a. · Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display....
4
neutron (no charge) Hydrogen 1 Proton 1 Electron Oxygen 8 Protons 8 Neutrons 8 Electrons a. b. proton (positive charge) electron (negative charge) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14 6 Protons 6 Neutrons 6 Electrons 6 Protons 7 Neutrons 6 Electrons 6 Protons 8 Neutrons 6 Electrons Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2 x y z One spherical orbital (1s) a. One spherical orbital (2s) b. c. x z y Neon Electron Shell Diagram Corresponding Electron Orbital Energy Level K Corresponding Electron Orbitals Electron Shell Diagram Electron Shell Diagram Electron Orbitals Three dumbbell-shaped orbitals (2p) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Energy level L 3 N M L K K L M N absorbed Energy Nucleus Energy released Nucleus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4 1 H 3 Li 4 Be 19 K 12 Mg 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 42 Mo 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 21 Sc 40 Zr 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 36 Kr 5 B 6 C 8 O 2 He 55 Cs 56 Ba 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 57 La 89 Ac 104 105 106 107 108 109 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb 71 Lu 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U (Lanthanide series) (Actinide series) 11 Na 20 Ca 41 Nb 43 Tu 44 Ru 26 Fe 13 Al 31 Ga 32 Ge 14 Si 7 N 15 P 33 As 16 S 35 Br 34 Se 9 F 18 Ar 10 Ne 17 Cl 110 Rf Ob Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 Uuu Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh 118 Key 1 H Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Calcium (Ca) Sulfur (S) Sodium (Na) Chlorine (Cl) Mg Fe S K P Ca Cl Na N H C a. b. O Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) Iron (Fe) Magnesium (Mg) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. atomic number chemical symbol 5 Helium K K L 2+ 7+ Nonreactive Reactive 2 protons 2 neutrons 2 electrons 7 protons 7 neutrons 7 electrons Nitrogen Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 6
Transcript of a. · Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display....
neutron (no charge)
Hydrogen
1 Proton 1 Electron
Oxygen
8 Protons 8 Neutrons 8 Electrons
a.
b.
proton (positive charge)
electron (negative charge)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1
Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14 6 Protons 6 Neutrons 6 Electrons
6 Protons 7 Neutrons 6 Electrons
6 Protons 8 Neutrons 6 Electrons
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2
x
y z
One spherical orbital (1s) a.
One spherical orbital (2s) b.
c.
x
z y
Neon
Electron Shell Diagram Corresponding Electron Orbital
Energy Level K
Corresponding Electron Orbitals Electron Shell Diagram
Electron Shell Diagram Electron Orbitals
Three dumbbell-shaped orbitals (2p)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Energy level L
3
N M
L K
K L M N
absorbed Energy
Nucleus
Energy released
Nucleus
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
4
1 H
3 Li
4 Be
19 K
12 Mg
93 Np
94 Pu
95 Am
96 Cm
97 Bk
98 C f
99 Es
100 Fm
101 Md
102 No
103 Lr
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
42 Mo
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 In
50 Sn
51 Sb
52 Te
53 I
54 Xe
21 Sc
40 Zr
22 Ti 23
V 24 Cr
25 Mn 27
Co 28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
36 Kr
5 B
6 C
8 O 2
He
55 Cs
56 Ba
72 Hf
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 A u
80 Hg
81 Tl
82 Pb
83 Bi
84 Po
85 At
86 Rn
87 Fr
88 Ra
57 La 89 Ac
104 105 106 107 108 109
58 Ce
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm
62 Sm
63 Eu
64 Gd
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 T m
70 Yb
71 Lu
90 Th
91 P a
92 U
(Lanthanide series)
(Actinide series)
11 Na
20 Ca
41 Nb
43 Tu
44 Ru
26 Fe
13 Al
31 Ga
32 Ge
14 Si
7 N 15 P 33 As
16 S
35 Br
34 Se
9 F
18 Ar
10 Ne
17 Cl
110 Rf Ob Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds
111 112 113 114 115 116 117 Uuu Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh
118
Key 1 H
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Calcium (Ca)
Sulfur (S)
Sodium (Na) Chlorine (Cl)
Mg Fe S K P
Ca Cl Na N H
C
a. b .
O Oxygen (O)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
Iron (Fe)
Magnesium (Mg)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
atomic number
chemical symbol
5
Helium
K K
L
2+ 7+
Nonreactive Reactive
2 protons 2 neutrons 2 electrons
7 protons 7 neutrons 7 electrons
Nitrogen
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
6
7
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Sodium atom
Cl
Chlorine atom
a.
Sodium ion (+)
Cl–
Chloride ion (–)
b. NaCl crystal
Cl– Cl–
Cl– Cl–
Cl–
Na+ Na+ Na Na
Na+ Na+
Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+
Na+ Na+
8
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
N N N2 N N
H H
O2 O O
H2
O O
Single covalent bond Hydrogen gas
covalent bond
Double covalent bond oxygen gas
Triple covalent bond Nitrogen gas
H H
9 10
11
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
δ +
δ –
+
+
104.5
a. b.
c .
Bohr Model
Space-Filling Model
8p
Ball-and-Stick Model
8n
δ –
δ +
δ +
δ +
δ –
δ –
δ +
δ +
δ –
12
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
δ +
a.
b .
Water molecule Hydrogen atom
δ – Hydrogen bond
Oxygen atom
Hydrogen atom
Hydrogen bond δ +
δ –
An organic molecule
Oxygen atom 13 14
15 16
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hydration shells
Water molecules
Salt crystal
Cl–
Na+
Cl–
δ+
δ+
δ+
δ+
δ+
δ –
δ –
δ –
δ –
δ –
Na+
17
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
10–1
Acidic
Basic
10–2
10–3
10–4
10–5
10–6 Urine 10–7
10–8
10–9 Baking soda 10–10
10–11 Household ammonia 10–12
10–13
10–14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Hydrogen Ion Concentration [H+] pH Value Examples of Solutions
100
Hydrochloric acid
Stomach acid, lemon juice
Vinegar, cola, beer
Tomatoes
Black coffee
Pure water
Seawater
Great Salt Lake
Household bleach
Sodium hydroxide
18
1X 0 3X 4X 5X 2X
pH
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Amount of base added
Buffering range
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
19
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
+
Bicarbonate ion
(HCO3–)
+
+ +
–
+
Water (H2O)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbonic acid
(H2CO3)
Hydrogen ion (H+)
20
