7. INFORMATION SYSTEMS SOFTWARE 7.1. INFORMATION SYSTEM INFORMATIONSYSTEM BUSINESSCHALLENGE...

7. 7. INFORMATION

INFORMATION SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

7.1

INFORMATION SYSTEMINFORMATION SYSTEMINFORMATION SYSTEMINFORMATION SYSTEM

INFORMATION INFORMATION

SYSTEMSYSTEM

BUSINESS BUSINESS

CHALLENGECHALLENGE

BUSINESS BUSINESS

SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONS

MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

INFORMATIONINFORMATION

TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION

7.2

INCREASING COMPLEXITY AND INCREASING COMPLEXITY AND SOFTWARE ERRORSSOFTWARE ERRORS

APPLICATION BACKLOGAPPLICATION BACKLOG

SOFTWARESOFTWARE

DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTROL COMPUTER DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTROL COMPUTER OPERATIONOPERATION

• PROGRAM: SET OF INSTRUCTIONS TO THE PROGRAM: SET OF INSTRUCTIONS TO THE COMPUTERCOMPUTER

• STORED: PROGRAM MUST BE IN PRIMARY STORED: PROGRAM MUST BE IN PRIMARY STORAGESTORAGE

• SYSTEM SOFTWARE: MANAGES COMPUTER SYSTEM SOFTWARE: MANAGES COMPUTER RESOURCESRESOURCES

• APPLICATION SOFTWARE: SPECIFIC BUSINESS APPLICATION SOFTWARE: SPECIFIC BUSINESS APPLICATIONAPPLICATION

**

7.3

SOFTWARESOFTWARE

HARDWAREHARDWARE

SYSTEM SOFTWARESYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWAREAPPLICATION SOFTWAREOPERATING SYSTEM:OPERATING SYSTEM:

SCHEDULED COMPUTER SCHEDULED COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTSMONITORS EVENTS

LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS:LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS:

INTERPRETERSINTERPRETERSCOMPILERSCOMPILERS

UTILITY PROGRAMS:UTILITY PROGRAMS:

ROUTINE OPERATIONSROUTINE OPERATIONSMANAGE DATAMANAGE DATA

7.4

SOFTWARESOFTWARE

HARDWAREHARDWARE

OPERATING SYSTEM:OPERATING SYSTEM:

SCHEDULED COMPUTER SCHEDULED COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTSMONITORS EVENTS

LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS:LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS:

INTERPRETERSINTERPRETERSCOMPILERSCOMPILERS

UTILITY PROGRAMS:UTILITY PROGRAMS:

ROUTINE OPERATIONSROUTINE OPERATIONSMANAGE DATAMANAGE DATA

7.5

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE; FORTRAN; ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE; FORTRAN; COBOL; PL / 1; QBASIC; PASCAL; C; C++; COBOL; PL / 1; QBASIC; PASCAL; C; C++;

“FOURTH GENERATION” LANGUAGES“FOURTH GENERATION” LANGUAGES

SYSTEM SOFTWARESYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWAREAPPLICATION SOFTWARE

OPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEM

MANAGES & CONTROLS ACTIVITIESMANAGES & CONTROLS ACTIVITIES• ALLOCATION & ASSIGNMENTALLOCATION & ASSIGNMENT• SCHEDULINGSCHEDULING• MONITORINGMONITORING• SYSTEM RESIDENCE DEVICE:SYSTEM RESIDENCE DEVICE:

SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE STORING OPERATING SYSTEMSTORING OPERATING SYSTEM

**

7.6

MULTIPROGRAMMINGMULTIPROGRAMMINGO

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UNUSED MEMORYUNUSED MEMORY

PROGRAM 1PROGRAM 1

TRADITIONAL SINGLE-TRADITIONAL SINGLE-PROGRAM SYSTEMPROGRAM SYSTEM

7.7

MULTIPROGRAMMINGMULTIPROGRAMMINGO

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UNUSED MEMORYUNUSED MEMORYO

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PROGRAM 1PROGRAM 1

PROGRAM 1PROGRAM 1

PROGRAM 2PROGRAM 2

PROGRAM 3PROGRAM 3

TRADITIONAL SINGLE-TRADITIONAL SINGLE-PROGRAM SYSTEMPROGRAM SYSTEM

MULTIPROGRAMMING MULTIPROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

7.8

MULTITASKINGMULTITASKING

MULTIPROGRAMMINGMULTIPROGRAMMING

ON AON A

SINGLE-USER SYSTEMSINGLE-USER SYSTEM

SUCH AS ASUCH AS A

MICROCOMPUTERMICROCOMPUTER

**

7.9

VIRTUAL STORAGEVIRTUAL STORAGEMETHOD OF HANDLING SEVERAL METHOD OF HANDLING SEVERAL

PROGRAMS IN PRIMARY STORAGE:PROGRAMS IN PRIMARY STORAGE:• PROGRAM DIVIDED INTOPROGRAM DIVIDED INTO

– FIXED LENGTH PORTIONS (PAGES) ORFIXED LENGTH PORTIONS (PAGES) OR

– VARIABLE LENGTH (SEGMENTS)VARIABLE LENGTH (SEGMENTS)

• CURRENT PORTIONS RESIDE IN PRIMARY CURRENT PORTIONS RESIDE IN PRIMARY STORAGESTORAGE

• PORTIONS SWAPPED OUT WHEN DONEPORTIONS SWAPPED OUT WHEN DONE

**

7.10

TIME SHARINGTIME SHARINGMANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU:MANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU:• TIME IN CPU DIVIDED INTO SLICES (e.g.: 2 TIME IN CPU DIVIDED INTO SLICES (e.g.: 2

MILLISECONDS)MILLISECONDS)• EACH USER HAS ACCESS TO CPU DURING EACH USER HAS ACCESS TO CPU DURING

SLICESLICE• SINCE CPU IS FAST, CAN DO MUCH DURING SINCE CPU IS FAST, CAN DO MUCH DURING

TIME SLICETIME SLICE• USER’S JOB SWAPPED OUT AT END OF SLICEUSER’S JOB SWAPPED OUT AT END OF SLICE

**

7.11

MULTIPROCESSINGMULTIPROCESSING

• TWO OR MORE PARALLEL TWO OR MORE PARALLEL PROCESSORS IN SYSTEMPROCESSORS IN SYSTEM

• PROGRAM CAN BE DIVIDED TO BE PROGRAM CAN BE DIVIDED TO BE PROCESSED BY MULTIPLE CPUsPROCESSED BY MULTIPLE CPUs

• CAN PROCESS LARGE PROGRAMS CAN PROCESS LARGE PROGRAMS MORE RAPIDLY MORE RAPIDLY

**

7.12

LANGUAGE TRANSLATIONLANGUAGE TRANSLATION• SOURCE CODE: HIGH-LEVEL SOURCE CODE: HIGH-LEVEL

LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONSLANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS

• COMPILER: TRANSLATES HIGH-LEVEL COMPILER: TRANSLATES HIGH-LEVEL CODE INTO MACHINE LANGUAGECODE INTO MACHINE LANGUAGE

• OBJECT CODE: TRANSLATED OBJECT CODE: TRANSLATED INSTRUCTIONS READY FOR INSTRUCTIONS READY FOR COMPUTERCOMPUTER

**

7.13

TR

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SOURCE CODE SOURCE CODE PROGRAMPROGRAM

COMPILERCOMPILER

OBJECT CODEOBJECT CODE

LINKAGE LINKAGE EDITOREDITOR

LOAD MODULELOAD MODULE

OTHER OBJECT OTHER OBJECT CODE MODULESCODE MODULES

7.14

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)

OPERATING SYSTEM USES:OPERATING SYSTEM USES:

• GRAPHIC ICONS (Icons, Buttons, GRAPHIC ICONS (Icons, Buttons, Bars, Boxes)Bars, Boxes)

• MOUSEMOUSE

• TO ISSUE COMMANDSTO ISSUE COMMANDS

• MAKE SELECTIONSMAKE SELECTIONS

**

7.15

MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMSMICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS

OPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEM FEATURESFEATURES

DOSDOS For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). Program Memory: 640KFor IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). Program Memory: 640K

Windows 95Windows 95 32-bit operating system; GUI; Multitasking. Networking32-bit operating system; GUI; Multitasking. Networking

Windows NTWindows NT 32-bit; microcomputers & workstations. Not limited to Intel32-bit; microcomputers & workstations. Not limited to Intelchips. Multitasking; Multiprocessing; Networkingchips. Multitasking; Multiprocessing; Networking

OS/2OS/2 32-bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking; Networking32-bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking; Networking

UNIX; XENIXUNIX; XENIX For powerful Microcomputers, Workstations, Minicomputers.For powerful Microcomputers, Workstations, Minicomputers.Multitasking; Multi-user Processing; Networking. Portable toMultitasking; Multi-user Processing; Networking. Portable tovarious Computer Platformsvarious Computer Platforms

System 7System 7 For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. Powerful Graphics;For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. Powerful Graphics;MultimediaMultimedia

7.16

GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

1st. Since 1940s. MACHINE LANGUAGE: 1st. Since 1940s. MACHINE LANGUAGE: binary codebinary code

2nd. Since early ’50s. ASSEMBLY 2nd. Since early ’50s. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE: mnemonics for numeric codeLANGUAGE: mnemonics for numeric code

3rd. Since mid ‘50s. HIGH-LEVEL 3rd. Since mid ‘50s. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGESLANGUAGES

4th. Since late ‘70s. MODERN APPLICATION 4th. Since late ‘70s. MODERN APPLICATION PACKAGES PACKAGES

* *

7.18

HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGESHIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES• FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator). FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator).

Scientific, Engineering applicationsScientific, Engineering applications

• COBOL (COmmon Business COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language). Predominant for Oriented Language). Predominant for Transaction ProcessingTransaction Processing

• BASIC (Beginners All-purpose BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). General Symbolic Instruction Code). General Purpose PC LanguagePurpose PC Language

**

7.19

HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGESHIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES• PL/1 (Programming Language 1). Powerful PL/1 (Programming Language 1). Powerful

IBM Language for Business & ScienceIBM Language for Business & Science• PASCAL. Used to Teach Structured PASCAL. Used to Teach Structured

Programming Practices. Weak in File Programming Practices. Weak in File Handling, Input / OutputHandling, Input / Output

• ADA. Designed for Weapon Systems. Can be ADA. Designed for Weapon Systems. Can be used on many Platforms. Structured. Can be used on many Platforms. Structured. Can be used for Businessused for Business

• C. Powerful PC Language for Developing C. Powerful PC Language for Developing Applications. Efficient Execution; Cross Applications. Efficient Execution; Cross PlatformPlatform

**7.20

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LANGUAGES

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LANGUAGES

• LISP (LISt Processor). Began late ‘50s LISP (LISt Processor). Began late ‘50s at MIT. Preferred in US. Require at MIT. Preferred in US. Require Specially Configured MachinesSpecially Configured Machines

• PROLOG. Began in early ‘70s. PROLOG. Began in early ‘70s. Preferred outside US. Cross PlatformPreferred outside US. Cross Platform

• Create Meaningful Lists of Symbols Create Meaningful Lists of Symbols (Operations; Variables; Data)(Operations; Variables; Data)

**

7.21

FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)


• CAN BE EMPLOYED BY END USERSCAN BE EMPLOYED BY END USERS

• NONPROCEDURALNONPROCEDURAL

• CAN DEVELOP APPLICATIONS CAN DEVELOP APPLICATIONS QUICKLYQUICKLY

• NATURAL LANGUAGESNATURAL LANGUAGES

• SIX CATEGORIESSIX CATEGORIES

**

723



1. QUERY LANGUAGES:1. QUERY LANGUAGES:• RAPIDLY RETRIEVE DATARAPIDLY RETRIEVE DATA• INTERACTIVEINTERACTIVE• ON-LINEON-LINE• SUPPORT SPECIAL REQUESTS FOR SUPPORT SPECIAL REQUESTS FOR

DATA FROM RELATIONAL DATA FROM RELATIONAL DATABASESDATABASES

**7.24



2. REPORT GENERATORS:2. REPORT GENERATORS:• CREATE CUSTOMIZED REPORTSCREATE CUSTOMIZED REPORTS• WIDE RANGE OF FORMATSWIDE RANGE OF FORMATS

3. GRAPHICS LANGUAGES:3. GRAPHICS LANGUAGES:• CAN MANIPULATE DRAWINGS, CAN MANIPULATE DRAWINGS,

GRAPHS, PHOTOS, VIDEOSGRAPHS, PHOTOS, VIDEOS• PRESENTATION MANAGERSPRESENTATION MANAGERS

**7.25



4. APPLICATION GENERATORS:4. APPLICATION GENERATORS:• USER SPECIFIES COMPUTER NEEDSUSER SPECIFIES COMPUTER NEEDS• GENERATOR CREATES LOGIC AND GENERATOR CREATES LOGIC AND

CODE FOR APPLICATIONCODE FOR APPLICATION• GREATLY REDUCES DEVELOPMENT GREATLY REDUCES DEVELOPMENT

TIMETIME

**

7.26



5. VERY HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING 5. VERY HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:LANGUAGES:

• PROFESSIONAL PROGRAMMER PROFESSIONAL PROGRAMMER PRODUCTIVITY TOOLPRODUCTIVITY TOOL

• USES FEWER INSTRUCTIONSUSES FEWER INSTRUCTIONS• REDUCES DEVELOPMENT TIMEREDUCES DEVELOPMENT TIME

**

7.27



6. SOFTWARE PACKAGE: COMMERCIALLY 6. SOFTWARE PACKAGE: COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SET OF PROGRAMS...AVAILABLE SET OF PROGRAMS...

• WORD PROCESSINGWORD PROCESSING• SPREADSHEETSSPREADSHEETS• DATA MANAGEMENTDATA MANAGEMENT• PRESENTATION MANAGEMENTPRESENTATION MANAGEMENT

INTEGRATED SOFTWARE PACKAGES NOW INTEGRATED SOFTWARE PACKAGES NOW COMBINE THESE TO SIMPLIFY COMBINE THESE TO SIMPLIFY LEARNING AND USELEARNING AND USE

**

7.28

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING


• COMBINES DATA & PROCEDURES INTO A COMBINES DATA & PROCEDURES INTO A SINGLE SINGLE OBJECTOBJECT

• PROGRAM SENDS MESSAGE TO OBJECT TO PROGRAM SENDS MESSAGE TO OBJECT TO PERFORM EMBEDDED PROCEDUREPERFORM EMBEDDED PROCEDURE

• OBJECT’S DATA ENCAPSULATED FROM REST OBJECT’S DATA ENCAPSULATED FROM REST OF SYSTEMOF SYSTEM

• CREATES REUSABLE CODECREATES REUSABLE CODE

• REDUCES TIME AND COST OF WRITING REDUCES TIME AND COST OF WRITING SOFTWARESOFTWARE

**7.29



VISUAL PROGRAMMING: SELECT AND ARRANGE VISUAL PROGRAMMING: SELECT AND ARRANGE OBJECTS RATHER THAN WRITE CODEOBJECTS RATHER THAN WRITE CODE

CLASS: ALL OBJECTS OF A CLASS HAVE ALL CLASS: ALL OBJECTS OF A CLASS HAVE ALL FEATURES OF THAT CLASSFEATURES OF THAT CLASS

INHERITANCE: SPECIFIC CLASS RECEIVES INHERITANCE: SPECIFIC CLASS RECEIVES FEATURES OF A MORE GENERAL CLASSFEATURES OF A MORE GENERAL CLASS

OVERRIDE: SUBCLASS MAY OVEERRIDE INHERITED OVERRIDE: SUBCLASS MAY OVEERRIDE INHERITED METHOD (e.g.: Printout of an HOURLY worker Pay METHOD (e.g.: Printout of an HOURLY worker Pay

Check may differ from that of a WEEKLY workerCheck may differ from that of a WEEKLY worker

**

7.30



JAVA: Sun Microsystems OBJECT-ORIENTED JAVA: Sun Microsystems OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGEPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

• APPLET: TINY PROGRAM TO EXECUTE SMALL APPLET: TINY PROGRAM TO EXECUTE SMALL FUNCTIONFUNCTION

• APPLETS DOWNLOADED FROM NETWORKAPPLETS DOWNLOADED FROM NETWORK• RUN ON ANY COMPUTER & OPERATING SYSTEMRUN ON ANY COMPUTER & OPERATING SYSTEM• RESULT SAVED ON NETWORK, NOT ON PCRESULT SAVED ON NETWORK, NOT ON PC

• ONLY NETWORK VERSION OF SOFTWARE NEEDS ONLY NETWORK VERSION OF SOFTWARE NEEDS

UPGRADEUPGRADE

**

7.31

7. 7. INFORMATION

INFORMATION SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

7.32

7. INFORMATION SYSTEMS SOFTWARE 7.1. INFORMATION SYSTEM INFORMATIONSYSTEM BUSINESSCHALLENGE...

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