6 Kingdoms of Life Part 1:

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protist, and

Fungi1

Characteristics of Living Things• 5 characteristics of living things

– Made up of cells– Reproduce – Based on genetic code– Metabolism– Homeostasis

• To be considered living, an object MUST have ALL 5 characteristics

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• As living things are constantly being investigated, new attributes are revealed that affect how organisms are placed in a standard classification system.

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Classification• Scientists have

determined seven levels of classification: – Kingdom = Kings– Phylum = Pass– Class = Classes– Order = to Order – Family = Families– Genus = and their Good – Species = Sons around 4

Classification of Modern Humans

• Kingdom = Animalia• Phylum = Chordata• Class = Mammalia• Order = Primates • Family = Hominidae• Genus = Homo• Species = sapiens

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• The grouping of organisms into KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors:

– 1. Cell Type – 2. Cell Number – 3. Feeding Type

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1st Criterion for Kingdom Divisions: Cell Type

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

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6 kingdoms

1. Eubacteria2. Archaebacteria

3. Protista4. Fungi5. Plantae6. Animalia

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

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2nd Criterion for Kingdom Divisions: Cell Number

•Unicellular- single celled organism – protozoans, bacteria, some algae•Multicellular- many celled organism – cells start to specialize/differentiate

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• Unicellular • Multicellular

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3rd Criteria for Kingdom Divisions: Feeding Type

–Autotroph or Producer

Make their own energy source

–Heterotroph or ConsumerMust eat other organisms to surviveIncludes decomposers – those that eat dead matter!

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Archaebacteria and EubacteriaKingdoms

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BacteriaMicrobiology- the study of very small,

microscopic organisms– Bacteria– Fungi– Viruses– Protists– Etc.

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Bacteria=Prokaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes No organelles except Lots of

organellesribosomes INCLUDING NUCLEUS

NO NUCLEUS

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Prokaryotic History

• Oldest organisms: 3.5 billion yrs. old.

• Live in almost every environment.

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Eubacteria• Kingdom Eubacteria

– Common environments

– Believed to be the ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts---organelles in eukaryotic cells

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Archaebacteria• Kingdom Archaebacteria

– Found in extreme environments-extremophiles

– Ancient bacteria-gave rise to eukaryotic cells

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Characteristics-Size• Size

• Red blood cell is 250X’s larger than a bacterium

• 1 gram of soil can contain 2.5 BILLION bacteria

• Relative bacteria size

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Characteristics-Shapes

• Shapes:– Cocci- round– Bacilli- rod-

shaped– Spirilla- spiral

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Prokaryotic Structure• Interior structures

– Has DNA and cytoplasm—no nucleus or other membrane bound organelles EXCEPT ribosomes

– Ribosomes- the protein making factories of all cells

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Exterior structures– Flagella-whip-like

tail for locomotion– Cell membrane to

control what goes in and out

– Cell wall for protection

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2 Types of Cell Walls

• 2 types of cell walls found in bacteria– Identified as Gram

+ or Gram –– There’s a chemical

difference b/t them.

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Gram staining

• Special staining process

• “Gram positive is purple; Gram negative is not.”

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2 Types of Cell Walls

• Gram +– Thick cell wall– Holds purple stain,

so cells look purple

• Gram -—Two thin layers make up cell wall—Doesn’t hold purple stain so appears pink

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2 Types of Cell Walls• Treatment of illness due to

these bacteria is different!– Gram - : bacteria that stain pink

and are generally NOT affected by antibiotics • i.e. E. coli

– Gram +: bacteria that stain purple do to a thick cell wall and are affected by antibiotics• i.e. S. pneumoniae

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Prokaryotic Reproduction• Binary fission- process

of asexual reproduction where 1 becomes 2.– Results in clones– Colony- 1000’s of

bacteria that result from one undergoing binary fission

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How are prokaryotes so diverse?• They have several ways of exchanging genetic info

• Conjugation--exchanging DNA through a straw-like tube called a pilus

• Transformation—another method of transferring genes between bacteria.

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Useful Prokaryotes• Decomposers- Recycle nutrients such as

CO2 , water, nitrogen, and phosphorus

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Useful Prokaryotes•Nitrogen fixation- soil bacteria take nitrogen gas from the air (N2) and change it into a useable form that plants can absorb (NH3- ammonia.)

•Plants use the nitrogen to produce their proteins and DNA.

•Some bacteria are photosynthetic and also provide oxygen

NH3

N2 YUMMY!

Bacteri

a

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Useful Prokaryotes• Food-- yogurt, olives, pickles,

chocolate• Drugs -- insulin production• Clean up oil spills• Animal digestion and vitamins,

including our own• Microbe Discovery Movie

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Harmful Prokaryotes• Pathogen- disease causing organisms.• Pathologists -scientists who study pathogens.• Not many bacteria are pathogenic— ONLY 1%!• Disease Transmission:

a.) Waterb.) Airc.) Foodd.) Animals/Insectse.) Human Contact

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Prokaryotic Diseases

• Tuberculosis• Syphilis• Bubonic Plague• Typhus• Tetanus• Lyme Disease

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Controlling Prokaryotic Growth

• What do bacteria require to live and reproduce?- Food, water, and the right climate.-Give bacteria these things, and they grow; remove them and they don’t.

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Nutrition and Energy• How do bacteria “eat”?

– 1.) Autotrophic- “self-feeders” • Photosynthetic- MAKE energy

source and release oxygen

• Can also be chemosynthetic– 2.) Heterotrophic- “other-feeders”

• GET energy source outside themselves– Consumers– Decomposers– Parasites 34

Feeding Prokaryotes in the Lab

• Plastic Petri dishes have a Jell-O like substance called AGAR with nutrients and water for bacteria to grow on.

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GROWTH CURVE

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Controlling Prokaryotic Growth

• Antibiotics• Sanitizing--

Antiseptics and Disinfectants

• Freezing• Cooking• Pasteurizing• Dehydrating• Vaccination

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Antibiotics• Alexander Fleming• Mold on his Petri dish had a zone of

inhibition- area in which bacteria didn’t grow.

• Mold released the antibiotic penicillin

• Antibiotic=against life; any substance produced by a microbe that slows the growth of other microorganisms.

MOLD

BACTERIA

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Antibiotics• Antibiotics are made by :

– Fungus (mold) – Other bacteria, the most

common Streptomyces.– Present day antibiotics

are synthetic modifications of naturally occurring ones.

• Work well on Gram + bacteria

• NOT the same thing as aspirin or tylenol, which are pain killers Each paper disk has antibiotics on it.

Which antibiotic is more powerful?

BACTERIA

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Antibiotic Resistance• Antibiotic resistance- some

bacteria are not affected by certain antibiotics!

• Can be resistant due to:– Special cell walls (i.e. Gram –

bacteria) OR– Special antibiotic resistant genes

• Don’t finish antibiotics: – Weaker bacteria destroyed. – **Resistant bacteria still live and

pass on resistant genes through binary fission, conjugation and transformation

– Conjugation animation Movie40

Sanitizing• Antiseptics- chemicals used to inhibit growth of bacteria on living

tissues

• Disinfectants- chemicals used to inhibit growth of bacteria on NON-living things.

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Freezing

• How would this control the growth of bacteria?

• Would freezing kill all the bacteria?

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Cooking

• Cooking can control bacterial growth and kill most bacteria if heated to certain temps—165F or hotter.

• Use a meat thermometer

• Wash hands after handling raw meat 43

Pasteurizing• Pasteurization- using heat to kill

bacteria in liquids.

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Dehydrating• Dehydration- removal of water from a

substance• How would this control the growth of

bacteria?

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Vaccination• Vaccination- a shot, pill, or mist that

prevents you from getting a disease. DOES NOT CURE YOU.

• Fast and strong immune system memory cells produced which provides immunity just like if you got the disease (i.e. tetanus.)

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Vaccination• Can use weakened (attenuated) bacteria or viruses• MOSTLY use parts of bacteria or viruses—acellular• Vaccine video

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Protist Kingdom

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Kingdom Protista

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Protists, what are they?• Protists are defined by what they

are NOT…– Eukaryotes that are not plants,

animals, or fungi• 1st eukaryotic organisms• Autotrophic or heterotrophic• Asexual or sexual reproduction• Most are unicellular (algae

exception)• Many are aquatic• “Junk drawer kingdom” 51

Protists and the Evolutionary Tree

We are going to take a look at some phyla within the Protist Kingdom

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Animal-like Protists• Unicellular• Heterotrophic organisms• Animal like protists are distinguished by how they move:

1) Sarcodines—move with pseudopods2) Ciliates—move with cilia

3) Zooflagellates—move with flagella 4) Sporozoans—immobile

• Protist movement animation

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Sarcodines• Animal-like protists that use

pseudopods for feeding and moving• Pseudopods-extensions of cytoplasm• Ex) Amoeba

FOOD

Amoeba microscope footage54

Sarcodines

• Ameobic dysentery

• Montezuma’s revenge or “traveler’s diarrhea”

Ameoba histolytica

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Ciliates• Animal-like protists that use cilia for feeding and movement• Cilia-hair-like structures• Ex) Paramecium

Paramecium microscope footage 56

Zooflagellates• Animal-like protists swim

using flagella• Trypanosoma protist

spread by the bite of tsetse fly causes African Sleeping Sickness

• Giardia can contaminate water and cause digestive problems

• Trichonympha lives in mutualistic relationship with termites

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Sporozoans• Animal-like protists that don’t move on

their own and are parasitic• Plasmodium sporozoan causes malaria• Sporozoan parasite is carried by female

Anopheles mosquito

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Plasmodium Life Cycle• Mosquito bites human and

parasite injected• Parasites invade liver,

reproduce, and develop• Liver cells burst and

parasites move to red blood cells

• RBC burst-person experiences anemia, fever, chills, may result in death

• Parasites may then move into other RBC or are picked up by mosquito and transferred to another person

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Plantlike Protists• Autotrophs- contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis

• Euglenophytes• Diatoms• Algae

• Often called “phytoplankton”- small photosynthetic organisms near the surface of ocean

• Releases tons of oxygen into the atmosphere• Important food source for many “filter feeders”

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Euglenophytes• Plant-like protists that have flagella and

chloroplast, but no cell wall.• Ex) Euglena• Autotrophs when sunny but heterotrophs when not

Euglena microscope footage 61

Diatoms• Plant-like protists that produce thin,

delicate cell walls made of silicon• Used in toothpaste, paints on license plates,

dynamite

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Algae• Plant-like protists

– Unicellular algae – Multicellular algae

•Red and brown algae•Contains special pigments that allows it to live deep areas of water

•Commonly called “seaweed” (ex: Kelp)

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Plantlike Protists: Algae

• Green Algae- some are unicellular, some form colonies, few are multicellular

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Humans and Algae• Humans understand many beneficial uses of algae:

1) Used to make nutrient agar2) Used as ingredient in ice cream, pudding, salad dressing, syrups3) Food source – humans and other animals4) Releases oxygen from photosynthesis

• Algae causes harm in “algal blooms” – depletes water of nutrients and oxygen

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Fungus-like Protists• Decomposers• Heterotrophic protists that

absorb nutrients, but lack cell walls with chitin– Slime molds- found near moist,

rotting logs and composts – Slime mold video– Water molds – can be parasitic

and cause “ick” in fish

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Fungi Kingdom

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Fungi

• All fungi are eukaryotic

• They may be unicellular or multicellular (most)

Unicellular (yeast)

Multicellular

yeast

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Fungi Characteristics• Most are immobile • All have cell walls made of “chitin”- a

carbohydrate which also makes up the exoskeleton of insects

CHITIN!

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Fungal Structure• Fungi are made of thin strands called hyphae• Each strand consists of cells separated by a

wall called a septa

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Fungal Structure (cont.)• As hyphae grow,

they form a tangled mass called a mycelium

• The mycelium is usually underground or embedded in some food source

• The main function of mycelium is to absorb food

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Nutritional Status of Fungi• Heterotrophs because they feed off non-living, organic matter

• All fungi must absorb food outside the body– Animals = ingest then digest– Fungi = digest then ingest.– Enzymes break down food outside of body (use

“exoenzymes”). • Important decomposers in the ecosystem• Along with bacteria, fungi are important in recycling nutrients

such as carbon and nitrogen

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Fungal Reproduction

• The part of the fungus that we see above ground is called the fruiting body

• The fruiting body is the main reproductive part of the fungus

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Fungal Reproduction• Fungi reproduce asexually and sexually.• Asexual reproduction can be done by…

a. Hyphae breaking off and growing on their own.

b. Producing spores.

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Fungal Reproduction• Fungal spores are found in almost any environment.• Wind blows spores land in “favorable” spot

new fungus.• Some fungi attract animals to aid in spore

dispersal. Ex.) Stinkhorn fungus

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Fungal Reproduction• Sexual reproduction involves

two different mating types• No males or females, instead

they are known as “+” plus or “-” minus.

• When hyphae from two different mating types come together, they fuse together forming a diploid zygote.

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Groups of Fungi

• The main phyla of fungi are divided according to how they sexually produce spores– 1.) Zygomycetes– 2.) Ascomycetes– 3.) Basidiomycetes– 4.) Deuteromycetes

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Zygomycetes• Ex.) Bread mold• Some of the hyphae form a

zygosporangium which produces spores• Spores can be carried by wind

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Ascomycetes (sac fungi)• Ex.) Yeast and mildew• Form spores in saclike structures called asci• Each ascus bursts open shooting spores into the air

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Basidiomycetes (club fungi)• Ex.) Mushrooms, toadstools, bracket fungi• Spores form under the caps of

mushrooms on structures called basidia

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Deuteromycetes

• Ex.) Penicillin, many disease causing fungi.

• These fungi do not reproduce sexually.

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Helpful Fungi

• Fungi can be very helpful and delicious

• Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi

• Fungi accounts for the blue vein in blue cheese!

Penicillin

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Harmful Fungi• Fungi also causes a number of

plant and animal diseases:

•Athlete's Foot

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Harmful Fungi• Ringworm• Fungi on discoveryed

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