8. Power and Leadership From the Top
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Transcript of 8. Power and Leadership From the Top
Leadership
Course 8 : Power and Leadership from the Top
Faculty : Brata T. HardjosubrotoSemester : 4/ 2009
Power is about regulating the relations of individuals to each other.
Power can be defines as the potential influence over the attitudes and behaviors of one or more target individuals.
Influence is the degree of actual change in the target person’s attitudes or behaviors.
Influence tactics are, behaviors that one person uses to affect another’s attitudes or behavior.
Example Influence tactics: appeals to reason, emotion, inspiration, consultation, ingratiation, formation of coalition.
The power of individuals shapes the types of tactics they can use to influence others.
Power
The most common seven tactics
used to obtain influence Reason (most often cited)
Friendliness
Sanctions
Bargaining
Higher authority
Assertiveness
Coalition building
1. Their relative power
2. Their objectives
3. Their expectation that the other person would
comply
4. The culture of the organization
The Influence Tactics factors
Position power Authority
Control over information
Control over who does the work and where they do it
Control over rewards and punishments
Alienative—those whose members are primarily unhappy, negative, and don’t want to be part of the organization.
Calculative—those whose members are constantly assessing the tradeoffs of belonging and ceasing to belong.
Moral—those whose members make sacrifices to further the larger cause.
Three types of organizations
Three components of power Power over—the traditional view of power
as domination.
Power to—enhance other people’s power or power as empowerment.
Power from—being able to resist the power of others’ unwanted demands.
Framework for the ethical exercise of influence:
Leading by example
Using rational persuasion
Developing a reputation as a subject-matter expert
Exchanging favors and bargaining
Legitimizing a request
Making an inspirational appeal and showing emotion
Consulting with others before making a decision
Forming coalitions
Being a good team player
Evaluating Influence Tactics
Ethical Influence
Leading by Example Using rational persuasion Subject matter expert Exch favor and bargaining Legitimizing a request Making inspiration appeal Consulting before decision Forming coalition Being good team player
Unethical Influence
Falsifying statements Coercion by threat,
criticism Debasing or demeaning Upward appeal Sulking, ignoring, silent
treatment Ingratiation and charm Joking and kidding
(depending on tone)
When they combine a high need for social power with relatively affiliation needs.
Four Characteristics:◦ Believe in the authority system which they draw power. ◦ Influence and being influenced.◦ Enjoy their work and they value work beyond its income
producing ability.◦ Altruistic. ◦ Put the company first.◦ Believe in seeking justice above all else and that justice
should extent to the workplace.
Successful Managers
Its relationship between supervisor and subordinate.
The in-group are typically quite loyal, committed and highly
trusting of the leader.
The leaders most often exercise reward, legitimate and
coercive power to influence.
Effective leaders are avoid creating groups of insider and
outsider because it will divisive and reduce group
performance.
Leaders must make everybody feel a part of the in-group.
Vertical Dyad Linkage
Leadership is a transaction between leaders and followers. The benefits may include status, praise, identity, money or
other type of reward. Relationship leader and followers is effective when the
benefits each receives are close to equivalent. Subordinates can stockpile ‘points’ by demonstrating
loyalty, problem solving and so forth. Leaders will acquire more power by sharing the power you
have with others. When followers increase their power, they perform better,
thus will raise the overal productivity. The sharing power is called empowerment
Social Exchange Theory
Differences in the Empowering Process as a Function of Role: Leaders Compared with Managers
Empowering Process Leader Activities Manager Activities
Providing direction for followers/subordinates
Via ideals, vision, a higher purpose, superordinate goals
Via involvement of subordinates in determining the paths toward goal accomplishment
Stimulating followers/subordinates
With ideas With actions; things to accomplish
Rewarding followers/subordinates
Informal; personal recognition
Formal; incentive systems
Developing followers/subordinates
By inspiring them to do more than they thought they could do
By involving them in important decision-making activities and providing feedback for potential learning by giving them training
Appealing to follower/subordinate needs
Appeal to needs of followership and dependency
Appeal to needs for autonomy and independence
SOURCE: Burke, W. Warner. “Leadership as Empowering Others,” Table 4, p. 73, adapted as submitted. In S. Strivasta and Associates, Executive Power. Copyright 1986 by Jossey-Bass, Inc. Publishers.
1. Rewarding and encouraging followers in visible ways2. Creating a positive work environment3. Showing confidence. Empowering leaders tell their
followers verbally and nonverbally that they have confidence in their abilities.
4. Promoting initiative and increasing responsibility with appropriate reward. The followers’ motivation to take on greater responsibility increases if the rewards are perceived to be appropriate.
5. Starting small, take on larger changes one step at a time6. Praising innitiative, even when results fall short. This
encourages innovation and reinforces a positive work environment.
Some methods to empower others
Six types of skills that particularly
influence presidential effectiveness: Skills as a public communicator
Organizational capacity
Political skill
Vision
Cognitive style
Emotional intelligence
Leadership requires the exercise of Power Political science studies the distribution and
use of power Influence tactics individuals in power use
and the sources
In Summary
Case: Anda adalah pemimpin baru dari team Volley, propinsi SumBar yang akan melatih dan
memimpin pertandingan Volley seluruh indonesia. SumBar adalah juara bertahan yang sudah 2 x sebagai juara. Selama ini anda adalah
salah satu pemain unggulan SumBar. Seluruh masyarakat sumbar mendesak untuk bisa memecahkan record dengan keluar
sebagai juara 3 x berturut turut. Pertandingan akan diadakan 3 bulan dari sekarang.
Tugas: Uraikan Positional Power dan Personal Power yang anda miliki, termasuk political
power. Bagaimana anda akan memanfaatkan Power tersebut untuk dapat meraih juara ke 3
kalinya. Bagaimana anda dapat melakukan ‘Empowerment’ kepada seluruh pemain dan stake-
holder lain. Uraikan bentuk dan kegiatannya. Bagaimana hubungan anda dengan para pemain, sebutkan beberapa contoh yang
spesifik. Tuliskan beberapa contoh kalimat/ komunikasi dalam melakukan empowerment pada
saat anda melakukan latihan, pada saat berhadapan dengan pemerintah pusat, pada saat memberikan semangat sebelum pertandingan.
Group Discussion
Questions for Discussion and Review:
1. What types of leaders are most effective? Why?
2.What are some of the ways leaders seek to influence followers?
3.What are different sources of power and which types are more associated with effective leadership?
4.How do you define personal power?
5.How important is it for leaders to be ethical?
6.Define empowerment and its place in leadership.
7.What is the difference between constitutional and extraconstitutional powers?
8.What is the cornerstone of presidential leadership, according to Neustadt?