5.2What are the factors affecting agricultural production?
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Transcript of 5.2What are the factors affecting agricultural production?
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
5.25.2 What are theWhat are the factors affectingfactors affecting agriculturalagricultural production?production?
Part BPart B
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
What are the factors affecting agriculture?
A B
C
Which of the places is/are suitable for
farming? Why?
Which of the places is/are suitable for
farming? Why? Flat lowland
River (irrigation water supply)
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
What are the factors affecting agriculture?The location of different farming system is determined
by the interaction of physical and cultural factors.
Physical factors
1 Climate 2 Land
A Temperature
B Rainfall
C Wind
A Soil
B Relief
C River
Physical factors strongly affect where a particular crop or type of livestock will be found.
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
What are the factors affecting agriculture?The location of different farming system is determined by
the interaction of physical and cultural factors.
Cultural factors
1 Labour
2 Capital
3 Technologies
4 Market
5 Transport
6 Institutional factors
Cultural factors refer to variables from the socio-economic environment.
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
Let’s look at the example of vegetable farming in L
am Tsuen Valley.
How do these factors shape the characteristics of farming in an area?Physical and cultural factors interact and produce the distinctive characteristics of farming.
Physical factors
Sunshine
Around 1,948 hours a year
Temperature
High monthly mean temperatures
Water supply
Total annual rainfall: 2,214 mm
River: Lam Tsuen River
Land
Lowland or gentle relief
Alluvial soils
Cultural factors
Captial
Labour
Farmer and his/her family
Technology
Carrying out research and applying new technologies
Transport
By lorry
Market
Tai Po Market or Cheung Sha Wan Wholesale Food Market
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
How do these factors shape the characteristics of farming in an area?
How do these factors contribute to the characteristics of vegetable farming in Lam Tsu
en Valley?
How do these factors contribute to the characteristics of vegetable farming in Lam Tsu
en Valley?
Interplay of physical and cultural factors
Farming characteristics in Lam Tsuen Valley
Type of farming
( Intensive / Extensive ) commercial farming
Farming skill
( Primitive / Semi-modern / Modern )
Farm size
( Small / Large )
Level of mechanization
( Low / Medium / High )
Farming method
( Labour-intensive /
Capital-intensive )
Outputs
• 6-8 crops of vegetables
• Waste materials
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
1 ClimateA Temperature
________________ refers to the period of a year when farming is possible.
Crops can only grow at ____°C or above.
Under favourable temperatures, plant growth is active.
At the freezing point, frost may appear and destroy crops.
The longer the frost-free period, the ( shorter / longer ) the growing season.
Growing season
6
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
1 ClimateA Temperature
Frost-free periods of the world
What is the relationship between
the length of the frost-free period and
latitudes?
What is the relationship between
the length of the frost-free period and
latitudes?
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
1 ClimateA TemperatureTemperature affects world patterns of agriculture.
Wheat is grown in areas with a ( low / moderate / high ) mean temperature
Wet rice is grown in areas with a ( low / high
) mean temperature
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
1 ClimateB Rainfall
Annual rainfall determines the types of crops grown and the size of the production.
In areas with abundant rainfall, the number of crops grown in a year can be ( less / greater ).
Wheat is grown in ( drier / more
humid ) areas
Wet rice is grown in areas with
abundant rainfall
In South China, double cropping or triple cropping of rice is practi
sed each year
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
1 ClimateB RainfallSeasonal variations in rainfall, the intensity and duration of rainfall can have a great influence on crops.
Prolonged drought could be disastrous to agriculture
Unusual precipitation patterns may damage crops and cause huge economic losses to farmers:• Rainstorms• Hailstorms• Frost• Drought
Unusual precipitation patterns may damage crops and cause huge economic losses to farmers:• Rainstorms• Hailstorms• Frost• Drought
Frost can kill crops
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
1 ClimateC Wind
Wind may bring positive and adverse effects on crops.
Positive effect
Crops
Sea
Onshore wind brings moisture to coastal areas, lengthening the growing season.
Onshore wind
Adverse effect
Strong winds may
increase ___________ rates and cause soil erosion;
evaporation
damage crops.
Tropical cyclones damage crops
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
2 LandA Soil
Soil quality depends on the following soil properties:
CharacteristicsFavourable soil quality for crops
Unfavourable soil quality for crops
Acidity Slightly acidicStrongly acidic or alkaline
Soil thickness Thick soil Thin soil
Nutrient content/ Soil fertility
High (Fertile soil) Low (Poor soil)
Moisture contentSufficient, stable and well-drained
Insufficient, unstable, wet and poorly-drained
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
A
B
C
2 LandB Relief
Place ( A / B / C ) is suitable for farming.
Why?Why?
Altitude: It is located on ( lowland / highland ), where temperatures are usually ( lower / higher ).
27°C
6°C
Aspect: It ( is / is not ) facing the sun and have more sunshine. It is on the windward slope which can receive _____ rain.relief
30°C
Gradient of the field: ( Gentle / Steep ) slope and thick soil
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
A
B
C
2 LandB Relief
30°C
6°C
Place B
Why Place B is not suitable for farming?Why Place B is not
suitable for farming?
Altitude: It is located on ( lowland / highland ), where temperatures are usually ( lower / higher ).
Aspect and gradient: Although it is facing the sun and receives ______ rain, its gradient is ( gentle / steep ) and the soil is too ( thin / thick ) for crops.
relief
27°C
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
A
B
C
2 LandB Relief
30°C
6°C
Place C
Why Place C is not suitable for farming?Why Place C is not
suitable for farming?
Altitude: It is located on ( lowland / highland ), where temperatures are usually ( lower / higher ).
Aspect:It ( is / is not ) facing the sun.It ( receives / does not receive ) relief rain. It is in the ____________, which is ( dry / wet ).
rain shadow
Gradient: It is too ( gentle / steep ) for growing crops.
27°C
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
2 LandB Relief
Soil
Bedrock
Surface run-off is fast on steep slope. Soil erosion is active
Little infiltration
and soil moisture content
Can we still grow crops on
highland? How?
Can we still grow crops on
highland? How?
Original slopeOriginal slope
Surface run-off is slow on flat slopeSurface run-off is slow on flat slope
More infiltration and soil moisture content
More infiltration and soil moisture content
Stone wall helps to stabilize the slope
Yes, we can grow crops on highland by terracing.
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
2 LandC River
Alluvial soil
Crops
The fertile ________ soil on flood plains is favourable for growing crops.
alluvial
The river provides water for _________ and transporting agricultural produce.
irrigation
River valleys and deltas are favourable locations for cultivation.
e.g. the deltas of River Nile and Ganga River
Cultivation along the Zhu Jiang in Kaiping, Guangdong(Credit: Tsui Chung Pong David)
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
1 Labour
Is there any difference in the demand for labour in different regions?
Is there any difference in the demand for labour in different regions?
Less developed regions
Asian farmers harvesting rice
The farming systems usually require ( less / more ) labour as they employ traditional and labour-intensive farming methods.
Their yield per unit of land is ( low / high ) but yield per worker is generally ( low / high ).
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
2 CapitalMore developed
regions
Crop harvesting in a more developed region
The farming systems usually require ( less / more ) labour because __________ are widely used.
machines
Capital is more available. Farming rely more on _______-intensive methods. Production per farmer is ( low / high ).
capital
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
3 TechnologyThe use of various technologies can help to overcome physical constraints and improve farm production.Means Benefits
Irrigation and drainage
Improve the physical conditions for crop and livestock production
Mechanization Improve farm production, farm efficiency and quality of farm work
Applying chemicals • Fertilizers to improve quality of farmland
• Pesticides to protect the crops from pests
• Herbicides to prevent weeds from competing for nutrients with crops
Biotechnology, better seeds and breeds
Improve the quality of crops and increase the yield of crops or livestock
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
4 Market
A vegetable market in Thailand
There are two types of markets for farm produce, local and overseas markets.
Market forces affect farmers’ decisions on the types of crops grown or animals reared.
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
Farmers need transport systems to bring inputs to the farm and send the produceto markets for sale.
Farms with good transport can have more choices for crops.
5 TransportInputs
Produce
With good transport, __________ produce can be delivered to local and
international markets within a short time.
perishable
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
6 Institutional factorsInstitutional factors include land ownership and government policies on farming.
I own my farmland. I am willing to invest
on a long-term basis.
We receive subsidies from the government.
We can rear more herds at a lower cost.