9. TELECOMMUNICATIONS 9.1. INFORMATION SYSTEM INFORMATIONSYSTEM BUSINESSCHALLENGE BUSINESSSOLUTIONS...

9. TELECOMMUNICATIO

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9. TELECOMMUNICATIO

NS

9.1

INFORMATION SYSTEMINFORMATION SYSTEMINFORMATION SYSTEMINFORMATION SYSTEM

INFORMATION INFORMATION

SYSTEMSYSTEM

BUSINESS BUSINESS

CHALLENGECHALLENGE

BUSINESS BUSINESS

SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONS

MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

INFORMATIONINFORMATION

TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION

9.2

SELECTING A SELECTING A TELECOMMUNICATIONS PLATFORMTELECOMMUNICATIONS PLATFORM

MANAGING LOCAL AREA MANAGING LOCAL AREA NETWORKSNETWORKS

TELECOMMUNICATIONSTELECOMMUNICATIONS

• COMMUNICATING INFORMATIONCOMMUNICATING INFORMATION

• VIA ELECTRONIC MEANSVIA ELECTRONIC MEANS

• OVER SOME DISTANCEOVER SOME DISTANCE

**

9.3

INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAYINFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY

• NATIONAL / WORLDWIDENATIONAL / WORLDWIDE

• HIGH SPEEDHIGH SPEED

• DIGITAL TELECOMMUNICATIONSDIGITAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS

• ACCESSIBLE BY GENERAL PUBLICACCESSIBLE BY GENERAL PUBLIC

**

9.4

APPLICATIONAPPLICATION EXAMPLEEXAMPLE REQUIREMENTREQUIREMENT

ONLINE DATA ENTRY INVENTORY CONTROL DIRECT RESPONSE REQUIRED

ON-LINE TEXT RETRIEVAL HOSPITAL INFO SYSTEM HIGH VOLUME REAL TIME RESPONSE

LIBRARY SYSTEMS

INQUIRY / RESPONSE POINT-OF SALES RESPONSE WITHIN SECONDS

AIRLINE RESERVATIONS

CREDIT CHECKING

ADMINISTRATIVE MESSAGES ELECTRONIC MAIL SHORT RESPONSE / DELIVERY TIMES

PROCESS CONTROL COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING : NUMERIC MACHINE CONTROL

CONTINUOUS INPUT / ONLINE RESPONSES

INTERCOMPUTER DATA EXCHANGE

ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER BURST TRANSFER OF LARGE DATA

BLOCKS ON-LINE IMMEDIATE RESPONSE

COMMON BUSINESS TASKS REQUIRING TELECOMMUNICATIONS

COMMON BUSINESS TASKS REQUIRING TELECOMMUNICATIONS

9.5

SYSTEM COMPONENTSSYSTEM COMPONENTS

SYSTEMSYSTEMSYSTEM

INPUT OUTPUTPROCESS

FEEDBACK

• COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS• TERMINALS (Input / Output Devices)TERMINALS (Input / Output Devices)• COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELSCOMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS• PROCESSORS (Modems; Multiplexers; PROCESSORS (Modems; Multiplexers;

Front-end Processors)Front-end Processors)• NETWORK SOFTWARENETWORK SOFTWARE

**

9.6

PROTOCOLPROTOCOL

RULES & PROCEDURESRULES & PROCEDURES

TO GOVERN TRANSMISSIONTO GOVERN TRANSMISSION

BETWEEN COMPONENTS BETWEEN COMPONENTS

IN A NETWORKIN A NETWORK

**

9.7

ANALOG SIGNALANALOG SIGNAL

• CONTINUOUS WAVEFORMCONTINUOUS WAVEFORM

• PASSES THRU SYSTEMPASSES THRU SYSTEM

• VOICE COMMUNICATIONSVOICE COMMUNICATIONS

**

9.8

DIGITAL SIGNALDIGITAL SIGNAL

• DISCRETE WAVEFORMDISCRETE WAVEFORM

• TWO DISCRETE STATES:TWO DISCRETE STATES:– 1-BIT & 0-BIT1-BIT & 0-BIT– ON / OFF PULSEON / OFF PULSE

• DATA COMMUNICATIONDATA COMMUNICATION

**

9.9

COMMUNICATION CHANNELSCOMMUNICATION CHANNELS

MEANS BY WHICH DATA ARE MEANS BY WHICH DATA ARE TRANSMITTED:TRANSMITTED:

• TWISTED PAIR (Copper Wires)TWISTED PAIR (Copper Wires)

• COAXIAL CABLE: (Insulated Copper COAXIAL CABLE: (Insulated Copper Wires)Wires)

• FIBER-OPTIC CABLEFIBER-OPTIC CABLE

• WIRELESSWIRELESS

**9.10

FIBER OPTICSFIBER OPTICS

• SUPER CLEAR GLASS STRANDSSUPER CLEAR GLASS STRANDS

• OVER 4 MILLION MILES IN U.S.OVER 4 MILLION MILES IN U.S.

• NATION-WIDE BY 2015NATION-WIDE BY 2015

• UP TO TEN BILLION BITS PER UP TO TEN BILLION BITS PER SECONDSECOND

• FULL DUPLEXFULL DUPLEX

**SIGNALSIGNAL LASERLASER CABLECABLE PHOTOPHOTO

DETECTORDETECTOR SIGNALSIGNAL

9.11

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION (Megahertz)


• 101055 - 10 - 1088: AM Radio; Short Wave; FM; VHF-: AM Radio; Short Wave; FM; VHF-TVTV

• 101088 - 10 - 101010: UHF-TV, Cellular Phones, RAM : UHF-TV, Cellular Phones, RAM Mobile, Data, Cordless Phone, Paging, Mobile, Data, Cordless Phone, Paging, Narrow Band PCS, IndustrialNarrow Band PCS, Industrial

• 10101010 - 10 - 101212: Radar, Microwave: Radar, Microwave• 10101313 - 10 - 101414: Infra Red, Remote Control, : Infra Red, Remote Control,

WirelessWireless

**9.12



• 10101515 - 10 - 101616: Visible Light; Fiber Optics: Visible Light; Fiber Optics

• 10101818 - 10 - 102222: X-Ray, Gamma, Cosmic, : X-Ray, Gamma, Cosmic, Personal Communication Services Personal Communication Services (PCS)(PCS)

**

9.13

LOW-ORBIT SATELLITELOW-ORBIT SATELLITE

UPLINKUPLINK

MICROWAVE MICROWAVE TRANSMISSIONTRANSMISSION

DOWNLINKDOWNLINK

9.14

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES


• PAGING SYSTEM: Small Page Beeps PAGING SYSTEM: Small Page Beeps when Receives Short Messagewhen Receives Short Message

• CELLULAR TELEPHONE: Device uses CELLULAR TELEPHONE: Device uses Radio Waves to Reach Antennas Within Radio Waves to Reach Antennas Within Areas Called CellsAreas Called Cells

• MOBILE DATA NETWORKS: Radio - MOBILE DATA NETWORKS: Radio - based Data Network using Hand-held based Data Network using Hand-held Computers. Cheap, EfficientComputers. Cheap, Efficient

**9.15



• PERSONAL COMMUNICATION PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE: Cellular; Lower Power; SERVICE: Cellular; Lower Power; Higher Frequency. Smaller Phones Higher Frequency. Smaller Phones not Shielded by Buildings, Tunnelsnot Shielded by Buildings, Tunnels

• PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT: PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT: Pen Sized, Hand-held, Digital Pen Sized, Hand-held, Digital CommunicatorCommunicator

**9.16

COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELSCOMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS

• TRANSMISSION SPEED: Bits per TRANSMISSION SPEED: Bits per Second (BPS) or BaudSecond (BPS) or Baud

• BANDWIDTH: Capacity of Channel; BANDWIDTH: Capacity of Channel; Difference between Highest & Difference between Highest & Lowest FrequenciesLowest Frequencies

**

9.17

SPEEDS & COST OF MEDIASPEEDS & COST OF MEDIA MEDIUMMEDIUM SPEEDSPEED COSTCOST TWISTED PAIRTWISTED PAIR 300 BPS - 10 MBPS300 BPS - 10 MBPS LOWLOW

MICROWAVEMICROWAVE 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS256 KBPS - 100 MBPS

SATELLITESATELLITE 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS256 KBPS - 100 MBPS

COAXIAL CABLECOAXIAL CABLE 56 KBPS - 200 MBPS56 KBPS - 200 MBPS

FIBER OPTICSFIBER OPTICS 56 KBPS - 10 GBPS56 KBPS - 10 GBPS HIGHHIGH BPS: BITS PER SECONDBPS: BITS PER SECOND KBPS: KILOBITS PER SECONDKBPS: KILOBITS PER SECOND MBPS: MEGABITS PER SECONDMBPS: MEGABITS PER SECOND GBPS: GIGABITS PER SECONDGBPS: GIGABITS PER SECOND9.18

TRANSMISSION MODESTRANSMISSION MODES

• ASYNCHRONOUS: One Character at ASYNCHRONOUS: One Character at a Time; Start, Stop, Parity Bits; Low a Time; Start, Stop, Parity Bits; Low SpeedSpeed

• SYNCHRONOUS: Timing Circuitry SYNCHRONOUS: Timing Circuitry determines Start & End of Block determines Start & End of Block Transmission; High SpeedTransmission; High Speed

**

9.19

TRANSMISSION DIRECTIONTRANSMISSION DIRECTION

• SIMPLEX: One Direction OnlySIMPLEX: One Direction Only

• HALF-DUPLEX: Can Flow Both HALF-DUPLEX: Can Flow Both Ways; Only One Direction at a TimeWays; Only One Direction at a Time

• FULL-DUPLEX: Both Directions FULL-DUPLEX: Both Directions SimultaneouslySimultaneously

**

9.20

COMMUNICATIONS PROCESSORSCOMMUNICATIONS PROCESSORS• FRONT- END PROCESSOR: Minicomputer FRONT- END PROCESSOR: Minicomputer

Manages Communication for Host ComputerManages Communication for Host Computer• CONCENTRATOR: Computer Collects CONCENTRATOR: Computer Collects

Messages for Batch Transmission to Host Messages for Batch Transmission to Host ComputerComputer

• CONTROLLER: Computer Controls Interface CONTROLLER: Computer Controls Interface between CPU and Peripheral Devicesbetween CPU and Peripheral Devices

• MULTIPLEXER: Allows Channel to Carry MULTIPLEXER: Allows Channel to Carry Multiple Sources SimultaneouslyMultiple Sources Simultaneously

**

9.21

NETWORK TOPOLOGIESNETWORK TOPOLOGIES

HOSTHOST

USERUSER

USERUSER

USERUSER USERUSER

STARSTAR

9.22


BUSBUS

USERUSER

USERUSER

USERUSER

USERUSER

USERUSER

USERUSER

9.23


USERUSER

USERUSER

USERUSER

USERUSER

RINGRING

9.24

LOCAL NETWORKSLOCAL NETWORKS

• PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX): PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX): Firm’s Central Switching SystemFirm’s Central Switching System

• LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN): Dedicated LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN): Dedicated Channels; Limited Distance (less than Channels; Limited Distance (less than 2000 foot radius); Higher Capacity than 2000 foot radius); Higher Capacity than PBX. Can Share Expensive Hardware & PBX. Can Share Expensive Hardware & SoftwareSoftware

**

9.25

LOCAL AREA NETWORKLOCAL AREA NETWORK

• FILE SERVER: Stores Programs, FILE SERVER: Stores Programs, Data; Determines Access to NetworkData; Determines Access to Network

• NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM: NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM: Manages File Server; Routes Manages File Server; Routes Communications on NetworkCommunications on Network

• GATEWAY: Connection to Other GATEWAY: Connection to Other NetworksNetworks

**9.26

LOCAL AREA NETWORKLOCAL AREA NETWORK

• BASEBAND: Provides Single Path BASEBAND: Provides Single Path for Transmitting either Text, for Transmitting either Text, Graphics, Voice, or Video at One Graphics, Voice, or Video at One TimeTime

• BROADBAND: Provides Several BROADBAND: Provides Several Paths for Transmitting Several Types Paths for Transmitting Several Types of Data Simultaneouslyof Data Simultaneously

**9.27

WIDE - AREA NETWORKWIDE - AREA NETWORK• NETWORK SPANS LARGE GEOGRAPHIC NETWORK SPANS LARGE GEOGRAPHIC

DISTANCESDISTANCES• CAN INCLUDE CABLE, SATELLITE, CAN INCLUDE CABLE, SATELLITE,

MICROWAVEMICROWAVE• SWITCHED LINES: Route Determined by SWITCHED LINES: Route Determined by

Current TrafficCurrent Traffic• DEDICATED LINES: Constantly Available DEDICATED LINES: Constantly Available

for High-Volume Trafficfor High-Volume Traffic

**

9.28

VALUE-ADDED NETWORK (VAN)

VALUE-ADDED NETWORK (VAN)

• PRIVATE; MULTIPATH; DATA ONLYPRIVATE; MULTIPATH; DATA ONLY

• 3rd PARTY MANAGED3rd PARTY MANAGED

• USED BY SEVERAL ORGANIZATIONSUSED BY SEVERAL ORGANIZATIONS

• SUBSCRIPTION BASISSUBSCRIPTION BASIS

**

9.29

PACKET SWITCHINGPACKET SWITCHING

• FORM OF VANFORM OF VAN

• BREAKS DATA BLOCKS INTO BREAKS DATA BLOCKS INTO SMALL PACKETS (e.g.: 128 Bytes)SMALL PACKETS (e.g.: 128 Bytes)

• PACKETS ROUTED BY MOST PACKETS ROUTED BY MOST ECONOMICAL MEANSECONOMICAL MEANS

• REASSEMBLED AT DESTINATIONREASSEMBLED AT DESTINATION

**

9.30

ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM)

ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM)

• CELL: 53 Groups of 8 Bytes EachCELL: 53 Groups of 8 Bytes Each• USES FIBER OPTICS CABLEUSES FIBER OPTICS CABLE• INDEPENDENT OF VENDOR INDEPENDENT OF VENDOR

HARDWARE SPEEDSHARDWARE SPEEDS• CAN TIE LAN TO WANCAN TIE LAN TO WAN

**

9.31

HOW ORGANIZATIONS USE TELECOMMUNICATIONS

HOW ORGANIZATIONS USE TELECOMMUNICATIONS

• FACILITATING APPLICATIONSFACILITATING APPLICATIONS

• ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGEELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE

• GROUPWAREGROUPWARE

**

9.32

FACILITATING APPLICATIONSFACILITATING APPLICATIONS

• ELECTRONIC MAIL (e-mail)ELECTRONIC MAIL (e-mail)• VOICE MAILVOICE MAIL• FACSIMILE MACHINES (fax)FACSIMILE MACHINES (fax)• DIGITAL INFORMATION SERVICESDIGITAL INFORMATION SERVICES• TELECONFERENCINGTELECONFERENCING• DATACONFERENCINGDATACONFERENCING• VIDEOCONFERENCINGVIDEOCONFERENCING

**

9.33

PROVIDERPROVIDER TYPE OF SERVICETYPE OF SERVICE

AMERICA ONLINE GENERAL INTEREST / BUSINESS INFORMATION

COMPUSERVE GENERAL INTEREST / BUSINESS INFORMATION

PRODIGY GENERAL INTEREST / BUSINESS INFORMATION

DOW JONES NEWS RETRIEVAL BUSINESS / FINANCIAL INFORMATION

QUOTRON FINANCIAL INFORMATION

DIALOG BUSINESS / SCIENTIFIC / TECHNICAL INFORMATION

LEXIS LEGAL RESEARCH

NEXIS NEWS / BUSINESS INFORMATION

DIGITAL INFORMATION SERVICESDIGITAL INFORMATION SERVICES

9.34

• GROUP WRITING & COMMENTINGGROUP WRITING & COMMENTING

• ELECTRONIC MAIL DISTRIBUTIONELECTRONIC MAIL DISTRIBUTION

• SCHEDULING MEETINGSSCHEDULING MEETINGS

• SHARED FILES & DATABASESSHARED FILES & DATABASES

• SHARED TIME LINES & PLANSSHARED TIME LINES & PLANS

• ELECTRONIC MEETINGSELECTRONIC MEETINGS

**

GROUPWAREGROUPWARE

9.35

MANAGEMENT ISSUES & DECISIONS

MANAGEMENT ISSUES & DECISIONS

TELECOMMUNICATIONS PLAN:TELECOMMUNICATIONS PLAN:• KNOW LONG-RANGE PLANSKNOW LONG-RANGE PLANS• AUDIT EXISTING CAPABILITIESAUDIT EXISTING CAPABILITIES• IDENTIFY, PRIORITIZE CRITICAL IDENTIFY, PRIORITIZE CRITICAL

IMPROVEMENTSIMPROVEMENTS• ENHANCE FIRM’S STRATEGIC POSITIONENHANCE FIRM’S STRATEGIC POSITION

IMPLEMENT PLANIMPLEMENT PLAN

**9.36

IMPLEMENTATION FACTORSIMPLEMENTATION FACTORS• DISTANCEDISTANCE• RANGE OF SERVICESRANGE OF SERVICES• SECURITYSECURITY• MULTIPLE ACCESSMULTIPLE ACCESS• UTILIZATIONUTILIZATION• COSTCOST• INSTALLATIONINSTALLATION• CONNECTIVITYCONNECTIVITY

**

9.37

9. TELECOMMUNICATIO

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9. TELECOMMUNICATIO

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9.38

9. TELECOMMUNICATIONS 9.1. INFORMATION SYSTEM INFORMATIONSYSTEM BUSINESSCHALLENGE BUSINESSSOLUTIONS...

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