For multiple choice, select the best answer. For True/False, if true only under certain conditions, then it is false. On your scantron sheet, A is True and B is false. Do not mark test.You have 55 minutes to do 74 questions (11 pages). Good luck. Put your ID on scantron

1. The gram is a measure ofA. DistanceB. WeightC. MassD. TemperatureE. Time

2. A kilogram is equal to _______ grams. A. 0.1B. 1C. 10D. 100E. 1,000

3. Meter and second are defined in specific ways so the speed of _______ is an exact value.A. SoundB. LightC. HeatD. WaterE. Dark

4. True or false: With only 1 unit, all others can be derived in the metric system.

5. True or false: Weightlessness in an orbiting ship comes from being really far from earth.

6. Like orbits of all local planets and moons, the earth’s orbit is this, the 2-D shape of the orbit of every planet or moon in our solar system, revolving around the Sun, or its parent planet (in the case of moons):A. EllipticalB. OvalC. CircularD. RandomE. Rectangular

7. The unit of distance known as the parsec is based upon earth-bound measurements of A. Stellar parallaxB. Stellar aberrationC. Spherical aberrationD. Doppler redshiftE. Radar ranging

8. True or false: The light-minute is a unit of time not distance.

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9. Order from smallest to largest (there are exceptions, so go by typical):A. planet, star, moon, galaxy, atom, electron, personB. atom, electron, person, planet, moon, galaxy, starC. electron, atom, person, moon, planet, star, galaxyD. galaxy, star, planet, moon, person, atom, electronE. atom, electron, person, planet, moon, star, galaxy

10. Deductive reasoning proceeds from _______ to _______; inductive, _______ to _______.A. General to specific; specific to generalB. Specific to general; general to specificC. Guessing to general, general to guessingD. General to guessing, guessing to generalE. Guessing to specific, specific to guessing

11. True or false: Deduction works only if given correct and relevant assumptions.

12. Place the steps of the scientific method in order from start to end:A. Analysis, Conclusion, Observation, Hypothesis, ExperimentB. Observation, Experiment, Hypothesis, Conclusion, AnalysisC. Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment, Analysis, ConclusionD. Hypothesis, Observation, Experiment, Analysis, ConclusionE. Hypothesis, Observation, Experiment, Conclusion, Analysis

13. True or false: An unbalanced coin making more heads is a systematic (not statistical) error.

14. “Connecting the dots” in between data points is an example of:A. ExtrapolatingB. AccuracyC. StatisticsD. InterpolatingE. Methodology

15. In physics and astronomy, how many “sigma” do you need for significance?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4E. 5

16. Astronomical observations made from earth’s surface are most complicated by:A. Extreme darknessB. ColdC. AberrationD. TreesE. Air/Atmosphere

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17. Metamaterials could one day allow you to:A. Travel back in timeB. Go faster than the speed of lightC. Launch yourself into space using free energyD. Be invisibleE. Fly through the air

18. Discovered by Galileo, the moons of _______ let Romer calculate the speed of light.A. MercuryB. VenusC. JupiterD. MarsE. Saturn

19. True or false: We can see the future of distant galaxies by seeing great distances.

20. Einstein explained the photoelectric effect, used in PMTs, where photons:A. Knock electrons out (ionization)B. Excite electrons to higher energy levelsC. Excite protons to higher energy levelsD. Warp space and timeE. Violate causality by going back in time

21. In refraction, light typicallyA. Changes angle/directionB. Changes speed/velocityC. Both A and B.D. Has entered a new mediumE. A, B, and D (all of the above)

22. Astronauts left a _______ on the moon to use with earth-bound lasers.A. LensB. TelescopeC. MirrorD. MicroscopeE. Lander

23. True or false: an electron can experimentally give the appearance of being in 2 places at once passing through slots.

24. The Hubble space telescope is _______.A. Galilean in designB. A refractorC. A reflectorD. Adaptive opticsE. Cheaper than ground-based

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25. True or false: A diffuse (glossy) reflector is great for use within a reflecting telescope.

26. Galileo’s observation of sunspots demonstrated which aspect of the sun?A. Revolution around center of galaxyB. Absolute brightness is different than we thoughtC. It is the center of the universeD. Mercury and Venus block out the sun sometimesE. A slow rotation around its own axis

27. The Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) uses an “anti-twinkling” system based onA. Red lightB. MasersC. LasersD. MicrowavesE. Infrared

28. True or false: You need an immovable (at least approximately so) background in order to utilize the parallax effect to measure distances of things much closer than a more distant background.

29. The brightness of Cepheid variable stars depends on:A. Frequency of change in brightnessB. Distance from earthC. Your cosmological modelD. Both A and B.E. A, B, and C (which means all of the above)

30. The slower that galaxies rotate, the less mass they have and thus they are dimmer than galaxies that rotate faster, implying that a slow galaxy contains _______ stars. (This is known as the Tully-Fisher relation.)A. Green-coloredB. OlderC. YoungerD. Fewer and/or smaller E. More and/or larger

31. We are aware of distances out to _______ of light-years or parsecs, in a model-independent fashion.A. HundredsB. ThousandsC. MillionsD. BillionsE. Trillions

32. An object approaching you becomes _______-shifted if approaching you very fast while emitting light. (turn to the next page for your five choices for question 32)

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A. RedB. OrangeC. YellowD. GreenE. Blue

33. True or False: Of all the cosmic ladder methods, Doppler redshift works furthest out.

34. Related to astronomy / astrophysics but unique, the term cosmology refers to studyingA. Stars and solar systemsB. PlanetsC. GalaxiesD. The universe itself, not objects within itE. Rogue exoplanets

35. The equation governing the delicate balance between stellar pressure and gravity is called _______, for a typical, main-sequence star (or a spherical planet).A. Maximum scrunch of ironB. Ant-gravitational repulsorliftC. Hydrostatic equilibriumD. Neutron degeneracy pressureE. Electron degeneracy pressure

36. Which of the following is the most certain to exist as far as we can tell?A. Cold fusionB. Quark starsC. Black holesD. White holesE. Time travel

37. Protons need to be moving very quickly in order to fuse because the _______ force makes them repel each other when they get too close to each other under “regular” circumstances.A. 5-dimensionalB. Weak nuclearC. Strong nuclearD. ElectromagneticE. Gravitational

38. Counterintuitively, protons can decay into _______ to make an otherwise unstable nucleus stable, even though when free these particles are actually a bit more massive than protons. (Happens because like protons they are composite particles, made of quarks.)A. BaryonsB. NeutrinosC. Anti-neutrinosD. Anti-electronsE. Neutrons

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39. The absorption and emission of photons (particles of light) by _______ lead to the rich, unique spectra we observe from different kinds of stars, telling us what each are made of.A. NucleonsB. NeutrinosC. Gas atomsD. PositronsE. Quarks

40. Stars are born inside of _______, which are just great clouds of gas and dust in space.A. Globular clustersB. NebulaeC. SupernovaeD. HypernovaeE. Event horizons

41. Near the end of its life, a massive star (roughly >1.5x larger than our Sun at least) will become a _______, followed by a supernova and then a neutron star, or a black hole.A. Blue supergiantB. Blue giantC. Red supergiantD. Red giantE. Yellow hypergiant

42. Why do the size and mass of a star not necessarily correspond with each other?A. Stars can vary in densityB. Stars are not all sphere-likeC. Measurement errorD. Our theories are just wrongE. Mass conversation violated

43. Which fundamental element is responsible for variable stars, via varying degrees of ionization? It is also what stars “burn” hydrogen into while on the main sequence for most of their lives via nuclear fusion, mainly by means of the pp-process.A. OxygenB. CarbonC. HeliumD. HydrogenE. Nitrogen

44. A pulsar is just a rotating _______ that happens to also have a strong magnetic field, which helps produce a lighthouse-like effect with radiation that is like precise clockwork.A. Yellow starB. White dwarfC. Neutron starD. Black holeE. Quark star

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45. Unlike pulsars, variable stars pulsate because they are actually changing density at a fixed mass, leading to physical _______ changing, on top of temperature, pressure, color.A. Life-spanB. ShapeC. Volume/SizeD. AuraE. Periodicity

46. The _______ particle does not wish to be in the same quantum state as another one of its kind, and is responsible for the pressure that resists gravity within white dwarfs, which are products of the collapse of _______ stars.A. Neutron, neutronB. Proton, red supergiantC. Electron, red giantD. Boson, neutronE. Positron, white giant

47. Can light successfully orbit a black hole?A. No, but it can just escape because of its speedB. Yes, but any orbit will decay over timeC. No, neverD. Yes, alwaysE. Yes, but only for certain angles of approach

48. When a white dwarf collects only hydrogen and detonates its surface, the resultant brightening is called a _______.A. Type II SupernovaB. NovaC. Type Ia SupernovaD. Luminous red novaE. Hypernova

49. When the same star type as 48 collects mass as different elements, it leads to a _______.A. Type III SupernovaB. Type II-p SupernovaC. UltranovaD. Big BangE. Type Ia Supernova

50. Supernovae can be so bright that they not only outshine our own sun in terms of absolute brightness, and other kinds of stars as well, but also entire _______, full of stars.A. UniversesB. Solar systemsC. PlanetsD. NebulasE. Galaxies

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51. Through _______, black holes will slowly vanish, “evaporating” to disappear over time.A. X-ray synchrotron jetsB. Surrounding galaxyC. White hole on other sideD. Hawking radiationE. Accretion disk matter

52. The escape velocity for anything at the _______ of a black hole is _______, thereby making it difficult to imagine how anything at all could possibly leave.A. Ergosphere, the speed of soundB. Photosphere, the speed of lightC. Event horizon, the speed of lightD. Event horizon, the speed of soundE. Static motion limit, warp speed

53. Which state of matter is NOT typically associated with any planets (because not hot enough)? Because most of the gas inside of stars is made up of ions, and not atoms, stars are most precisely described as being made up of hot this.A. PlasmaB. LiquidC. GasD. SolidE. Strange

54. Which one of these moons (parent planet in parentheses) has *no* visible volcanoes of any sort and also has no oceans, neither of water nor another liquid, though we did name parts of it “seas.”A. Europa (Jupiter)B. Our Moon (Earth)C. Triton (Neptune)D. Enceladus (Saturn)E. Io (Jupiter)

55. Rings (often invisible except by close spacecraft) can be seen around which planet(s)?A. JupiterB. SaturnC. UranusD. NeptuneE. All of the above

56. When does the first day of winter season occur?A. December 21 always (within the Gregorian calendar)B. It depends on which hemisphere you are living inC. It is not a day it is a time, and it changes every yearD. B and C are both trueE. It is a cultural definition without a scientific basis

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57. _______ is now recognized as the farthest non-dwarf planet from our sun.A. NixB. UranusC. NeptuneD. PlutoE. Eris

58. The habitable or Goldilocks zone in a planetary system is roughly defined as the region not too far away from nor too close to a star, where _______ can be a liquid due to moderate temperatures (though many other factors like atmospheric pressure or composition enter.)A. H2OB. MethaneC. Natural gasD. OilE. C12H22O11

59. _______ is the very general class of star around which we often find protoplanets orbiting.A. Sol-likeB. G-class yellowC. Main sequenceD. ProtostarE. T Tauri star

60. How can the gravitational pull of a planet hundreds of times more tons than the Earth not necessarily be hundreds of times higher?A. Because we do not yet understand at all how gravity worksB. Gravity is a function of both mass as well as distance from the center of an objectC. Other, nearby planets will exert a force in other directionsD. Because gravity is just all in your headE. Gravity is a function of density not mass

61. The season and time of day being experienced by Europe in this picture. (It sounds similar to a title of one of Shakespeare’s comedies.)A. Winter morningB. Summer nightC. Summer dayD. Winter nightE. Autumn evening

62. Interiors of event horizons, planetary rings, ocean motion, the moon’s face, and earth’s precession all relate toA. Quantum theoryB. Rotational equatorial bulgingC. Gravitational wave productionD. Tidal forcesE. Special relativity

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63. _______ is our once and future North Star, the bright standard used to define stellar magnitude (and the home of the aliens in Carl Sagan’s Contact.)A. RigelB. ThubanC. VegaD. PolarisE. Sirius

64. We observe _______ on rare occasions for the planets closer to the sun than earth, but they are also useful for exoplanet hunters.A. TransitsB. OccultationsC. EclipsesD. Lunar eclipsesE. Collapses

65. This class of extrasolar planet is easy to detect, high in temperature due to their proximity to a star, gigantic, and gaseous.A. Warm TerranB. Hot JupiterC. Sub-NeptunianD. Hot Super-earthE. Cold Jupiter

66. One good reason why Pluto can be “disqualified” as a planet using the IAU definition is that itA. Is not even close to being sphericalB. Has not cleared the neighborhood near its orbitC. Was discovered too lateD. Does not meet the new minimum size requirementE. Orbits the Sun much too slowly

67. Although all planets revolve around the Sun the same direction because of how they formed, not all of them are _______.A. Rotating in the same directionB. Solid or gaseousC. Gravitational bound to the SunD. Approximately sphericalE. Traveling in closed elliptical orbits

68. Which one of these is NOT one of the currently recognized dwarf planets but “regular”?A. PlutoB. ErisC. HaumeaD. MercuryE. Ceres

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69. Comets on ________ orbits swing around, leave forever, but end up with 0 kinetic energy.A. CircularB. OvoidC. ParabolicD. HyperbolicE. Elliptical

70. Meteor showers are caused by break-up of _______, which may have been responsible for earth’s _______.A. Ellipses, tidal wavesB. Nebulae, atmosphereC. Protomatter, oceansD. Comets, oceansE. Red matter, Moon

71. The progression from space rock to shooting star in our atmosphere to rock on the ground isA. Meteoroid, meteorite, meteorB. Meteoroid, meteor, meteoriteC. Meteor, meteoroid, meteoriteD. Meteorite, meteoroid, meteorE. Meteorite, meteor, meteoroid

72. When sunlight passes through the atmosphere of a planet, _______ changes its angle, but the light maintains the nearly-same direction. (This was the same principle behind our first telescopes.)A. RefractionB. ReflectionC. Raman scatteringD. Rayleigh scatteringE. Absorption

73. During a stellar wobble used to find extrasolar planets, when the star is moving towards the Earth, its light is _______ relative to us, which is opposite in effect compared to cosmic expansion.A. PolarizedB. Orangey-shiftedC. ReddenedD. Blue-shiftedE. Red-shifted

74. In the iconic scene from Star Wars, Luke Skywalker quietly watches the binary sunset on Tatooine. Based on what we now know, multiple star systems are quite common.A. TrueB. False

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