705453 RIJSNewsENGLISH v3 - Harvard Universityrijs/pdfs/tsushin/tsushin...mind, seeking out creative...

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political forces are now at work to transform the waterfront area once again. At a national level, the Urban Renaissance agency (UR), charged with revitalizing the economy, has been facilitating the construction of large- scale redevelopment projects in Tokyo’s downtown and waterfront districts. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) meanwhile plans to relocate the city’s famous Tsukiji Wholesale Market – and the market’s associated warehouses across the chan- nel in Toyomicho – to the outlying island of Toyosu, freeing up a vast amount of centrally located acreage for other uses. Specific proposals advanced for new development on the TMG waterfront lands include the con- struction of a major (100,000-seat) sports arena and related facilities to support the city’s bid for the 2016 Olympic Games. In support of the new development, plans for additional transit infrastructure are already underway. Responsibility for guarding the interests of local residents and landowners while absorbing the impact of these varied initiatives lies with the local government of Chuo-ku; and it is no easy job, given the potential for conflict among the UR, the TMG, developers, and the guardians of traditional neighborhood culture in the Shitamachi. Chuo-ku is fortunate to have as its vice-mayor Mr. Uzumi Yoshida, an enlightened politician who has played a strategic role in planning efforts throughout the Ward. Visions of a New Tokyo Take Cues from Old Edo Mark Mulligan LECTURER IN ARCHITECTURE, GRADUATE SCHOOL OF DESIGN, HARVARD UNIVERSITY REISC h AUER EDWIN O. REISCHAUER INSTITUTE OF JAPANESE STUDIES HARVARD UNIVERSITY RE p ORTS VOLUME 11 NUMBER 2 SPRING 2007 T S U S H I N From its origin as a medieval fishing village until the modern era, the image of Edo was inextricably linked with water. Over cen- turies a series of landfills and canals were constructed along the banks of the Sumida River to create the thriving mercantile dis- tricts of the Shitamachi. For most of this history, the canals and the land at water’s edge served as a space of commerce and public life for the city’s masses. However, over the past century the city – renamed Tokyo – has clearly invested its planning efforts into more modern forms of transit networks, laying out railways, subways, broad surface roads and elevated highways. The prioritization of these kinds of infra- structure sent Tokyo’s waterways into decline, and over a relatively short time many of the disused canals were filled in or covered over. Twentieth-century Tokyo turned its back on the waterfront, and with few exceptions, the banks of the Sumida and its islands became marginal zones of industry, inaccessible to pedestrians, poorly served by public transportation, and largely invisible to the city’s populace. As a result, today very few residents or visitors have an image of Tokyo as a waterfront city. If there is any consolation in the urban history I’ve sketched above, it is the realization that few modern cities transform themselves as freely and as often as Tokyo does. Indeed, at least in the city’s Central Ward (Chuo-ku), strong economic and Constitutional Revision in Japan Letters from Iwo Jima Film Screening April 28 My Japan: Summer Internship Program Few modern cities transform themselves as freely and as often as Tokyo does. continued on page 3 Plan diagram of the Chuo-ku waterfront by Graduate School of Design students showing existing and new road network and its relationship to blocks proposed for commercial (blue), residential (red) and community (maroon) use.

Transcript of 705453 RIJSNewsENGLISH v3 - Harvard Universityrijs/pdfs/tsushin/tsushin...mind, seeking out creative...

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political forces are now at work to transform

the waterfront area once again. At a national

level, the Urban Renaissance agency (UR),

charged with revitalizing the economy, has

been facilitating the construction of large-

scale redevelopment projects in Tokyo’s

downtown and waterfront districts. The Tokyo

Metropolitan Government

(TMG) meanwhile plans to

relocate the city’s famous

Tsukiji Wholesale Market –

and the market’s associated

warehouses across the chan-

nel in Toyomicho – to the outlying island of

Toyosu, freeing up a vast amount of centrally

located acreage for other uses. Specific

proposals advanced for new development on

the TMG waterfront lands include the con-

struction of a major (100,000-seat) sports

arena and related facilities to support the city’s

bid for the 2016 Olympic Games. In support

of the new development, plans for additional

transit infrastructure are already underway.

Responsibility for guarding the interests of

local residents and landowners while absorbing

the impact of these varied initiatives lies with

the local government of Chuo-ku; and it is no

easy job, given the potential for conflict

among the UR, the TMG, developers, and the

guardians of traditional neighborhood culture

in the Shitamachi. Chuo-ku is fortunate to

have as its vice-mayor Mr. Uzumi Yoshida,

an enlightened politician who has played a

strategic role in planning efforts throughout

the Ward.

Visions of a New Tokyo Take Cues from Old EdoMark Mulligan LECTURER IN ARCHITECTURE,GRADUATE SCHOOL OF DESIGN,HARVARD UNIVERSITY

R E I S C hA U E REDWIN O. REISCHAUER INSTITUTE OF JAPANESE STUDIES

HARVARD UNIVERSITY R E pO R T S

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From its origin as a medieval fishing village

until the modern era, the image of Edo was

inextricably linked with water. Over cen-

turies a series of landfills and canals were

constructed along the banks of the Sumida

River to create the thriving mercantile dis-

tricts of the Shitamachi. For most of this

history, the canals and the land at water’s

edge served as a space of commerce and

public life for the city’s masses. However,

over the past century the city – renamed

Tokyo – has clearly invested its planning

efforts into more modern forms of transit

networks, laying out railways, subways,

broad surface roads and elevated highways.

The prioritization of these kinds of infra-

structure sent Tokyo’s waterways into

decline, and over a relatively short time

many of the disused canals were filled in or

covered over. Twentieth-century Tokyo

turned its back on the waterfront, and with

few exceptions, the banks of the Sumida

and its islands became marginal zones of

industry, inaccessible to pedestrians, poorly

served by public transportation, and largely

invisible to the city’s populace. As a result,

today very few residents or visitors have an

image of Tokyo as a waterfront city.

If there is any consolation in the urban

history I’ve sketched above, it is the

realization that few modern cities transform

themselves as freely and as often as Tokyo

does. Indeed, at least in the city’s Central

Ward (Chuo-ku), strong economic and

ConstitutionalRevision in Japan

Letters from Iwo JimaFilm Screening

April 28

My Japan: Summer Internship

Program

Few modern cities transform themselvesas freely and as often as Tokyo does.

continued on page 3

Plan diagram of the Chuo-ku waterfront by Graduate School of Design students showing existing and new road network and its relationship to blocks proposed for commercial (blue), residential (red) and community (maroon) use.

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Dear Friends,With Matsuzaka fever sweeping Boston in the weeks before the opening of baseball season and the

Clint Eastwood film Letters from Iwo Jima in the local theaters, interest in Japan is high these days.

Events that seek to explain Japan attract a wide range of faculty and students. Last October, film

scholar Donald Richie drew a large audience for a talk on “Japan, the Incongruous, and Myself.”

At the 12th annual Kodansha Symposium that same month, Harvard historian of science Shigehisa

Kuriyama engaged his audience with a talk on “The Archaeology of the Modern Japanese Body.”

At the annual Associates Dinner in November, over 120 scholars from Harvard and institutions in

the Northeast came to hear anthropologist Roger Goodman, Nissan Professor of Japanese Studies at

Oxford, on problems in Japan’s higher education. In early March, a symposium and related events

on the theme of “Cool Japan,” co-sponsored with MIT and the Asia Center, attracted large numbers

of Harvard undergraduates and graduate students.

The Reischauer Institute (RI) has a full calendar of activities this spring. Among them, several probe

Japan’s complex relations with its Asian neighbors. On April 3, the Institute co-hosts a panel,

moderated by Harvard historian Andrew Gordon, on legal issues surrounding the history textbook

controversy in Japan. Later in April, the RI joins the Fairbank Center as co-sponsor of the 2007

Annual Edwin O. Reischauer Lecture Series, in which Joshua Fogel, of York University, will deliver

three lectures on “From Luoyang to Shanghai: The Genesis of Sino-Japanese Relations and their

Revival in the 19th Century.” The RI will also host Oscar-nominated screenwriter Iris Yamashita to

introduce a special screening of Letters from Iwo Jima at the Harvard Film Archive, Saturday,

April 28 at 7 p.m.

Harvard’s Japanese language enrollments were up 20% at the start of the academic year, and

applications for the Japan Summer Internship Program for undergraduates have soared.

We look forward to a very large Harvard presence in Japan in summer 2007.

SUSAN J. PHARR, DIRECTOR

From

the

Dir

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Phot

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R E I S C hA U E RR E pO R T S2

EDWIN O. REISCHAUER INSTITUTE OF JAPANESE STUDIES

Center for Government & International StudiesSouth BuildingHarvard University1730 Cambridge StreetCambridge, Massachusetts 02138

P 617.495.3220 F 617.496.8083

[email protected]/~rijs

April 28 (Saturday), 7 pm

Harvard Film Archive, 24 Quincy Street

Letters from Iwo Jima film screeningDirected by Clint Eastwood (2006, 141 minutes)English and Japanese with English subtitles

Admission: $8 general/$6 Harvard affiliates

Clint Eastwood’s companion piece to Flags of Our Fathers presents a powerful and artis-tic rendering of the events leading up to theBattle of Iwo Jima. A sympathetic portrait ofthe Japanese soldiers who fought to defendthe island from U.S. Marine Corps, the filmhas earned Eastwood universal praise for de-mythifying the often sanctimonious portrayal of war combat while sensitivelyevoking the experiences of an American foe.

First-time Japanese-American screenwriterIris Yamashita discusses her adaptation ofTadamichi Kuribayashi’s first hand account ofthe epochal event. This event is co-sponsoredby the Edwin O. Reischauer Institute ofJapanese Studies, Harvard University and the Japan Society of Boston.

Rewriting Letters: An Evening with Oscar-nominated screenwriterIris Yamashita in Person

Upcoming Event

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hile collaborating on several

large redevelopment projects

in Chuo-ku, Mr. Yoshida has

also sponsored initiatives to preserve and

enhance traditional neighborhood fabrics (the

dense networks of narrow roji in Tsukishima

and Tsukuda, for example) and helped lead a

successful fight against the TMG’s effort to

transform Ginza into a high-rise district.

An urban historian by training, Mr. Yoshida

approaches planning issues with an open

mind, seeking out creative solutions from

experts in sociology, economics, design, and

related fields.

In the spring of 2006, through the introduc-

tion of Hiroto Kobayashi, Associate Professor

of Architecture and Urban Design at Keio

University, Mr. Yoshida approached Peter

Rowe, Professor of Urban Planning and

Design at the Graduate School of Design

(GSD) and me, asking our advice on how

the various new initiatives shaping Tokyo’s

waterfront might be integrated into a compre-

hensive planning vision. We agreed to

undertake this study in the fall semester 2006,

with architecture and urban design students at

the GSD as primary investigators. Our study

area would comprise nearly a third of Chuo-

ku’s land area, excluding well established

districts like Ginza and Nihonbashi and focus-

ing on the waterfront proper: Tsukiji, Minato,

Shinkawa, and the islands of Harumi and

Tsukishima-Kachidoki. The students began by

analyzing the 200-hectare study area – first

using planning maps and images from Google

Earth, later documenting the site in person

during a one-week field trip in October.

They quickly identified a number of problems

within the existing city fabric, such as isolation

from transit systems, inaccessibility of water’s

edge, lack of pedestrian activity, perceptual

barriers between neighborhoods created by

raised highways, lack of neighborhood identi-

ty, disparate scales of development, and so on.

During our week in Tokyo, students met with

Vice-mayor Yoshida and other interested par-

ties (representatives of the Urban Renaissance,

locally invested developers, a group of Tsukiji

residents and shop owners) to get an idea of

projects currently in progress and to hone

their ideas about overlapping and conflicting

interests in the waterfront study area. They

visited other parts of the city as well, including

the new Roppongi Hills complex (a non-con-

textual superblock model for urban

revitalization that Mr. Yoshida explicitly

wished to avoid in the waterfront) and dis-

cussed urban design projects with students at

Keio University. In short time, Tokyo’s own

particular urban structure and neighborhood

patterns came into sharp focus.

Back in Cambridge after the field trip, our

students, working in teams of three, had eight

weeks to develop specific urban planning and

design proposals. Professor Rowe and I

worked closely with each team, guiding them

through targeted analytical exercises and

offering criticism on successive drafts of their

proposals. A number of creative approaches

began to emerge, suggesting not only formal

and functional aspects of the new architecture

and urban spaces that might be developed but

also strategies for linking specific kinds of

development to infrastructural improvements

aimed at creating a pedestrian-friendly envi-

ronment. Figuring into the designs were

general questions about water-based transit,

road networks, block patterns, the specific mix

of residential and commercial in the study

area; and specific suggestions for the location

and capacity of the Olympic stadium and the

reuse of the Tsukiji Market site as a media

campus. Though their proposals varied in

several details, all four teams suggested that

Tokyo might become reacquainted with its

waterfront through novel approaches to the

landscaping and architectural treatment of

the water’s edge.

Summing up the semester’s work, students

presented their proposals in December to a

panel of architects and planning experts at the

GSD. Then in January I flew back to Tokyo

to present this work to our sponsors at the

Chuo-ku Office. Mr. Yoshida and his

planners commented enthusiastically, and a

great number of images and concepts drawn

from the four masterplan proposals are to be

incorporated into an official planning report

due out in late spring. Engaging in this kind

of sponsored research seems to have been a

win-win affair for all parties. The students –

and their instructors – thrived on the

opportunity to consider the waterfront’s

current challenges and future potential. The

idea that actual policy-makers in Tokyo would

be considering their proposals motivated an

exceptional degree of creative and disciplined

design work. The Chuo-ku government on the

other hand, with a relatively small investment

of money, harvested not one but four

integrated masterplans for the waterfront, each

offering a fresh alternative to the city’s more

default mode of development, and each com-

posed of site-specific recommendations that

could be considered separately.

If the upcoming redevelopment of Chuo-ku’s

waterfront is to become a lasting success, it

must be conceived as more than a disparate

assemblage of office tower superblocks and

overscaled Olympic structures; it must have as

a broader mission the creation of well defined

neighborhood structures and a rediscovery of

the waterfront’s scenic potential to generate

vibrant urban activity. If our study contributes

to the inclusion of these goals into future

policy, we will consider our work to have

been quite fruitful.

3

Visions of a New Tokyo TakeCues from Old Edo(continued)

Graduate School ofDesign student proposalsfor redeveloping theTsukiji Market site withnew canals and linearparks (top) and HarumiIsland with intimatelyscaled pedestrian pathsconnecting office blocks (left).

W

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This past summer I traveled to Okayama as a guest of the OkayamaMinami Rotary Club. I was an intern at the Nakashima PropellerCorporation, where I participated in all aspects of company life frommorning radio calisthenics and Friday clean-up to market research onkitchen garden design and accessories for the New Products Division. I also participated in day trips and cultural activities hosted by theRotary Club, and the impressions and experiences recorded here I firstpresented in broken Japanese at the Rotary Tuesday luncheons.

Acclimating to a new language environment reminded me of my recovery from eye surgery in 2005. I had had my eyes adjusted to stopthem from drifting and for the next two weeks the muscles clenched sothat I saw two of everything. One day I realized that when I stoppedthinking about it, the double image suddenly snapped into one.Similarly, after a few weeks in Japan, I would sometimes finish a con-versation in Japanese and suddenly realize that when I forgot to stopand think about everything being said, I had understood. My Englishconversation club members helped my Japanese and I helped theirEnglish, and we were a constant source of amusement to one another.

A theme that I found in the Let’s Go Japan guide provided by theReischauer Institute was that of negative space. In Japanese art in particular, the nothing between forms is celebrated as an entity in itself.I grappled with similar instabilities as I worked to situate myself inJapan. Was I exhibit or audience? What could I do to benefit my hostsand be more than a cultural tourist while also being an ethnic minoritywhose home was on the opposite side of the world?

Some of the most memorable moments happened unexpectedly in the spaces between planned events. When we encountered wildmacaques in Arashiyama, it was the humans who seemed to be cagedand carefully trained by observant monkey researchers to give themapple wedges and peanuts. In English conversation club it was neverquite clear who was the teacher and who was the student. At theHiroshima Peace Museum I had trouble appreciating the events depicted until I saw a work of calligraphy that had faced the A-bombexplosion, with its black letters flash-burned out of the white page,leaving it clean and preserved as a kind of stencil.

At Nakashima too, I observed the creation of meaningful negativespace as craftsmen made the form of a five-meter propeller take shapein a sand mold. To watch the younger workers construct this sculpturewas like watching cooks prepare a cake of many layers, whereas theexperienced masters seemed to be merely dusting a pile off to reveal the preexisting shape beneath.

It may be the Japanese appreciation for negative space that enabledthose I met to see a humorous side to their own culture and madethem eager to see how I viewed their customs and specialties. Eatingraw fish, using chopsticks, watching game shows that featured actorsdressed as foreigners trying to pick up slippery squids and melons withchopsticks, and wearing the company polyester suit in 90 degree heatwere easy to joke about with my hosts. At the train station I foundmyself surprised and impressed by the considerate calmness of commuters during rush hour but alarmed when I observed a slowresponse to an older woman who collapsed one day. Culture shocks in Japan were sometimes very direct and sometimes subtle and harderto apprehend.

On weekends I participated in activities hosted by the Rotary Club.During car trips there was not the same anxiety toward pauses (negative spaces?) in conversation as in the U.S. We visited the A-bombdome in Hiroshima and the Itsukushima Shrine in Miyajima, madesome of the local earthenware at Bizen, took calligraphy lessons, wenton cable television, received a brief audience with the mayor ofOkayama, and went for a cruise on the Seto Inland Sea. My hostsalways took fastidiously good care of me, yet always kept a sense ofhumor: whenever we stopped to swim they made sure I wore a life vestand tied a rope around my waist. I asked whether they always used arope when swimming, and the instant response was: “Well of course.You’re shark bait. How did you think we were going to reel dinner in?”

Some of the greatest culture shocks came upon my return home when I realized the ways in which Japan had changed me. Spendingtime in Okayama gave me an appreciation for what it may feel like tobe a monk; the contrast between my grand adventures with the RotaryClub and the daily effort of picking up groceries, cooking, and exercis-ing in a foreign country made my life a curious mix of celebrity andasceticism. The experience has made me reflect upon my own culture. I lost twelve pounds (or, my negative space increased), partially lostmy taste for American soda and its sugar content, and since returninghave twice been caught subconsciously bowing to the phone. I hopeto return to Japan someday, and, after comparing the travelers in U.S.airports with the commuters in the Okayama train station, I hope toretain a little of the patience and decorum I practiced abroad. My onlyfear is that next time my linguistic double vision will be gone and Iwill not have such a unique opportunity for noticing strange andwonderful details.

M Y J A P A N ›› S U M M E R I N T E R N S H I P P R O G R A M

R E I S C hA U E R4

Bartholomew Horn PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS, HARVARD COLLEGE, CLASS OF 2007

Negative SpaceReflections on Being a Foreigner in Okayama

Double Vision

R E pO R T S

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The North American Coordinating Council onJapanese Library Resources (the NCC) and theReischauer Institute of Japanese Studies (RI)continue their joint efforts to expand awarenessof – and access to – Japanese electronicresources. The NCC’s E-Resources Initiatives,a three-year Japan Foundation effort that offersworkshops on digital resources in Japanese studies, are strongly supported by the Reischauer Institute.

In May 2004 the Reischauer Institute sponsoreda two-day planning conference to design the program and curriculum for the NCC’s Trainingthe Trainers (T-3) Workshops. The workshopstrained 33 Japanese and East Asian studieslibrarians in the best practices for providinghands-on training to users of Japanese electronic materials. Kazuko Sakaguchi, Librarianof the Documentation Center on ContemporaryJapan, and Kuniko Yamada McVey, Librarian ofthe Japanese Collections at the Harvard-Yenching Library, both received T-3 training andhave since offered workshops at Harvard usingthat training. They and others of the 33 T-3trained librarians have thus far helped the NCC to hold over 30 workshops and seminars throughout the U.S., Canada, and Japan.

In 2005, the NCC organized a seven-campus tour of the UC Berkeley Digital Maps Workshops,attended at Harvard by approximately 80 faculty,students, and post-doctoral fellows in earlyNovember of that year. This collection and

presentation enabled Harvard anthropologistTheodore C. Bestor to develop two related proj-ects for Harvard undergraduates in conjunctionwith his Foreign Cultures undergraduate CoreProgram course, Tokyo. The first, Finding Tokyo on Your Desktop, is an introductory exploration of Tokyo using digital maps created for studentswho may never have visited Japan nor have acommand of Japanese. The second project is awebsite called The Tokyo Time Machine, whichmakes use of digital maps and old photographs of various locations in Tokyo. When completed, itwill enable students to see how the topographyand images of different areas of Tokyo havechanged from the late 1700s to the present.

In early November 2006 a workshop on digitalresources in Japanese science, technology andmedicine took place at the Harvard MedicalSchool with instructors from the JapaneseScience and Technology Agency. Later that month,two hands-on workshops on digital resources forteaching and research in the Japanese social sciences were offered, led by Shinobu Murai from Hitotsubashi University in Tokyo with theassistance of Kazuko Sakaguchi, Kyoko Mori ofUniversity of Tokyo (currently an exchange-librari-an at the Harvard-Yenching Library), and SharonDomier, East Asian Studies Librarian at theUniversity of Massachusetts, Amherst. Theseworkshops produced a plan for an interactiveonline tutorial currently being developed by theNCC for publication on its website.

In these and other programs the NCC seeks tomeet the Japan-related library and informationneeds of users throughout North America and beyond. The NCC’s most effective vehicle for achieving this goal is its website,www.fas.harvard.edu/~ncc/, which is supportedby the Reischauer Institute as a service to thefield of Japanese studies.

The NCC and the Reischauer Institute continuetheir commitment to spreading the word aboutJapanese E-Resources. For further informationabout the NCC and its programs please contact [email protected].

Organizers of the November 17 workshop on digitalresources for teaching and research in the Japanese socialsciences: Sharon Domier, Kuniko McVey, Vickey Bestor,Shinobu Murai, Kyoko Mori and Kazuko Sakaguchi.

5

“At the Festival of the Ages”(Jidai Matsuri)Sakura Christmas, HistoryHarvard College, Class of 2007

“Reflections of Tokyo”Kathleen Kelly, NeurobiologyHarvard College, Class of 2008

Harvard College International Photo Contest(Fall 2006)Japan Prize Winners

Japanese E-ResourcesThe NCC and RI Push Training and Implementation

Victoria Lyon BestorEXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, NCC

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R E I S C hA U E RR E pO R T S6

A Research Project of the Edwin O. Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies, Harvard University

Constitutional Revision in Japan

To formulate and revise a constitution are twofundamental prerogatives of a democratic society. Japan issued its first constitution in1889, The Constitution of the Empire of Japan(Dai Nihon Teikoku KenpÃŽ, commonly referredto as ‘the Meiji constitution’). Technicallyspeaking, the current constitution, issued in1947, The Constitution of Japan (Nihon KokuKenpÃŽ, frequently called ‘the postwar constitu-tion’) is a revised version of the Meijiconstitution. Both were ceremonially bestowedupon the people by the emperor, althoughpopular sovereignty is a fundamental principleof the postwar constitution. As is well known,however, American Occupation staff compiledthe 1947 document, with limited Japaneseinput. For this reason, the Liberal DemocraticParty announced its intention to revise thepostwar constitution in the 1950s, but it was

not until the administration of KoizumiJun’ichirÃŽ (2001-2006) that a national consen-sus in favor of constitutional revision emerged.

Because constitutional revision stands to affectmany aspects of Japanese politics and society,it is an ideal research topic for the ReischauerInstitute, whose mission is to promote thestudy of Japan across all the academic disci-plines. I came to see the topic in this light in2004, after researching the potential impacton religious organizations, for a presentation atthe Japan Forum. What I found was a varietyof proposals, some originating with politicalparties and some from civic groups and media,such as the influential draft published by theYomiuri shinbun in 1994. Some envisionedtighter state oversight of religious organiza-tions, and religious groups were organizing inresponse. As I broadened my research, Ibecame aware that women’s groups wereorganizing in opposition to conservatives’

proposals to revise article 24 (the clause thatestablishes “the essential equality of the sexes”).Similarly, educators expressed anxiety thatpoliticians were attempting to redress prob-lems in the schools by assigning teachers thejob of inculcating patriotism, under a redraft-ed constitution and associated laws such as the Fundamental Law on Education (KyÃŽikuKihon HÃŽ). At the other end of the politicalspectrum, conservatives were rallying aroundconstitutional revision. As they correctlypointed out, all the Western democracies haverevised their constitutions, and traditionalistsalso saw an opportunity to enshrine theirideals at the highest legal level.

Japan today is nearing a consequential decision about whether (and how) to revisethe constitution. However the issue is resolved,constitutional revision is implicated broadly inJapan’s stance in the new century, as I will tryto show in the brief account below, and is thusan ideal lens through which scholars of Japancan see and understand the currents of change.

Defense and security are the primary issuesdriving the attempt to revise the constitution,and here the focus is article 9, the war renun-ciation clause. Specifically, its formulation oncollective security has long been interpreted by the Cabinet Legislative Bureau (NaikakuHÃŽsei Kyoku) as prohibiting Japan from aiding an ally militarily. In earlier decades, this understanding was advantageous, shield-ing Japan against American pressure to sendthe Self Defense Force (SDF) overseas in support of the U.S. military. The Japanesegovernment successfully resisted Americancalls to send troops to the first Gulf War in1991. However, although Japan contributedhugely in monetary terms, it was stinginglycriticized for “checkbook diplomacy” and hid-ing behind the constitution to avoid “puttingboots on the ground.” This international criti-cism was felt by many Japanese leaders and by popular conservatives as a major embarrass-ment, and it engendered a strong will to revisethe constitution to permit expanded overseasroles for the SDF. From 1992, the SDF began to be deployed in a variety of overseasoperations, increasingly straining existing constitutional interpretations.

In the same time frame, the rise of Chinabegan to shape East Asian regional politics.Even as the Japanese economy foundered inthe long depression of the 1990s, leading some Japanese businesses to move their operations to China to take advantage ofcheaper labor costs, it became clear that Japanwould have to compete with China for energysources and markets. This new economicdynamic underlay the bitter reaction on bothsides to fresh accounts of Japanese wartimeatrocities. As televised images of angry Chinese

Helen Hardacre REISCHAUER INSTITUTE PROFESSOR

OF JAPANESE RELIGIONS AND SOCIETY,HARVARD UNIVERSITY AND FOUNDER

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7

www.fas.harvard.edu/~rijs/crrp

and Koreans burning Japanese flags stimulatedJapanese nationalism, a dangerous cycle ofmutual animosity began.

The question of China could not be separatedentirely from the behavior of its ally, NorthKorea. When North Korea menaced Japan byfiring missiles in its direction in 1998, andwhen it was revealed in 2002 that NorthKorea had systematically kidnapped Japanesecitizens from 1977 to 1983, Japan’s manifestinability to defend its borders became a majorissue. Socialism’s defenders were thoroughlydiscredited, and the abductions played a majorrole in hastening the collapse of the Socialistand Communist parties in Japan, furtherstrengthening LDP determination to revisearticle 9.

The popular reaction in Japan tothese changed circumstances wascomplex. In the post-Cold Warenvironment, the old left’s rhetoric, holding that any revisionof the constitution would trigger a wholesale return to militarismand imperialism, rang hollow.Increasingly, the business community saw a legitimate rolefor the SDF in protecting Japaneseoverseas economic interests, notleast because of the economy’snear-total dependence upon foreign petroleum. This view layin the background of Keidanren’sproposals for constitutional revision. Prominent liberal intellectuals rejected the call torevise the constitution, especiallythe Article 9 Society founded in2004 by Oe KenzaburÃŽ and otherstalwarts of the old guard on the left. Theappearance in Japan of the “comfort women,”aging Korean women forced into sexual slav-ery during the war, was a further diplomaticembarrassment. Influential conservativesrejected the charges of wartime atrocities andcountered with attempts to introduce historytextbooks that would minimize them. To generations of young Japanese educated without extensive understanding of twentieth-century history, it seemed that Japan wasbeing unfairly criticized. Popular resentmentand incomprehension prepared the ground for nationalist writers such as KobayashiYoshinori, purveying graphic, laudatory portrayals of imperial Japan’s “mission” to protect Asian countries from Western colonialdomination.

Igniting this incendiary mix every August dur-ing the Koizumi years was the prime minister’squixotic resolution to visit the Yasukuni Shrineon the surrender anniversary. Although he didnot actually visit the shrine on August 15 until

2006, the media’s annual pyrotechnic coverageheightened tensions with China and Korea,where there were violent anti-Japanese demonstrations, sometimes including damageto Japanese businesses. The shrine had deifiedfourteen class-A war criminals in 1978, andboth China and Korea regarded Koizumi’s visits as humiliating provocations. This shrinefor the war dead is a potent icon of militarismand war to its critics and to its supporters asymbol of tradition, honor, and patriotic sacrifice. In the deadlock over the Yasukuniissue, relations with China plummeted to theirpostwar nadir, as the Chinese president refusedtop-level meeting with Koizumi so long as heinsisted on backing the shrine. But althoughmany in Japan were critical both of Yasukuniand the prime minister’s dogged attentions to

it, Koizumi never paid a price at the ballot boxand sometimes even gained popularity for notacquiescing to Chinese pressure. The shrine’sfollowers began openly to voice their hopesthat state support of Yasukuni would beresumed, a change impossible without revisingthe constitution’s mandate for separation ofreligion and state.

From this brief account, it can be seen thatconstitutional revision is directly or indirectlylinked to a wide range of issues facing Japantoday. The fact that constitutional revision isbeing debated at all represents a huge changefrom earlier postwar decades, when there existed a kind of taboo on discussing the question. Yet from the 1990s to the present,the pace of change has been dramatic, andwhile even ten years ago a large majority of the Japanese people opposed constitutionalrevision, now a majority favors it, thoughmuch controversy continues to surround article 9. Clearly, constitutional revision is atimely topic for Japanese studies.

The purpose of the Research Project onConstitutional Revision is to study and document the move to revise the Japaneseconstitution. Neutrality on the outcome is theproject’s guiding principle, and we welcomeresearchers of diverse perspectives. We are governed by a group of directors that includesscholars and journalists from Japan and severaluniversities in the Boston area and furtherafield, representing expertise in the fields ofhistory, political science, international relations, and religious studies.

Our meetings to study constitutional revisionare devoted to issues affected by the currentdebate, such as defense, education, and civicengagement, and meetings generally attractfrom twenty-five to fifty participants. We have held meetings to study constitutional

drafts line by line, comparingthem with the Meiji and postwarconstitutions. We also devotemeetings to lectures by suchprominent figures as Aichi Kazuoand Onuma Yasuaki. Our meetings are open to all, and weinvite all interested persons toenrich our meetings by sharingtheir views and expertise.

Documenting the process ofJapanese constitutional revisionrequires innovative techniques,especially web archiving. A largepart of the debate on constitu-tional revision takes place on the Internet, and to preserve thismaterial for future scholars, weuse web-harvesting software tocapture and store the output ofsome eighty websites in Japan.

These websites can be viewed on the projectwebsite: www.fas.harvard.edu/~rijs/crrp, whichfeatures an extensive bibliography of over1,000 archival and online sources. We inviteinterested researchers to visit the website andforward to us their criticisms and suggestionsfor how we may improve it. At present we aredeveloping a number of research guides for thewebsite as well as a Chronology, and in futurewe hope to initiate a series of publications.

In addition to generous support from theReischauer Institute, the project relies on ateam of librarians at Harvard as well as theOffice of the General Counsel for assistanceregarding intellectual property issues. TheHarvard College Libraries have adopted ourproject as a pilot for the university’s webarchiving and have made a commitment topreserve our material as a permanent resource.Our deepest thanks go to these supporters, toKatrina Moore, graduate student assistant tothe project, and to our team of graduate andundergraduate researchers.

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ラむシャワヌレポヌト8

ハヌバヌド倧孊゚ドりィン O.ラむシャワヌ日本研究所研究プロゞェクト

日本における憲法改正に関する研究プロゞェクト

ヘレン・ハヌデヌカヌラむシャワヌ研究所日本宗教瀟䌚孊教授、ハヌバヌド倧孊プロゞェクト䞻宰者

憲法を起草し、たた改正するずいう行為は民䞻囜家が有する

特暩ずもいうべきものであろう。日本は1889幎に最初の憲法である倧日本垝囜憲法䞀般的に「明治憲法」ず呌ばれるこず

も倚いを公垃しおいる。1947幎に公垃された珟行の日本囜憲法「戊埌憲法」ずも呌ばれるは、圢匏䞊は倧日本垝囜憲法

を改正したものであり、日本囜憲法は䞻暩圚民を基本原則ず

しおいるものの、䞡者ずも倩皇より囜民に授けるずいう儀匏

を経お発垃された。呚知の通り日本囜憲法はGHQ関係者により起草されたものであり、日本偎からの関䞎は限られたも

のであった。このため自由民䞻党は1950幎代頃よりすでに憲法改正の意思を瀺しおはいたが、憲法改正に奜意的な䞖論が

生たれたのは小泉内閣期2001から2006 幎になっおからのこずである。

憲法改正は日本の政治瀟䌚の広い領域に圱響を䞎えるため、

倚矩的な日本研究の振興を䜿呜ずするラむシャワヌ日本研究

所にずっお理想的な研究課題である。筆者がこのような芖点

で憲法改正問題を捉えるようになったのは2004 幎にラむシャワヌ研究所のゞャパン・フォヌラムで発衚のために憲法

改正が宗教団䜓に䞎える圱響に぀いお研究を行っおからのこ

ずである。この研究によっお政党・垂民団䜓・メデア団䜓に

よる詊案等が存圚するこずを筆者は認識するようになった。

これらの詊案の䞭には宗教団䜓ぞ囜家の監督暩の匷化を目

論みるものもあり、宗教団䜓もこのような動きに察しお組織

的に察応するようになっおいた。研究の察象範囲を広げるに

぀ れ、女性団䜓が保守掟による第24条「䞡性の本質的平等」を定めた条項改正に向けおの動きに察しお反察運動を組織

しおいるこずに気づいた。たた、政治家たちが憲法や教育

基本法などを改正し愛囜心教育を教垫たちに課すこずに

よっお、孊校における教育問題を解決しようずする動きを教

育者たちが憂慮しおいるなどの問題も浮かび䞊がっお来た。

保守掟が䞻匵する通り欧米の民䞻囜家は党お憲法改正の経隓

をしおいるのだが、䌝統䞻矩者達は憲法改正を自らが䞻匵す

る政治的理想を最高の法的レベルで明文化する機䌚ずしおず

らえたのである。

珟圚日本は憲法改正を行うべきかあるいはいかに行うべき

かずいう非垞に重芁な刀断を迫られおいる。どのような圢で

垰結を芋たずしおも、憲法改正は21䞖玀における日本の趚勢ず広く密接に関わる問題である。以䞋の小論で瀺すように、日

本研究者が日本瀟䌚における倉化の流れを理解しようずする

にあたっおこの問題は理想的な芖点を提䟛しおくれるのであ

る。

珟圚、防衛・安党保障問題が憲法改正を進める動きの原動力

ずなっおおり、戊争攟棄を謳った第9条が議論の焊点ずなっおいる。特に9条の集団的自衛暩に関する条文は内閣法制局により同盟囜ぞの軍事支揎を犁じるものであるず解釈され、長

幎この解釈は米囜からの米軍支揎を目的ずする自衛隊海倖掟

遣ぞの圧力を抵抗する䞊で有利なものずされおきた。日本政

府は1991幎の第䞀次湟岞戊争でもアメリカ政府からの掟兵

芁請を拒吊するこずができた。しかし、日本は倚額の経枈貢献

をしたにも関わらず、憲法を隠れ蓑にほんずうの戊いに参加

しないで「札束倖亀」を行ったずの痛烈な批刀を受けるこずに

なる。倚くの日本の政治指導者や保守掟はこのような囜際瀟

䌚からの批刀を屈蟱ずしお受け止め、自衛隊の海倖掻動範囲

を広げるために憲法を改正するずいう意思が圌らの間に生た

れるこずずなった。1992幎以降、自衛隊は倚様な海倖掻動に掟遣されるようになり、珟行の憲法解釈の維持はたすたす難

しくなっおいった。

たた同時に䞭囜の台頭が東アゞア地域の政治に倧きな圱響

を䞎えるようになる。1990幎代に日本経枈が䞍況で䜎迷する䞭、日本の䞻芁䌁業の䞭には䜎い劎働コスト目圓おに䞭囜に

生産拠点を移転するものが出始め、゚ネルギヌ資源ず垂堎を

巡っおの䞭囜ずの競争は日本にずっお明癜な珟実ずなった。

この新しい経枈䞊の動きの底流には戊時䞭に日本が行った残

虐行為に関する新しい歎史解釈を巡っおの䞡囜での激しい反

応がある。テレビ画面に映る興奮しお日本囜旗を燃やす韓囜

・䞭囜のデモ参加者の姿が日本のナショナリズムを掻き立お

るずいう危険な敵察関係が生たれた。

䞭囜問題は䞭囜の同盟囜である北朝鮮の行動ず分けお考える

こずはできない。1998幎に北朝鮮が日本の方向にミサむルを発射するずいう嚁嚇行為を行い、2002幎には北朝鮮政府が1977幎から1983幎にかけお組織的に日本囜民を拉臎しおいたずいう事実が明るみにでた時、䞀連の事件により日本政府に

自らの囜土を守る胜力が明らかに欠けおいるずいうこずが倧

きな問題になった。瀟䌚䞻矩の支持者は完党に信甚を倱い、拉

臎問題が瀟䌚党・共産党の凋萜を進める倧きな芁因ずなった

ず同時に、自民党の9条改正ぞの意思はたすたす匷たるこずずなった。

これらの状況の倉化に察する䞀般囜民の反応は耇雑なもので

あった。ポスト冷戊䞋においお、いかなる改憲も軍囜䞻矩・垝

囜䞻矩ぞの回垰に繋がるものだずいうリベラル掟の旧来の䞻

匵は説埗力を欠くようになった。日本経枈が海倖からの石油

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ラむシャワヌレポヌト 9

日本における憲法改正に関する研究プロゞェクト www.fas.harvard.edu/~rijs/crrp

ヘレン・ハヌデヌカヌ 茞入にほが完党に䟝存しおいるずいう状況のもずで、財界は海

倖における日本の経枈利暩を守るこずは自衛隊の正圓な圹割で

あるずいうような芋解をずるようになっおいった。このような

芋解が経団連の改憲詊案を裏付けるものずなっおいる。

2004幎に倧江健䞉郎や䞻芁なリベラル掟によっお発足した「9条の䌚」のような垂民団䜓は改憲論に真っ向から反察を瀺した。

たたこの頃戊時期に性的奎隷ずしおの生掻を匷芁された幎老い

た韓囜人の元「慰安婊」達が日本で声を䞊げ始め曎なる倖亀䞊の

頭痛の皮を日本政府にもたらしたのだが、保守掟の有力者達は

戊時期の残虐行為を吊定し、これらの蚘述を最小限に抑えた教科

曞を導入するずいう動きで察抗を始める。たた、20䞖玀の歎史に関するしっかりずした教育を受けずに育った若者の倚くは日本

が䞍圓な非難を受けおいるず感じるようになったようである。

こういった䞀般レベルでの憀りや理解の欠劂が、西欧怍民地䞻

矩からアゞアを守るのがその「䜿呜」であったずする垝囜日本を

賛矎する史芳を描く小林よしのりに代衚されるナショナリスト

䜜家たちの支持基盀ずなっおいったのである。

小泉内閣期になるず、終戊蚘念日に靖囜神瀟参拝を果たすずい

う銖盞の決意がこの混乱をたすたす煜るこずになった。小泉銖

盞の終戊蚘念日参拝が実珟するのは2006幎になっおのこずだが、䟋幎のセンセヌショナルなメディア報道は䞭囜・韓囜ずの

緊匵関係を高め、䞭囜・韓囜では激しい反日デモが行われ、時に

は珟地の日本䌁業が経枈的ダメヌゞを受けるこずもあった。

1978幎に14名のA玚戊犯を合祀した靖囜神瀟ぞ小泉銖盞が参拝するこずを䞭囜・韓囜偎は屈蟱的な挑発だず捉えた。戊没者を

慰霊する靖囜神瀟は批刀的な立堎にあるものにずっおは軍囜䞻

矩・戊争の象城そのものであり、支揎者にずっおは䌝統・誇り・

殉囜ずいった䟡倀芳を象城するものである。靖囜問題の解決の

糞口が芋えない䞭、䞭囜政府は小泉銖盞が靖囜神瀟ぞの支持を

やめるたで銖脳䌚談を拒吊し続け、日䞭関係は戊埌最䜎の状況

を迎えるこずずなった。日本囜民の倚くは靖囜神瀟や小泉銖盞

のこの問題ぞの執着に぀いお批刀的ではあったのだが、この問

題が小泉政暩の遞挙結果に悪圱響を䞎えたこずはなく、逆に䞭

囜からの圧力に屈しなかったずいう理由で支持を埗たぐらいで

ある。靖囜神瀟支持者は神瀟ぞの囜家支揎を再開すべきだず公

に䞻匵し始めたが、そのような政策転換は憲法䞊の政教分離の

原則を改正しないかぎり䞍可胜であろう。

以䞊の小論からもわかるように、憲法改正問題は日本が珟圚盎

面する倚くの問題ず盎接的・間接的に繋がっおいる。戊埌数十

幎間にわたり改憲を論じる事はタブヌずされたこずを考える

ず、この問題が論じられおいる事実自䜓が倧きな時代の倉化を

瀺すものであろう。しかも1990幎代から珟圚たでの倉化の速床は劇的なものであった。10幎前たでは日本囜民の倧郚分が改憲に反察しおいたのが、9条をめぐる議論はただ解決を芋ないものの、珟圚では囜民の倧倚数が改憲を支持しおいる。日本研究に

ずっお改憲問題は時宣を埗た問題ずいえよう。

「憲法改正に関する研究プロゞェクト」の目的は改憲ぞの動き

を研究・蚘録するこずである。その結果に関しおは䞭立的な立

堎をずるこずを原則ずし、異なった芳点を持぀研究者の参加を

歓迎する。プロゞェクトは日本ずボストン地域を䞭心ずする倧

孊機関所属の研究者やゞャヌナリストらによっお䞻催・運営さ

れ、歎史孊、政治孊、囜際関係孊、宗教孊ずいった分野からの専

門家が参加しおいる。

圓プロゞェクト研究䌚は防衛、教育、垂民参加ずいった珟圚の改

憲議論によっお倧きな圱響を受ける領域を䞻な論題ずしおお

り、通垞25から50名皋床の参加者を集めおいる。研究䌚では改正憲法案を条文ごずに分析し、明治憲法や戊埌憲法ず比范する

䜜業を行った。たた愛知和男氏や倧沌保明氏ずいった著名なゲ

ストを招いおの講矩も開催しおいる。研究䌚は䞀般公開されお

おり、この問題に興味を持぀あらゆる人々が参加し意芋や専門

知識を亀換する堎ずなるこずを目指しおいる。

日本における憲法改正のプロセスを蚘録するには斬新な手法 特

にりェブ・アヌカむブが必芁ずなる。改憲論の倚くはむンタヌ

ネット䞊で展開されおおり、これらを埌䞖の研究者のために蚘録

・保存しおいくずいう目的で、圓プロゞェクトではりェブサむト収

集゜フトを䜿甚し80以䞊にもわたる日本の関連サむトを収集・保存しおいる。これらは圓プロゞェクトのりェブサむトhttp://www.fas.harvard.edu/~rijs/crrp/より閲芧可胜である。たた圓

サむトでは1,000点を越える文曞やオンラむン・リ゜ヌス等の文献リストが公開されおいる。圓プロゞェクトでは研究者の諞

氏にこのりェブサむトを蚪問しおいただき、サむト向䞊のた

めの批刀や意芋を提䟛しお頂ければず願っおいる。珟圚サむト

に研究ガむドず幎衚を構築しおいる最䞭であり、将来的には出

版物の発行も行っおいく぀もりである。

圓プロゞェクトはラむシャワヌ研究所からからの惜しみない揎

助に加えお、ハヌバヌド倧孊の図曞通叞曞チヌム䞊びに法務郚(Office of General Counsel)から知的財産に関しおの助蚀を受けおいる。ハヌバヌド倧孊図曞通は圓プロゞェクトを倧孊の

りェブ・アヌカむブのパむロットプロゞェクトずしお認定し、

収集された文曞を氞久的に保存される資料ずしお扱っお頂け

るようになっおいる。圓プロゞェクトを支えるこれらのスタッ

フ、プロゞェクト・アシスタントを務める倧孊院生のカテリヌ

ナ・ムヌア、孊郚生・院生からなる研究チヌムに察し、この堎

を借りお深い謝意を瀺したい。

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芪愛なる友ぞ

吉田氏は、区内でのいく぀かの倧き

な再開発事業を共同で行いながら、

䌝統的な地域ネットワヌク(䟋えば、

月島ず接久田の现長い路地の密接な

ネットワヌク)を維持し、さらに向䞊

させる詊みを埌揎、たた、銀座を高

局地区に倉えようずする東京郜の詊

みぞの反察運動を成功に導く手助け

をした。吉田氏は郜垂蚈画に察しお

オヌプンで、瀟䌚孊、経枈孊、郜垂蚈

画、および関連分野の専門家から創

造的な解決策を探ろうずしおきた。

2006幎春、慶應矩塟倧孊で建築・郜垂蚈

画を専門ずする小林博人准教授の玹介

で、吉田氏はデザむン倧孊院 (GSD)の郜

垂蚈画専門のピヌタヌ・ロり教授ず私に

連絡を取り、東京のりォヌタヌフロント

を圢づくる様々な新しい詊みがどのよ

うに総合的郜垂蚈画ビゞョンず統合さ

れるべきかに぀いおアドバむスを求め

おきた。我々GSDの建築・郜垂蚈画の

孊生を䞻芁研究者 (primary investigator)ずしお2006幎秋孊期にこの調査を匕き

受けた。察象区域は䞭倮区の3分の1 ほ

どで、銀座や日本橋などのすでに確立

しおいる地域を陀いお、築地・枯・新

川・晎海・月島・勝どきずいったりォヌ

タヌフロント地区に焊点を圓おた。孊

生達は200ヘクタヌルの察象区域を分

析するこずから始めた。初めは郜垂蚈

画地図ずグヌグル・アヌスの画像を䜿

い、10月には1週間のフィヌルド・トリッ

プに出かけお自ら珟堎の蚘録を取った。

圌らはすぐに既存の郜垂構造に倚くの

問題点を芋぀けた。䟋えば、亀通機関

からの孀立、氎際ぞのアクセスの悪

さ、さびれた歩行者空間、近隣を隔お

る高架高速道路、地域ずしおのアむデ

ンティティの欠萜、スケヌルに䞀貫性

のない様々な開発事業などが挙げら

れた。

我々が東京に滞圚した1週間の間、孊

生たちは副区長の吉田氏やその他関連

団䜓URの代衚、地域に投資しおいる

開発業者、築地䜏民、店䞻ず䌚い、珟圚

進行䞭のプロゞェクトを知り、察象区域

のりォヌタヌフロントを巡る理解を深

めおいった。圌らは新しい六本朚ヒル

ズ 矀吉田氏がりォヌタヌフロント区域

で明らかに避けたがっおいた呚囲環

境を無芖したスヌパヌブロック型郜垂

掻性化の䞀䟋など東京の他地区も蚪

れ、慶応矩塟倧孊の孊生ず郜垂蚈画プ

ロゞェクトに぀いお議論した。短い時

間で東京特有の郜垂構造、および近隣

パタヌンが浮き圫りずなっおいった。

フィヌルド・トリップの埌ケンブリッゞ

に戻り、孊生は3人ごずのチヌムに分か

れ、8週間かけお特定の郜垂蚈画提案曞

を䜜り䞊げた。ロり教授ず私は各チヌム

ず密接に関わりながら、察象を絞った分

析掻動を指導し、いく぀もの提案曞の草

皿を批評しおいった。その結果、倚くの

創造的なアプロヌチが生たれ、開発できる

新しい建物ず郜垂空間に関する正匏・機

胜的な面に関するものだけではなく、歩

行者に優しい環境を䜜るために、むンフ

ラ敎備蚈画ず特定の開発蚈画を繋げる

ための戊略をも瀺した。考慮される事項

ずしお氎䞊亀通機関、道路網、町割、察象

区域の䜏宅ず商業がどう混圚すべきか

などに関する䞀般的な問題が挙げられ、

そしお、オリンピック・スタゞアムの堎

所ず倧きさ、メディアキャンパスずしお

築地垂堎区域を再利甚するなどずいっ

た特定の提案が行われた。现郚は倚少異

なったものの、すべおの4぀のチヌムが

氎際の景芳蚭蚈や建築行為に察しお新

たなアプロヌチをしおいくこずで東京

におけるりォヌタヌフロント再発芋が可

胜になるであろうずの芋解を瀺した。

孊期䞭の仕事のたずめずしお、孊生は12月にGSDにお建築家ず郜垂蚈画の専門

家からなるパネルに圌らの提案を瀺し

た。そしお、1月に私は、スポンサヌの䞭

倮区圹所の方々にこの仕事の成果を瀺

すため東京を蚪問した。吉田氏ず蚈画担

圓者たちの反応は䞊々で、4぀の総合蚈

画曞よりかなりの数のむメヌゞずコン

セプトが春の終わりに締め切りの正匏な

蚈画曞に組み入れられるこずになった。

こうしたスポンサヌ付きのプロゞェク

トは関わるグルヌプ党おにずっお有益

である。孊生ず教員はりォヌタヌフロン

トの珟圚の課題ず将来の可胜性を考え

る機䌚を埗お倚くのこずを孊び、東京の

実際の政策立案者が圌らの提案を怜蚎

するずいうこずで非垞に高氎準の創造

的で緻密な蚈画掻動に取り組んでいっ

た。たた他方では、䞭倮区は比范的わずか

な投資で、1぀ではなく4぀もの統合され

た玠晎らしいりォヌタヌフロント蚈画

曞を手に入れるこずができた。4぀の蚈

画曞は東京郜の珟行の開発アプロヌチ

に新しい代替案を提案しおおり、それぞ

れ独立した圢で考慮されるこずができ

るように特定の地区を察象ずした提案

からなっおいる。

䞭倮区のりォヌタヌフロント再開発を

長きにわたっお成功させようずするな

らば、オフィスタワヌのスヌパヌブロッ

クや過剰な芏暡のオリンピック関連斜

蚭のばらばらな集合䜓を超えたものを

考えなければならない。それには、はっ

きりず認識できる近隣構造の創造や、り

ォヌタヌフロントの景芳矎の再発芋に

よる郜垂掻性化の可胜性ずいったこず

を広範囲の䜿呜ずしお考慮するべきだ。

この調査が将来の政策においおこうし

た目暙を含めるこずに貢献するなら、こ

の調査は盞圓実り倚いものだったず蚀

えるず思う。

新しい東京のビゞョンぞの手がかりは昔の江戞に(続き)

築地垂堎区域の再開発

蚈画ずしお新しい運河

ず现長い公園(侊)が、

たた晎芋の島をオフィ

スブロックを繋ぐよう蚭

蚈された歩行者道(例)

がデザむン倧孊院の孊

生から提案された。

4月28日(土曜日)午埌7時

ハヌバヌド フィルム アヌカむブ

「手玙を曞き盎すずいうこず」:

アカデミヌ賞候補の脚本家

アむリス・ダマシタさんずの倕べ

所長より

ラむシャワヌ

レポヌト10

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芪愛なる友ぞ

野球シヌズン開幕たでただ数週間もあるいうのに束坂フィヌバヌがボストン䞭を駆け巡り、

クリント・むヌストりッドの「硫黄島からの手玙」が映画通で䞊映されたこずで、最近日本ぞ

の関心が高たっおいたす。日本に぀いお説明しようずするむベントは倚圩な顔ぶれの教授陣

ず孊生を匕き付けたす。昚幎10月に行われた映画研究家のドナルド・リッチヌ氏による講挔

「Japan, the Incongruous, and Myself」には倚数の聎衆が集たりたした。同月に開催された

毎幎恒䟋の第12回講談瀟シンポゞりムでも、ハヌバヌドの科孊史家である栗山茂久教授が

「The Archaeology of the Modern Japanese Body」ずいうテヌマで講挔したした。11月に行わ

れた本幎床のAssociates Dinner では、ハヌバヌドずアメリカ北東郚から120人以䞊の研究者

が䞀同に䌚し、オックスフォヌド倧孊日産日本研究教授である人類孊者ロゞャヌ・グッドマン

氏による日本における高等教育に関する講挔に耳を傟けたした。3月初めには「クヌルゞャパ

ン」ずいうテヌマでMITずアゞアセンタヌ共催のシンポゞりムず関連むベントが行われ、倚く

のハヌバヌド孊郚生および倧孊院生の参加を集めたした。

ラむシャワヌ研究所では今春数倚くのむベントが準備されおいたす。その䞭には日本ずアゞア

近隣諞囜の耇雑な関係を探るものが含たれおおり、4月3日には、ハヌバヌドの歎史孊者アンド

リュヌ・ゎヌドン教授叞䌚で日本の歎史教科曞問題を巡る法的問題に関するパネルを共同開

催する予定です。4月末には2007幎゚ドりィンO.ラむシャワヌ講挔シリヌズずしお、ペヌク倧

孊ゞョシュア・フォヌゲル教授の「From Luoyang to Shanghai: The Genesis of Sino-Japanese

Relations and their Revival in the19th Century」ず題した講挔をフェアバンクセンタヌず共催

したす。たた、4月28日土曜日の午埌7時にハヌバヌド・フィルム・アヌカむブにお今幎床アカデ

ミヌ賞候補に遞ばれた脚本家、アむリス・ダマシタ氏をお招きしお「硫黄島からの手玙」の特

別䞊映䌚を行いたす。

ハヌバヌドの孊郚生の日本語クラス受講者は9月の孊期始めで昚幎より20%も増え、孊郚生向

けの圓研究所のゞャパン・サマヌ・むンタヌンシップ・プログラムぞの応募も急䞊昇しおいた

す。数倚くのハヌバヌドの孊郚生が2007幎の倏を日本で過ごすこずを心埅ちにしおいたす。

スヌザン J. ファヌ

所長

Phot

o:M

arth

aSt

ewar

t

新しい東京のビゞョンぞの手がかりは昔の江戞に

4月28日(土曜日)午埌7時

ハヌバヌド・フィルム・アヌカむブ

24 Quincy Street

「硫黄島からの手玙」映画䞊映䌚

クリント・むヌストりッド監督 2006幎、141分

英語・日本語、英語字幕付き

(入堎料:䞀般 8ドル、ハヌバヌド関係者6ドル)

クリント・むヌストりッド監督の Flags ofOur Fathers「父芪たちの星条旗」の姉効線ずもいうべき今䜜品は硫黄島の戊いたでに至る出来事を力匷く、たた芞術的に描写した䜜品である。本䜜品ではアメリカ海兵隊から島を守るために戊った日本軍兵士達が同情的な芖点から描かれおおり、アメリカにずっおは敵であった日本軍兵士の䜓隓をデリケヌトなタッチで衚珟、理想化されるこずの倚い戊堎描写においおリアリティヌを远求した本䜜品によりむヌストりッド監督は幅広い賞賛を埗るこずずなった。

このむベントでは日系アメリカ人映画脚本家のアむリス・ダマシタ氏が栗林忠道䞭将が残した硫黄島戊の蚘録をどう脚本化しおいったかを語る。

䞊映䌚はハヌバヌド倧孊゚ドりィン O.ラむシャワヌ日本研究所ずボストン・ゞャパン・゜サ゚ティヌの共催むベントである。

「手玙を曞き盎すずいうこず」:

アカデミヌ賞候補の脚本家

アむリス・ダマシタさんずの倕べ

近日開催のむベント

所長より

ラむシャワヌ

レポヌト

EDWIN O. REISCHAUER INSTITUTE OF JAPANESE STUDIES

Center for Government & International StudiesSouth BuildingHarvard University1730 Cambridge StreetCambridge, Massachusetts 02138

P 617.495.3220 F 617.496.8083

[email protected]/~rijs

11

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郜垂 はないずいうこずだろう。正に珟

圚、少なくずも東京郜の䞭倮区では、

もう䞀床りォヌタヌフロント゚リア

を倉えようず経枈、そしお、政治䞊

の様々な匷い力が動いおいる。囜

政レベルでは、経枈を生き返らせ

るずいう任務を負った郜垂再生機

構 (UR) が東京の䞋町ずりォヌタヌ

フロント地区での倧芏暡な再開発

事業の工事を抌し進めおいる䞀方、

東京郜では、有名な築地垂堎ず豊

海町の氎路の向かいにある倉庫

矀を豊掲の離れ島に移転させるこ

ずを蚈画しおいる。この移転に 䌎

っお郜垂䞭心郚の盞圓な土地が倚

様な甚途に䜿甚可胜ずなる。東

京郜がりォヌタヌフロント地域の新

開発のために進めおいる具䜓案に

は、2016幎のオリンピック倧䌚開催

地に東京郜が名乗りを䞊げる際有

利になるための巚倧スポヌツアリヌ

ナ (10䞇垭)ず関連斜蚭の建蚭も含た

れおいる。こうした開発蚈画を支揎

するため、さらなる茞送機関建蚭の

蚈画も既に進行䞭である。

地域䜏民ず土地所有者の利益を守

り、様々な詊みの圱響に察応しおいく

責任は地方自治䜓である䞭倮区にあ

る。そしお、UR、東京郜、開発業者、䞋町

の䌝統的な地域文化の守り手である

人々の間に利害が生じる可胜性がある

ゆえに、この問題は簡単ではない。䞭倮

区の副区長に吉田䞍曇氏ずいう区内

党域の蚈画に関しお戊略的圹割を果た

しおきた、先芋の明がある政治的リヌダ

がいるのは幞運なこずだずいえる。

新しい東京のビゞョンぞの手がかりは昔の江戞にマヌク・ムリガン

ハヌバヌドデザむン倧孊院、

建築孊講垫

ラむシャワヌ゚ドりィン O. ラむシャワヌ日本研究所

ハヌバヌド倧孊 レポヌト

VOLU

ME

11N

UM

BER

2春

2007

TS

US

HI

N

䞭䞖に持村ずしお始たっおから珟

代たで、江戞のむメヌゞは氎ず密

接に関わり合っおきた。䜕䞖玀に

もわたっお埋立お地ず運河が次々

に墚田川の岞沿いに建蚭され、䞋町

の賑やかな商業地区が圢成されお

いった。運河ず氎蟺の土地は䞀般

䜏民の商業及び公共生掻のスペヌ

スずしおずっず䜿われおきた。しか

しながら、この東京ず改名された

郜垂は、20䞖玀になっお、鉄道、地䞋

鉄、広い平面路、および高架高速道

路ずいった、明らかにより珟代的

な圢の亀通ネットワヌク䜜りに郜

垂蚈画の努力を費やすようになっ

た。このような圢の茞送機関を優

先するこずによっお、東京の氎路

は比范的短い時間で衰退ぞず远い

蟌たれ、䞍芁になった運河の倚く

が埋め立おられるか、芆い隠されお

したうこずずなる。20䞖玀の東京

はりォヌタヌフロント゚リア枯湟

郚に背を向け、墚田川土手ずその

近郊の倧半はさびれた産業地域ず

なり、歩行者が近寄れず、亀通機関

のアクセスも悪いずいう䞭で郜民

にずっお芋向きもされない堎所ず

なっおしたった。結果ずしお、今日

では䜏民も蚪問者もりォヌタヌフ

ロント郜垂ずしお東京をむメヌゞ

するこずはほずんどなくなっおし

たった。

ここたで簡単に蚘したこの郜垂の

歎史に䜕か慰めがあるずするなら

ば、それは東京ほど自由にそしお頻

繁に倉化するこずができる近代

日本における

憲法改正

硫黄島からの手玙

映画䞊映4月28日

私の日本

サマヌ・むンタヌンシップ・

プログラム

東京ほど自由にそしお頻繁

に倉化するこずができる郜

垂はない。

10ペヌゞに続く

デザむン倧孊院の孊生が提案した䞭倮区のりォタヌフロント区域の蚈画図既存、たた新芏の道路網が

商業甚(青色)、䜏宅甚(赀色)、共同䜓甚(えび茶色)に提案された区域ずどう関わっおいるかを瀺しおいる。

における からの

4月28

サマヌ・

むンタヌンシップ・プログラム

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