International Food Safety Conference th5

Damanhour University

October 2018 thSaturday, 13

302

Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of E. coli and Salmonella Isolates from

Zagazig abattoir

Ehab Nabawy 1, Ahmed E. Tharwat 2 and Waleed Rizk EL-Ghareeb 2,3

1 Department of Veterinary public health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig

University, 44511, Egypt

2 Department of Food control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511,

Egypt

3Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Husbandry, Collegeof Veterinary

Medicine,King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia

Corresponding author: Dr. Waleed R. El-Ghareeb, drwaleedrizk@gmail.com

Abstract

The effect of abattoir environment on the level of carcasses contamination was studied, this

task was achieved after collection of 130 samples from Zagazig abattoir represented by

hundred swabs of abattoir walls, abattoir floors, knives, worker’s hand, cattle and camel

carcass surfaces. In addition to thirty water samples collected from the input water, carcass

washing water, wastewater (10 of each). The prevalence of Escherichia coli (E.coli) was 60,

100, 30, 30, 00, 60, 100, 30, 70, 40, 60, 20, and 30%. Meanwhile the prevalence of

Salmonella was 40, 70, 10, 00,00, 30, 80, 10, 40, 00, 20, 00, 10% in examined walls, floors,

knives, worker’s hand, input water, washing water, waste water, cattle thigh, cattle shoulder,

buffalo thigh, buffalo shoulder, camel thigh and camel shoulder, respectively.

Enterohemorrhagic E.coli O26:H11 15/130 (11.53%) and Salmonella typhimurium 9/130

(6.92%) were predominant species among examined samples. Hundred percentage of isolated

E.coli was resistant to penicillin and sensitivity was (77.8%) and (92%) for ciprofloxacin and

gentamicin. Salmonella species showed 100% resistance to streptomycin and sensitivity was

(77.4%) and (93.5%) for ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. Both of E.coli and Salmonella

isolates showed multi antibiotic resistant (MAR). The public health importance of isolates

was discussed.

Key words: Abattoir, carcasses, E.coli, Salmonella, Prevalence, Antibiotic, resistance.

1- Introduction:

Abattoir is the only authorized place in which slaughtering and processing of food

animals take place. The abattoir environment contaminated with food poisoning

microorganisms such Escherichia coli and Salmonella from various sources. Fecal matter

was a great source of contamination and could reach food animal carcasses through direct

deposition, as well as indirect contact with contaminated utensils, workers, installations and

air (Borch and Arinder, 2002). The poor hygienic measures adopted have been linked to

sustained bacterial levels (Soliman et al., 2009). Escherichia coli is considered as one of the

International Food Safety Conference th5

Damanhour University

October 2018 thSaturday, 13

303

occurring facultative anaerobe of both man and warm-blooded mammals and considered an

indicator of faecal contamination in food and water; however, several E. coli clones have the

capability to cause diseases within the intestinal lumen and in other system of the host. The

pathogenic E.coli could be differentiated into six pathotypes, including Shiga toxin producing

E. coli, , enteroaggregative E. coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli, enteroinvasive E. coli,

enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and diffusively adherent E. coli (Nataro and Kaper, 1998).

E. coli has the ability to gain, conserve, transmit resistance genes, and transmit antibiotic

resistance from other bacteria in the environment (Zhao et al., 2012). Multiple steps along

the meat production chain responsible for contamination with Salmonella, which includes

production, distribution, processing, retail butchering, handling and preparation. Salmonella

causes an estimated 1.3 billion cases of acute gastroenteritis and 3 million deaths annually

worldwide. Moreover, ingestion of fifteen to twenty cells can be induce infection with

Salmonella depending on factors such strain as well as the health of the host (Vollenhofer et

al., 2007). A well-planned, controlled cleaning and sanitation program inside abattoir is very

important to obtain the required hygienic level. The main objective of the current study was

to estimate prevalence of antibiotic resustant E.coli and salmonella at Zagazig abattoir,

Sharkia Province, Egypt.

2- Materials and methods:

2.1. Sampling:

One hundred and thirty samples from Zagazig abattoir represented by seventy swabs

of [abattoir walls, abattoir floors, knives, worker’s hand, cattle carcass surfaces (thigh and

shoulder), buffalo carcass surfaces (thigh and shoulder) , camel carcass surfaces (thigh and

shoulder)] ten of each. In addition to thirty water samples collected from (input water, carcass

washing water, waste water). The samples were transported immediately to the laboratory of

meat hygiene, Faculty of veterinary medicine Zagazig University, Egypt.

The swab samples collected from moist area, but in dry cases, the swabs were

moistened in buffered peptone water (BPW) before sampling. Two swabs were used in the

same area in order to better recovery of the microorganisms. Water sampling was carried out

according to recommendation of APHA (1989).

2.2. Isolation and identification of Escherchia coli:

The isolation of E. coli from swabs of carcass surface, floors, walls, knives, and

worker’s hands by obtaining of one ml after a good shaking of the swab then, pre-enriched

in 9 ml of buffered peptone water 1%, then incubated at 37℃ for 6 hours according to Quinn

et al. (1994). Water samples were prepared and pre- enriched as recommended by

Karuniawati (2001). Twenty five ml of each sample was mixed with 225 ml of pre- enriched

broth and incubated at 37◦ C for 6 hours. One ml from pre-enrichment broth was transferred

to 10 ml MacConkey broth and incubated at 37 ºC for 24 hours.A loopful from each of

incubated MacConkey broth was streaked on Eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar and

incubated at 37oC for 18-24 hours. Suspected small green fluorescence colonies and all other

International Food Safety Conference th5

Damanhour University

October 2018 thSaturday, 13

304

colonies were picked up, streaked onto nutrient agar slopes and incubated at 37oC for 18-24

hours, then preserved in the refrigerator for further identification. The pure suspected cultures

on nutrient agar slopes were subjected for biochemical identification according to Koneman

et al. (1997). The isolates were serologically identified according to Kok et al. (1996) by

using rapid diagnostic E.coli antisera sets (DENKA SEIKEN Co., Japan) for diagnosis of the

Enteropathogenic types.

2.3. Isolation and identification Salmonella: (according to ISO 6579, 2002).

Five ml after a good shaking of the swab or was pre-enriched in 45 ml of buffered

peptone water 1% and twenty 25 ml of water sample was pre-enriched in 225 ml of buffered

peptone water 1%, then incubated at 37o C for 18 h ± 2h. 0.1 ml of pre enrichment broth was

transferred into a tube containing 10 ml of Rappaport Vassiliadis with soya (RVS broth ) and

incubated at 41.5oC± 1oc for 24h ±3h. A loopful from RVS broth were streaked on XLD

plates agar ,incubated at 37 ± 1oC and examined after 24h ± 3h , for presence of suspected

colonies of Salmonella which have a black center and lightly transparent zone of reddish

color. The suspected colonies were picked up and purified on trypticase soya agar for further

identification. The suspected isolates of Salmonella organisms were identified according to

MacFaddin (2000). Serological identification of Salmonellae was carried out according to

Kauffman – White scheme (Kauffman, 1974) for the determination of Somatic (O) and

flagellar (H) antigens using Salmonella antiserum (DENKA SEIKEN Co., Japan).

2.4. Antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli and Salmonella

Antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli and Salmonella were tested by the single

diffusion method according to Mary and Usha (2013). Sensitivity discs with variable

concentrations were used to determine the susceptibility of the isolated strains (Oxoid

Limited, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK). Agar plate method was used for growth of the tested

bacterium for its antibiotic sensitivity. The bacterial culture was uniformly spread on the

surface of nutrient agar. Then the antibiotic discs were sited over the surface of inoculated

plate. Then, plates incubated at suitable temperature (25 C) for 2-7 days and checked for the

growth of the bacterium around the antibiotic discs. The maximal inhibition zone for the

growth of microbe is said to that antibiotic had a maximum effect on the microbe growth.

Therefore, the antimicrobial susceptibility testing was applied according to the guidelines

stipulated by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS, 2001). The

tested strains were evaluated as susceptible, intermediate and resistant. Multiple Antibiotic

Resistances (MAR) index for each strain was determined according to the formula stipulated

by Singh et al. (2012) as follow: MAR index= No. of resistance (Isolates classified as

intermediate were considered sensitive for MAR index) / Total No. of tested antibiotics.

3- Results and discussion:

Esherchia coli may contaminate abattoir environment and carcasses from different

sources, including animal skin, bowel rupture during evisceration, indirect contamination

with contaminated water and handling. The data in table (1) declared that the prevalence of

International Food Safety Conference th5

Damanhour University

October 2018 thSaturday, 13

305

E.coli was 60, 100, 30, 30,00, 60, 100, 30, 70, 40, 60, 20, 30% in examined walls, floors,

knives, worker’s hand,input water, washing water, waste water, cattle thigh, cattle shoulder,

buffalo thigh, buffalo shoulder, camel thigh and camel shoulder, respectively. Lower

isolation rate for E.coli from abattoir floors were 16.72% in Istunbul (Gun et al. 2003); 5.3 -

13.3% in USA (Rivera-Betancourt et al., 2004); 33.3% in Jigjiga twon abattoir, Ethiopia

(Ayalew et al., 2015). The isolation rate of E.coli from knives nearly similar to Gun et al.

(2003) and El-Atabany (2015) where they detected as 33.3% and 29.6% in Istunbul and

Egypt, respectively. Higher findings 83% and 50% were detected by Castaras et al. (1973)

and Wahba (2006). Esherchia coli was isolated from workers hand swabs (4-100%) at

different abattoirs (Wit and Kampelmacher 1981); (33.3%) detected in Istunbul (Gun et al.

2003); 60% from Giza abattoir (Wahba, 2006); and 33.3% from Sharkia abattoirs, Egypt (El-

Atabany, 2015). Regarding to input water, the obtained results coincide to the finding of

Gun et al. (2003) who could not detect E.coli in water samples in Istunbul abattoir. On

contrary Mersha et al (2010) and Çekani et al. (2011) reported that the occurrence of E.coli

in water samples from Ethiopian abattoir was (4.2%) and in Albania abattoir was (29%).

Table (1) Prevalence and serotyping of E.coli isolated from abattoir environment and

carcasses surfaces (n= 10 for each)

Investigated

samples

Prevalence Serotypes

EHEC EPEC ETEC IEC

O26:H11 O103 O111:H2 O119:H6 O55:H7 O113:H4 O91:H21 O127:H6 O124

Walls 6 (60%) 2 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

Floors 10 (100%) 3 1 0 2 1 0 1 1 1

Knives 3 (30%) 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Worker’s

hand

3 (30%) 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

Input water 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Washing

water

6(60%) 2 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0

Waste water 10(100%) 3 1 2 2 0 0 1 0 1

Cattle thigh 3(30%) 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

Cattle breast 7(70%) 2 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

Buffalo thigh 4(40%) 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0

Buffalo

shoulder

6(60%) 1 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1

Camel thigh 2(20%) 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Camel

shoulder

3(30%) 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0

Total 63(48.46%) 15 10 6 8 7 5 5 2 5

International Food Safety Conference th5

Damanhour University

October 2018 thSaturday, 13

306

Table (2) Antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli strains isolated from abattoir

environment and carcasses surfaces (n= 63)

Antimicrobial agent Sensitive Intermediate Resistant

Penicillin (P) - - 63 (100%)

Erythromycin (E) 2(3.2%) 5 (7.9%) 56 (88.9%)

Oxytetracycline (T) 7 (11.1%) 2 (3.2%) 54 (85.7%)

Nalidixic acid (NA) 4 (6.3%) 7 (11.1%) 52 (82.6%)

Ampicillin (AM) - 14 (22.2%) 49 (77.8%)

Sulphamethoxazol (SXT) 6 (9.5%) 10 (15.9%) 47 (74.6%)

Cephalotin (CN) 7 (11.1%) 14 (22.2%) 42 (66.7%)

Enrofloxacin (EN) 13 (20.6%) 10 (15.9%) 40(63.5%)

Oxacillin (OX) 22 (34.9%) 6 (9.5%) 35 (55.6%)

Neomycin (N) 31 (49.2%) 7 (11.1%) 25 (39.9%)

Chloramphenicol (C) 38 (60.3%) 8 (12.7%) 17 (27%)

Kanamycin (K) 39(61.9%) 9 (14.3%) 15 (23.8%)

Ciprofloxacin (CP) 49 (77.8%) 3 (4.8%) 11 (17.4%)

Gentamicin (G) 58 (92.0 %) 3 (4.8%) 2 (3.2%)

Esherchia coli was previously detected from carcass surfaces (20-70%) from Giza

abattoir; (80%) from EL- Gharbia and Alexandria abattoirs (El-Bassiouny and Samaha

1991); (5%) from Belgian abattoirs( Korsak et al., 1998); (44%) from USA (Stragusa et al.,

1998); (0.45%) from Australia; (0.4%) from Japan (Sakuraba et al., 1999); (17.2%) from

El-Moneeb abattoir, Egypt (Hassouba 2000); (10.3%) from Australia (Phillips et al., 2001);

(8%) from Egypt (Ahmed, 2003); (1.86%) from UK; (33.3 - 60%) from Giza abattoir

(Wahba, 2006); (8%) from cairo abattoir (Sabik, 2011) and 29.6 % from Zagazig abattoirs

(El-Atabany, 2015). Prevalence varuation of E.coli may be due to different hygienic

measures adopted at abattoirs, in addition to differences in times of sample collection.

Ismail (2015) identified E.coli O26, O111 and O119 with a percent of 10%, each from

examined knives samples from Menofia abattoir. Similarly, Ahmed (2003) identified E.coli

O111, O26, O119, O44 from surface of bufflo carcasses. Moreover, E.coli O86, O124, O55, O128

and O26 serovores were recorded by Saad et al. (2011) from random swab samples collected

from cattle, camel and sheep carcasse surfaces at Cairo and Qalyubia abattoirs. Also, our

results are coincided with Salama (2013) and Mohammed (2015).

From Table (3), the results were in same line with Wu et al. (2014) who found

tetracycline and nalidixic acid resistance were (84.4%) and (74.1%) in china. This result

came different to other previous studies performed by Rahman et al. (2017) who found that

the highest resistance was against Oxytetracycline (92%) followed by Sulphonamide-

trimethoprim (84%), Amoxycillin (76%), Erythromycin (60%) for E.coli. On the other hand ,

the isolates obtained by Rao et al. (2011) & Hemeg et al. (2018) were 100% Penicillin

resistant while Gentamycin were the lowest resistance percentage (6.7%).

International Food Safety Conference th5

Damanhour University

October 2018 thSaturday, 13

307

Table (3) Antibiotic resistance pattern and MAR index of E.coli isolated from abattoir

environment and carcasses surfaces (n= 63)

Resistance

pattern

Resistance profile Number

of isolates

Number of

antibiotics

MAR

I. P, E, T, NA, AM, SXT, CN, EN, OX, N, C,

K, CP, G

2 14 1

II. P, E, T, NA, AM, SXT, CN, EN, OX, N, C,

K, CP

9 13 0.92

III. P, E, T, NA, AM, SXT, CN, EN, OX, N, C, K 4 12 0.85

IV. P, E, T, NA, AM, SXT, CN, EN, OX, N, C 2 11 0.78

V. P, E, T, NA, AM, SXT, CN, EN, OX, N 8 10 0.714

VI. P, E, T, NA, AM, SXT, CN, EN, OX 10 9 0.642

VII. P, E, T, NA, AM, SXT, CN, EN 5 8 0.571

VIII. P, E, T, NA, AM, SXT, CN 2 7 0.5

IX. P, E, T, NA, AM, SXT 5 6 0.428

X. P, E, T, NA, AM 2 5 0.357

XI. P, E, T, NA 3 4 0.285

XII. P, E, T 2 3 0.21

XIII. P, E 2 2 0.142

XIV. P 7 1 0.071

The multi antimicrobial resistance (MAR) index ranged from 0.071 to 1. Moreover,

2/63 (3.2%) of examined E. coli resist all tested antibiotics 49/63 (77.8%) resist five

antibiotics or more as shown in table (3). Multiple antibiotic resistant patterns showed 56/63

(88.88%) of the isolates were resistant to the three or more antimicrobials. The proportion of

the isolates with MAR index higher than 0.2 is 88.88%, and lower than 0.2 is 11.12%. The

MAR index value higher than 0.2 indicates high-risk sources of contamination, where several

antibiotics may often use for the control of diseases (Chitanand et al., 2010). The higher

resistance of E. coli isolates, attributed to the misuse of antibiotics for therapeutic or wide use

as growth promotors in farm animals.

Salmonella is one of the major foodborne pathogens causing gastroenteritis in humans and

infection has been associated with many different food types including beef and beef

products (Smerdon et al., 2001). In the present study, the percentage of samples in which

Salmonella was detected was high in the abattoir environment, abattoir personnel and carcass

surfaces. Table (4) showed that the prevalence of Salmonella was 40, 70, 10, 0, 0, 30, 80, 10,

40, 0, 20, 0 and 10% in examined walls, floors, knives, worker’s hand, washing water, waste

water, cattle thigh, cattle shoulder, buffalo thigh, buffalo shoulder, camel thigh and camel

shoulder, respectively. The input water and workers hand swabs were free from Salmonella

and this were parallel with Akafete and Negussie (2011).

The proportion of Salmonella isolates from carcass surfaces in this study indicated

higher carcasses contamination rates, while lower isolation rates as 9.8% (Nyeleti et al.,

2000), 1.3% (Bacon et al., 2002), 2.8% (Alemayehu et al., 2003), 7.6% (McEvoy et al.,

International Food Safety Conference th5

Damanhour University

October 2018 thSaturday, 13

308

2003), 2% (Fegan et al., 2005), and 2 % (Sibhat et al., 2011). These differences could be

partly attributed to differences in sampling, abattoir facilities, culturing techniques and

hygienic standards maintained by the particular abattoirs. The presence of even slight

numbers of Salmonella in carcass surfaces could lead to contamination of meat and other

meat products. Nearly similar finding obtained by Wahba (2006) who detected Salmonella in

examined carcass surfaces fore quarter, hind quarter and brisket were 20%, 20% and 15%,

respectively and Woldemariam et al. (2005) who they detected Salmonella (7.5%) on the

carcass surface at Dedrazeit abattoir, Ethiopia. In general, shoulder swabs harbour a higher

proportion of salmonella than thigh. This finding coincide with McEvoy et al. (2000) proved

that the shoulder site was the most contaminated area regardless of the hygienic condition.

Table (4) Prevalence and serotyping of Salmonella isolated from abattoir environment

and carcasses surfaces (n= 10 for each).

The identified Salmonella species were S. tyhimurium (6.9%), S. entertidis ( 3.8%), S.

infantis (3.8%) S. virchow (1.5%), S. heideberg (3%), S. paratyphi A (2.3%) and S.haifa

(2.3%). Nearly similar findings were obtained by (Al-Dughaym and Yassien, 2001).

The variations in the incidence rates of Salmonella throughout the previous studies

can partly be explained by differences in the environmental temperatures, animal rearing

densities, husbandry technologies and slaughtering processes across different countries.

In this study, as shown in table (5) the rate of resistance against streptomycin was

100%, 93.55% for erythromycin, cefotaxim (80.6%), nalidixic acid (64.5%),

sulphamethoxazol (61.3%), chloramphenicol (58.1%) and amikacin (54.8%). On contrary the

Investigated

samples

Prevalence

Serotypes

S.tyhimurium S.entertidis S.infantis S.virchow S.heideberg S.paratyphi A S.haifa

Walls 4(40%) 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

Floors 7(70%) 1 2 0 1 0 2 1

Knives 1(10%) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

worker’s hand 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Input water 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Washing

water

3(30%) 2 0 1 0 0 0 0

Waste water 8(80%) 3 1 2 0 1 1 0

Cattle thigh 1(10%) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Cattle breast 4(40%) 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

Buffalo thigh 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Buffalo

shoulder

2(20%) 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

Camel thigh 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Camel

shoulder

1(10%) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Total 31(23.8%) 9 5 5 2 4 3 3

International Food Safety Conference th5

Damanhour University

October 2018 thSaturday, 13

309

sensitivity was 93.5% for gentamicin, (77.4%) ciprofloxacin, (58.1%) ampicillin and 76.7%

for kanamycin.

Table (5) Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella strains isolated from abattoir

environment and carcasses surfaces (n= 31)

Antimicrobial agent Sensitive Intermediate Resistant

Streptomycin (S) - - 31 (100%)

Erythromycin (E) - 2 (6.45%) 29 (93.55%)

Cefotaxim (CF) 1 (3.2%) 5 (16.1%) 25 (80.6%)

Nalidixic acid (NA) 3 (9.7%) 8 (25.8%) 20 (64.5%)

Sulphamethoxazol (SXT) 7(22.6%) 5 (16.1%) 19 (61.3%)

Chloramphenicol (C) 9 (29%) 4 (12.9%) 18 (85.1%)

Amikacin (AK) 11 (35.5%) 3 (9.7%) 17 (54.8%)

Cephalothin (CN) 12 (38.7%) 6 (19.4%) 13(41.9%)

Tetracycline (T) 16 (51.6%) 3 (9.7%) 12 (38.7%)

Neomycin (N) 15 (48.4%) 5 (16.1%) 11 (35.5%)

Kanamycin (K) 21 (67.7%) - 10 (32.3%)

Ampicillin (AM) 18(58.1%) 4(12.9%) 9(29%)

Ciprofloxacin (CP) 24 (77.4%) 4 (12.9%) 3 (9.7%)

Gentamicin (G) 29 (93.5 %) - 2 (6.5%)

The findings to some extent could be comparable with Esaki et al. (2004) who

isolated Salmonella from food-producing animals samples and tested for antimicrobial

susceptibility. Molla and Zewdu, (2004 ) reported that isolates of Salmonella from food

items and personnel from Addis Ababa were resistant to commonly used antibiotics including

streptomycin, ampicillin and tetracycline and susceptible to gentamicin; (Tesfaw et al., 2013)

who found 83.3, 50, 16.7, and 16.7% of Salmonella isolates were resistant to tetracycline,

ampicillin, amoxicillin, and chloramphenicol, respectively. However, all the isolates were

susceptible to gentamicin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole.

Nearly similar findings for Salmonella species isolated from abattoir in Adama town,

Oromia, Ethiopia (Abunna et al., 2018) who found that all isolates were 100%, 81.8% and

81.8% sensitive to gentamicin, kanamycin, sulphamethazole and trimethoprim, respectively.

On the other hand, the isolates were 72.7%, 63.6%, and 54.5% resistant to streptomycin,

cefotaxim and ampicillin.

The data illustrated in table (6) showed that 61.3 % of Salmonella isolates displayed

five or more antimicrobial resistant. Furthermore, multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index

of isolated Salmonella species ranged from 0.071 to 1.

Salmonella typhimurium and S. infantis are serotypes frequently isolated from food-

producing animals and food poisoning cases in Japan. With the antibiotic resistance genes

integrated in the chromosome, most isolates show multi antibiotic resistance to five drugs

International Food Safety Conference th5

Damanhour University

October 2018 thSaturday, 13

310

(Threlfall et al., 1994). Moreover, 40.7% of S. typhimurium isolates and was more often

multi-drug resistant during Japanese veterinary antimicrobial resistance monitoring program

(Esaki et al., 2004).

Table (6) Antibiotic resistance pattern and MAR index of Salmonella isolated from

abattoir environment and carcasses surfaces (n= 31)

Resi

stance

pattern

Resistance profile Number of

isolates

Number of

antibiotics

MAR

I. S, E, CF, NA, SXT, C, AK, CN, T, N, K,

AM, CP, G

2 14 1

II. S, E, CF, NA, SXT, C, AK, CN, T, N, K,

AM, CP

1 13 0.92

III. S, E, CF, NA, SXT, C, AK, CN, T, N, K, AM 6 12 0.85

IV. S, E, CF, NA, SXT, C, AK, CN, T, N, K 1 11 0.78

V. S, E, CF, NA, SXT, C, AK, CN, T, N 1 10 0.714

S, E, CF, NA, SXT, C, AK, CN, T 1 9 0.642

S, E, CF, NA, SXT, C, AK, CN 1 8 0.571

S, E, CF, NA, SXT, C, AK 4 7 0.5

S, E, CF, NA, SXT, C 1 6 0.428

S, E, CF, NA, SXT 1 5 0.357

S, E, CF, NA 1 4 0.285

S, E, CF 5 3 0.21

S, E 4 2 0.142

S 2 1 0.071

The findings were comparable to Tesfaw et al. (2013) who found that 50% of

Salmonella isolates were multiple antimicrobial resistant and also Abunna et al. (2018) who

found that 54.5% were multiple antimicrobial resistant.

The variation in the MAR index could be attributed to differences in the sources of

samples; geographic distribution, which has differential selective pressures for the antibiotic

resistance levels; and test methodologies.

The MAR index results higher than 0.2 could be due to contamination from high-risk

sources, such as farm animals frequently exposed to antibiotics, resulting in potential risk to

consumers. The high MAR in the current study indicated that the isolates originated from

high-risk source samples; therefore, monitoring of antimicrobial resistance is essential to

identify the effectiveness of new generations of antibiotics and to ensure the safety of meat.

4- References:

Abunna F, Bedashu A, Beyene T, Ayana D, Feyisa A, Duguma R (2018). Occurrence of

Salmonella and antimicrobial sensitivity test in Abattoir and Dairy farms in Adama

town, Oromia, Ethiopia. J Vet Med Res 5(3): 1127.

International Food Safety Conference th5

Damanhour University

October 2018 thSaturday, 13

311

Ahmed, Fatms. M (2003). Microbial Statues of Buffalo's Meat Slaughtered At Cairo

Abattoir. M. V. Sc., Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Zagazig University (Benha Branch).

Al -Dughaym, A.M. and Yassien, N.A. (2001). Surface contamination of camel carcasses.

college of veterinary medicine and animal resources, King Faisal University, P.O.

Box 1757, AI-Ahsa 1982, Saudi Arabia.

Alemayehu, D., B. Molla, and C. Muckle, (2003). Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance

pattern of Salmonella isolates from apparently healthy slaughtered cattle in

Ethiopia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 35, 309–319.

APHA “American Public Health Association” (1989). Compendium methods for the

microbiological examination of food. 3rd Ed. APHA, Technical Committee on

Microbiological Methods for Foods, Washington, D. C. USA.

Ayalew . H.; Berhaun . A.; Sibhat . B. and Serd . B. (2015). Microbiological assessment of

meat contact surfaces at abattoir and retail houses in Jigjiga Town , National

Regional State of Ethopia . J. of Food and Agriculture Science. pp. 21-26.

Bacon, R. T., J. N. Sofos, K. E. Belk, D. R. Hyatt, and G. C. Smith, (2002). Prevalence

and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from beef animal hides and

carcasses. J. Food Prot. 65, 284–290.

Borch E, Arinder P (2002). Bacteriological safety issues in beef and ready-to-eat meat

products, as well as control measures.Meat Sci. 62(3): 381-390.

Castaras, M.; Seynave, R. and Sery, C.(1973). Salmonella in butcher’s shops. II-Hygiene

Bulletin de L’academic Veterinaire de France. 46. 207. Food Sci. & Tech. Abst.,

8,3.

Çekani , M . l.; Meçe , O.; Çoku , A. and Hatibi. I.(2011) Microbiological Assessment of

Water Used in Some Slaughter Houses in Albania. J. Int. Environmental

Application & Science, Vol. 6 (5): 649-653.

Chitanand M P, Kadam T A, Gyananath G, Totewad N D, Balhal D K. (2010). Multiple

antibiotic resistance indexing of coliforms to identify high risk contamination sites

in aquatic environment. Indian J Microbiol.;50:216–20.

El-Atabany , Ghada .I.M. (2015). Epidemiological studies on some micro-organsmis

isolated from slaughterhouses and their antibiogram M.V. Sc. Thesis, Fac. Vet.

Med., Zagazig Univ., Egypt.

International Food Safety Conference th5

Damanhour University

October 2018 thSaturday, 13

312

El-Bassiouny, A. and Samaha, H. (1991). Role of abattoir effluents in contaminating

carcasses with some food poisoning bacteria. Assiut Vet. Med. J. 25 (49): 108-112.

Esaki H, Morioka A, Ishihara K, Kojima A, Shiroki S, Tamura Y, et al. (2004).

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from cattle, swine and poultry

(2001-2002): report from the Japanese veterinary antimicrobial resistance

monitoring program. J Antimicrob Chemother.; 53: 266-270.

Fegan, N., P. Vanderlinde, G. Higgs, and P. Desmarchelier, (2005). A study of the

prevalence and enumeration of Salmonella enterica in cattle and on carcasses during

processing. J. Food Prot. 68, 1147–1153.

Gun ,H,;Yilmaz, A.; Turker, S.; Tanlasi, A.; Yilmaz, H. (2003). Contamination of bovine

carcasses and abattoir environment by Escherichia coli in Istanbul. Int J Food

Microbiol. 84(3):339-44.

Hassouba, M. M. (2000). Prevalence of enteric pathogens in meat. Ph. D., Thesis, Fac. Vet.

Med., Cairo University.

Hemeg H A. (2018). Molecular characterization of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli

isolates recovered from food samples and outpatient Clinics, KSA. Saudi Journal of

Biological Sciences; 25: 928–931.

Ismail, E. M. (2015). Improvement of microbiological state of Menofia Abattoirs. B. V. Sc.

Thesis. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Benha University.

ISO (International Organization for Standardization), 2002. Microbiology of Food and

Animal Feeding Stuff-Horizontal Method for the Detection of Salmonella. ISO 6579,

Geneva.

Karuniawati , A.(2001). Untersuchungen Von Umweltproben auf.( viable but not

Culturable) Salmonella and entrohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). PH. D

Thesis , Faulty of Agriculture II , Hohenhenim University, Germeny.

Kauffmann F. (1974): Serological diagnosis of Salmonella species. Kaufmann White

Scheme, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Kok T, Worswich D and Gowans E. Some serological techniques for microbial and

viral infections (1996). In Practical Medical Microbiology (Collee, J.; Fraser, A.;

Marmion, B. and Simmons, A., eds.), 14th Ed., Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone,

UK.

Koneman , E.W., Allen, S.D.,Janda, W.M., Schrecken berger, C. and Winn, W.C.

(1997). Diagnostic Microbiological. J. B.Lippincott Company. USA.

International Food Safety Conference th5

Damanhour University

October 2018 thSaturday, 13

313

Korsak, N.; Daube, G.; Ghafir, Y.; Chahed, A.; Jally, S. and Vindevogal, H. (1998). An

efficient sampling technique used to detect four food borne pathogens on pork and

beef carcasses in nine Belgian abattoirs. J. Food Prot. 61 (5): 535- 541.

MacFaddin, J. F. (2000). Biochemical tests for identification medical bacteria. Warery Press

Inc, Los Anglos, USA.

Mary C and Usha M. Incidences of multi-drug resistance Escherichia coli isolates in

Panipuri sold in Bangalore. Int. Food Res. J. 2013; 20(2): 1007-1009.

McEvoy, J. M., A. M. Doherty, J. J. Sheridan, I. S. Blair, and D.A. McDowell, (2003).

The prevalence of Salmonella spp. In bovine faecal, rumen and carcass samples at a

commercial abattoir. J. Appl. Microbiol 94, 693–700.

McEvoy, J.M.; Doherty, A.M.; Finnerty, M.; Sheridan, J.J.; McGuire, L.; Blair, L.S.;

McDowell, D.A. and Harrington, D. (2000). The relationship between hide

cleanliness and bacterial numbers on beef carcasses at a commercial abattoir. I.ett.

Appl. Microbiol., 30: 390-395.

Mersha. G.;, Asrat. D.; Zewde .B.M.; Kyule. M.(2010). Occurrence of Escherichia coli

O157:H7 in faeces, skin and carcasses from sheep and goats in Ethiopia.Lett Appl

Microbiol.. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765.2009.02757.

Mohammed, A.A. (2015). Enterpathogenic E.coli in some slaughtered animals. M. V. Sc.

Thesis, Faculty of Vet. Medicine Zagazig University. (Meat Hygiene).

Molla, B. and Zewdu, E. (2004). Prevalence distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile

of Salmonella isolated from food items and personnel in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Tropical Veterinary Medicine.

Nataro, J. P., and J. B. Kaper. (1998). Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin. Microbiol.

Rev. 11:142-201.

National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards "NCCLS". Performance

standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Supplement M100-S11. 2001;

Villanova, PA, USA.

Nyeleti, C., B. Molla, G. Hildebrandt, and J. Kleer, (2000). The prevalence and

distribution of salmonellae in slaughter cattle, slaughterhouse personnel and minced

beef in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Bull. Anim. Health Prod. Afr. 48, 19–24.

Phillips, D.; Sumner, J.; Alexander, J. and Dutton, K. (2001). Microbiological quality of

Australian beef. J. Food Prot. 64, 692–696.

International Food Safety Conference th5

Damanhour University

October 2018 thSaturday, 13

314

Quinn , P.J., Carter ,M. E , Markey , B. K. and Carter , G. R.(1994). Clinical veterinary

Microbiology . Mobsy- Year Book Europe , Lynton House , 7-12. Tavistock

Square , London , England.

Rahman M A, Rahman A K M A, Islam M A, & Alam M M. (2017). Antimicrobial

Resistance Of Escherichia Coli Isolated From Milk, Beef And Chicken Meat In

Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine; 15(2): 141-146.

Rao T S, Gill J P S, GVVPS R K & Ghatak S. (2011). Multi drug resistance patterns of

Shiga toxin" producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and non" STEC isolates from

meats, RTE meat foods, drinking water and human diarrhoeic samples of Punjab,

India. Archives of Clinical Microbiology; 2(2).

Rivera-Betancourt, M., Shackelford, S.D., Arthur, T.M., Westelmoreland, K.E.,

Bellinger, G., Rossman, M., Reagan, J.O. And Koohmaraie, M. (2004).

Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella in

two geographically distant commercial beef processing plants in the United States.

J. Food Prot. 67.

Saad , S. M.; Edris, A. M.; Hassan, M.A. and Sabike, I. I. A.(2011). Enterobactericae in

slaughtered animals with particular reference to pathogenic strains. Benha Unversity

Medical Journal. Special Issue (1):146-152.

Sabik, E. (2011). Bacteriological Status of cattle and camel meat at abattoir level . M.D.Sc.

Fac. Vet. Med. , Benha Uni.

Sakuraba, H.; Sato, A.; Yoshida, S.; Urushihata, H.; Abe, K. and Takeuchi, S. (1999).

Isolation of shigatoxin- producing Escherichia coli from slaughter cattle. J. Jap. Vet.

Med. Ass. 52 (7): 445-449.

Salama , E.A.(2013). Sanitary conditions of cattle and camel carcasses at Menofia Abattoirs.

Ph. D. Thesis (Meat Hygiene) Fac. Vet. Med. Moshtour, Benha Uni.

Sibhat, B., Molla Zewde, B., Zerihun, A., Muckle, A., Cole, L., Boerlin, P. & Gebreyes,

W. A. (2011). Salmonella serovars and antimicrobial resistance profiles in beef

cattle, slaughterhouse personnel and slaughterhouse environment in Ethiopia.

Zoonoses and public health, 58(2), 102-109.

Singh, S., Agarwal, R.K., Tiwari, S.C., Singh, H. 2012. Antibiotic resistance pattern among

the Salmonella isolated from human, animal and meat in India. Trop Anim Health

Prod, 44(3): 665-74.

International Food Safety Conference th5

Damanhour University

October 2018 thSaturday, 13

315

Smerdon, W. J., G. K. Adak, S. J. O’Brien, I. A. Gillespie, and M. Reacher, (2001)

General outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease linked with red meat, England and

Wales, 1992- 1999. Commun. Dis. Public Health 4, 259–267.

Soliman ES, Taha EG, Sobieh MAA, Reddy PG (2009). Efficacy of some commercial

disinfectants on Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci.

4(3):58-64.

Stragusa, G. R.; Dorsa, W. J.; Cutter, K. N. & Bennett, G. L. (1998). The incidence of

Escherichia coli on beef carcasses and its association with aerobic mesophilic plate

count categories during the slaughter process. Journal of Food Protection, 10,

1269–1274.

Tesfaw, L., Taye, B., Alemu, S., Alemayehu, H., Sisay, Z., & Negussie, H. (2013).

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella isolates from dairy

products in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. African Journal of Microbiology Research,

7(43), 5046-5050.

Threlfall, E. J., Frost, J. A., Ward, L. R. et al. (1994). Epidemic in cattle and humans of

Salmonella typhimurium DT 104 with chromosomally integrated multiple drug

resistance. Veterinary Record 134, 577.

Vollenhofer-Schrumpf, S., Buresch, R., & Schinkinger, M. (2007). A simple nucleic acid

hybridization/latex agglutination assay for the rapid detection of polymerase chain

reaction amplicons. Journal of microbiological methods, 68(3), 568-576.

Wahba, A.K.A. (2006). Surface microbial contamination of calf buffalo carcasses

slaughtered in an abattoir in Giza Govarnorate. Ph.V.Sc. Thesis Vet. Med.,

Moshtohor, Benha University.

Wit , J.C. and Kampelmacher, E.H. (1981). Some aspects of microbial contamination of

hands of workers in food industry. Zblat Fur Bak.; IB, 172, 390.

Wu,Q. Meili Xi, Xiaoying Lv, Yunfeng Xu, Yuqing Feng, Qiong Li, Qinnan Yang, And

Xiaodong Xia (2014) Presence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli

Recovered from Retail Chicken in China. Journal of Food Protection: October 2014,

Vol. 77, No. 10, pp. 1773-1777.

Zhao, S., K. Blickenstaff, S. Bodeis-Jones, S. Gaines, E. Tong, and P. McDermott.

(2012). Comparison of the prevalences and antimicrobial resistances of Escherichia

coli isolates from different retail meats in the United States, 2002 to 2008. Appl.

Environ. Microbiol. 78:1701-1707.

International Food Safety Conference th5

Damanhour University

October 2018 thSaturday, 13

316

اإليشيريشيا كوالى والسالمونيال فى مسلخ الزقازيق ونمط المقاومة للمضادات الحيوية لمعزوالتمدى إنتشار

إيهاب نبوى1 ،أحمد السيد ثروت 2، وليد رزق الغريب3،2

1 قسم الصحة العامة البيطرية، كلية الطب البيطرى، جامعة الزقازيق.

2 قسم مراقبة األغذية، كلية الطب البيطرى، جامعة الزقازيق.

3 قسم الصحة العامة البيطرية ورعاية الحيوان، كلية الطب البيطري، جامعة الملك فيصل

فى هذه الدراسة تم الربط بين مدى تلوث بيئة المسلخ مع تلوث أسطح الذبائح ومن أجل تحقيق ذلك تم تجميع عدد مائة

ن مسلخ الزقازيق وتمثلت العينات بمسحات من حوائط وأرضيات المسلخ والسكاكين وأيدى العاملين وأفخاذ وثالثين عينة م

وكتف ذبائح كل من األبقار و الجاموس واإلبل. وتم أيضا تجميع عينات من مياه الصنابير والمياه الناتجة عن غسل الذبائح

60و0%و % 30%و30%و 100%و60يريشيا كوالى منعينات من كل نوع(. وقد تم عزل اإليش 10ومياه الصرف )

00%و 10% و70% و 40% كما تم عزل السالمونيال من 20و 40% و%60% و40% و70%و 30% و100%و

% لكل من حوائط وأرضيات المسلخ والسكاكين 10%و00%و20%و00%و40% و 10% و80%و 30%و 00%و

وس واألبل، و مياه الصنابير والمياه الناتجة عن غسل الذبائح ومياه وأيدى العاملين وأفخاذ وكتف ذبائح األبقار و الجام

نتشارا بين عزالت اإليشيريشيا اأكثر األنواع O26:H126الصرف، على الترتيب. ووجد أن اإليشيرشيا كوالى النزفية

(. بالنسبة لمقاومة %6.92%(وأن السالمونيال تيفيميوريم هى األكثر انتشارا بين عزالت السالمونيال )11.53كوالى )

% من العزالت مقاومة للبنسيلين بينما كانت تلك العزالت حساسة 100اإليشيريشيا كوالى للمضادات الحيوية وجد أن

% . كما تبين أن عزالت السالمونيال قاومت األستربتومايسين بنسبة 92%و 77.8للسيبروفلوكساسين والجنتاميسين بنسبة

% للسيبروفلوكساسين والجنتاميسين. وتيبن من الدراسة أن 93.5%و 77.4اسية % يبنما كانت نسبة الحس100

اإليشريشيا كوالى والسالمونيال المعزولة من المسلخ لها القدرة على مقاومة العديد من المضادات الحيوية مما يشير إلى

خطورة هذه الميكروبات على الصحة العامة عند التعرض للعدوى.

المسلخ، الذبائح، االي كوالي، السالمونيال، انتشار، المضادات الحيوية، المقاومة. :المفتاحيةالكلمات