6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for...

45
6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Transcript of 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for...

Page 1: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

6

Chapter 1

Introduction

Copyright copy The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc Permission required for reproduction or display

7

1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS

The term The term telecommunicationtelecommunication means means communication at a distance The word communication at a distance The word datadata refers refers to information presented in whatever form is to information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data data Data communicationsData communications are the exchange of are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable transmission medium such as a wire cable

ComponentsData RepresentationData Flow

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

8

Figure 11 Five components of data communication

9

Data Representation

bull TEXT ndash unicode (32 bits to represent character)- ASCII

bull NUMBERS bull IMAGES-composed of a matrix of pixelbull AUDIO- recording or broadcasting of sound or

musicbull VIDEO- recording or broadcasting of a bull picture or movie

10

Figure 12 Data flow (simplex half-duplex and full-duplex)

11

1-2 NETWORKS1-2 NETWORKS

A A networknetwork is a set of devices (often referred to as is a set of devices (often referred to as nodesnodes) connected by communication ) connected by communication linkslinks A node A node can be a computer printer or any other device can be a computer printer or any other device capable of sending andor receiving data generated capable of sending andor receiving data generated by other nodes on the networkby other nodes on the network

Distributed ProcessingNetwork CriteriaPhysical StructuresNetwork ModelsCategories of NetworksInterconnection of Networks Internetwork

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

12

NETWORKS

Set of nodes connected via physical links ndash 1) Distributing Processing ndash 2) Sharing Data and centralization ndash 3) Security and robustness

13

Network Criteria

bull

1) Performance Transmission and response times - throughput and delay 2) Reliability How often the networks fail 3) Security Privacy and integrity of communication Data recovery from breaches and data loss

14

Physical Structures

bull Types of connections bull 1) Point to Point (P to P) Dedicated link to be

utilized only by end devices bull 2) Multipoint (Multidrop) Many end devices

share the link capacity

15

Figure 13 Types of connections point-to-point and multipoint

16

Physical Topology

17

Figure 14 Categories of topology

18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh

bull Each device has dedicated point-to-point link to other devices Fully connected mesh will have n( n-1) 2 FD links ndash Where n = number of nodes

bull Advantages Fast communication Robust and Privacy (Security)

bull Disadvantages Cabling Space and cost

19

Figure 15 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

20

Physical Topology (cont)

bull B) Star

bull Devices are connected Point to Point to a central ldquoHubrdquo (Controller Exchanger)

bull Advantages Less cabling and HW ports two hops only

bull Disadvantage Not robust

21

Figure 16 A star topology connecting four stations

22

Figure 17 A bus topology connecting three stations

23

ndash C) Bus

bull Multipoint link as ldquobackbonerdquo for a network where devices have drop line to tap into the bus

Advantage Less Cabling bull Disadvantages Topology dependent limit

number of nodes on the bus due to signal power loss with distance not so robust

24

Figure 18 A ring topology connecting six stations

25

bull C) Ring Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater

bull Advantages easy installation better fault isolation and robustness

bull Disadvantages N2 hops communication

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 2: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

7

1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS

The term The term telecommunicationtelecommunication means means communication at a distance The word communication at a distance The word datadata refers refers to information presented in whatever form is to information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data data Data communicationsData communications are the exchange of are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable transmission medium such as a wire cable

ComponentsData RepresentationData Flow

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

8

Figure 11 Five components of data communication

9

Data Representation

bull TEXT ndash unicode (32 bits to represent character)- ASCII

bull NUMBERS bull IMAGES-composed of a matrix of pixelbull AUDIO- recording or broadcasting of sound or

musicbull VIDEO- recording or broadcasting of a bull picture or movie

10

Figure 12 Data flow (simplex half-duplex and full-duplex)

11

1-2 NETWORKS1-2 NETWORKS

A A networknetwork is a set of devices (often referred to as is a set of devices (often referred to as nodesnodes) connected by communication ) connected by communication linkslinks A node A node can be a computer printer or any other device can be a computer printer or any other device capable of sending andor receiving data generated capable of sending andor receiving data generated by other nodes on the networkby other nodes on the network

Distributed ProcessingNetwork CriteriaPhysical StructuresNetwork ModelsCategories of NetworksInterconnection of Networks Internetwork

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

12

NETWORKS

Set of nodes connected via physical links ndash 1) Distributing Processing ndash 2) Sharing Data and centralization ndash 3) Security and robustness

13

Network Criteria

bull

1) Performance Transmission and response times - throughput and delay 2) Reliability How often the networks fail 3) Security Privacy and integrity of communication Data recovery from breaches and data loss

14

Physical Structures

bull Types of connections bull 1) Point to Point (P to P) Dedicated link to be

utilized only by end devices bull 2) Multipoint (Multidrop) Many end devices

share the link capacity

15

Figure 13 Types of connections point-to-point and multipoint

16

Physical Topology

17

Figure 14 Categories of topology

18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh

bull Each device has dedicated point-to-point link to other devices Fully connected mesh will have n( n-1) 2 FD links ndash Where n = number of nodes

bull Advantages Fast communication Robust and Privacy (Security)

bull Disadvantages Cabling Space and cost

19

Figure 15 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

20

Physical Topology (cont)

bull B) Star

bull Devices are connected Point to Point to a central ldquoHubrdquo (Controller Exchanger)

bull Advantages Less cabling and HW ports two hops only

bull Disadvantage Not robust

21

Figure 16 A star topology connecting four stations

22

Figure 17 A bus topology connecting three stations

23

ndash C) Bus

bull Multipoint link as ldquobackbonerdquo for a network where devices have drop line to tap into the bus

Advantage Less Cabling bull Disadvantages Topology dependent limit

number of nodes on the bus due to signal power loss with distance not so robust

24

Figure 18 A ring topology connecting six stations

25

bull C) Ring Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater

bull Advantages easy installation better fault isolation and robustness

bull Disadvantages N2 hops communication

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 3: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

8

Figure 11 Five components of data communication

9

Data Representation

bull TEXT ndash unicode (32 bits to represent character)- ASCII

bull NUMBERS bull IMAGES-composed of a matrix of pixelbull AUDIO- recording or broadcasting of sound or

musicbull VIDEO- recording or broadcasting of a bull picture or movie

10

Figure 12 Data flow (simplex half-duplex and full-duplex)

11

1-2 NETWORKS1-2 NETWORKS

A A networknetwork is a set of devices (often referred to as is a set of devices (often referred to as nodesnodes) connected by communication ) connected by communication linkslinks A node A node can be a computer printer or any other device can be a computer printer or any other device capable of sending andor receiving data generated capable of sending andor receiving data generated by other nodes on the networkby other nodes on the network

Distributed ProcessingNetwork CriteriaPhysical StructuresNetwork ModelsCategories of NetworksInterconnection of Networks Internetwork

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

12

NETWORKS

Set of nodes connected via physical links ndash 1) Distributing Processing ndash 2) Sharing Data and centralization ndash 3) Security and robustness

13

Network Criteria

bull

1) Performance Transmission and response times - throughput and delay 2) Reliability How often the networks fail 3) Security Privacy and integrity of communication Data recovery from breaches and data loss

14

Physical Structures

bull Types of connections bull 1) Point to Point (P to P) Dedicated link to be

utilized only by end devices bull 2) Multipoint (Multidrop) Many end devices

share the link capacity

15

Figure 13 Types of connections point-to-point and multipoint

16

Physical Topology

17

Figure 14 Categories of topology

18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh

bull Each device has dedicated point-to-point link to other devices Fully connected mesh will have n( n-1) 2 FD links ndash Where n = number of nodes

bull Advantages Fast communication Robust and Privacy (Security)

bull Disadvantages Cabling Space and cost

19

Figure 15 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

20

Physical Topology (cont)

bull B) Star

bull Devices are connected Point to Point to a central ldquoHubrdquo (Controller Exchanger)

bull Advantages Less cabling and HW ports two hops only

bull Disadvantage Not robust

21

Figure 16 A star topology connecting four stations

22

Figure 17 A bus topology connecting three stations

23

ndash C) Bus

bull Multipoint link as ldquobackbonerdquo for a network where devices have drop line to tap into the bus

Advantage Less Cabling bull Disadvantages Topology dependent limit

number of nodes on the bus due to signal power loss with distance not so robust

24

Figure 18 A ring topology connecting six stations

25

bull C) Ring Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater

bull Advantages easy installation better fault isolation and robustness

bull Disadvantages N2 hops communication

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 4: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

9

Data Representation

bull TEXT ndash unicode (32 bits to represent character)- ASCII

bull NUMBERS bull IMAGES-composed of a matrix of pixelbull AUDIO- recording or broadcasting of sound or

musicbull VIDEO- recording or broadcasting of a bull picture or movie

10

Figure 12 Data flow (simplex half-duplex and full-duplex)

11

1-2 NETWORKS1-2 NETWORKS

A A networknetwork is a set of devices (often referred to as is a set of devices (often referred to as nodesnodes) connected by communication ) connected by communication linkslinks A node A node can be a computer printer or any other device can be a computer printer or any other device capable of sending andor receiving data generated capable of sending andor receiving data generated by other nodes on the networkby other nodes on the network

Distributed ProcessingNetwork CriteriaPhysical StructuresNetwork ModelsCategories of NetworksInterconnection of Networks Internetwork

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

12

NETWORKS

Set of nodes connected via physical links ndash 1) Distributing Processing ndash 2) Sharing Data and centralization ndash 3) Security and robustness

13

Network Criteria

bull

1) Performance Transmission and response times - throughput and delay 2) Reliability How often the networks fail 3) Security Privacy and integrity of communication Data recovery from breaches and data loss

14

Physical Structures

bull Types of connections bull 1) Point to Point (P to P) Dedicated link to be

utilized only by end devices bull 2) Multipoint (Multidrop) Many end devices

share the link capacity

15

Figure 13 Types of connections point-to-point and multipoint

16

Physical Topology

17

Figure 14 Categories of topology

18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh

bull Each device has dedicated point-to-point link to other devices Fully connected mesh will have n( n-1) 2 FD links ndash Where n = number of nodes

bull Advantages Fast communication Robust and Privacy (Security)

bull Disadvantages Cabling Space and cost

19

Figure 15 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

20

Physical Topology (cont)

bull B) Star

bull Devices are connected Point to Point to a central ldquoHubrdquo (Controller Exchanger)

bull Advantages Less cabling and HW ports two hops only

bull Disadvantage Not robust

21

Figure 16 A star topology connecting four stations

22

Figure 17 A bus topology connecting three stations

23

ndash C) Bus

bull Multipoint link as ldquobackbonerdquo for a network where devices have drop line to tap into the bus

Advantage Less Cabling bull Disadvantages Topology dependent limit

number of nodes on the bus due to signal power loss with distance not so robust

24

Figure 18 A ring topology connecting six stations

25

bull C) Ring Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater

bull Advantages easy installation better fault isolation and robustness

bull Disadvantages N2 hops communication

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 5: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

10

Figure 12 Data flow (simplex half-duplex and full-duplex)

11

1-2 NETWORKS1-2 NETWORKS

A A networknetwork is a set of devices (often referred to as is a set of devices (often referred to as nodesnodes) connected by communication ) connected by communication linkslinks A node A node can be a computer printer or any other device can be a computer printer or any other device capable of sending andor receiving data generated capable of sending andor receiving data generated by other nodes on the networkby other nodes on the network

Distributed ProcessingNetwork CriteriaPhysical StructuresNetwork ModelsCategories of NetworksInterconnection of Networks Internetwork

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

12

NETWORKS

Set of nodes connected via physical links ndash 1) Distributing Processing ndash 2) Sharing Data and centralization ndash 3) Security and robustness

13

Network Criteria

bull

1) Performance Transmission and response times - throughput and delay 2) Reliability How often the networks fail 3) Security Privacy and integrity of communication Data recovery from breaches and data loss

14

Physical Structures

bull Types of connections bull 1) Point to Point (P to P) Dedicated link to be

utilized only by end devices bull 2) Multipoint (Multidrop) Many end devices

share the link capacity

15

Figure 13 Types of connections point-to-point and multipoint

16

Physical Topology

17

Figure 14 Categories of topology

18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh

bull Each device has dedicated point-to-point link to other devices Fully connected mesh will have n( n-1) 2 FD links ndash Where n = number of nodes

bull Advantages Fast communication Robust and Privacy (Security)

bull Disadvantages Cabling Space and cost

19

Figure 15 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

20

Physical Topology (cont)

bull B) Star

bull Devices are connected Point to Point to a central ldquoHubrdquo (Controller Exchanger)

bull Advantages Less cabling and HW ports two hops only

bull Disadvantage Not robust

21

Figure 16 A star topology connecting four stations

22

Figure 17 A bus topology connecting three stations

23

ndash C) Bus

bull Multipoint link as ldquobackbonerdquo for a network where devices have drop line to tap into the bus

Advantage Less Cabling bull Disadvantages Topology dependent limit

number of nodes on the bus due to signal power loss with distance not so robust

24

Figure 18 A ring topology connecting six stations

25

bull C) Ring Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater

bull Advantages easy installation better fault isolation and robustness

bull Disadvantages N2 hops communication

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 6: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11

1-2 NETWORKS1-2 NETWORKS

A A networknetwork is a set of devices (often referred to as is a set of devices (often referred to as nodesnodes) connected by communication ) connected by communication linkslinks A node A node can be a computer printer or any other device can be a computer printer or any other device capable of sending andor receiving data generated capable of sending andor receiving data generated by other nodes on the networkby other nodes on the network

Distributed ProcessingNetwork CriteriaPhysical StructuresNetwork ModelsCategories of NetworksInterconnection of Networks Internetwork

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

12

NETWORKS

Set of nodes connected via physical links ndash 1) Distributing Processing ndash 2) Sharing Data and centralization ndash 3) Security and robustness

13

Network Criteria

bull

1) Performance Transmission and response times - throughput and delay 2) Reliability How often the networks fail 3) Security Privacy and integrity of communication Data recovery from breaches and data loss

14

Physical Structures

bull Types of connections bull 1) Point to Point (P to P) Dedicated link to be

utilized only by end devices bull 2) Multipoint (Multidrop) Many end devices

share the link capacity

15

Figure 13 Types of connections point-to-point and multipoint

16

Physical Topology

17

Figure 14 Categories of topology

18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh

bull Each device has dedicated point-to-point link to other devices Fully connected mesh will have n( n-1) 2 FD links ndash Where n = number of nodes

bull Advantages Fast communication Robust and Privacy (Security)

bull Disadvantages Cabling Space and cost

19

Figure 15 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

20

Physical Topology (cont)

bull B) Star

bull Devices are connected Point to Point to a central ldquoHubrdquo (Controller Exchanger)

bull Advantages Less cabling and HW ports two hops only

bull Disadvantage Not robust

21

Figure 16 A star topology connecting four stations

22

Figure 17 A bus topology connecting three stations

23

ndash C) Bus

bull Multipoint link as ldquobackbonerdquo for a network where devices have drop line to tap into the bus

Advantage Less Cabling bull Disadvantages Topology dependent limit

number of nodes on the bus due to signal power loss with distance not so robust

24

Figure 18 A ring topology connecting six stations

25

bull C) Ring Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater

bull Advantages easy installation better fault isolation and robustness

bull Disadvantages N2 hops communication

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 7: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

12

NETWORKS

Set of nodes connected via physical links ndash 1) Distributing Processing ndash 2) Sharing Data and centralization ndash 3) Security and robustness

13

Network Criteria

bull

1) Performance Transmission and response times - throughput and delay 2) Reliability How often the networks fail 3) Security Privacy and integrity of communication Data recovery from breaches and data loss

14

Physical Structures

bull Types of connections bull 1) Point to Point (P to P) Dedicated link to be

utilized only by end devices bull 2) Multipoint (Multidrop) Many end devices

share the link capacity

15

Figure 13 Types of connections point-to-point and multipoint

16

Physical Topology

17

Figure 14 Categories of topology

18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh

bull Each device has dedicated point-to-point link to other devices Fully connected mesh will have n( n-1) 2 FD links ndash Where n = number of nodes

bull Advantages Fast communication Robust and Privacy (Security)

bull Disadvantages Cabling Space and cost

19

Figure 15 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

20

Physical Topology (cont)

bull B) Star

bull Devices are connected Point to Point to a central ldquoHubrdquo (Controller Exchanger)

bull Advantages Less cabling and HW ports two hops only

bull Disadvantage Not robust

21

Figure 16 A star topology connecting four stations

22

Figure 17 A bus topology connecting three stations

23

ndash C) Bus

bull Multipoint link as ldquobackbonerdquo for a network where devices have drop line to tap into the bus

Advantage Less Cabling bull Disadvantages Topology dependent limit

number of nodes on the bus due to signal power loss with distance not so robust

24

Figure 18 A ring topology connecting six stations

25

bull C) Ring Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater

bull Advantages easy installation better fault isolation and robustness

bull Disadvantages N2 hops communication

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 8: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

13

Network Criteria

bull

1) Performance Transmission and response times - throughput and delay 2) Reliability How often the networks fail 3) Security Privacy and integrity of communication Data recovery from breaches and data loss

14

Physical Structures

bull Types of connections bull 1) Point to Point (P to P) Dedicated link to be

utilized only by end devices bull 2) Multipoint (Multidrop) Many end devices

share the link capacity

15

Figure 13 Types of connections point-to-point and multipoint

16

Physical Topology

17

Figure 14 Categories of topology

18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh

bull Each device has dedicated point-to-point link to other devices Fully connected mesh will have n( n-1) 2 FD links ndash Where n = number of nodes

bull Advantages Fast communication Robust and Privacy (Security)

bull Disadvantages Cabling Space and cost

19

Figure 15 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

20

Physical Topology (cont)

bull B) Star

bull Devices are connected Point to Point to a central ldquoHubrdquo (Controller Exchanger)

bull Advantages Less cabling and HW ports two hops only

bull Disadvantage Not robust

21

Figure 16 A star topology connecting four stations

22

Figure 17 A bus topology connecting three stations

23

ndash C) Bus

bull Multipoint link as ldquobackbonerdquo for a network where devices have drop line to tap into the bus

Advantage Less Cabling bull Disadvantages Topology dependent limit

number of nodes on the bus due to signal power loss with distance not so robust

24

Figure 18 A ring topology connecting six stations

25

bull C) Ring Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater

bull Advantages easy installation better fault isolation and robustness

bull Disadvantages N2 hops communication

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 9: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

14

Physical Structures

bull Types of connections bull 1) Point to Point (P to P) Dedicated link to be

utilized only by end devices bull 2) Multipoint (Multidrop) Many end devices

share the link capacity

15

Figure 13 Types of connections point-to-point and multipoint

16

Physical Topology

17

Figure 14 Categories of topology

18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh

bull Each device has dedicated point-to-point link to other devices Fully connected mesh will have n( n-1) 2 FD links ndash Where n = number of nodes

bull Advantages Fast communication Robust and Privacy (Security)

bull Disadvantages Cabling Space and cost

19

Figure 15 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

20

Physical Topology (cont)

bull B) Star

bull Devices are connected Point to Point to a central ldquoHubrdquo (Controller Exchanger)

bull Advantages Less cabling and HW ports two hops only

bull Disadvantage Not robust

21

Figure 16 A star topology connecting four stations

22

Figure 17 A bus topology connecting three stations

23

ndash C) Bus

bull Multipoint link as ldquobackbonerdquo for a network where devices have drop line to tap into the bus

Advantage Less Cabling bull Disadvantages Topology dependent limit

number of nodes on the bus due to signal power loss with distance not so robust

24

Figure 18 A ring topology connecting six stations

25

bull C) Ring Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater

bull Advantages easy installation better fault isolation and robustness

bull Disadvantages N2 hops communication

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 10: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

15

Figure 13 Types of connections point-to-point and multipoint

16

Physical Topology

17

Figure 14 Categories of topology

18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh

bull Each device has dedicated point-to-point link to other devices Fully connected mesh will have n( n-1) 2 FD links ndash Where n = number of nodes

bull Advantages Fast communication Robust and Privacy (Security)

bull Disadvantages Cabling Space and cost

19

Figure 15 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

20

Physical Topology (cont)

bull B) Star

bull Devices are connected Point to Point to a central ldquoHubrdquo (Controller Exchanger)

bull Advantages Less cabling and HW ports two hops only

bull Disadvantage Not robust

21

Figure 16 A star topology connecting four stations

22

Figure 17 A bus topology connecting three stations

23

ndash C) Bus

bull Multipoint link as ldquobackbonerdquo for a network where devices have drop line to tap into the bus

Advantage Less Cabling bull Disadvantages Topology dependent limit

number of nodes on the bus due to signal power loss with distance not so robust

24

Figure 18 A ring topology connecting six stations

25

bull C) Ring Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater

bull Advantages easy installation better fault isolation and robustness

bull Disadvantages N2 hops communication

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 11: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

16

Physical Topology

17

Figure 14 Categories of topology

18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh

bull Each device has dedicated point-to-point link to other devices Fully connected mesh will have n( n-1) 2 FD links ndash Where n = number of nodes

bull Advantages Fast communication Robust and Privacy (Security)

bull Disadvantages Cabling Space and cost

19

Figure 15 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

20

Physical Topology (cont)

bull B) Star

bull Devices are connected Point to Point to a central ldquoHubrdquo (Controller Exchanger)

bull Advantages Less cabling and HW ports two hops only

bull Disadvantage Not robust

21

Figure 16 A star topology connecting four stations

22

Figure 17 A bus topology connecting three stations

23

ndash C) Bus

bull Multipoint link as ldquobackbonerdquo for a network where devices have drop line to tap into the bus

Advantage Less Cabling bull Disadvantages Topology dependent limit

number of nodes on the bus due to signal power loss with distance not so robust

24

Figure 18 A ring topology connecting six stations

25

bull C) Ring Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater

bull Advantages easy installation better fault isolation and robustness

bull Disadvantages N2 hops communication

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 12: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

17

Figure 14 Categories of topology

18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh

bull Each device has dedicated point-to-point link to other devices Fully connected mesh will have n( n-1) 2 FD links ndash Where n = number of nodes

bull Advantages Fast communication Robust and Privacy (Security)

bull Disadvantages Cabling Space and cost

19

Figure 15 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

20

Physical Topology (cont)

bull B) Star

bull Devices are connected Point to Point to a central ldquoHubrdquo (Controller Exchanger)

bull Advantages Less cabling and HW ports two hops only

bull Disadvantage Not robust

21

Figure 16 A star topology connecting four stations

22

Figure 17 A bus topology connecting three stations

23

ndash C) Bus

bull Multipoint link as ldquobackbonerdquo for a network where devices have drop line to tap into the bus

Advantage Less Cabling bull Disadvantages Topology dependent limit

number of nodes on the bus due to signal power loss with distance not so robust

24

Figure 18 A ring topology connecting six stations

25

bull C) Ring Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater

bull Advantages easy installation better fault isolation and robustness

bull Disadvantages N2 hops communication

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 13: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

18

Physical Topology

bull A) Mesh

bull Each device has dedicated point-to-point link to other devices Fully connected mesh will have n( n-1) 2 FD links ndash Where n = number of nodes

bull Advantages Fast communication Robust and Privacy (Security)

bull Disadvantages Cabling Space and cost

19

Figure 15 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

20

Physical Topology (cont)

bull B) Star

bull Devices are connected Point to Point to a central ldquoHubrdquo (Controller Exchanger)

bull Advantages Less cabling and HW ports two hops only

bull Disadvantage Not robust

21

Figure 16 A star topology connecting four stations

22

Figure 17 A bus topology connecting three stations

23

ndash C) Bus

bull Multipoint link as ldquobackbonerdquo for a network where devices have drop line to tap into the bus

Advantage Less Cabling bull Disadvantages Topology dependent limit

number of nodes on the bus due to signal power loss with distance not so robust

24

Figure 18 A ring topology connecting six stations

25

bull C) Ring Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater

bull Advantages easy installation better fault isolation and robustness

bull Disadvantages N2 hops communication

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 14: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

19

Figure 15 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

20

Physical Topology (cont)

bull B) Star

bull Devices are connected Point to Point to a central ldquoHubrdquo (Controller Exchanger)

bull Advantages Less cabling and HW ports two hops only

bull Disadvantage Not robust

21

Figure 16 A star topology connecting four stations

22

Figure 17 A bus topology connecting three stations

23

ndash C) Bus

bull Multipoint link as ldquobackbonerdquo for a network where devices have drop line to tap into the bus

Advantage Less Cabling bull Disadvantages Topology dependent limit

number of nodes on the bus due to signal power loss with distance not so robust

24

Figure 18 A ring topology connecting six stations

25

bull C) Ring Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater

bull Advantages easy installation better fault isolation and robustness

bull Disadvantages N2 hops communication

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 15: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

20

Physical Topology (cont)

bull B) Star

bull Devices are connected Point to Point to a central ldquoHubrdquo (Controller Exchanger)

bull Advantages Less cabling and HW ports two hops only

bull Disadvantage Not robust

21

Figure 16 A star topology connecting four stations

22

Figure 17 A bus topology connecting three stations

23

ndash C) Bus

bull Multipoint link as ldquobackbonerdquo for a network where devices have drop line to tap into the bus

Advantage Less Cabling bull Disadvantages Topology dependent limit

number of nodes on the bus due to signal power loss with distance not so robust

24

Figure 18 A ring topology connecting six stations

25

bull C) Ring Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater

bull Advantages easy installation better fault isolation and robustness

bull Disadvantages N2 hops communication

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 16: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

21

Figure 16 A star topology connecting four stations

22

Figure 17 A bus topology connecting three stations

23

ndash C) Bus

bull Multipoint link as ldquobackbonerdquo for a network where devices have drop line to tap into the bus

Advantage Less Cabling bull Disadvantages Topology dependent limit

number of nodes on the bus due to signal power loss with distance not so robust

24

Figure 18 A ring topology connecting six stations

25

bull C) Ring Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater

bull Advantages easy installation better fault isolation and robustness

bull Disadvantages N2 hops communication

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 17: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

22

Figure 17 A bus topology connecting three stations

23

ndash C) Bus

bull Multipoint link as ldquobackbonerdquo for a network where devices have drop line to tap into the bus

Advantage Less Cabling bull Disadvantages Topology dependent limit

number of nodes on the bus due to signal power loss with distance not so robust

24

Figure 18 A ring topology connecting six stations

25

bull C) Ring Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater

bull Advantages easy installation better fault isolation and robustness

bull Disadvantages N2 hops communication

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 18: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

23

ndash C) Bus

bull Multipoint link as ldquobackbonerdquo for a network where devices have drop line to tap into the bus

Advantage Less Cabling bull Disadvantages Topology dependent limit

number of nodes on the bus due to signal power loss with distance not so robust

24

Figure 18 A ring topology connecting six stations

25

bull C) Ring Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater

bull Advantages easy installation better fault isolation and robustness

bull Disadvantages N2 hops communication

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 19: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

24

Figure 18 A ring topology connecting six stations

25

bull C) Ring Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater

bull Advantages easy installation better fault isolation and robustness

bull Disadvantages N2 hops communication

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 20: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

25

bull C) Ring Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater

bull Advantages easy installation better fault isolation and robustness

bull Disadvantages N2 hops communication

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 21: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

26

Figure 19 A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 22: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

27

bull D) Hybrid bull Pizza ldquostarrdquo inside a ldquo ringrdquo bull Pros Better robustness still low cost Delay is

1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut max 2 bull Star of busses

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 23: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

28

Categories of Networks

bull Local Area Networks (LAN) Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs printers servers) within the same room building company and campus

bull Topologies most used are bus ring and star

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 24: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

29

Figure 110 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 25: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

30

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Wide Area Networks (WAN)bull span a large geographical area about 100rsquos ndash

1000rsquos of Km bull 1) Switched End users connected via a cloud

of switches (subnet) bull 2) Point-to Point Line leased from telephone

company TV connecting users

to the ISP for Internet access

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 26: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

31

bull alternative technologies used includendash circuit switchingndash packet switchingndash frame relayndash Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 27: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

32

Circuit Switching

bull uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation

bull comprising a sequence of physical linksbull with a dedicated logical channelbull eg telephone network

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 28: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

33

Packet Switching

bull data sent out of sequencebull small chunks (packets) of data at a timebull packets passed from node to node between

source and destinationbull used for terminal to computer and computer to

computer communications

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 29: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

34

Frame Relay

bull packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

bull modern systems are more reliablebull errors can be caught in end systembull Frame Relay provides higher speedsbull with most error control overhead removed

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 30: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

35

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

bull evolution of frame relaybull fixed packet (called cell) lengthbull with little overhead for error controlbull anything from 10Mbps to Gbpsbull constant data rate using packet switching

technique with multiple virtual circuits

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 31: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

36

Figure 111 WANs a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 32: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

37

Figure 112 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 33: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

38

Categories of Networks(cont)

bull Metropolitan Area Networksbull MAN towncity bull High-speed backbone linking multiple LANrsquos

DSL TV cables

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 34: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

39

1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET

The The InternetInternet has revolutionized many aspects of our has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives It has affected the way we do business daily lives It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time The as well as the way we spend our leisure time The Internet is a communication system that has Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use and organized it for our use

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 35: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

40

The Internet

bull Internet evolved from ARPANETndash first operational packet networkndash applied to tactical radio amp satellite nets alsondash had a need for interoperabilityndash lead to standardized TCPIP protocols

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 36: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

41

The Internet

bull Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000rsquos) private organized egrsquo government schools research facilities in many countries

bull Collection of LANrsquoS MANrsquoS and WANrsquos ndash 1048708 The internet protocol stack is the TCPIP ndash 1048708 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers

(ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 37: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

42

Figure 113 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 38: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

43

Internet Elements

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 39: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

44

Internet Architecture

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 40: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

45

Example Configuration

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 41: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

46

1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section we define two widely used terms In this section we define two widely used terms protocolsprotocols and and standardsstandards First we define protocol First we define protocol which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss which is synonymous with rule Then we discuss standards which are agreed-upon rulesstandards which are agreed-upon rules

ProtocolsStandardsStandards OrganizationsInternet Standards

Topics discussed in this sectionTopics discussed in this section

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 42: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

47

What is a protocol Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interactExamplesInternet Protocol (IP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 43: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

48

bull Elements bull 1) Syntax PDU format

ndash 2) Semantics The meaning of each PDUrsquos field ndash 3) Timing Synchronization of communication when

PDU is to be transferred and its data rate

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 44: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

49

What is a standard

ndash bull A ldquo standard is set of guidelinesrdquo to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity

ndash 1) ldquoDefactordquo not approved but widely used (TCPIP)

ndash 2) ldquoDejurerdquo approved by recognized body (IEEE 802X)

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary
Page 45: 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

50

Summary

bull introduced data communications needsbull communications modelbull defined data communicationsbull overview of networksbull introduce Internet

  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Data Representation
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Network Criteria
  • Physical Structures
  • Slide 10
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 12
  • Physical Topology
  • Slide 14
  • Physical Topology (cont)
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
  • Slide 22
  • Categories of Networks
  • Slide 24
  • Categories of Networks(cont)
  • Slide 26
  • Circuit Switching
  • Packet Switching
  • Frame Relay
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • Slide 31
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • The Internet
  • The Internet
  • Slide 37
  • Internet Elements
  • Internet Architecture
  • Example Configuration
  • Slide 41
  • What is a protocol
  • Slide 43
  • What is a standard
  • Summary

Evolution and Natural Selection Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display.

Evolution and Natural Selection Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display.

McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Chapter 12 Multiple Access Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction.

McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Chapter 12 Multiple Access Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction.

Classes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Classes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Plant Reproduction Chapter 42 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission.

Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Plant Reproduction Chapter 42 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 6 Protein.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 6 Protein.

Chapter 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Lecture Outline Chapter 11 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Lecture Outline Chapter 11 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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