705453 RIJSNewsENGLISH v3 - Harvard Universityrijs/pdfs/tsushin/tsushin...mind, seeking out creative...
Transcript of 705453 RIJSNewsENGLISH v3 - Harvard Universityrijs/pdfs/tsushin/tsushin...mind, seeking out creative...
political forces are now at work to transform
the waterfront area once again. At a national
level, the Urban Renaissance agency (UR),
charged with revitalizing the economy, has
been facilitating the construction of large-
scale redevelopment projects in Tokyoâs
downtown and waterfront districts. The Tokyo
Metropolitan Government
(TMG) meanwhile plans to
relocate the cityâs famous
Tsukiji Wholesale Market â
and the marketâs associated
warehouses across the chan-
nel in Toyomicho â to the outlying island of
Toyosu, freeing up a vast amount of centrally
located acreage for other uses. Specific
proposals advanced for new development on
the TMG waterfront lands include the con-
struction of a major (100,000-seat) sports
arena and related facilities to support the cityâs
bid for the 2016 Olympic Games. In support
of the new development, plans for additional
transit infrastructure are already underway.
Responsibility for guarding the interests of
local residents and landowners while absorbing
the impact of these varied initiatives lies with
the local government of Chuo-ku; and it is no
easy job, given the potential for conflict
among the UR, the TMG, developers, and the
guardians of traditional neighborhood culture
in the Shitamachi. Chuo-ku is fortunate to
have as its vice-mayor Mr. Uzumi Yoshida,
an enlightened politician who has played a
strategic role in planning efforts throughout
the Ward.
Visions of a New Tokyo Take Cues from Old EdoMark Mulligan LECTURER IN ARCHITECTURE,GRADUATE SCHOOL OF DESIGN,HARVARD UNIVERSITY
R E I S C hA U E REDWIN O. REISCHAUER INSTITUTE OF JAPANESE STUDIES
HARVARD UNIVERSITY R E pO R T S
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From its origin as a medieval fishing village
until the modern era, the image of Edo was
inextricably linked with water. Over cen-
turies a series of landfills and canals were
constructed along the banks of the Sumida
River to create the thriving mercantile dis-
tricts of the Shitamachi. For most of this
history, the canals and the land at waterâs
edge served as a space of commerce and
public life for the cityâs masses. However,
over the past century the city â renamed
Tokyo â has clearly invested its planning
efforts into more modern forms of transit
networks, laying out railways, subways,
broad surface roads and elevated highways.
The prioritization of these kinds of infra-
structure sent Tokyoâs waterways into
decline, and over a relatively short time
many of the disused canals were filled in or
covered over. Twentieth-century Tokyo
turned its back on the waterfront, and with
few exceptions, the banks of the Sumida
and its islands became marginal zones of
industry, inaccessible to pedestrians, poorly
served by public transportation, and largely
invisible to the cityâs populace. As a result,
today very few residents or visitors have an
image of Tokyo as a waterfront city.
If there is any consolation in the urban
history Iâve sketched above, it is the
realization that few modern cities transform
themselves as freely and as often as Tokyo
does. Indeed, at least in the cityâs Central
Ward (Chuo-ku), strong economic and
ConstitutionalRevision in Japan
Letters from Iwo JimaFilm Screening
April 28
My Japan: Summer Internship
Program
Few modern cities transform themselvesas freely and as often as Tokyo does.
continued on page 3
Plan diagram of the Chuo-ku waterfront by Graduate School of Design students showing existing and new road network and its relationship to blocks proposed for commercial (blue), residential (red) and community (maroon) use.
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Dear Friends,With Matsuzaka fever sweeping Boston in the weeks before the opening of baseball season and the
Clint Eastwood film Letters from Iwo Jima in the local theaters, interest in Japan is high these days.
Events that seek to explain Japan attract a wide range of faculty and students. Last October, film
scholar Donald Richie drew a large audience for a talk on âJapan, the Incongruous, and Myself.â
At the 12th annual Kodansha Symposium that same month, Harvard historian of science Shigehisa
Kuriyama engaged his audience with a talk on âThe Archaeology of the Modern Japanese Body.â
At the annual Associates Dinner in November, over 120 scholars from Harvard and institutions in
the Northeast came to hear anthropologist Roger Goodman, Nissan Professor of Japanese Studies at
Oxford, on problems in Japanâs higher education. In early March, a symposium and related events
on the theme of âCool Japan,â co-sponsored with MIT and the Asia Center, attracted large numbers
of Harvard undergraduates and graduate students.
The Reischauer Institute (RI) has a full calendar of activities this spring. Among them, several probe
Japanâs complex relations with its Asian neighbors. On April 3, the Institute co-hosts a panel,
moderated by Harvard historian Andrew Gordon, on legal issues surrounding the history textbook
controversy in Japan. Later in April, the RI joins the Fairbank Center as co-sponsor of the 2007
Annual Edwin O. Reischauer Lecture Series, in which Joshua Fogel, of York University, will deliver
three lectures on âFrom Luoyang to Shanghai: The Genesis of Sino-Japanese Relations and their
Revival in the 19th Century.â The RI will also host Oscar-nominated screenwriter Iris Yamashita to
introduce a special screening of Letters from Iwo Jima at the Harvard Film Archive, Saturday,
April 28 at 7 p.m.
Harvardâs Japanese language enrollments were up 20% at the start of the academic year, and
applications for the Japan Summer Internship Program for undergraduates have soared.
We look forward to a very large Harvard presence in Japan in summer 2007.
SUSAN J. PHARR, DIRECTOR
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R E I S C hA U E RR E pO R T S2
EDWIN O. REISCHAUER INSTITUTE OF JAPANESE STUDIES
Center for Government & International StudiesSouth BuildingHarvard University1730 Cambridge StreetCambridge, Massachusetts 02138
P 617.495.3220 F 617.496.8083
[email protected]/~rijs
April 28 (Saturday), 7 pm
Harvard Film Archive, 24 Quincy Street
Letters from Iwo Jima film screeningDirected by Clint Eastwood (2006, 141 minutes)English and Japanese with English subtitles
Admission: $8 general/$6 Harvard affiliates
Clint Eastwoodâs companion piece to Flags of Our Fathers presents a powerful and artis-tic rendering of the events leading up to theBattle of Iwo Jima. A sympathetic portrait ofthe Japanese soldiers who fought to defendthe island from U.S. Marine Corps, the filmhas earned Eastwood universal praise for de-mythifying the often sanctimonious portrayal of war combat while sensitivelyevoking the experiences of an American foe.
First-time Japanese-American screenwriterIris Yamashita discusses her adaptation ofTadamichi Kuribayashiâs first hand account ofthe epochal event. This event is co-sponsoredby the Edwin O. Reischauer Institute ofJapanese Studies, Harvard University and the Japan Society of Boston.
Rewriting Letters: An Evening with Oscar-nominated screenwriterIris Yamashita in Person
Upcoming Event
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hile collaborating on several
large redevelopment projects
in Chuo-ku, Mr. Yoshida has
also sponsored initiatives to preserve and
enhance traditional neighborhood fabrics (the
dense networks of narrow roji in Tsukishima
and Tsukuda, for example) and helped lead a
successful fight against the TMGâs effort to
transform Ginza into a high-rise district.
An urban historian by training, Mr. Yoshida
approaches planning issues with an open
mind, seeking out creative solutions from
experts in sociology, economics, design, and
related fields.
In the spring of 2006, through the introduc-
tion of Hiroto Kobayashi, Associate Professor
of Architecture and Urban Design at Keio
University, Mr. Yoshida approached Peter
Rowe, Professor of Urban Planning and
Design at the Graduate School of Design
(GSD) and me, asking our advice on how
the various new initiatives shaping Tokyoâs
waterfront might be integrated into a compre-
hensive planning vision. We agreed to
undertake this study in the fall semester 2006,
with architecture and urban design students at
the GSD as primary investigators. Our study
area would comprise nearly a third of Chuo-
kuâs land area, excluding well established
districts like Ginza and Nihonbashi and focus-
ing on the waterfront proper: Tsukiji, Minato,
Shinkawa, and the islands of Harumi and
Tsukishima-Kachidoki. The students began by
analyzing the 200-hectare study area â first
using planning maps and images from Google
Earth, later documenting the site in person
during a one-week field trip in October.
They quickly identified a number of problems
within the existing city fabric, such as isolation
from transit systems, inaccessibility of waterâs
edge, lack of pedestrian activity, perceptual
barriers between neighborhoods created by
raised highways, lack of neighborhood identi-
ty, disparate scales of development, and so on.
During our week in Tokyo, students met with
Vice-mayor Yoshida and other interested par-
ties (representatives of the Urban Renaissance,
locally invested developers, a group of Tsukiji
residents and shop owners) to get an idea of
projects currently in progress and to hone
their ideas about overlapping and conflicting
interests in the waterfront study area. They
visited other parts of the city as well, including
the new Roppongi Hills complex (a non-con-
textual superblock model for urban
revitalization that Mr. Yoshida explicitly
wished to avoid in the waterfront) and dis-
cussed urban design projects with students at
Keio University. In short time, Tokyoâs own
particular urban structure and neighborhood
patterns came into sharp focus.
Back in Cambridge after the field trip, our
students, working in teams of three, had eight
weeks to develop specific urban planning and
design proposals. Professor Rowe and I
worked closely with each team, guiding them
through targeted analytical exercises and
offering criticism on successive drafts of their
proposals. A number of creative approaches
began to emerge, suggesting not only formal
and functional aspects of the new architecture
and urban spaces that might be developed but
also strategies for linking specific kinds of
development to infrastructural improvements
aimed at creating a pedestrian-friendly envi-
ronment. Figuring into the designs were
general questions about water-based transit,
road networks, block patterns, the specific mix
of residential and commercial in the study
area; and specific suggestions for the location
and capacity of the Olympic stadium and the
reuse of the Tsukiji Market site as a media
campus. Though their proposals varied in
several details, all four teams suggested that
Tokyo might become reacquainted with its
waterfront through novel approaches to the
landscaping and architectural treatment of
the waterâs edge.
Summing up the semesterâs work, students
presented their proposals in December to a
panel of architects and planning experts at the
GSD. Then in January I flew back to Tokyo
to present this work to our sponsors at the
Chuo-ku Office. Mr. Yoshida and his
planners commented enthusiastically, and a
great number of images and concepts drawn
from the four masterplan proposals are to be
incorporated into an official planning report
due out in late spring. Engaging in this kind
of sponsored research seems to have been a
win-win affair for all parties. The students â
and their instructors â thrived on the
opportunity to consider the waterfrontâs
current challenges and future potential. The
idea that actual policy-makers in Tokyo would
be considering their proposals motivated an
exceptional degree of creative and disciplined
design work. The Chuo-ku government on the
other hand, with a relatively small investment
of money, harvested not one but four
integrated masterplans for the waterfront, each
offering a fresh alternative to the cityâs more
default mode of development, and each com-
posed of site-specific recommendations that
could be considered separately.
If the upcoming redevelopment of Chuo-kuâs
waterfront is to become a lasting success, it
must be conceived as more than a disparate
assemblage of office tower superblocks and
overscaled Olympic structures; it must have as
a broader mission the creation of well defined
neighborhood structures and a rediscovery of
the waterfrontâs scenic potential to generate
vibrant urban activity. If our study contributes
to the inclusion of these goals into future
policy, we will consider our work to have
been quite fruitful.
3
Visions of a New Tokyo TakeCues from Old Edo(continued)
Graduate School ofDesign student proposalsfor redeveloping theTsukiji Market site withnew canals and linearparks (top) and HarumiIsland with intimatelyscaled pedestrian pathsconnecting office blocks (left).
W
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This past summer I traveled to Okayama as a guest of the OkayamaMinami Rotary Club. I was an intern at the Nakashima PropellerCorporation, where I participated in all aspects of company life frommorning radio calisthenics and Friday clean-up to market research onkitchen garden design and accessories for the New Products Division. I also participated in day trips and cultural activities hosted by theRotary Club, and the impressions and experiences recorded here I firstpresented in broken Japanese at the Rotary Tuesday luncheons.
Acclimating to a new language environment reminded me of my recovery from eye surgery in 2005. I had had my eyes adjusted to stopthem from drifting and for the next two weeks the muscles clenched sothat I saw two of everything. One day I realized that when I stoppedthinking about it, the double image suddenly snapped into one.Similarly, after a few weeks in Japan, I would sometimes finish a con-versation in Japanese and suddenly realize that when I forgot to stopand think about everything being said, I had understood. My Englishconversation club members helped my Japanese and I helped theirEnglish, and we were a constant source of amusement to one another.
A theme that I found in the Letâs Go Japan guide provided by theReischauer Institute was that of negative space. In Japanese art in particular, the nothing between forms is celebrated as an entity in itself.I grappled with similar instabilities as I worked to situate myself inJapan. Was I exhibit or audience? What could I do to benefit my hostsand be more than a cultural tourist while also being an ethnic minoritywhose home was on the opposite side of the world?
Some of the most memorable moments happened unexpectedly in the spaces between planned events. When we encountered wildmacaques in Arashiyama, it was the humans who seemed to be cagedand carefully trained by observant monkey researchers to give themapple wedges and peanuts. In English conversation club it was neverquite clear who was the teacher and who was the student. At theHiroshima Peace Museum I had trouble appreciating the events depicted until I saw a work of calligraphy that had faced the A-bombexplosion, with its black letters flash-burned out of the white page,leaving it clean and preserved as a kind of stencil.
At Nakashima too, I observed the creation of meaningful negativespace as craftsmen made the form of a five-meter propeller take shapein a sand mold. To watch the younger workers construct this sculpturewas like watching cooks prepare a cake of many layers, whereas theexperienced masters seemed to be merely dusting a pile off to reveal the preexisting shape beneath.
It may be the Japanese appreciation for negative space that enabledthose I met to see a humorous side to their own culture and madethem eager to see how I viewed their customs and specialties. Eatingraw fish, using chopsticks, watching game shows that featured actorsdressed as foreigners trying to pick up slippery squids and melons withchopsticks, and wearing the company polyester suit in 90 degree heatwere easy to joke about with my hosts. At the train station I foundmyself surprised and impressed by the considerate calmness of commuters during rush hour but alarmed when I observed a slowresponse to an older woman who collapsed one day. Culture shocks in Japan were sometimes very direct and sometimes subtle and harderto apprehend.
On weekends I participated in activities hosted by the Rotary Club.During car trips there was not the same anxiety toward pauses (negative spaces?) in conversation as in the U.S. We visited the A-bombdome in Hiroshima and the Itsukushima Shrine in Miyajima, madesome of the local earthenware at Bizen, took calligraphy lessons, wenton cable television, received a brief audience with the mayor ofOkayama, and went for a cruise on the Seto Inland Sea. My hostsalways took fastidiously good care of me, yet always kept a sense ofhumor: whenever we stopped to swim they made sure I wore a life vestand tied a rope around my waist. I asked whether they always used arope when swimming, and the instant response was: âWell of course.Youâre shark bait. How did you think we were going to reel dinner in?â
Some of the greatest culture shocks came upon my return home when I realized the ways in which Japan had changed me. Spendingtime in Okayama gave me an appreciation for what it may feel like tobe a monk; the contrast between my grand adventures with the RotaryClub and the daily effort of picking up groceries, cooking, and exercis-ing in a foreign country made my life a curious mix of celebrity andasceticism. The experience has made me reflect upon my own culture. I lost twelve pounds (or, my negative space increased), partially lostmy taste for American soda and its sugar content, and since returninghave twice been caught subconsciously bowing to the phone. I hopeto return to Japan someday, and, after comparing the travelers in U.S.airports with the commuters in the Okayama train station, I hope toretain a little of the patience and decorum I practiced abroad. My onlyfear is that next time my linguistic double vision will be gone and Iwill not have such a unique opportunity for noticing strange andwonderful details.
M Y J A P A N âºâº S U M M E R I N T E R N S H I P P R O G R A M
R E I S C hA U E R4
Bartholomew Horn PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS, HARVARD COLLEGE, CLASS OF 2007
Negative SpaceReflections on Being a Foreigner in Okayama
Double Vision
R E pO R T S
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The North American Coordinating Council onJapanese Library Resources (the NCC) and theReischauer Institute of Japanese Studies (RI)continue their joint efforts to expand awarenessof â and access to â Japanese electronicresources. The NCCâs E-Resources Initiatives,a three-year Japan Foundation effort that offersworkshops on digital resources in Japanese studies, are strongly supported by the Reischauer Institute.
In May 2004 the Reischauer Institute sponsoreda two-day planning conference to design the program and curriculum for the NCCâs Trainingthe Trainers (T-3) Workshops. The workshopstrained 33 Japanese and East Asian studieslibrarians in the best practices for providinghands-on training to users of Japanese electronic materials. Kazuko Sakaguchi, Librarianof the Documentation Center on ContemporaryJapan, and Kuniko Yamada McVey, Librarian ofthe Japanese Collections at the Harvard-Yenching Library, both received T-3 training andhave since offered workshops at Harvard usingthat training. They and others of the 33 T-3trained librarians have thus far helped the NCC to hold over 30 workshops and seminars throughout the U.S., Canada, and Japan.
In 2005, the NCC organized a seven-campus tour of the UC Berkeley Digital Maps Workshops,attended at Harvard by approximately 80 faculty,students, and post-doctoral fellows in earlyNovember of that year. This collection and
presentation enabled Harvard anthropologistTheodore C. Bestor to develop two related proj-ects for Harvard undergraduates in conjunctionwith his Foreign Cultures undergraduate CoreProgram course, Tokyo. The first, Finding Tokyo on Your Desktop, is an introductory exploration of Tokyo using digital maps created for studentswho may never have visited Japan nor have acommand of Japanese. The second project is awebsite called The Tokyo Time Machine, whichmakes use of digital maps and old photographs of various locations in Tokyo. When completed, itwill enable students to see how the topographyand images of different areas of Tokyo havechanged from the late 1700s to the present.
In early November 2006 a workshop on digitalresources in Japanese science, technology andmedicine took place at the Harvard MedicalSchool with instructors from the JapaneseScience and Technology Agency. Later that month,two hands-on workshops on digital resources forteaching and research in the Japanese social sciences were offered, led by Shinobu Murai from Hitotsubashi University in Tokyo with theassistance of Kazuko Sakaguchi, Kyoko Mori ofUniversity of Tokyo (currently an exchange-librari-an at the Harvard-Yenching Library), and SharonDomier, East Asian Studies Librarian at theUniversity of Massachusetts, Amherst. Theseworkshops produced a plan for an interactiveonline tutorial currently being developed by theNCC for publication on its website.
In these and other programs the NCC seeks tomeet the Japan-related library and informationneeds of users throughout North America and beyond. The NCCâs most effective vehicle for achieving this goal is its website,www.fas.harvard.edu/~ncc/, which is supportedby the Reischauer Institute as a service to thefield of Japanese studies.
The NCC and the Reischauer Institute continuetheir commitment to spreading the word aboutJapanese E-Resources. For further informationabout the NCC and its programs please contact [email protected].
Organizers of the November 17 workshop on digitalresources for teaching and research in the Japanese socialsciences: Sharon Domier, Kuniko McVey, Vickey Bestor,Shinobu Murai, Kyoko Mori and Kazuko Sakaguchi.
5
âAt the Festival of the Agesâ(Jidai Matsuri)Sakura Christmas, HistoryHarvard College, Class of 2007
âReflections of TokyoâKathleen Kelly, NeurobiologyHarvard College, Class of 2008
Harvard College International Photo Contest(Fall 2006)Japan Prize Winners
Japanese E-ResourcesThe NCC and RI Push Training and Implementation
Victoria Lyon BestorEXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, NCC
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R E I S C hA U E RR E pO R T S6
A Research Project of the Edwin O. Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies, Harvard University
Constitutional Revision in Japan
To formulate and revise a constitution are twofundamental prerogatives of a democratic society. Japan issued its first constitution in1889, The Constitution of the Empire of Japan(Dai Nihon Teikoku KenpÃŽ, commonly referredto as âthe Meiji constitutionâ). Technicallyspeaking, the current constitution, issued in1947, The Constitution of Japan (Nihon KokuKenpÃŽ, frequently called âthe postwar constitu-tionâ) is a revised version of the Meijiconstitution. Both were ceremonially bestowedupon the people by the emperor, althoughpopular sovereignty is a fundamental principleof the postwar constitution. As is well known,however, American Occupation staff compiledthe 1947 document, with limited Japaneseinput. For this reason, the Liberal DemocraticParty announced its intention to revise thepostwar constitution in the 1950s, but it was
not until the administration of KoizumiJunâichirÃŽ (2001-2006) that a national consen-sus in favor of constitutional revision emerged.
Because constitutional revision stands to affectmany aspects of Japanese politics and society,it is an ideal research topic for the ReischauerInstitute, whose mission is to promote thestudy of Japan across all the academic disci-plines. I came to see the topic in this light in2004, after researching the potential impacton religious organizations, for a presentation atthe Japan Forum. What I found was a varietyof proposals, some originating with politicalparties and some from civic groups and media,such as the influential draft published by theYomiuri shinbun in 1994. Some envisionedtighter state oversight of religious organiza-tions, and religious groups were organizing inresponse. As I broadened my research, Ibecame aware that womenâs groups wereorganizing in opposition to conservativesâ
proposals to revise article 24 (the clause thatestablishes âthe essential equality of the sexesâ).Similarly, educators expressed anxiety thatpoliticians were attempting to redress prob-lems in the schools by assigning teachers thejob of inculcating patriotism, under a redraft-ed constitution and associated laws such as the Fundamental Law on Education (KyÃŽikuKihon HÃŽ). At the other end of the politicalspectrum, conservatives were rallying aroundconstitutional revision. As they correctlypointed out, all the Western democracies haverevised their constitutions, and traditionalistsalso saw an opportunity to enshrine theirideals at the highest legal level.
Japan today is nearing a consequential decision about whether (and how) to revisethe constitution. However the issue is resolved,constitutional revision is implicated broadly inJapanâs stance in the new century, as I will tryto show in the brief account below, and is thusan ideal lens through which scholars of Japancan see and understand the currents of change.
Defense and security are the primary issuesdriving the attempt to revise the constitution,and here the focus is article 9, the war renun-ciation clause. Specifically, its formulation oncollective security has long been interpreted by the Cabinet Legislative Bureau (NaikakuHÃŽsei Kyoku) as prohibiting Japan from aiding an ally militarily. In earlier decades, this understanding was advantageous, shield-ing Japan against American pressure to sendthe Self Defense Force (SDF) overseas in support of the U.S. military. The Japanesegovernment successfully resisted Americancalls to send troops to the first Gulf War in1991. However, although Japan contributedhugely in monetary terms, it was stinginglycriticized for âcheckbook diplomacyâ and hid-ing behind the constitution to avoid âputtingboots on the ground.â This international criti-cism was felt by many Japanese leaders and by popular conservatives as a major embarrass-ment, and it engendered a strong will to revisethe constitution to permit expanded overseasroles for the SDF. From 1992, the SDF began to be deployed in a variety of overseasoperations, increasingly straining existing constitutional interpretations.
In the same time frame, the rise of Chinabegan to shape East Asian regional politics.Even as the Japanese economy foundered inthe long depression of the 1990s, leading some Japanese businesses to move their operations to China to take advantage ofcheaper labor costs, it became clear that Japanwould have to compete with China for energysources and markets. This new economicdynamic underlay the bitter reaction on bothsides to fresh accounts of Japanese wartimeatrocities. As televised images of angry Chinese
Helen Hardacre REISCHAUER INSTITUTE PROFESSOR
OF JAPANESE RELIGIONS AND SOCIETY,HARVARD UNIVERSITY AND FOUNDER
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www.fas.harvard.edu/~rijs/crrp
and Koreans burning Japanese flags stimulatedJapanese nationalism, a dangerous cycle ofmutual animosity began.
The question of China could not be separatedentirely from the behavior of its ally, NorthKorea. When North Korea menaced Japan byfiring missiles in its direction in 1998, andwhen it was revealed in 2002 that NorthKorea had systematically kidnapped Japanesecitizens from 1977 to 1983, Japanâs manifestinability to defend its borders became a majorissue. Socialismâs defenders were thoroughlydiscredited, and the abductions played a majorrole in hastening the collapse of the Socialistand Communist parties in Japan, furtherstrengthening LDP determination to revisearticle 9.
The popular reaction in Japan tothese changed circumstances wascomplex. In the post-Cold Warenvironment, the old leftâs rhetoric, holding that any revisionof the constitution would trigger a wholesale return to militarismand imperialism, rang hollow.Increasingly, the business community saw a legitimate rolefor the SDF in protecting Japaneseoverseas economic interests, notleast because of the economyâsnear-total dependence upon foreign petroleum. This view layin the background of Keidanrenâsproposals for constitutional revision. Prominent liberal intellectuals rejected the call torevise the constitution, especiallythe Article 9 Society founded in2004 by Oe KenzaburÃŽ and otherstalwarts of the old guard on the left. Theappearance in Japan of the âcomfort women,âaging Korean women forced into sexual slav-ery during the war, was a further diplomaticembarrassment. Influential conservativesrejected the charges of wartime atrocities andcountered with attempts to introduce historytextbooks that would minimize them. To generations of young Japanese educated without extensive understanding of twentieth-century history, it seemed that Japan wasbeing unfairly criticized. Popular resentmentand incomprehension prepared the ground for nationalist writers such as KobayashiYoshinori, purveying graphic, laudatory portrayals of imperial Japanâs âmissionâ to protect Asian countries from Western colonialdomination.
Igniting this incendiary mix every August dur-ing the Koizumi years was the prime ministerâsquixotic resolution to visit the Yasukuni Shrineon the surrender anniversary. Although he didnot actually visit the shrine on August 15 until
2006, the mediaâs annual pyrotechnic coverageheightened tensions with China and Korea,where there were violent anti-Japanese demonstrations, sometimes including damageto Japanese businesses. The shrine had deifiedfourteen class-A war criminals in 1978, andboth China and Korea regarded Koizumiâs visits as humiliating provocations. This shrinefor the war dead is a potent icon of militarismand war to its critics and to its supporters asymbol of tradition, honor, and patriotic sacrifice. In the deadlock over the Yasukuniissue, relations with China plummeted to theirpostwar nadir, as the Chinese president refusedtop-level meeting with Koizumi so long as heinsisted on backing the shrine. But althoughmany in Japan were critical both of Yasukuniand the prime ministerâs dogged attentions to
it, Koizumi never paid a price at the ballot boxand sometimes even gained popularity for notacquiescing to Chinese pressure. The shrineâsfollowers began openly to voice their hopesthat state support of Yasukuni would beresumed, a change impossible without revisingthe constitutionâs mandate for separation ofreligion and state.
From this brief account, it can be seen thatconstitutional revision is directly or indirectlylinked to a wide range of issues facing Japantoday. The fact that constitutional revision isbeing debated at all represents a huge changefrom earlier postwar decades, when there existed a kind of taboo on discussing the question. Yet from the 1990s to the present,the pace of change has been dramatic, andwhile even ten years ago a large majority of the Japanese people opposed constitutionalrevision, now a majority favors it, thoughmuch controversy continues to surround article 9. Clearly, constitutional revision is atimely topic for Japanese studies.
The purpose of the Research Project onConstitutional Revision is to study and document the move to revise the Japaneseconstitution. Neutrality on the outcome is theprojectâs guiding principle, and we welcomeresearchers of diverse perspectives. We are governed by a group of directors that includesscholars and journalists from Japan and severaluniversities in the Boston area and furtherafield, representing expertise in the fields ofhistory, political science, international relations, and religious studies.
Our meetings to study constitutional revisionare devoted to issues affected by the currentdebate, such as defense, education, and civicengagement, and meetings generally attractfrom twenty-five to fifty participants. We have held meetings to study constitutional
drafts line by line, comparingthem with the Meiji and postwarconstitutions. We also devotemeetings to lectures by suchprominent figures as Aichi Kazuoand Onuma Yasuaki. Our meetings are open to all, and weinvite all interested persons toenrich our meetings by sharingtheir views and expertise.
Documenting the process ofJapanese constitutional revisionrequires innovative techniques,especially web archiving. A largepart of the debate on constitu-tional revision takes place on the Internet, and to preserve thismaterial for future scholars, weuse web-harvesting software tocapture and store the output ofsome eighty websites in Japan.
These websites can be viewed on the projectwebsite: www.fas.harvard.edu/~rijs/crrp, whichfeatures an extensive bibliography of over1,000 archival and online sources. We inviteinterested researchers to visit the website andforward to us their criticisms and suggestionsfor how we may improve it. At present we aredeveloping a number of research guides for thewebsite as well as a Chronology, and in futurewe hope to initiate a series of publications.
In addition to generous support from theReischauer Institute, the project relies on ateam of librarians at Harvard as well as theOffice of the General Counsel for assistanceregarding intellectual property issues. TheHarvard College Libraries have adopted ourproject as a pilot for the universityâs webarchiving and have made a commitment topreserve our material as a permanent resource.Our deepest thanks go to these supporters, toKatrina Moore, graduate student assistant tothe project, and to our team of graduate andundergraduate researchers.
705453_RIJSNewsENGLISH_v3.qxd 5/15/07 10:47 AM Page 7
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