79555346 Qr Code Seminar Report

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Seminar Report ’12QR Code

QR CODE

Submitted By,

JIBIN MATHEW

ABSTRACT

Dept. of Computer Science CAS, Thodupuzha




A QR (quick response) code is a two - dimensional barcode,

readable by QR scanners, smart mobile phones with a camera. QR codes can beused to link to any URL. They can also be used to automatically add information

into a user's Smartphone such as a calendar event, map or personal contact

information. A QR code is capable of storing several hundred times more

information than a conventional barcode and is readable from any direction.

A QR Code system is used in combination with a QR Code

printer (or QR Code creation software) and QR Code scanner. QR Code isgenerated with QR Code creation software and a special printer. A QR Code is a

matrix code (or two-dimensional bar code) created by Japanese corporation Denso-

Wave in 1994. The "QR" is derived from "Quick Response", as the creator

intended the code to allow its contents to be decoded at high speed .





INTRODUCTION

Quick Response (QR) codes are versatile. A piece of

long multilingual text, a linked URL, an automated SMS message, a business card

or just about any information can be embedded into the two-dimensional barcode.

Coupled with moderate equipped mobile devices, QR Codes can connect the users

to the information quickly and easily. The low technical barrier of creating and

reading QR codes allows innovative educators to incorporate them into their

educational endeavors. The operations to retrieve or store QR codes are incredibly

simple and quick, and with mobile devices, make them the ideal educational tools

for teaching and learning. QR codes are everywhere and most people have mobile

phones equipped with QR code readers.. Although QR codes existed for over

fifteen years, there are not so many research applications in this area.

QR code was developed by Denso-Wave, a Japanese

automatic data capture equipment company (Denso, 2009), in 1994. “QR” stands

for “Quick Response.” It is readable by moderately equipped mobile phones with

cameras and QR scanners. Information such as URL, SMS, contact information

and plain text can be embedded into the two dimensional matrix. With smart

phones, we can visit the Website linked by the URL quickly, we can send the SMS

message directly or we can save the contact information onto the address book easily.





QR CODE

QR Code is a form of 2D bar codes. A sample is shown

in Figure 1. A QR code is capable of holding 7,089 numeric characters, 4,296

alphanumeric characters, 2,953 binary bytes, 1,817 Kanji characters or a mixture of

them. The data capacity is much higher than other 2D codes such as PDF417, Data

Matrix and Maxi Code (Denso, 2010b). It stores information in both vertical and

horizontal directions. A QR code can be read from any direction in 360° through

position detection patterns located at the three corners as shown in Figure 1. A QR

code can be read even it is somewhat distorted by either being tilted or on a curved

surface by alignment patterns and timing patterns. The error correction capability

against dirt and damage can be up to 30%. A linking functionality is possible for a

QR code to be represented by up to 16 QR codes at maximum so that a small

printing space is possible. The size of a QR code can vary from 21x21 cells to

177x177 cells by 4 cell-increments in both horizontal and vertical direction.

Figure 1. A QR code sample





Data can be easily encrypted in a QR code to provide a

confidentiality of information embedded in the code. It can also handle various

languages. For examples, there are a number of standards adopted by Asian

Countries like GB/T 18284 by Chinese National Standard in 2000, KS-X ISO/IEC

18004 by Korean National Standard in 2002, and TCVN7322 by Vietnam National

Standard in 2003.

There are two types of QR Codes.

1. ONLINE CODES

Online codes are codes that point to an Internet address

and trigger a client / server interaction that requires an active Internet connection or

phone service. This typically involves the access of a mobile website, the sending

of an SMS message or another action.

2. OFFLINE CODES

Offline codes are codes that do not need an Internet

connection and are directly resolved on the phone. This includes data retrieved by

the phone from the QR code itself, like addresses, text, and phone numbers.

In QR Code, Information is encoded in both the

vertical and horizontal direction, thus holding up to several hundred times more

data than a traditional bar code (Figure 2).





Figure 2: Barcode

QR Codes (Figure 3) have rapidly gained international

popularity and found widespread adoption, especially in Japan where its ability to

encode Kanji symbols by default makes it especially suitable. Popular uses include

storing URLs, addresses and various forms of data on posters, signs, business

cards, public transport vehicles, etc. For instance, the sports brand Umbro have

embedded QR codes into the collars of England football shirts, sending fans to a

secret website where prizes can be won.

Figure 3: QR Code

Although initially used for tracking parts in vehicle

manufacturing, QR codes are now used in a much broader context, including both

commercial tracking applications and convenience-oriented applications aimed at

mobile phone users (known as mobile tagging). QR codes can be used to display

text to the user, to add a vCard contact to the user's device, to open a URI or to

compose an email or text message. Users can also generate and print their own QR

codes for others to scan and use by visiting one of several free QR code generating

sites.





QR codes storing addresses and URLs may appear in

magazines, on signs, buses, business cards, or on just about any object about which

users might need information. Users with a camera phone equipped with the

correct reader application can scan the image of the QR Code to display text,contact

information, connect to a wireless network, or open a web page in the phone's

browser. This act of linking from physical world objects is known as a hardlink or

physical world hyperlinks. Google's mobile Android operating system supports QR

codes by natively including the barcode scanner (ZXing) on some models, and the

browser supports URI redirection, which allows QR Codes to send metadata to

existing applications on the device.

Nokia's Symbian operating system is also provided with

a barcode scanner, which is able to read QR codes, while mbarcode is a QR code

reader for the Maemo operating system. In the Apple iOS, a QR code reader is not

natively included, but over 50 free Apps are available with reader and metadata browser URI redirection capability.

LICENSE

The use of QR codes is free of any license. The QR

code is clearly defined and published as an ISO standard. Denso Wave owns the

patent rights on QR codes, but has chosen not to exercise them. The term QR code

itself is a registered trademark of Denso Wave Incorporated.

USE IN MARKETING

Recently, QR codes have become more prevalent in

marketing circles and have been integrated into both traditional and interactive





Campaigns. Media where QR codes have been deployed include:

billboard ads, guerilla marketing campaigns, in-store displays, event ticketing and

tracking, trade-show management, business cards, print ads, contests, direct mail

campaigns, websites, email marketing, and couponing just to name a few. QR codes have also been used at trade shows and in conferences.

BACKGROUND

In 1970, IBM developed UPC symbols consisting of 13

digits of numbers to enable automatic input into computers. These UPC symbolsare still widely used for Point-Of-Sale (POS) system. In 1974, Code 39 which can

encode (symbolise) approx. 30 digits of alphanumeric characters was developed.

Then in the early 1980s, multistaged symbol codes where approx. 100 digits of

characters can be stored such as Code 16K and Code 49 were developed. As

informatisation rapidly developed in the recent years, requests had mounted for

symbols which can store more information and represent languages other than

English. To enable this, a symbol with even higher density than multistaged

symbols was required. As a result, QR Code, which can contain 7,000 digits of

characters at maximum including Kanji characters (Chinese characters used in

Japan) was developed in 1994.

The history until realizing high-capacity and high-

density symbols can be described as illustrated in Figure 4 when seeing them from

the technology’s aspect. Firstly, Interleaved 2 of 5 and Codabar which can encode

(symbolise) numbers were developed, followed by the development of Code 39

which can encode alphanumerical characters. Along with the informatisation

developments, it had become necessary to have full ASCII encoded, and this

resulted in the development of Code 128. Then, multistaged symbols were

developed where these linear symbols were arranged in several stages. Toyota

Motor’s Kanban Code is the world’s first multistaged symbol.





As computers became popular, these codes developed

into multi-row symbols where multistaged codes were extended and into matrix

symbols where data were arranged in matrix. The printing areas for matrix symbols

Are the smallest among all, and is seen as highly prospective as the main symbol

for the future. QR Code is a matrix symbol which has been developed as the one

enabling all of high capacity PDF417, high density printing of data matrix, and

high speed reading of maxi code based on the research made on their

characteristics. Two-dimensional symbols generally contain much more data

amount when compared with linear symbols (approx. 100 times more), and

therefore require much longer data processing time and more complex process.

Therefore, QR Code has had much consideration for its finder pattern to enable

high-speed reading.

Figure 4: The history of symbols





Figure 5: The development of the symbols

Figure 6: The development of QR Code

QR Codes have already overtaken the classical barcodein popularity in some areas. This stems in many cases from the fact that a typical




Seminar Report ’12QR Code barcode can only hold a maximum of 20 digits, whereas as QR Code can hold up

to 7,089 characters. Combined with the diversity and extendability offered, this

makes the use of QR Codes much more appealing than that of barcodes.

Statistically,

QR Codes are capable of encoding the same amount of data in approximately one

tenth the space of a traditional bar code. A great feature of QR Codes is that they

do not need to be scanned from one particular angle, as QR Codes can be read

regardless of their positioning.

QR codes scanners are capable of determining the

correct way to decode the image due to the three specific squares that are

positioned in the corners of the symbol and the alignment blocks. QR Codes were

initially used by vehicle manufacturers for tracking parts. After a while, companies

began to see the variety of different use cases for QR Codes. The most popular

commercial use for QR Codes is in the telecommunications industry, where the

increasing adoption of smartphones seems to be the biggest driver of their popularity. With the technology of mobile phones constantly evolving, especially

in the area of mobile internet access, QR Codes seem to be an adequate tool to

quickly and efficiently communicate URLs to users. This also allows offline media

such as magazines, newspapers, business cards, public transport vehicles, signs, t-

shirts or any other medium that can accept the print of a QR Code to be used as

carriers for advertisements for online products.

Bar Code to 2D CodeBar codes have become widely popular because of their

reading speed, accuracy, and superior functionality characteristics. As bar codes

became popular and their convenience universally recognized, the market began to

call for codes capable of storing more information, more character types, and that

could be printed in a smaller space. As a result, various efforts were made to

increase the amount of information stored by bar codes, such as increasing the

number of bar code digits or layout multiple bar codes. However, these





improvements also caused problems such as enlarging the bar code area,

complicating reading operations, and increasing printing cost. 2D Code emerged in

response to these needs and problems.

Multiple bar codelayout

2D Code with stacked bar codes (stacked bar code type)

2D Code (matrix type)

2D Code is also progressing from the stacked bar code

method (that stacks bar codes), to the increased information density matrix method.

Typical 2D Code

In addition to QR Code, some other kinds of 2D Code

have been developed. Below is a table of typical 2D Code and their features.

QR Code PDF417 DataMatri

x

Maxi Code

Picture

Developer(country) DENSO(Japan)Symbol

Technologies(USA)

RVSI AcuityCiMatrix

(USA)UPS (USA)

Type MatrixStacked Bar

CodeMatrix Matrix

Data

capacity

Numeric 7,089 2,710 3,116 138

Alphanumeric 4,296 1,850 2,355 93

Binary 2,953 1,018 1,556

Kanji 1,817 554 778

Main features Large capacity,small printout

Large capacity Small printout High speed





sizeHigh speed scan

size scan

Main usages All categories OA FA Logistics

StandardizationAIMInternationalJISISO

AIMInternational

ISO

AIMInternational

ISO

AIMInternational

ISO

QR Codes can carry up to several hundred times the

amount of data carried by ordinary bar codes.

Micro QR code is a smaller version of the QR code

standard for applications with less ability to handle large scans. There are different

forms of Micro QR codes as well. The highest of these can hold 35 numeric

characters. Standard QR code is the QR code standard for applications that possess

the ability to handle large scans. A standard QR code can contain up to 7089

characters, though not all QR readers can accept that much data. While the

adoption of QR codes in some markets has been slow to begin (particularly in

markets such as the United States where competing standards such as Data Matrix

exist), the technology is gaining some traction in the smartphone market. Many

Android, Nokia, and Blackberry handsets come with QR code readers installed.

QR reader software is available for most mobile platforms.





CHARACTERISTICS OF THE QR CODE

Additional to the characteristics for two-dimensional

symbols such as large volume data (7,089 numerical character set maximum),

high-density recording (approx. 100 times higher in density than linear symbols),

and high-speed reading, QR Code has other superiority in both performance and

functionalities aspects.

a) All-Direction (360 ° ) High-Speed Reading

Reading matrix symbols will be implemented by using

a CCD sensor (area sensor). The data of the scan line captured by the sensor will

be stored into the memory. Then, by using the software, the details will be

analyzed, finder patterns identified, and the position/size/angle of the symbol

detected, and the decoding process will be implemented. Traditional two-

dimensional symbols used to take much time for detecting the position/angle/size

of the symbol, and had a problem that their readings were less accurate whencompared with those of linear symbols. QR Code has finder patterns for notifying

the position of the symbol arranged in three of its corners to enable high-speed

reading in all

directions (360°). The ratio between black and white among the scan line that runs

through the finder patterns is always 1:1:3:1:1 when seen from any direction





among the 360° surrounding it. By detecting this specific ratio, the finder pattern

can be detected from among the image captured by the CCD sensor to identify the

position

of the QR Code in a short period of time. Additionally, by identifying the

positional relationships of the three finder patterns listed in Figure 5 from among

the image field of the CCD sensor, the size (L), the angle (!), and the outer shape

of

the symbol can be simultaneously detected. By arranging the finder patterns into

the three corners of the symbol, the decoding speed of the QR Code can be made

20 times faster than that of other matrix symbols. Additionally, detecting finder

patterns can be easily implemented by the hardware, and can also be accelerated.

b) Resistant to Distorted Symbols

Symbols often get distorted when attached onto a curved surface or by the reader

being tilted (angled between the CCD sensor face and the symbol face). To correct

this distortion, QR Code has alignment patterns arranged with a regular interval

within the range of the symbol. The variance between the Centre position of the

alignment pattern estimated from the outer shape of the symbol and the actual

Centre position of the alignment pattern will be calculated to have the mappings

(for identifying the Centre position of each cell) corrected. This will make the

distorted linear/non-linear symbols readable.





Figure 7: Correcting Distorted Symbols

QR Code provides the following features compared with conventional bar codes.

c) Data Restoration Functionality (Resistant to Smudged or Damaged Symbols)

QR Code has four different error correction levels (7%,

15%, 25%, and 30% per symbol area). The error correction functionality is

implemented according to each of the smudge/damage, and is utilizing Reed-

Solomon code which is highly resistant to burst errors. Reed-Solomon codes are

arranged in the QR Code data area. By this error correction functionality, the codescan be read correctly even when they are smudged or damaged up until the error

correction level. The error correction level can be configured by the user when

he/she creates the symbol. So if the code is highly likely to get smudged in the

users’ usage environment, it is recommended to have 30% set for this correction

level.

Figure 8: Smudged/Damaged Symbols





d) Efficiently Encoding of Kanji Characters

As a symbology developed in Japan, QR

Code is capable of encoding JIS Level 1 and Level 2 kanji character set.

In case of Japanese, one full-width Kana or Kanji character is efficiently encoded

in 13 bits, allowing QR Code to hold more than 20% data than other 2D

symbologies.

e) Linking Functionality of the Symbols

QR Code has a linking functionality which will enable asingle symbol to be represented in several symbols by dividing it . A single symbol

can be divided into 16 symbols at maximum. The example shown in Figure 8 is

one where a single QR Code is divided into four symbols, and each symbol has an

indicator showing how many symbols the original symbol had been divided into

and in which order that specific symbol would be among all divided ones. This will

enable the entire data to be edited and submitted to the computer regardless of what

order the symbols had been read by the reader. By this linking functionality, theQR Code will be able to be printed even if the printing space is not wide enough to

have a single QR Code printed.





Figure 9: Linking the Symbols

f) High Capacity Encoding of Data

While conventional bar codes are capable of storing a

maximum of approximately 20 digits, QR Code is capable of handling several

dozen to several hundred times more information. QR Code is capable of handling

all types of data, such as numeric and alphabetic characters, Kanji, Kana, Hiragana,

symbols, binary, and control codes. Up to 7,089 characters can be encoded in one

symbol.

A QR Code symbol of this size can encode 300 alphanumeric characters.

g) Small Printout Size





Since QR Code carries information both horizontally

and vertically, QR Code is capable of encoding the same amount of data in

approximately one-tenth the space of a traditional bar code. (For a smaller printout

size, Micro QR Code is available.

*2: Data restoration may not be fully performed depending on the amount of dirtor damage.

h) Error Correction

QR Code has error correction capability to restore data if

the code is dirty or damaged. Four error correction levels are available for users to

choose according to the operating environment. Raising this level improves error

correction capability but also increases the amount of data QR Code size. To select

error correction level, various factors such as the operating environment and QR

Code size need to be considered. Level Q or H may be selected for factory

environment where QR Code gets dirty, whereas Level L may be selected for clean

environment with the large amount of data. Typically, Level M (15%) is most

frequently selected.

QR Code Error Correction Capability *

Level L Approx.7%

Level M Approx. 15%

Level Q Approx. 25%





Level H Approx. 30%

*Data restoration rate for total codewords (codeword is a unit that constructs the data

area. One codeword of QR Code is equal to 8 bits.)





THE QR CODE STRUCTURE

QR Code is a matrix type symbol with a cell structure

arranged in a square. It consists of the functionality patterns for making reading

easy and the data area where the data is stored. QR Code has finder patterns,

alignment patterns, timing patterns, and a quiet zone.

Figure 10: The QR Code Structure

a) Finder Pattern

A pattern for detecting the position of the QR Code. By

arranging this pattern at the three corners of a symbol, the position, the size, andthe angle of the symbol can be detected. This finder pattern consists of a structure

which can be detected in all directions (360°).

b) Alignment Pattern

A pattern for correcting the distortion of the QR Code. It

is highly effective for correcting nonlinear distortions. The central coordinate of

the





Alignment pattern will be identified to correct the distortion of the symbol. For

this purpose, a black isolated cell is placed in the alignment pattern to make it

easier to detect the central coordinate of the alignment pattern.

c) Timing Pattern

A pattern for identifying the central coordinate of each

cell in the QR Code with black and white patterns arranged alternately. It is used

for correcting the central coordinate of the data cell when the symbol is distorted or

when there is an error for the cell pitch. It is arranged in both vertical and

horizontal directions.

d) Quiet Zone

A margin space necessary for reading the QR Code. This

quiet zone makes it easier to have the symbol detected from among the image read

by the CCD sensor. Four or more cells are necessary for the quiet zone.

e) Data Area

The QR Code data will be stored (encoded) into the data

area. The grey part in Figure 10 represents the data area. The data will be encodedinto the binary numbers of ‘0’ and ‘1’ based on the encoding rule. The binary

numbers of ‘0’ and ‘1’ will be converted into black and white cells and then will be

arranged. The data area will have Reed-Solomon codes incorporated for the stored

data and the error correction functionality.

THE SPECIFICATIONS OF THE QR CODE

The specifications of the QR Code are as described in Table below.





a) Symbol Size

QR Code can have its size freely selected according to the data volume to be

stored and the reading method. The symbol size is incremented by four cells in

both vertical and horizontal direction - 21x21 cells, 25x25 cells, 29x29 cells..., and

there are 40 size types with the maximum size set to 177x177 cells. For example,

in the case for 45x45 cells, if a single square cell is sized 0.25mm, one side of the

symbol

will be 45x0.25mm = 11.25mm. The quiet zone will need to be added on both

sides of the symbol whose minimum size is four cells, and therefore, the space

required for having this symbol printed will be a square of (4+45+4)x0.25mm

which is 13.25mm.

b) Information Type and Volume





QR Code can handle various types of data such as numerical characters, alphabets,

signs, Kanji characters, Hiragana, Katakana, control signs, and images. It can

basically have character sets supported by ISO/IEC 646 and ISO/IEC 10646. These

data can also coexist. The maximum available volume of the information is listedin Table 1.

c) Data Conversion Efficiency

QR Code has four types of conversion mode - numerical characters,

alphanumerical/signs, binary, and Kanji characters - for encoding the data. Each

mode has had considerations to improve its conversion efficiency. The number of

cells required for each character in each mode is listed in Table 1.

d) Error Correction Functionality

QR Code has an error correction functionality for restoring the data. There are four

different restoration levels so that you can select the level that matches with each

usage environment. Each restoration capability is as listed in Table 1.


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