A PROJECT REPORT ON

AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER WITH VISITOR COUNTER

IN THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGYIn

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERINGBy

AKSHAY (07020102003)

Under the guidance ofAst. Prof. TARUN BHATT

AMRAPALI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCESSHIKSHA NAGAR LAMACHUR, HALDWANI (263139)

U.K Technical University; Dehradun.April, 2011

[1]

TABLE OF CONTENT

• Certificate 3

• Abstract 4

• Declaration 5

• Acknowledgement 6

• Objective 7

• Introduction 8

• Component used- Part A 10

• Component used-Part B 11

• 555 integrated circuit 12

• IC-555 Astable operation 15

• Schematic for constant HV power supply 16

• Condenser Microphone 19

• Capacitor 21

• Piezo buzzer 22

• Relay 23

• Telemetry circuit explanation 25

• Working of telephone cradle switch 26

• Dual tone multiple frequency encoder 30

• Working of system 32

• C program embedded code 37

• Applications 40

• Bibliography 41

[2]

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Project Report entitled “AUTOMATIC

ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER WITH BIDIRECTIONAL

VISITOR COUNTER ” that is submitted by AKSHAY in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree B.Tech in

Department of ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION of U.K

technical University, is a record of the candidate own work carried

out by him under my own supervision. The matter embodies in

thesis is original and has not been submitted for the award of any

other degree.

Date: Project Coordinator: (prof. Y.K SAH)

[3]

Project guide: (ast. Prof TARUN BHATT)

ABSTRACT

The fear of theft and burglary always annoys many people. When lock and keys become less safe, one can seek the help of electronic security systems.Such a portable security system is described here.

This electronic setup auto activated whenever the intruder enters to the unauthorized no entry area. It auto activate the landline number and redial the last dialed number from the conventional telephone. All we need is to do minor changes to activate this telephone as it works as to become auto dialer circuit.

Thus whenever the intruder enters to the area, it activates the sensor circuit of either sound activation or infrared light beam obstruction circuit, the redial circuit become active and give a ring tone to the receiving end. It may be a mobile phone or any landline phone or even police control room.

[4]

4

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extend has been accepted for the award of the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of the higher leaning except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Signature:

Name: AKSHAY

Roll No.: 07020102003

Date:

[5]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTFirst and foremost, I am deeply indebted to my mentor Ast. Prof. SATYJEET DAS who inspiration has been unfailingly available to me at all stages of my training. This has fueled my enthusiasm even further and encouraged me to boldly step into what was a totally dark and unexplored expanse before me. I would like to thank Prof. Y.K SAH for his efforts, who was always ready with a positive comment, whether it was an off-hand comment to encourage me or constructive piece of criticism.In course of present work it has been my privilege to receive help and assistance of my friends. I take great pleasure in acknowledge my debt to them. I wish to thank my parents for their undivided support and interest who inspired me and encouraged me to go my own way, without whom I would be unable to complete my project. At last but not the least I want to thank my friends who appreciated me for my work and motivated me and finally to God who made all the things possible.

Signature:Name: Anubha UpretiRoll no. 07020102007

[6]

Date:

CHAPTER :- 1Project Overview

[7]

1. Introduction Of Project

1.1 Project Definition:

Project title is “AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT

CONTROLLER WITH BIDIRECTIONAL VISITOR COUNTER “.

The objective of this project is to make a controller based

model to count number of persons visiting particular room and

accordingly light up the room. Here we can use sensor and can

know present number of persons.

In today’s world, there is a continuous need for automatic

appliances with the increase in standard of living, there is a sense of

urgency for developing circuits that would ease the complexity of

life.

Also if at all one wants to know the number of people present

in room so as not to have congestion. This circuit proves to be

helpful.

[8]

1.2 Project Overview

This Project “Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor

Counter using Microcontroller is a reliable circuit that takes over the

task of controlling the room lights as well us counting number of

persons/ visitors in the room very accurately. When somebody enters

into the room then the counter is incremented by one and the light in

the room will be switched ON and when any one leaves the room then

the counter is decremented by one. The light will be only switched

OFF until all the persons in the room go out. The total number of

persons inside the room is also displayed on the seven segment

displays.

The microcontroller does the above job. It receives the signals

from the sensors, and this signal is operated under the control of

software which is stored in ROM. Microcontroller AT89S52

continuously monitor the Infrared Receivers, When any object pass

through the IR Receiver's then the IR Rays falling on the receiver are

obstructed , this obstruction is sensed by the Microcontroller

[9]

CHAPTER :- 2BLOCK DIAGRAM AND ITS

DESCRIPTION

[10]

2.1 Basic Block Diagram

Enter Exit

LCD INTERFACING

[11]

Relay DriverAT89S52

Signal Conditioning

Exit Sensor

Enter Sensor

LightSignal Conditioning

Power Supply

Fig. 2.1 Basic Block Diagram

[12]

2.2 Block Diagram Description

The basic block diagram of the bidirectional visitor

counter with automatic light controller is shown in the

above figure. Mainly this block diagram consist of the

following essential blocks.

1. Power Supply

2. Entry and Exit sensor circuit

3. AT 89S52 micro-controller

4. Relay driver circuit

1. Power Supply:-

Here we used +12V and +5V dc power supply. The

main function of this block is to provide the required

amount of voltage to essential circuits. +12 voltage is given.

+12V is given to relay driver. To get the +5V dc power

supply we have used here IC 7805, which provides the +5V

dc regulated power supply.

2. Enter and Exit Circuits:-

This is one of the main part of our project. The main

intention of this block is to sense the person. For sensing

the person and light we are using the light dependent

[13]

register (LDR). By using this sensor and its related circuit

diagram we can count the persons.

3. 89S52 Microcontroller:-

It is a low-power, high performance CMOS 8-bit

microcontroller with 8KB of Flash Programmable and

Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is

manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile

memory technology and is compatible with the MCS-51TM

instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the

program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a

conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By

combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic

hip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful

Microcontroller, which provides a highly flexible and

cost effective solution so many embedded control

applications.

4. Relay Driver Circuit:-

This block has the potential to drive the various

controlled devices. In this block mainly we are using the

transistor and the relays. One relay driver circuit we are

[14]

using to control the light. Output signal from AT89S52 is

given to the base of the transistor, which we are further

energizing the particular relay. Because of this appropriate

device is selected and it do its allotted function.

[15]

CHAPTER :- 3SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

[16]

Transmission Circuit:-

Fig. 3.1 Transmitter circuit

[17]

Receiver Circuit:-

Fig. 3.2 Receiver circuit

[18]

[19]

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:

There are two main parts of the circuits.

1. Transmission Circuits (Infrared LEDs)

2. Receiver Circuit (Sensors)

1. Transmission Circuit:

[20]

Fig. 3.3 Transmitter circuit

This circuit diagram shows how a 555 timer IC is

configured to function as a basic monostable multivibrator.

A monostable multivibrator is a timing circuit that changes

state once triggered, but returns to its original state after a

certain time delay. It got its name from the fact that only

one of its output states is stable. It is also known as a 'one-

shot'.

In this circuit, a negative pulse applied at pin 2

triggers an internal flip-flop that turns off pin 7's discharge

transistor, allowing C1 to charge up through

R1. At the same time, the flip-flop brings the output

(pin 3) level to 'high'. When capacitor C1 as charged up to

about 2/3 Vcc, the flip-flop is triggered once again, this

time making the pin 3 output 'low' and turning on pin 7's

discharge transistor, which discharges C1 to ground. This

circuit, in effect, produces a pulse at pin 3 whose width t is

just the product of R1 and C1, i.e., t=R1C1.

IR Transmission circuit is used to generate the

modulated 36 kHz IR signal. The IC555 in the transmitter

side is to generate 36 kHz square wave. Adjust the preset in

[21]

the transmitter to get a 38 kHz signal at the o/p. around

1.4K we get a 38 kHz signal. Then you point it over the

sensor and its o/p will go low when it senses the IR signal

of 38 kHz.

[22]

2. Receiver Circuit:

Fig. 3.4 Receiver circuit

The IR transmitter will emit modulated 38 kHz IR

signal and at the receiver we use TSOP1738 (Infrared

Sensor). The output goes high when the there is an

[23]

interruption and it return back to low after the time period

determined by the capacitor and resistor in the circuit. I.e.

around 1 second. CL100 is to trigger the IC555 which is

configured as monostable multivibrator. Input is given to

the Port 1 of the microcontroller. Port 0 is used for the 7-

Segment display purpose. Port 2 is used for the Relay Turn

On and Turn off Purpose.LTS 542 (Common Anode) is used

for 7-Segment display. And that time Relay will get Voltage

and triggered so light will get voltage and it will turn on.

And when counter will be 00 that time Relay will be turned

off. Reset button will reset the microcontroller.

[24]

CHAPTER :- 4HARDWARE DESIGN & DESCRIPTIONS

Hardware Design:-

[25]

Fig. 4.1 Snap of the entire circuit

[26]

Infrared Sensor

TSOP1738Microcontroller

AT89S52

Relay7-Segment

DisplayTimer IC

555

4.1 Procedure Followed While Designing:

In the beginning I designed the circuit in DIPTRACE software.

Dip trace is a circuit designing software. After completion of the

designing circuit I prepared the layout.

Then I programmed the microcontroller using TOPVIEW

SIMULATOR software using hex file.

Then soldering process was done. After completion of the

soldering process I tested the circuit.

Still the desired output was not obtained and so troubleshooting was done. In the process of troubleshooting I found the circuit aptly soldered and connected and hence came to conclusion that there was error in programming section which was later rectified and the desired results were obtained.

[27]

4.2 List of Components:

Following is the list of components that are necessary to build the

assembly of the Digital Speedometer Cum Odometer:

Microcontroller – AT89S52

IC – 7805

Sensor – TSOP 1738 (Infrared Sensor)

Transformer – 12-0-12, 500 mA

Preset – 4.7K

Disc capacitor – 104,33pF

Reset button switch

Rectifier diode – IN4148

Transistor – BC 547, CL 100

[28]

7-Segment Display

4.3 Description of Components

4.3.1 Microcontroller AT89S52:

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-

bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable

Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-

density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with

the Industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-

chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-

system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro- grammar.

[29]

By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system

programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is

a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and

cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K

bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer,

two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-

level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip

oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is

designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency

and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The

Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM,

timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue

functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con- tents

but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until

the next interrupt or hardware reset.

[30]

FEATURES:-

8 KB Reprogrammable flash.

32 Programmable I/O lines.

16 bit Timer/Counter—3.

8 Interrupt sources.

Power range: 4V – 5.5V

Endurance : 1000 Writes / Erase cycles

Fully static operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

Three level program memory lock

Power off flag

Full duplex UART serial channel

Low power idle and power down modes

Interrupt recovery from power down modes

256 KB internal RAM

Dual data pointer

[31]

4.3.2 TSOP1738 (INFRARED SENSOR)

Fig. 4.2 Infrared Sensor

Description:

The TSOP17.. – Series are miniaturized receivers for

infrared remote control systems. PIN diode and preamplifier are

[32]

assembled on lead frame, the epoxy package is designed as IR

filter. The demodulated output signal can directly be decoded by

a microprocessor. TSOP17.. is the standard IR remote control

receiver series, supporting all major transmission codes.

Features:

• Photo detector and preamplifier in one package

• Internal filter for PCM frequency

• Improved shielding against electrical field disturbance

• TTL and CMOS compatibility

• Output active low

• Low power consumption

• High immunity against ambient light

• Continuous data transmission possible (up to 2400

bps)

• Suitable burst length .10 cycles/burst

Block Diagram:

[33]

Fig. 4.3 Block Diagram of TSOP 1738

Application Circuit:

Fig. 4.4 Application circuit

[34]

4.3.3 555 ( TIMER IC):

Fig. 4.5 Timer IC(555)

Description:

The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate

time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for

triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode of

operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor

and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free

running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with

two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be

triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit

can source or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL circuits.

Features:

• Direct replacement for SE555/NE555

• Timing from microseconds through hours

[35]

• Operates in both astable and monostable modes

• Adjustable duty cycle

• Output can source or sink 200 mA

• Output and supply TTL compatible

• Temperature stability better than 0.005% per °C

• Normally on and normally off output

• Available in 8-pin MSOP package

Applications:

• Precision timing

• Pulse generation

• Sequential timing

• Time delay generation

• Pulse width modulation

• Pulse position modulation

• Linear ramp generator

4.3.4 LTS 542 (7-Segment Display)

Description:

The LTS 542 is a 0.52 inch digit height single digit

seven-segment display. This device utilizes Hi-eff. Red

[36]

LED chips, which are made from GaAsP on GaP substrate,

and has a red face and red segment.

Fig. 4.6 7 Segment

Features:

• Common Anode

• 0.52 Inch Digit Height

• Continuous Uniform Segments

• Low power Requirement

• Excellent Characters Appearance

• High Brightness & High Contrast

• Wide Viewing Angle

[37]

[38]

4.3.5 LM7805 (Voltage Regulator)

Fig. 4.7 Voltage Regulator

Description:

The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-

terminal positive regulator are available in the TO-220/D-

PAK package and with several fixed output voltages,

making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each

type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down

and safe operating area protection, making it essentially

indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can

deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily

as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with

external components to obtain adjustable voltages and

currents.

[39]

Features:

• Output Current up to 1A

• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18,

24V

• Thermal Overload Protection

• Short Circuit Protection

• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area

Protection

4.3.6 RELAY CIRCUIT :

Fig. 4.8 Relay

A single pole dabble throw (SPDT) relay is connected

to port RB1 of the microcontroller through a driver

transistor. The relay requires 12 volts at a current of around

[40]

100ma, which cannot provide by the microcontroller. So the

driver transistor is added. The relay is used to operate the

external solenoid forming part of a locking device or for

operating any other electrical devices. Normally the relay

remains off. As soon as pin of the microcontroller goes

high, the relay operates. When the relay operates and

releases. Diode D2 is the standard diode on a mechanical

relay to prevent back EMF from damaging Q3 when the

relay releases. LED L2 indicates relay on.

[41]

CHAPTER :- 5SOFTWARE DESIGN

[42]

FLOW CHART:

Fig. 4.7 Flow Chart

If the sensor 1 is interrupted first then the microcontroller

will look for the sensor 2. And if it is interrupted then the

microcontroller will increment the count and switch on the

relay, if it is first time interrupted.

If the sensor 2 is interrupted first then the microcontroller

will look for the sensor 1. And if it is interrupted then the

microcontroller will decrement the count.

When the last person leaves the room then counter goes to 0

and that time the relay will turn off. And light will be turn

off.

[43]

Program

;---------------------;DATED:12/12/2010 ;---------------------

;-------------------------------REGISRETS INFO-----------------------------------------------------;__________________________________________________________________________________________________

;R0=;R1= USED;R2=;R3= USED;R4= USED;R5= USED;R6= USED;R7= USED

;---------------------------------PIN-CONFIG.------------------------------------------------------;_______________________________________________

[44]

___________________________________________________

;p0=lcd data;p2.0 lcd control;p2.1 lcd control;p2.5 lcd control;p3.2 ISR;p3.3 led;p3.4 led;p3.6 led;p3.7 led

;OBJECTIVE: TO PREPARE A AUTO_CONTROLLED ROOM WITH VISITOR COUNTER__________________________________;___________________________________________________________________________________________________;

$mod51org 0hajmp main

org 003hacall isrreti

org 0030hmain: mov ie,#81h

[45]

mov r5,#00 mov r7,#00 acall delay ;----------------------LCD INITIALIZATION-----------------------------------------------------------;___________________________________________________________________________________________________ cjne r7,#00,main2 mov dptr,#mycomc1: clr a movc a,@a+dptr acall comnwrt jz send_dat inc dptr sjmp c1main2: sjmp main2

send_dat: mov dptr,#mydatad1:

clr a movc a,@a+dptr jz again acall datawrt acall delay2 inc dptragain: sjmp d1

[46]

;----------------------------INTERRUPT SERVICE ROUTIEN----------------------------------------------;___________________________________________________________________________________________________isr: clr a inc r7 mov dptr,#mycom1cmnd: acall comnwrt2 jz chk inc dptr sjmp cmnd acall delay chk: cjne r5,#00,loop1 mov r6,#30h ajmp next1

loop1: cjne r5,#01,loop2 mov r6,#31h acall lights3 ajmp next1

loop2: cjne r5,#02,loop3 mov r6,#32h acall lights2 ajmp next1

loop3: cjne r5,#03,loop4 mov r6,#33h acall lights1 ajmp next1

[47]

loop4: cjne r5,#04,loop5 mov r6,#34h acall lights ajmp next1

loop5: cjne r5,#05,loop6 mov r6,#35h ajmp next1 loop6: cjne r5,#06,loop mov r6,#36h ajmp next1

next1: clr a mov a,r6 acall incrmnt acall datawrt2 acall delay3 loop: reti;---------------------Subroutiens----------------------------------------------------------;__________________________________________________________________________________________

comnwrt: mov p0,a clr p2.0 clr p2.1 setb p2.5 acall delay clr p2.5 retincrmnt: inc r5

[48]

retcomnwrt2: clr a movc a,@a+dptr mov p0,a clr p2.0 clr p2.1 setb p2.5 acall delay clr p2.5 ret

lights: clr p2.3 acall delay lights1: clr p3.4 acall delay lights2: clr p3.6 acall delay

lights3: clr p3.7 acall delay ret datawrt: mov p0,a setb p2.0 clr p2.1 setb p2.5 acall delay2 clr p2.5 retdatawrt2: mov p0,a setb p2.0

[49]

clr p2.1 setb p2.5 acall delay3 clr p2.5 ret;--------------------------------------------DELAYS--------------------------------------------;______________________________________________________________________________________________

delay: mov r3,#250

here2: mov r4,#255 here: djnz r4,here

djnz r3,here2 ret

delay2: mov r1,#05hback: mov tmod ,#01h mov th0,#04ch mov tl0,#00h setb tr0 jnb tf0,$ clr tf0

djnz r1,back retdelay3: mov r1,#50hback1: mov tmod ,#01h mov th0,#04ch

[50]

mov tl0,#00h setb tr0 jnb tf0,$ clr tf0

djnz r1,back1 ret

org 300hmycom: db 38h,0eh,01h,06h,80h,0mycom1: db 38h,0eh,01h,0ch,87h,0mydata: db 'wlcm 2 amrapali',0

end

CHAPTER :- 6TESTING AND RESULTS

[51]

Testing And Results

We started our project by making power supply. That is easy for

me but when we turn toward the main circuit, there are many problems

and issues related to it, which we faced, like component selection,

which components is better than other and its feature and cost wise a

We started our project by making power supply. That is easy for me but

when I turn toward the main circuit, there are many problems and

issues related to it, which are I faced, like component selection, which

components is better than other and its feature and cost wise also, then

refer the data books and other materials related to its.

I had issues with better or correct result, which I desired. And

also the software problem.

[52]

I also had some soldering issues which were resolved using

continuity checks performed on the hardware.

We had issues with better or correct result, which we desired.

And also the software problem.

We also had some soldering issues which were resolved using

continuity checks performed on the hardware.

We started testing the circuit from the power supply. There we

got over first trouble. After getting 9V from the transformer it was not

converted to 5V and the circuit received 9V.

As the solder was shorted IC 7805 got burnt. So we replaced the

IC7805.also the circuit part around the IC7805 were completely

damaged..with the help of the solder we made the necessary paths.

[53]

CHAPTER :- 7FUTURE EXPANSION

[54]

FUTURE EXPANSION

• By using this circuit and proper power supply we can

implement various applications

Such as fans, tube lights, etc.

• By modifying this circuit and using two relays we can achieve

a task of opening and closing the door.

[55]

CHAPTER :- 8APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

[56]

Application

o For counting purposes

o For automatic room light control

Advantages

o Low cost

o Easy to use

o Implement in single door

Disadvantages

o It is used only when one single person cuts the rays of

the sensor hence it cannot be used when two person cross

simultaneously.

[57]

CHAPTER :- 8BIBILOGRAPHY

Bibliography

[58]

Reference Books

• Programming in ANSI C: E BALAGURUSAMY

• The 8051microcontroller and embedded systems: MUHAMMAD ALI MAZIDI

JANICE GILLISPIE MAZIDI

• The 8051 microcontroller: KENNETH J. AYALA

Website

• www.datasheets4u.com

• www.8051.com

[59]