is compared ith reference voltae if @battery voltae N 14.3v)

then charer must be off.

#hen +attery voltae is compared ith reference voltae if @battery voltae N 1*.5v)

then charer must be on.


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#hen panel location is obtained throuh 8/& module and battery voltae0 panel

location0 panel voltae0 panel current are sent throuh 8& module to our base

station.

Li'eise all panel are monitored in base station.

CHAPTER /: RESULT< CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE


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/1 RESULT AND CONCLUSION

9ach and every project is never complete as ne thins are learned further

modifications can be done. #hus e have tried to ma'e an automated solar trac'in system

hich ill increase the efficiency of the solar panel system available. Althouh there is

hiher initial cost involved e have tried to ma'e the system cost effective .#his is just the

beinnin0 e can add different enhancements to ma'e the system more efficient so that it

ill or' round the year. #he solar panels usin this system compared ith the system

prevalent at present has many advantaes.

In the present system0 solar panels used are stationary hich ives less output and

hence decrease the efficiency. +ut by ma'in use of trac'er solar panels e can

increase efficiency of solar system.

#he operator interference is minimal since the system is automated this increases

efficiency of the stationary solar system.

#here is a lot of hard or' involved in developin such a project. #hrouh years of

e7perience the project ill et better.

9ach project ill et better than previous one as practice can ma'e us perfect.


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/0 FUTURE SCOPE:

#here are alays remains an infinite scope of improvement to a system desin. Its

only the time and financial constraints that impose a limit on the development. olloin

are the fe enhancements that may add further value to the system.

,urin rains0 rainfall sensors can be used to 'eep the system or'in.

or ma'in the system more reliable ault indicators can be added.

#he computer and &ystem -ontrol Knit ould have a ireless communication ith

the mechanical structure of solar panel.

#o ma'e emerency control better more poerful microcontrollers e.. /I-1377

ould be used.


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CHAPTER 6: REFERENCES


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REFERENCES:

1. The PIC16F7X Microcontroller and embedded systems by Mhammad !li Ma"idi

#econd edition$ %blished in 2&&6 year by Pearson 'dcation$ I(C.

2. ! microcontrollerbased standalone %hotovoltaic %o*er system +or residential

a%%liances ,. !--aya Corres%ondin !thor Contact In+ormation$ 'mail The

Corres%ondin !thor and !. !. /la-si"$ #elc- 0niversity$ 'nineerin and

!rchitectre Faclty$ 'lectrical'lectronics 'nineerin e%artment$ 2&31$ /onya$

Tr-ey,eceived 13 !st 2&&3.

3. Position control o+ sn trac-in system/halil$ !.!. 'l#inaby$ M.$ !rab !cad. +or

#ci. Technol. Maritime Trans%.$ 'y%t4 this %a%er a%%ears in5 Circits and

#ystems$ 2&&3. M#C!# &3. Proceedins o+ the 6th I''' International Mid*est

#ym%osim on Pblication ate5 273& ec. 2&&3$ 8olme5 3$ 9n %ae:s)5 113

1137 8ol. 3.

. P8 modlebased standalone solar trac-in system 0rbano$ ;.!.4 Matsmoto$


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CHAPTER 7 :PROPOSED ;OR8


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PROPOSED ;OR8

&olar #rac'in &ystem

&election f &olar /anel.

,esinin f &tepper otor and 8ear Assembly.

&election f 8/& and 8& odule.

,evelopment f &oftare and Cardare.

&olar onitorin &ystem

,evelopment f &oftare and Cardare.

,ata Loer &ystem In .net and Hava.

onitorin ,ata on ebsite @ade in flash).

TIME TABLE

A"'!=!'9 P)&( D,r&'!o(

&election f /roject and Literature survey " months

Alorithm ,evelopment or feature

97traction < Identification

1 month

Cardare < &oftare ,evelopment * months

#estin < odification 1 month

,ocumentation 1 month


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CHAPTER - : DATASHEETS


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83188087 Eee Project Report on Solar Tracking System

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Transcript of 83188087 Eee Project Report on Solar Tracking System