7 May 2015 | 1 The Dutch commercial system and its written...
Transcript of 7 May 2015 | 1 The Dutch commercial system and its written...
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Jan Willem Veluwenkamp
ForSEAdiscovery, Groningen, 6-7-8 May 2015
The Dutch commercial system and its written sources
1500-1800
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RUG1
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Dutch production in the 16th century: dairy products
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A.G. Bilders. Koeien in de weide. 1865. Rijksmuseum http://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/?/nl/items/RIJK01:SK-A-2264
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RUG1 Om de datum in te stellen:* >Invoegen >Datum en tijd* Bij Vast: vul de datum in in formaat dd-mm-jj* >Toepassen op alle dia's RUG; 30-8-2007
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http://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/?/nl/items/ZZM01:007497
Dutch production in the 16th century: herring
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http://www.mijnstambomen.nl/leiden/laken.htm
Dutch production in the 16th century: woollen cloth
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http://www.animaatjes.nl/plaatjes/graan/animaatjes-graan-49551-483928/
Grain came from the Baltic: the mother commerce
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The Flemish hub, 1550
Source: http://histoforum.digischool.nl/nederland/historie.htm
The Dutch RevoltThe fall of Antwerp 1585The rise of Amsterdam
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White Sea
America
AsiaThe Dutch
commercial system
in the 17th and 18th
centuries
international
intermediate trade
colonial empire
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http://users.clas.ufl.edu/harlandj/maps_main.html
The Dutch commercial systemVOC 1602WIC 1621
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http://retecool.com/post/het-moet-gewemeld-hebben-van-de-walvissen
The whaling industry: oil and fat
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hemp
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Salt production on Ile de Ré
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The Dutch Commercial System
1550-1665
expansion
functions:
• export of Dutch produce
• import for the home market
• international intermediate trade
(including colonial re-export and trade with the hinterland)
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The Dutch Commercial System 1665-1790
stagnation
Mercantilism undermines export industry and intermediate trade.
Compensation by:
re-export of Asian and American produce
hinterland trade.
Relative decline.
After 1740 export industry virtually gone.
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0
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Textiles from the Republic to the Baltic Sea area (percentages)
Source: Unger, 1926-1958
050000
100000150000200000250000300000350000400000450000
Textiles from the Republic to the Baltic Sea are (pieces)
Bron: Unger, 1926-1958
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01000020000300004000050000600007000080000
‘Colonial commodities’ on Dutch shipsto the Baltic Sea area (thousands of
pounds)
Bron: Unger, 1958 en Lindblad, 1993
0102030405060708090
100
‘Colonial commodities’ on Dutch shipsto the Baltic Sea area (percentages)
Source: Unger, 1958 en Lindblad, 1993
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http://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/?/nl/items/OHR01:61
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http://www.zaans-industrieel-erfgoed.nl/pages_3/met%20stoom%2024%20art%20%2004.html
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Willem_van_de_Velde_(I)?uselang=nl7 May 2015 22
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Basic Dutch business organisation:
Family businesses of individual entrepreneurs,
essentially alone in a dangerous world
with little institutional protection.
Social and commercial security sought through:
• specialization (knowledge)
• permanent relations (security)
• co-operation, mainly with relatives, in companies (trust)
• transfer to the next generation (social position).
Result:
Family networks in branches of business.
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Entrepreneurial behavioure.g. in the Dutch Russia trade
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Gillis Hooftman
1521-1581Nicolaes Ruts
1573-1638
Coenraet Klenck
1628-1691
Christoffel Brants
1664-1732
David Leeuw
1682-1755
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Promotion of branch of trade interests through
interest groups:
Directie van de Levantse Handel en de Navigatie
op de Middellandse Zee (1625)
Gecommitteerden van de Groenlandvaart
in het Gewest Holland (1677)
Ca. 1689:
Directie van de Oosterse Handel en Rederijen
Directie van de Moscovische Handel
Gecommitteerden van de Noordse Handel en Rederijen
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Attemps to obtain monopoly charters from the Estates-General:
• Import of Russian grain (1629)
• Trade with North Africa and the
Levant (1629).
In vain:
the commercialy dominated
government defended
free market entry.
http://www.poldermuseumheerhugowaard.nl/wh-04.htm
Andries Bicker
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Two big exceptions:
VOC: United East India Company (1602-1799)
WIC: West India Company (1621-1791)
Chartered joint-stock monopoly companies,
financed by marketable shares,
with (in theory) separated ownership and management.
Initiated by the Estates-General, with monopoly but
open to all Dutch merchants and investors.
Purpose:
To exclude competition to effectively use the companies
in the war against Spain (1568-1648) – ‘war companies’.
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Scheepvaartmuseum Rotterdam: http://www.maritiemdigitaal.nl/index.cfm?event=search.getdetail&id=101002288
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Scheepvaartmuseum Amsterdam: http://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/?/nl/items/OHR01:17
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Scheepvaartmuseum Amsterdam: http://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/?/nl/items/OHR01:29
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Smak Kof
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http://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/?/nl/items/RIJK01:SK-C-1582
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View of Amsterdam from the IJ
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Written sources
• Government archives: reports, fiscal registers, correspondence, treaties
• Notarial archives: contracts, statements, conflicts, testaments…
• Company papers: correspondence, financial records.
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Amsterdam charterparty, 2 June 1702
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Amsterdam charterparty, 2 June 1702
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Amsterdam charterparty, 2 June 1702
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Sound Toll Registers (STR):
› Danish Toll Records
› kept by the Danish National Archives, Copenhagen
› preserved: 300 of 360 years from 1497 through 1857
› almost uninterrupted from 1574 through 1857
› 1.8 mln passages
Kronborg, Helsingoer Map: Wilhelm Blaeu
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Sound Toll Registers Online
Electronic database
of all passages through the Sound
recorded in the Sound Toll Registers
to be consulted at:
www.soundtoll.nl
Kronborg, Helsingoer
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polderlandschap_'t_Beijersche.jpg
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Sound Toll Registers (Copenhagen)
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Main routes of beams shipped westward through the Sound, 1780-1799
Source: www.soundtoll.eu