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Page i

LEARNING EXPRESS SKILL BUILDERSPRACTICE

501 Challenging Logic andReasoning Problems

Page ii

Copyright ã 1999 LearningExpress, LLC.

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published inthe United States by LearningExpress, LLC,New York

ISBN 1-57685-285-7

Printed in the United States of America

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

First Edition

For Further Information

For information on LearningExpress, otherLearningExpress products, or bulk sales, pleasewrite to us at:

LearningExpress900 BroadwaySuite 604New York, NY 10003

Please visit LearningExpress on the World WideWeb at www.LearnX.com

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Page iii

SKILL BUILDERS PRACTICE TITLES ARE THE PERFECTCOMPANIONS TO OUR SKILL BUILDERS BOOKS.

Reading Comprehension Success ISBN 1-57685-126-5

Vocabulary and Spelling Success ISBN 1-57685-127-3

Reasoning Skills Success ISBN 1-57685-116-8

Writing Skills Success ISBN 1-57685-128-1

Practical Math Success ISBN 1-57685-129-X

What people are saying about LearningExpress Skill Builders

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The book provides helphelp with understandingfor learners seeking toincrease their vocabularies and improve their spelling.

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Page v

Contents

Introduction 1

Questions 5

Answers 113

Introduction

This bookwhich can be used alone, along withother logic and reasoning texts of your choice,or in combination with the LearningExpresspublication, Reasoning Skills Success in 20Minutes a Daywill give you practice dealingwith the types of multiple-choice questions thatappear on standardized tests assessing logic,reasoning, judgment, and critical thinking. It isdesigned to be used by individuals working ontheir own and by teachers or tutors helping stu-dents to learn, review, or practice working onbasic logic and reasoning skills. Practice on 501logic and reasoning questions should go a longway in alleviating test anxiety, too!

Maybe you're one of the millions of people who,as students in elementary or high school, neverunderstood the necessity of having to read opin-ion essays and draw conclusions from thewriter's argument. Or maybe you never under-stood why you had to work through all thoseverbal analogies or number-series questions.Maybe you were one of those people who couldnever see a plan of attack when working throughlogic games or critical-thinking puzzles. Or per-haps you could never see a connection betweeneveryday life and analyzing evidence from aseries of tedious reading passages. If you fit intoone of these groups, this book is for you.

First, know you are not alone. It is true thatsome people relate more easily than do others tonumberseries questions, verbal analogies, logicgames, and reading passages that present an ar-gument. And that's okay; we all have unique tal-ents. Still, it's a fact that on most jobs today,critical-thinking skillsincluding analytical andlogical reasoningare essential. The good news isthat these skills can be developed with practice.

Learn by doing. It's an old lesson, tried and true.And it's the tool this book is designed to giveyou. The 501 logic and reasoning questions inthis book will provide you with lots of practice.As you work through each set of questions,you'll be gaining a solid understanding of basicanalytical and logical reasoning skills. And allwithout memorizing! The purpose of this bookis to help you improve your critical thinkingthrough encouragement, not frustration.

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An Overview

501 Challenging Logic and Reasoning Problemsis divided into 37 sets of questions:

Sets 14: Number SeriesSets 56: Letter and Symbol SeriesSets 78: Verbal ClassificationSets 911: Essential PartSets 1217: AnalogiesSets 1819: Artificial LanguageSet 20: Matching DefinitionsSet 21: Making JudgmentsSet 22: Verbal ReasoningSets 2327: Logic ProblemsSets 2831: Logic GamesSets 3237: Analyzing Arguments

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Each set contains between eight and twentyquestions, depending on their length and diffi-culty. The book is specifically organized to helpyou build confidence as you further developyour logic and reasoning skills. 501 ChallengingLogic and Reasoning Problems begins with ba-sic number and letter series questions, and thenmoves on to verbal-classification, artificiallan-guage, and matching-definition items. The lastsets contain logic problems, logic games, and lo-gical reasoning questions. By the time you reachthe last question, you'll feel confident thatyou've improved your critical-thinking andlogical-reasoning abilities.

How to Use This Book

Whether you're working alone or helpingsomeone brush up critical thinking and reason-ing skills, this book will give you the opportun-ity to practice, practice, practice.

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Working On Your Own

If you are working alone to improve your logicskills or prepare for a test in connection with ajob or school, you will probably want to use thisbook in combination with its companion text,Reasoning Skills Success in 20 Minutes a Day,or with some other basic reasoning skills text. Ifyou're fairly sure of your basic logic and reason-ing abilities, however, you can use 501 Challen-ging Logic and Reasoning Problems by itself.

Use the answer key at the end of the book notonly to find out if you got the right answer, butalso to learn how to tackle similar kinds of ques-tions next time. Every answer is explained.Make sure you understand the explanationsusu-ally by going back to the questionsbefore mov-ing on to the next set.

Tutoring Others

This book will work well in combination withalmost any analytical reasoning or logic text.You will probably find it most helpful to givestudents a brief lesson in the particular operationthey'll be learningnumber series, verbal classi-fication, artificial language, logic problems, ana-lyzing argumentsand then have them spend theremainder of the session actually answering thequestions in the sets. You will want to impressupon them the importance of learning by doingand of checking their answers and reading theexplanations carefully. Make sure they under-stand a particular set of questions before you as-sign the next one.

Additional Resources

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Answering the 501 logic and reasoning ques-tions in this book will give you lots of practice.Another way to improve you reasoning ability isto read and study on your own and devise yourown unique methods of attacking logic prob-lems. Following is a list of logic and reasoningbooks you may want to buy or take out of thelibrary:

Reasoning

Reasoning Skills Success in 20 Minutes a Dayby Elizabeth Chesia (LearningExpress)

Analytical Reading and Reasoning by ArthurWhimbey (Innovative Sciences)

What If: Toward Excellence in Reasoning byJaakko Hinitkka and James Bachman (Mayfield)

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Attacking Faulty Reasoning: A Practical Guideto Fallacy-Free Arguments by T. Edward Dan-ner (Wadsworth)

Thinking Critically: Techniques for LogicalReasoning by James Hugh Kiersky and Nich-olas J. Caste (West/Wadsworth)

Logic

Essential Logic: Basic Reasoning Skills for theTwenty-first Century by Ronald C. Pine(Harcourt)

Arguments: Deductive Logic Exercises byHoward Pospesel (Prentice Hall)

Increase Your Puzzle IQ: Tips and Tricks forBuilding Your Logic Power by Marcel Danesi(Wiley)

Amazing Logic Puzzles by Norman D. Willis(Sterling)

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Critical Thinking

Brainplay: Challenging Puzzles & ThinkingGames by Tom Werneck and Annette Englander(Sterling)

Challenging Critical Thinking Puzzles by Mi-chael A. Dispezio and Myron Miller (Sterling)

Becoming a Critical Thinker: A User-FriendlyManual by Sherry Diestler (Prentice Hall)

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Critical Thinking: Step by Step by Robert Cogan(University Press of America)

Analogies

Analogies for Beginners by Lynne Chatham(Dandy Lion Publications)

Cracking the Miller Analogies Test (2nd Edi-tion) by Marcia Lerner (Princeton Review)

Miller Analogies Test: Preparation Guide(2ndEdition) by Michele Spence (Cliffs Notes)

Questions

Ready to test your mental abilities? Your 501Challenging Logic and Reasoning Problems be-gin on the next page. They're grouped togetherin sets of 520 questions with a common theme.You can work through the sets in order or jumparound, as you choose. When you finish a set,check your answers beginning on page 113.

Set 1 (Answers begin on page 113.)

Start off with these simple series of numbers.Number series questions measure your ability toreason without words. To answer these ques-tions you must determine the pattern of thenumbers in each series before you will be ableto choose which number comes next. Thesequestions involve only simple arithmetic. Al-though most number series items progress byadding or subtracting, some questions involvesimple multiplication or division. In each series,look for the degree and direction of changebetween the numbers. In other words, do thenumbers increase or decrease, and by howmuch?

1. Look at this series: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, What num-ber should come next?

a. 16b. 18c. 19d.21

2. Look at this series: 66, 59, 52, 45, 38, Whatnumber should come next?

a.31b.32c.35d.41

3. Look at this series: 44, 44, 50, 50, 56 Whatnumber should come next?

a.44b.48c.56d.62

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4. Look at this series: 102, 103, 105, 108, Whatnumber should comenext?

a.106b.109c.111d.112

5. Look at this series: 567, 542, 517, 492, Whatnumber should come next?

a.467b. 477c. 483d.499


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a. 15b. 20c. 25d. 35

7. Look at this series: 9, 24, 9, 30, 9, What num-ber should come next?

a. 10b. 16c. 31d.36


a. 17b.19c. 20d. 24

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9 Look at this series: 29, 27, 28, 26, 27, 25,What number should come next?

a. 32b.24c. 26d. 27

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10 Look at this series: 3, 4, 8, 11, 12, Whatnumber should come next?

a. 7b. 10c. 14d. 15


a. 15b. 14c.13d. 12

12. Look at this series: 21, 9, 21, 11, 21, 13,What number should come next?

a. 14b. 15c. 21d. 23

13 Look at this series: 53, 53, 40, 40, 27, 27,What number should come next?

a. 12b. 14c. 27d. 53

14. Look at this series: 2, 6, 18, 54, What num-ber should come next?

a. 108b. 148c. 162d. 216

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15. Look at this series: 1000, 200, 40, Whatnumber should come next?

a. 8b. 10c. 15d. 20

16. Look at this series: 7, 10, 8, 11, 9, 12, Whatnumber should come next?

a. 7b. 10c. 12d. 13

17. Look at this series: 14, 28, 20, 40, 32, 64,What number should come next?

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a. 52b. 56c. 96d. 128

18. Look at this series: 1.5, 2.3, 3.1, 3.9, Whatnumber should come next?

a. 4.2b.4.4c. 4.7d. 5.1

19. Look at this series: 5.2, 4.8, 4.4, 4, Whatnumber should come next?

a. 3b. 3.3c. 3.5d. 3.6

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20. Look at this series: 2, 1, ½, ¼, What numbershould come next?

a. 1/3b. 1/8c. 2/8d. 1/16

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This set contains additional, and sometimesmore difficult, number series questions. Again,each question has a definite pattern. Some of thenumber series may be interrupted by a particularnumber that appears periodically in the pattern.For example, in the series 14, 16, 32, 18, 20, 32,22, 24, 32, the number 32 appears as every thirdnumber. Sometimes the pattern contains two al-ternating series. For example, in the series 1, 5,3, 7, 5, 9, 7, the pattern is add 4, subtract 2, add4, subtract, 2, and so on. Look carefully for thepattern, and then choose which pair of numberscomes next. Note also that you will be choosingfrom 5 options instead of 4.

21. 74 66 58 50 42 34 26

a. 20 12b. 18 8c. 20 10d. 18 10e. 16 8

22. 2 7 12 17 22 27 32

a. 38 42b. 37 42c. 37 43d. 36 42e. 32 37

23. 19 19 17 17 15 15 13

a. 11 11b. 13 13c. 13 15d. 11 12e. 13 11

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24. 21 24 30 21 36 42 21

a. 54 21b. 50 56c. 48 21d. 46 54e. 48 54

25. 9 11 33 13 15 33 17

a. 19 33b. 33 35c. 33 19d. 15 33e. 19 21

26. 2 8 14 20 26 32 38

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a. 2 46b. 44 50c. 42 48d. 40 42e. 32 26

27. 28 25 5 21 18 5 14

a. 11 5b. 10 7c. 11 8d. 5 10e. 10 5

28. 9 12 11 14 13 16 15

a. 14 13b. 18 21c.14 17d. 12 13e. 18 17

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29. 75 65 85 55 45 85 35

a. 25 15b. 25 85c. 35 25d. 85 35e. 25 75

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30. 1 10 7 20 13 30 19

a. 26 40b. 29 36c. 40 25d. 25 31e. 40 50

31. 10 20 25 35 40 50 55

a. 70 65b. 60 70c. 60 75d. 60 65e. 65 70

32. 40 40 31 31 22 22 13

a. 13 4b. 13 5c. 4 13d. 9 4e. 4 4

33. 17 17 34 20 20 31 23

a. 26 23b. 34 20c. 23 33d. 27 28e. 23 28

34. 2 3 4 5 6 4 8

a. 9 10b. 4 8c. 10 4d. 9 4e. 8 9

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35. 61 57 50 61 43 36 61

a. 29 61b. 27 20c. 31 61d. 22 15e. 29 22

36. 9 16 23 30 37 44 51

a. 59 66b. 56 62c. 58 66d. 58 65e. 54 61

37. 8 22 12 16 222 20 24

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a. 28 32b. 28 22c. 22 28d. 32 36e. 22 26

38. 2 22 4 18 6 14 8

a. 10 12b. 10 6c. 12 8d. 10 10e. 18 6

39. 13 17 21 25 29 33 37

a. 42 46b. 41 46c. 42 47d. 41 45e. 41 55

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40. 7 10 19 14 17 19 21

a. 24 17b. 24 19c. 24 27d. 25 28e. 19 22

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This set will give you additional practice dealingwith number series questions.

41. 44 41 38 35 32 29 26

a. 24 21b. 22 19c. 23 19d. 29 32e. 23 20

42. 6 10 14 18 22 26 30

a. 36 40b. 33 37c. 38 42d. 34 36e. 34 38

43. 34 30 26 22 18 14 10

a. 4 6b. 6 4c. 14 18d. 6 2e. 4 0

44. 2 44 4 41 6 38 8

a. 10 12b. 35 32c. 34 9d. 35 10e. 10 52

45. 32 29 26 23 20 17 14

a. 11 8b. 12 8c.11 7d.32 29e.10 9

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46. 17 17 28 28 39 39 50

a. 60 71b. 50 61c. 50 71d. 61 72e. 50 62

47. 7 12 9 14 11 16 13

a. 16 13b. 18 15c. 10 15d. 18 23e. 10 7

48. 2 5 28 8 11 20 14

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a. 12 4b.12 17c. 18 12d. 17 6e. 17 12

49. 4 9 11 16 18 23 25

a. 27 29b. 30 35c. 30 32d. 27 32e. 27 30

50. 17 14 14 11 11 8 8

a. 8 5b. 5 2c. 8 2d. 5 5e. 5 8

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51. 13 29 15 26 17 23 19

a. 21 23b. 20 21c. 20 17d. 25 27e. 22 20

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52. 16 26 56 36 46 68 56

a. 80 66b. 64 82c. 66 80d. 78 68e. 66 82

53. 7 9 66 12 14 66 17

a. 19 66b. 66 19c. 19 22d. 20 66e. 66 20

54. 3 5 35 10 12 35 17

a. 22 35b. 35 19c. 19 35d. 19 24e. 22 24

55. 36 31 29 24 22 17 15

a. 13 11b. 10 5c. 13 8d. 12 7e. 10 8

56. 42 40 38 35 33 31 28

a. 25 22b. 26 23c. 26 24d. 25 23e. 26 22

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57. 11 14 14 17 17 20 20

a. 23 23b. 23 26c. 21 24d. 24 24e. 24 27

58. 17 32 19 29 21 26 23

a. 25 25b. 20 22c. 23 25d. 25 25e. 27 32

59. 10 34 12 31 14 28 16

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a. 25 18b. 30 13c. 19 26d. 18 20e. 25 22

60. 32 31 32 29 32 27 32

a. 25 32b. 31 32c. 29 32d. 25 30e. 29 30

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This set contains aditional number series ques-tions, some of which are in Roman numerals.These items are different from Sets 1, 2, and 3,because they ask you to find the number that fitssomewhere into the middle of the series. Someof the items involve both numbers and letter; forthese questions, look for a number series and aletter series. (For additional practice in workingletter series questions, see Set 5.)

61. Look at this series: 10, 34, 12, 31, __, 28,16, What number should fill the blank?

a. 14b. 18c. 30d. 34

62. Look at this series: 17, __, 28, 39, 39, Whatnumber should fill the blank?

a. 50b. 39c. 25d. 25d. 17

63. Look at this series: 75, 65, 85, 55, __, 85,35, What number should fill the blank?

a. 25b. 45c. 65d. 85

64. Look at this series: 2, 5, 28, 8, __, 20, 14, 17What number should fill the blank?

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a. 11b. 17c. 20d. 28

65. Look at this series: 84, 89, 86, 91, 88, __,90, What number should fill the blank?

a. 83b. 85c. 92d. 93

66. Look at this series: 70, 71, 76, __, 81, 86,70, 91, What number should fill the balnk?

a.70b.718096

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67. Look at this series: 664, 332, 340, 170, __,89, What number should fill the blank?

a. 85b. 97c. 109d. 178

68. Look at this series: 0. 15, 0.3, __, 1.2, 2.4,What number should fill the blank?

a. 4.8b. 0.006c. 0.6d. 0.9

69. Look at this series: 1/9, 1/3, 1, __, 9, Whatnumber should fill the blank?

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a. 2/3b. 3c. 6d. 27

70. Look at this series: U32, V29, __, X23, Y20,What number should fill the blank?

a. W26b. W17c. Z17d. Z26

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71. Look at this series:J14, L16, __, P20, R22,What number should fill the blank?

a. S24b. N18c. M18d. T24

72. Look at this series: F2, __, D8, C16, B32,What number should fill the blank?

a. A16b. G4c. E4d. E3

73. Look at this series: V, VIII, XI, XIV, __,XX, What number should fill the bank?

a. XIb. XXIIIc. XVd. XVII

74. Look at this series: XXIV, XX, __, XII,VIII, What number should fill the blank?

a. XXIIb. XIIIc. XVId. IV

75. Look at this series: VI, 10, V, 11, __, 12, III,What number should fill the blank?

a. IIb. IVc. IXd. 14

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Another typen of sequence question involves aseries of letters in a pattern. Usually these ques-tions use the letter's alphabetical order as a base.To make matters more complicated, sometimessubscript numbers will be thrown into the lettersequence. In these series, you will be looking atboth the letter pattern and the number pattern.Some of these questions ask you to fill the blankin the middle of the series; others ask you add tothe end of the series.

76. QPO NML KJI _______ EDC

a. HGFb. CABc. JKLd. GHI

77. JAK KBL LCM MDN _______

a. OEPb. NEOc. MENd. PEQ

78. B2CD _______ BCD4 B5CD BC6D

a. B2C2Db. BC3Dc. B2C3Dd. BCD7

79. ELFA GLKHA ILJA _______ MLNA

a. OLPAb. KLMAc. LIMAd. KLLA

80. P5QR P4QS P3QT _______ PQV

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a. PQWb. PQV2

c. P2QUd. PQ3U

81. CMM EOO GQQ _______ KUU

a. GRRb. GSSc. ISSd. ITT

82. QAR RAS SAT TAU _______

a. UAVb. UATc. TASd. TAT

83. DEF DEF2 DE2F2 _______ D2E2F3

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a. DEF3

b. D3EF3

c. D2E3Fd. D2E2F2

84. VAB WCD XEF _______ ZIJ

a. AKLb. UHGc. YGHd. GHW

85. BOC COB DOE EOD _______

a. FOGb. DOGc. DOFd. FOE

86. LML NON PQP RSR _______

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a. TUTb. RTRc. STSd. TRT

87. ZA5 Y4B XC6 W3D _______

a. E7Vb. V2Ec. VE5

d.VE7

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This set contains sequence questions that use aseries of noverbal, non-number symbols. Lookcarefully at the sequence of symbols to find thepattern.

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Set 7 (Answers begin page 122.)

The next two sets contain verbal classficationquestions. For these questions, the importantthing (as the name verbal classification indic-ates) is to classify the words in the four answerchoices. Three of the words will be in the sameclassification; the remaining one will not be.Your answer will be the one word that does notbelong in the same classification as the others.

102. Which word does NOT belong with theothers?

a. leopardb. cougarc. elephantd. lion


a. couchb. rugc. tabled. chair


a. tapeb. twinec. cordd. yarn


a. fluteb. violinc. saxophoned. trumpet

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a. sleeveb. pocketc. collard. shirt


a. pecanb. walnutc. kerneld. cashew


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a. rayonb. silkc. cottond. cloth


a. roofb. sidewalkc. doord. window


a. unimportantb. trivialc. insignigicantd. familiar

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111. Which word does Not belong with theothers?

a. bookb. indexc. glossaryd. chapter

112. Which word does Not belong with theothers?

a. nounb. prepositionc. punctuationd. adverb


a. corneab. retinac. pupild. vision


a. ryeb. sourdoughc. pimpernickeld. loaf


a. inchb. ouncec. centimeterd. yard


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a. streetb. freewayc. interstated. expressway


a. dodgeb. fleec. duckd. avoid


a. headingb. bodyc. letterd. closing

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Here's another set of classification questions.Remember that you are looking for the wordthat does not belong in the same group as theothers. Sometimes, all four words seem to fit thesame group. If so, you must look more closelyto fuurther narrow your classification.


a. coreb. seedsc. pulpd. slice


a. festiveb. luckyc. joyjousd. merry


a. geologyb. zoologyc. theologyd. botany


a. sphereb. parallelogramc. squared. rectangel

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a. baffleb. falterc. hesitated. waver


a. instructb. teachc. educated. discipline


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a. lobsterb. troutc. sardineb. catfish


a. scytheb. knifec. pliersd. saw


a. twob. threec. sixd. eight

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a. peninsualb. islandc. bayd. cape

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a. seatb. rungc. cushiond. leg


a. fairb. justc. equitabled. favorable


a. defendantb. prosecutorc. traild. judge


a. areab. variablec. circumferenced. quadrilateral

133. Which word NOT belong with the others?

a. mayorb. lawyerc. governord. senator


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a. acuteb. rightc. obtused. parallel

135. Which word does NOT belongs with theothers?

a. wingb. finc. beakd. rudder


a. aortab. heartc. liverd. stomach

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In the next three sets, you will be looking for theessential part of something. Each question hasan underlined word followed by four answerchoices. You will choose the word that is a ne-cessary part of the underlined word. A goodway to approach this type of question is to saythe following sentence: A______ could not existwithout _______. put the underlined word in thefirst blank. Try each of the answer choices in thesecond blank to see which choice is mostlogical.

For Questions 137 through 151, find the wordthat names a necessary part of the underlinedword.

137. book

a. fictionb. pagesc. picturesd. learning

138. piano

a. orchestrab. notesc. teacherd. keyboard

139. shoe

a. soleb. leatherc. lacesd. walking

140. respiration

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a. mouthb. circulationc. oxygend. carbon monoxide

141. election

a. presidentb. voterc. Novemberd. nation

142. diploma

a. principlab. curriculumc. employmentd. graduation

143. lake

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a. boatsb. swimmingc. waterd. beach

144. army

a. soldiersb. navyc. ward. training

145. language

a. tongueb. slangc. writingd. words

146. desert

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a. cactusb. aridc. oasisd. flat

147. lightning

a. electricityb. thunderc. brightnessd. rain

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148. monopoly

a. corruptb. exclusivec. richd. gigantic

149. harvest

a. autumnb. stockpilec. tractord. crop

150. gala

a. celebrationb. tuxedoc. appetizerd. orator

151. pain

a. cutb. burnc. nuisanced. hurt

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Remember that you are looking for the essentialpart of something. If you had trouble workingSet 9, go back through the items and study eachanswer explanation. Then work through this setof more difficult necessary-part questions.


152. infirmary

a. surgeryb. diseasec. patientd. receptionist

153. facsimile

a. pictureb. imagec. mimeographd. copier

154. domicile

a. tenantb. dwellingc. kitchend. house

155. culture

a. civilityb. educationc. agricultured. customs

156. bonus

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a. rewardb. raisec. cashd. employer

157. antique

a. rarityb. artifactc. agedd. prehistoric

158. itinerary

a. mapb. routec. traveld. guidebook

159. orchestra

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a. violinb. stagec. musiciand. soloist

160. knowledge

a. schoolb. teacherc. textbookd. learning

161. dimentsion

a. compassb. rulerc. inchd. measure

162. sustenace

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a. nourishmentb. watec. grainsd. men

163. ovation

a. outburstb. bravoc. applaused. encore

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164. vertebrate

a. backboneb. reptilec. mammald. animal

165. Provisions

a. groceriesb. suppliesc. geard. caterers

166. purchase

a. tradeb. moneyc. bankd. acquisitin


Here is one more set of necessary-part ques-tions. This set is somewhat more difficult thanthe previous two sets, and it should give youpractice in mastering this particular type ofquestion. Remember that a good way to ap-proach this type of question is to use the follow-ing sentence: _______ could not existwithout_______.


167. dome

a. roundedb. geodesicc. governmentald. coppery

168. recipe

a. foodb. directionsc. cookbookd. utensils

169. hurricane

a. beachb. cyclonec. damaged. wind

170. autograph

a. athleteb. actorc. signatured. pen

171. town

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a. residentsb. skyscrapersc. parksd. libraries

172. wedding

a. loveb. churchc.ringd. marriage

173. faculty

a. buildingsb. textbooksc. teachersd. meetings

174. cage

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a. enclosureb. prisonerc. animald. zoo

175. directory

a. telephoneb. listingc. computerd. names

176. contract

a. agreementb. documentc. writtend. attorney

177. saddle

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a. horseb. seatc. stirrupsd. horn

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178. vibration

a. motionb. electricityc. scienced. sound

179. cell

a. chlorophyllb. nucleusc. nerved. human

180. champion

a. runningb. swimmingc. winningd. speaking

181. glacier

a. mountainb. winterc. prehistoryd. ice

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Here is the first of several sets of analogies. An-alogies test your ability to see relationshipsbetween words, objects, or concepts. There aremany different types of analogy relationships.Some of the possibilities are as follows: Use orfunction, part-to-whole, classification, propor-tion or degree, cause and effect, similarity ordifference. In each of these verbal analogies,you will be given a set of two words that are re-lated, followed by a third word and four answerchoices. Of the four choices, you must identifythe one that would best complete the second setso that it expresses the same relationship as inthe first set. A good way to figure out the rela-tionship in a given question is to make up a sen-tence that describes the relationship between thefirst two words. Then try to use the same sen-tence to find out which of the answer choicescompletes the same relationship with the thirdword.

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182. Cup is to coffee as bowl is to

a. dishb. soupc. spoond. food

183. Communication is to telephone as trans-portation is to

a. aviationb. travelc. informationd. bus

184 Bicycle is to pedal as canoe is to

a. waterb. kayakc. oard. fleet

185. Window is to pane as book is to

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a. novelb. glassc. coverd. page

186. Scarcely is to mostly as quietly is to

a. secretlyb. rudelyc. loudlyd. silently

187. Baker is to bread as congressman is to

a. senatorb. lawc. stated. politician

188. Play is to actor as concert is to

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a. symphonyb. musicianc. pianod. percussion

189. Tactful is to diplomatic as bashful is to

a. timidb. confidentc. uncomfortabled. bold

190. Pride is to lion as school is to

a. teacherb. studentc. self-respectd. fish

191. Control is to dominate as magnify is to

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a. enlargeb. preservec. decreased. divide

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192. Yard is to inch as quart is to

a. gallonb. ouncec. milkd. liquid

193. Rodent is to mouse as tree is to

a. leafb. trunkc.elmd. squirrel

194. Elated is to despondent as enlightened is to

a. awareb. ignorantc. miserabled. tolerant

195. Marathon is to race as hibernation is to

a. winterb. bearc. dreamd. sleep

196. Embarrassed is to humiliated as frightenedis to

a. terrifiedb. agitatedc. courageousd. reckless

197. Odometer is to mileage as compass is to

a. speedb. hikingc. needled. direction

198. Optimist is to cheerful as pessimist is to

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a. gloomyb. meanc. pettyd. helpful

199. Sponge is to porous as rubber is to

a. massiveb. solidc. elasticd. inflexible

200. Candid is to indirect as honest is to

a. frankb. wickedc. truthfuld. untruthful

201. Pen is to poet as needle is to

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a.threadb. buttonc. sewingd. tailor

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Now that you have some practice working basicanalogies, try these picture analogies, which willgive you practice with nonverbal reasoning.Solve these picture analogies in the same waythat you solved the word analogies. For eachitem, you will be presented with a set of two pic-tures that are related to each other in the sameway. Along with this pair, you'll be given a thirdpicture and four answer choices, which are alsopictures. Of the four choices, choose the picturethat would go in the empty box so that the twobottom pictures are related in the same way asthe top two are related.

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Here are twenty more picture analogies for youto master. There is essentially no differencebetween verbal and picture analogies, except thatyou have to take an extra first step by namingeach picture. Make sure you understand the rela-tionship between the first set of pictures beforeyou attempt to choose an answer. Make up asentence that describes this relationship. Fromthe four answer choices, choose the picture thatwould go in the empty box so that the two bot-tom pictures are related in the same way as thetop two are related.

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This set contains another type of verbal-analogyquestions. In each of these, the words in the toprow are related in some way. To help you discoverthis relationship, make up a sentence based on thetop three words. The words in the bottom row arerelated in the same way as the words in the toprow. For each item, find the word that completesthe bottom row of words.

242.

ant fly beehamster squirrel ________a. spiderb. mousec. rodentd. cat

243.

firefighter ladder hoseveterinarian thermometer ________a. stethoscopeb. kittenc. doctord. injury

244.

table wood oakshirt cloth ________a. sewingb. dressc. cottond. tree

245

rule command dictatedoze sleep ________a. snoreb. governc. awakend. hibernate

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246.

meal banquet feastshelter palace ________a. mansionb. hallwayc. protectiond. haven

247.

fence wall boundarypath alley ________a. rampb. passagewayc. airfieldd. pedestrian

248.

saw screwdriver hammerspade hoe ________a. carpenter

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b. gardenerc. raked. wrench

249.

snow mountain skiwarmth lake ________a. sandb. swimc. sunburnd. vacation

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250

candle lamp floodlighthut cottage ________a. tentb. cityc. dwellingd. house

251.

aspirin medicine pharmacylettuce vegetable ________a. groceryb. carrotsc. fruitd. shopping

252.

tadpole frog amphibianlamb sheep ________a. animal

b. woolc. farmd. mammal

253.

walk skip runtoss pitch ________a. swerveb. hurlc. jumpd. dance

254.

honeybee angel batkangaroo rabbit ________a. mermaidb. possumc. grasshopperd. sprinter

255.

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daisy flower plantbungalow house ________a. buildingb. cottagec. apartmentd. city

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The next two sets will give you more practicewith analogies. Every one of the following ques-tions consists of a related pair of words, fol-lowed by five pairs of words labeled A throughE. Choose the pair that best represents a similarrelationship to the one expressed in the originalpair of words. Remember, the best way to ap-proach an analogy question is to make up a sen-tence that describes the relationship between thefirst two words. Then, find the pair that has asimilar relationship.

256. LEAF : TREE

a. chip : dipb. shelf : bookcasec. base : balld. curtains : drapese. recliner : chair

257. KEY : PIANO

a. foot : handb. stage : curtainc. bench : chaird. brick : walle. frame : portrait

258. WOLF : PACK

a. lion : prideb. antelope : junglec. collie : cland. herd : peacocke. raven : school

259. RULER : LENGTH

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a. scale : weightb. belt : girthc. width : depthd. mileage : speede. size : area

260. BROCCOLI : VEGETABLE

a. type : breedb. cat : companionc. mark : spotd. Dalmatian : caninee. collar : leash

261. OAR : CANOE

a. run : walkb. inch : yardstickc. tire : automobiled. sleeve : shirte. foot : skateboard

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262. FRAY : RAVEL

a. tremble : rollb. hungry : eatc. jolt : shaked. stroll : rune. stitch : tear

263. ELEPHANT : PACHYDERM

a. mantis : rodentb. poodle : felinec. kangaroo : marsupiald. zebra : horsee. tuna : mollusk

264. DEPRESSED : SAD

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a. neat : considerateb. towering : cringingc. rapid : ploddingd. progressive : regressivee. exhausted : tired

265. PSYCHOLOGIST : NEUROSIS

a. ophthalmologist : cataractb. dermatologist : fracturec. infant : pediatriciand. rash : orthopediste. oncologist : measles

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266. BINDING : BOOK

a. criminal : gangb. display : museumc. artist: carpenterd. nail : hammere. frame : picture

267. EXPLORE : DISCOVER

a. read : skimb. research : learnc. write : printd. think : relatee. sleep : wake

268. COTTON : BALE

a. butter : churnb. wine : fermentc. grain : shockd. curd : cheesee. beef : steak

269. DIVISION : SECTION

a. layer : tierb. tether : bundlec. chapter : versed. riser : stagee. dais : speaker

270. PASTORAL : RURAL

a. metropolitan : urbanb. harvest : autumnc. agrarian: benevolentd. sleepy : nocturnale. wild : agricultural

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271. MECHANIC : GARAGE

a. teacher : recessb. actor : rolec. jockey : horsed. surgeon : hospitale. author : book

272. CHICKADEE : BIRD

a. crocodile : alligatorb. giraffe : reptilec. Siamese: catd. shepherd : marsupiale. grasshopper : ant

273. WALK : SAUNTER

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a. trot : raceb. swim : divec. hop : shuffled. juggle: bouncee. rain : drizzle

274. SKEIN : YARN

a. squeeze : lemonb. fire : coalc. ream : paperd. tree: lumbere. plow : acre

275. TAILOR : SUIT

a. scheme : agentb. edit : manuscriptc. revise : writerd. mention : opinione. implode : building

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Now try this last set of analogies, which aresomewhat more difficult than the previous set.Remember that the first step in solving an ana-logy is to make up a sentence that describes therelationship between the first two words. Some-times, your sentence may fit more than one an-swer choice. In these cases, be prepared to re-vise your original sentence. Each one of the fol-lowing questions consists of a related pair ofwords, followed by five pairs of words labeledA through E. Choose the pair that best repres-ents a similar relationship to the one expressedin the original pair of words.

276. CONDUCTOR : ORCHESTRA

a. jockey : mountb. thrasher : hayc. driver : tractord. skipper : crewe. painter : house

277. JAUNDICE : LIVER

a. rash : skinb. dialysis : kidneyc. smog : lungd. valentine : hearte. imagination : brain

278. COBBLER : SHOE

a. jockey : horseb. contractor : buildingc. mason: stoned. cowboy: boote. potter : paint

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279. PHOBIC : FEARFUL

a. finicky : thoughtfulb. cautious : emotionalc. envious: desiringd. shy: familiare. asinine : silly

280. INTEREST : OBSESSION

a. mood : feelingb. weeping : sadnessc. dream : fantasyd. plan : negatione. highlight : indication

281. MONK : DEVOTION

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a. maniac : pacifismb. explorer : contentmentc. visionary: complacencyd. rover : wanderluste. philistine : culture

282. SLAPSTICK : LAUGHTER

a. fallacy : dismayb. genre : mysteryc. satire : angerd. mimicry : tearse. horror : fear

283. VERVE : ENTHUSIASM

a. loyalty : duplicityb. devotion : reverencec. intensity: colord. eminence : anonymitye. generosity : elation

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284. SOUND : CACOPHONY

a. taste : styleb. touch : massagec. smell : stenchd. sight : panoramae. speech : oration

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285. CONVICTION : INCARCERATION

a. reduction : diminutionb. induction : ameliorationc. radicalization : estimationd. marginalization : intimidatione. proliferation : alliteration

286. DELTOID : MUSCLE

a. radius : boneb. brain : nervec. tissue : organd. blood : veine. scalpel : incision

287. UMBRAGE : OFFENSE

a. confusion : penanceb. infinity : meaningc. decorum : decorationd. elation : jubilancee. outrage : consideration

288. PROFESSOR : ERUDITE

a. aviator : licensedb. inventor : imaginativec. procrastinator : conscientiousd. overseer : wealthye. moderator : vicious

289. DEPENDABLE : CAPRICIOUS

a. fallible : cantankerousb. erasable : obtusec. malleable : limpidd. capable : inepte. incorrigible : guilty

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290. FROND : PALM

a. quill : porcupineb. blade : evergreenc. scale : wallabyd. tusk : alligatore. blade : fern

291. METAPHOR : SYMBOL

a. pentameter : poemb. rhythm : melodyc. nuance : songd. slang : usagee. analogy : comparison

292. DIRGE : FUNERAL

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a. chain : letterb. bell : churchc. telephone : calld. jingle : commerciale. hymn : concerto

293. FERAL : TAME

a. rancid : rationalb. repetitive : recurrentc. nettlesome : annoyingd. repentant : honorablee. ephemeral : immortal

294. SPY : CLANDESTINE

a. accountant : meticulousb. furrier : rambunctiousc. lawyer : ironicd. shepherd : garrulouse. astronaut : opulent

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295. DOMINANCE : HEGEMONY

a. romance : sympathyb. furtherance : melancholyc. independence : autonomyd. tolerance : philanthropye. recompense : hilarity

296. AERIE : EAGLE

a. capital : governmentb. bridge : architectc. unit: apartmentd. kennel : veterinariane. house : person

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Now try some reasoning questions that ask youto translate English words into an artificial lan-guage. First, you will be given a list of threenonsense words and their English word mean-ings. The question or questions that follow willask you to reverse the process and translate anEnglish word into the artificial language.

Your best approach to this type of question is tolook for elements (parts) of the nonsense wordsthat repeat. This is the best way to translate fromthe imaginary language to English. For example,if you know that linsmerk means oak tree andlinsdennel means oak table, then you know thatlins means oak. And, if lins means oak, merkmust mean tree, and dennel must mean table.When you discover what a word element meansin English, write it down. Then look for theword elements that appear both on the list and inthe answer choices.

297. Here are some words translated from an ar-tificial language.

melebroon means leather shoeblencbroon means white shoebroonkaal means shoelaces

Which word could mean white laces?

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a. blenckaalb. meleshurc. melekaald. broonblenc


lilomarj means green paintlernobix means vegetable soupbixelam means soup spoon

Which word could mean green vegetable?

a. lilobixb. lilolernoc. lernomarjd. marjlerno


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yoologarn means red dressglinknara means wagon wheelyoologlink means red wagon

Which word could mean wheelbarrow?

a. glinkzwetb. narayoolac. yoolobrelld. narapluh


jabberlota means pronouncementennajabber means mispronounceennahavre means misrepresent

Which word could mean appointment?

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a. relmlotab. relmjabberc. havrelotad. jabbermool

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dionot means oak treeblyonot means oak leafblycrin means maple leaf

Which word could mean maple syrup?

a. blymuthb. hupponotc. patricrind. crinweel


agnoscrenia means poisonous spiderdelanocrenia means poisonous snakeagnosdeery means brown spider

Which word could mean black widowspider?

a. deeryclostagnosb. agnosdelanoc. agnosvitriblunind. trymuttiagnos


myncabel means saddle horseconowir means trail ridecabelalma means horse blanket

Which word could mean horse ride?

a. cabelwirb. conocabelc. almamynd. conoalma

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godabim means kidney stonesromzbim means kidney beansromzbako means wax beans

Which word could mean wax statue?

a. godaromzb.lazbimc. wasibakod. romzpeo


tamceno means sky bluecenorax means blue cheeseaplmitl means star bright

Which word could mean bright sky?

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a. cenotamb. mitltamc. raxmitld. aplceno


gorblflur means fan beltpixngorbl means ceiling fanarthtusl means tile roof

Which word could mean ceiling tile?

a. gorbltuslb. flurgorblc. arthflurd. pixnarth

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hapllesh means cloudburstsrenchoch means pinballresbosrench means ninepin

Which word could mean cloud nine?

a. leshsrenchb. ochhaplc. haplochd. haplresbo


migenlasan means cupboardlasanpoen means boardwalkcuopdansa means pullman

Which word could mean walkway?

a. poenmigenb. cuopeiselc. lasandansad. poenforc

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Here is yet another set of questions that ask youto translate from an imaginary language intoEnglish. Remember that the best way to ap-proach these questions is to translate each wordelement. When you discover what a word ele-ment means in English, write it down. Thenlook for the word elements that appear both onthe list and in the answer choices.


spasirquot means doghousetorspasir means sheepdog torlannmeans sheepskin

Which word could mean housefly?

a. spasirhundeb. tormillc. quothunded. lannquot


faur means bringfaury means bringingfaurend means has brought

Which word could mean running?

a. sujjfaurendb. sujjyc. endesujjd. faurmont


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boseamint means militantinsicboca means habitualinsicamene means habitable

Which word could mean habitant?

a. bocaboseb. insicamintc. bocamintd. boseamene


eraneacal means shipshapearaperane means relationshiperanealon means shipmate

Which word could mean checkmate?

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a. basalonb. eranearapc. alonacald. arapalon


shillenacen means timetableacenablot means tableclothmicaerran means groundwater

Which word could mean water table?

a. abloterranb. micashillenc. acenmicad. erranacen

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jusllagen means obstacle courselagennamer means courseworkostofifer means college life

Which word could mean hard work?

a. juslnamerb. remonamerc. fiferjusld. ostonamer


hamomone means last minutehamomoze means last wordhalligun means goodness

Which word could mean wordiness?

a. mozegunb. hallimozec. monemozed. mozehalli


affongoml means straw hataffonnagl means strawberryaftonnagl means raspberry

Which word could mean hatband?

a. naglaffonb. gomlaftonc. affonnagld. gomlnoder


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geromea means false pretensegeneomo means clock radiogimgene means alarm clock

Which word could mean false alarm?

a. gerogimb. genegerec. geromod. geneoma


astaose means stuffed chairestaose means leather chaircostafut means liftoff

Which word could mean chair lift?

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a. futcostab. oseestac. futosed. osecosta


dwilmaga means powerhouseomaga means powerfulfermaga means powerless

Which word could mean overpower?

a. zenmagab. magaferc. magazend. dwilfer

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hagaupl means apple piehagaport means apple juicehoggagrop means grape jelly

Which word could mean grape juice?

a. hoggaportb. hagaauplc. gropportd. hoggagrop


The questions in this set ask you to match defin-itions to particular situations. For each question,you will be given a definition and four possibleanswer choices. Read each definition and allfour choices carefully, and find the answer thatprovides the best example of the given defini-tion. Answer each question solely on the basis ofthe definition given.

321. Burglary of a Vehicle occurs when a per-son breaks into a vehicle without the owner'spermission with the intention of stealingsomething inside. Which situation below is thebest example of a Burglary of a Vehicle?

a. Sam's neighbor has locked his keys in-side his car. His arm is injured so he asksSam to break the vent window on thedriver's side and get the car keys out of theignition.b. Jim throws a rock through the passengerwindow of a parked car, reaches inside, andtakes the purse sitting on the passenger seat.c. Jeri picks up a rock, throws it through thewindshield of a parked car, and runs fromthe scene.d. Anna walks by a parked car and reachesin the open window to pet a dog.

322. It is a crime to harm or threaten to harmsomeone who has reported a crime or someonewho has plans to testify in court about a crime.This is called Retaliation. Which situation belowis the best example of Retaliation?

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a. Ernie breaks Harold's nose with his fist.Ernie tells Harold he will break both of hislegs if he reports him to the police.b. Sally tells Larry a secret, and then saysshe is going to hit him if he tells the secretto Jeff.c. Sue is called to be a witness in a robberytrial. The man she is to testify againstbumps her shoulder in the crowded hallwayin the courthouse and walks on, unaware ofwhat he has done.d. A robbery suspect tells his cellmate hewishes he could keep a witness from testi-fying against him in court.

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323. Trespassing occurs when a person enters abuilding without permission from the owner and(1) posted signs or verbal warnings prohibit thepresence of unauthorized persons, or (2) theowner or other authorized person asks that per-son to leave. Which situation below is the bestexample of Trespassing?

a. Alonzo is hosting a party with his room-mate, Manny, who gets angry and tellsAlonzo to leave or he'll have him arrestedfor trespassing.b. Ben is walking home from school one af-ternoon, takes a shortcut through Mrs.Benson's front yard, and then hears heryelling at him that she is going to have himarrested for trespassing.c. Frank is looking at new cars at a dealer-ship after hours when a security guard tellshim to leave, which he does immediately.d. A transient is sleeping in a vacant officebuilding. Posted on the wall is a sign thatreads No Trespassing. Private Property.

324. Panhandling occurs when a person asks astranger for money while on city property. Cityproperty includes public streets, sidewalks, orcity-owned facilities. Which situation below isthe best example of Panhandling?

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a. A man approaches Jason on the sidewalkand asks him if he has a quarter in exchangefor five nickels.b. A Salvation Army volunteer on a down-town sidewalk is ringing a hand bell, and awoman tosses some coins into his blackkettle as she walks by.c. Brett is standing at the crosswalk waitingfor the streetlight to change, and a man asksher if she wants to buy a raffle ticket.d. Emilio is standing in the street downtownunlocking his car door when a man walksup to him and asks him for a dollar.

325. Criminal Mischief occurs when a personintentionally or knowingly causes damage to ordestroys another person's property without theowner's permission. Which situation below isthe best example of Criminal Mischief?

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a. As Alec is helping Alice move into a newapartment, he drops her $500 lamp andshatters it.b. When Barry's car runs out of gas on thehighway, he steps out of the vehicle and be-gins smashing out the windows.c. When Fred sees Angela's new boyfriend'scar in her driveway, he walks up to the car,kicks a dent in the fender, and walks on.d. When Alistair sits down in a chair in arestaurant, the chair breaks underneath him.

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326. False Report to a Peace Officer occurswhen a person gives a false statement to a peaceofficer who is conducting a criminal investiga-tion and that person knows his or her statementis a key part of the investigation. Which situ-ation below is the best example of a False Re-port to a Peace Officer?

a. A resident from a nearby mental hospitalcalls police to report seeing space aliensstealing dogs from the pet store next door.b. Ed calls the police to report his stolencar, and police investigators discover thatEd paid friends to steal the car.c. Betty, awitness to a homicide, tells the investigat-ing officer that the suspect had on a blueshirt, and investigators later find out theshirt was dark green.d. Janice reports to police that her televisionhas been stolen and then finds out later thata friend came over and borrowed her televi-sion without telling her.

327. Driving While Intoxicated occurs when aperson is intoxicated while driving or operatinga motor vehicle in a public place. Which situ-ation below is the best example of DrivingWhile Intoxicated?

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a. Jerry is sitting behind the wheel of his carin a parking lot in front of a bar. The engineis not on, and Jerry has both hands on thewheel and is staring straight ahead.b. Having drunk several beers, Fred is driv-ing his farm truck around in circles in theback pasture of the family farm.c. Sandra drives her car off of the highwayand into a telephone pole after drinkingshots of tequila for four hours at Pete'sCorner Bar.d. Officer Marques pulls a man over forweaving in traffic and discovers the driverwas falling asleep at the wheel.

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328. Harassment occurs when one person, withthe intention of annoying, alarming, or torment-ing another person, threatensby telephone or inwritingto harm that person, damage his or herproperty, or harm a member of his or her family.Which situation below is the best example ofHarassment?

a. Lydia leaves a note on Pete's car tellinghim that she didn't like it when he asked herout on a date and that she'll call police if heever asks again.b. Rudy calls Edward on the phone and tellshim he is going to break out the headlightson his car if he doesn't stop parking on thestreet in front of Rudy's house.c. Tyler calls Ramon and tells him he willbe dating Ramon's ex-wife from now on,even though doing so will upset Ramon.d. Armando writes a note to Julia telling herthat, because she is behind on her rent, shewill have to move out of the house he isrenting to her or he will change the locks onthe door and take her property.

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329. Possessing a Hoax Bomb is a crime whenany device or package is used with the intent ofmaking another person believe it is an explosivedevice or if it causes alarm or reaction by publicsafety officials. Which situation below is thebest example of a Hoax Bomb?

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a. Greg has an eight-inch length of pipe filledwith finely ground coffee beans and pluggedwith wax. He places it in his boss's locker atwork and waits for her reaction.b. Stuart is a postal worker and is picking upmail downtown when he thinks he hears tickingcoming from a small box he retrieved from acorner mailbox.c. Harriet is waiting in line at the airport to passthrough the metal detector. Security personnelnotice a small, pineapple-shaped metal objectthat looks like a hand grenade in her purse. Itturns out to be a gift wrapped cigarette lighter.d. Ian is working on a project in the metal shopat school. The instructor notices that Ian is hold-ing a softball-sized black hunk of material thatappears to have a fuse trailing from the openingat the top. Ian tells him he was trying to make anoil lamp.

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330. Criminal Simulation occurs when, with in-tent to defraud or harm another, a person altersan object so that it appears to have more worththan it has because of age, antiquity, rarity, orauthorship. Which situation below is the bestexample of Criminal Simulation?

a. Bess Rossburg sews an American flagfrom scratch and enters it in a contest usingthe name Betsy Ross.b. On Elvis's birthday, Eric dresses up as anElvis look-alike and sells blue velvet paint-ings of the singer on a street corner.c. Edith writes a poem onto a scrap of pa-per, has the paper stained to appear a fewdecades old, and then tries to sell it to anantique dealer as an Edna St. Vincent Mil-lay original.d. Wendell finds an old ship's bell in a navysurplus store and tells his friends he got itfrom one of the men who helped recoverthe Titanic a few years ago.

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331. Theft by Check occurs when a person is-sues or passes a check with the intent of de-priving the owner of property or service avail-able in exchange for the check (1) knowing heor she does not have an account at the financialinstitution printed on the check or (2) knowingthere is an open account at this institution butthere isn't enough money to make payment onthe check. Which situation below is the best ex-ample of Theft by Check?

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a. Xena writes a check to the Posey Patrolfor flowers for her mother's birthday. Thecheck bounces. The bank notifies her that itcovered the check anyway but that her ac-count will be charged $15 for this service.b. Perla writes a check at the Gypsy Diner.The Diner calls her two days later and tellsher that her bank returned it for insufficientfunds. She drives to the diner and givesthem cash to cover the check.c. Jacob closed his account today but hasleft enough money for the rent check hewrote two days ago in that account to clearthe bank.d. Leo closed out his account at JunctionBank three months ago. He still has checksleft from that account, so he uses one to payfor his new stereo.

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332. Disrupting a Meeting or Procession occurswhen a person, with intent to prevent or disrupta lawful meeting, procession, or gathering, ob-structs or interferes with these events eitherphysically or verbally. Which situation below isthe best example of Disrupting a Meeting orProcession?

a. Sara is at a city council meeting and getsupset when the mayor refuses to answer herquestion. She stalks out of the councilchambers with her fist raised.b. Vinnie is at the same council meeting. Heis upset because the mayor won't discussthe noise ordinance, so he begins clangingtwo cymbals together repeatedly.c. Craig is at the ribbon-cutting ceremonyfor the new state capitol building. The gov-ernor is about to cut the ribbon when Craigyells out, Reelect the governor.d. Simone is at a zoning board meeting andlearns that she will not be able to open herbusiness in the location she leased. She tellsthe board members that she will be suingthe city and stalks out of the room.

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333. Arson occurs when someone starts a fire orcauses an explosion with the intent to destroy ordamage any building, vehicle, or habitation.Which situation below is the best example ofArson?

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a. Samuel places his paper napkin on top ofthe candle at the table in a restaurant andjumps when it bursts into flames that spreadup the window curtains.b. Leon turns the kitchen-stove burners onhigh to heat his soup. A potholder catcheson fire and sets his girlfriend's kitchenablaze.c. Ginger starts a fire in the fireplace andthen leaves to run a quick errand. The cur-tains catch fire and the house begins toburn.d. Brent sprinkles lighter fluid over theleather seats in his landlord's Mercedes con-vertible and then throws a lighted match in-to the car.

334. Disorderly Conduct occurs when a personfights with another person in a public place.Which situation below is the best example ofDisorderly Conduct?

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a. Alan walks up to Terrence at the bus stopand shoves him. The two men begin tradingpunches with their fists.b. Julio and Petra are crossing the streetwhen he begins yelling at her that he is tiredof arguing over money.c. Federico tells his roommate to wash hisown dishes and points at a stack of dishes inthe sink. His roommate gets mad, and thetwo men begin hitting each other.d. Jeff is getting onto the subway when aman elbows him aside. Jeff elbows the manback and then decides to wait for anothertrain.

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This set contains additional situations, many ofthem dealing with law enforcement. Each ques-tion presents a situation and asks you to make ajudgment regarding that particular circumstance.Answer each one solely on the basis of the in-formation given.

335. For the past two months stereo shops allover the city have been hit by burglars in theearly morning hours. Sergeant Adams tells Of-ficer Bryant that he should carefully watch thestores in his area that specialize in stereo equip-ment. Which one of the following situationsshould Officer Bryant investigate?

a. a truck with its motor running backed upto the rear door of the House of Stereos at 2a.m.b. an elderly couple window shopping at theHouse of Stereos at 10 p.m.c. a delivery van marked House of Stereosparked in the rear of the store at 11:30 p.m.d. two teenaged boys intently examining astereo system in the window of House ofStereos at midnight

336. Mrs. Oneida called police to report that aman was looking into her bedroom window lastnight around 9:45 p.m. Officer Williams talks toresidents in the area and finds out several peoplehave seen a white male dressed in black walkingup and down the street at about 10 p.m. for thepast week. Officer Williams decides to patrolthe area closely and is in the area by 9:30 p.m.Which situation below should she investigate?

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a. two teenagers sitting on the curb smokingcigarettes and talkingb. a man wearing black jogging shorts anddark shoes stretching his legs in the drive-way of a housec. a man dressed in dark jeans and a navyblue turtleneck walking rapidly away fromthe side of a housed. a man in dark clothing attaching a waterhose to the faucet on the side of a house

337. Officer Yang has noticed an increase ingraffiti in his area. Store owners are complain-ing about the damage and have asked him tokeep a closer eye out for this problem. Whichsituation below should Officer Yanginvestigate?

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a. Two teenagers are leaning against a parkwall that is completely covered with graf-fiti.b. Four teenagers are leaning against theclean white wall of a neighborhood grocerystore. One teenager has a spray paint canhanging out of the rear pocket of his baggypants.c. Three teenagers are riding bicycles in agrocery store parking lot late at night.d. Six teenagers are walking along the side-walk bouncing a basketball and yelling atpassing cars while making gang signs withtheir hands.

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338. Merchants in the South Oaks ShoppingMall are upset by a recent rash of purse snatch-ings in their parking lot. Officer Crandall isclosely patrolling the mall area, including thevacant lot behind the stores. Which situation be-low would Officer Crandall most likelyinvestigate?

a. a car horn honking continuously in themall parking lotb. a car in the mall parking lot with four flattiresc. a woman's voice raised in anger in themall parking lotd. a man running from the direction of themall through the vacant lot with a bulky ob-ject underneath his sweatshirt

339. The owner of the Sun Times Chevroletdealership tells Officer Chervenack thatsomeone is stealing running boards and otherparts off of the vans he has parked in the southlot sometime after 10:30 p.m. Officer Cherven-ack decides to patrol the area carefully. Whichof the following situations should sheinvestigate?

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a. After midnight a man in his early twen-ties is walking up and down rows of newpickups parked near the edge of the dealer-ship.b. After midnight a panel truck pulls out ofthe vacant lot next to the dealership nearwhere the vans are lined up.c. After midnight two youths in baggy pantsand t-shirts are rollerblading in and out ofthe new cars on the Sun Times lot.d. After midnight a station wagon drives in-to the lot and stops near the door to themain show room. A man gets out and startsunloading a mop, a bucket, and a broom.

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340. Winslow Elementary School is having acriminal mischief problem. Windows are beingbroken out at the school between 7 p.m. and 6a.m. Officer Link has talked to the school prin-cipal and is keeping a closer eye on the school.Which of the following situations should heinvestigate?

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a. At 1 a.m. Officer Link watches a mancarrying a grocery sack cut through theschoolyard and come out on the other sideof the school grounds. The officer can see aloaf of bread protruding out of the sack.b. At 11 p.m. a car pulls up in the schoolparking lot. Officer Link sees the driverturn on the cabin light and unfold a map.c. Around 11:30 p.m. Officer Link passesthe school and sees two figures come outfrom behind one of the classroom buildings.They stop when they see him and then startwalking, each in a different direction.d. At 9 p.m. several teenagers skateboardinto the parking lot, set up a small woodenramp, and practice skateboarding tricks.

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341. Officer Troy arrives at the scene of a hit-and-run traffic accident. Mrs. Chen tells him shewas waiting for the light to change when a carstruck her from behind. The driver backed upand left the scene. She saw his license plate ashe left, as did three teenaged witnesses waitingfor the school bus. The four licenseplate num-bers below represent what each witness thinkshe or she saw. Which one is most likely the li-cense plate of the hit-and-run vehicle?

a. JXK 12Lb. JYK 12Lc. JXK 12d.JXX 12L

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342. Officer Littmar is driving by a mall whenhe is flagged down by four men at a bus stop.They tell him that they just watched a man jumpout of a yellow taxi cab and force a woman atgunpoint to get inside the cab with him. Theydrove away northbound on Exeter Street. Allfour witnesses said they saw the number paintedon the side of the cab and gave Officer Littmarthe numbers, which are listed below. Which ofthe numbers is most likely to be the true numberpainted on the side of the taxi?

a. 9266b. 9336c. 9268d. 8266

Answer question 343 solely on the basis of thefollowing information.

When an officer goes to a business to pick up ashoplifter who is already in the custody ofprivate security guards, the officer should takethe following steps in the order listed:

1. Check with store security personnel toverify that the circumstances fit the criteriafor shoplifting.2. Have store personnel fill out witnessstatements and a complaint form forshoplifting.3. Take a photograph of the evidence, andreturn the evidence to the store.4. Search the suspect for weapons or contra-band.5. Place the suspect in the patrol car andseatbelt him or her securely.6. Transport the suspect directly to jail.

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343. Officer O'Brien is dispatched to the BlueMoon Art Gallery to pick up a shoplifter. Whenshe arrives, she talks to Jeffrey, the store secur-ity guard, who tells her that he watched a manpick up a five-inch long statue, stuff it in hiscoat pocket, and walk out the front door of theshop. He chased the man down and brought himback to the store. Jeffrey took her into the backroom where he gave her a photograph of thestatue for her to turn in as evidence. OfficerO'Brien searched the prisoner for weapons andthen placed him in the patrol car, seatbeltinghim in securely. They drove straight to the jailwhere O'Brien booked the suspect for shoplift-ing. Officer O'Brien's actions were

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a. proper, because the incident was obvi-ously a shopliftingb. improper, because she did not take thestatue itself in as evidencec. proper, because the security guardwatched the man carefully before accusinghim of anythingd. improper, because she did not have theguard fill out a witness statement or com-plaint form

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Answer question 344 solely on the basis of thefollowing information.

Police officers follow certain procedures whenplacing a person under arrest and transportingthat person in a patrol car. Officers are expectedto:

1. Handcuff the prisoner securely.2. Search the prisoner carefully for possibleweapons and contraband.3. Check the area where the prisoner will beseated in the patrol car for possibleweapons and contraband from a previousarrest.4. Place the prisoner in the patrol car andplace a seatbelt around the individual.5. Transport the prisoner directly to jail.6. Check the seat and floorboard area wherethe prisoner was seated after arrival at thejail for possible contraband or weaponsfrom the prisoner.

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344. Officer DeVero watched Joe Jackson buy asmall vial of cocaine from a dealer on 9th Streetand arrested him for possession of a controlledsubstance. She placed handcuffs on Jackson,searched him for weapons and contraband, andthen placed him in the back seat of her patrol carafter checking the seat and floorboard area. Sheplaced a seatbelt around the prisoner and drovetoward the jail. On the way, she saw a womanroll through a stop sign and pulled her over. Sheissued the woman a citation and drove on to thejail where she helped the prisoner out of theback seat and checked the area where he hadbeen seated for weapons or contraband. Underthese circumstances, the actions taken by Of-ficer DeVero were

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a. improper, because she should have alsoarrested the dealerb. proper, because she followed proper pro-cedure in arresting and transporting Jacksonto jailc. improper, because she should have takenJackson directly to jail without stoppingd. proper, because she was able to effi-ciently handle two situations: the arrest andthe traffic violation

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345. Officer Manley is called to the scene of atheft of auto parts at the Lucky Lube Auto Parts.The store manager, Alfonso, tells the officer thatwhile Alfonso was waiting on another customer,a woman came inside the store, picked up a pen-shaped tire gauge, and ran out of the storewithout paying. He shouted at her to stop, butshe kept running. Alfonso says he thinks this isthe same woman who has been shoplifting upand down the strip mall for the past two weeks.Alfonso describes the woman as white, 5'2'', 105lbs., with light brown hair touching the tops ofher shoulders, dark navy-blue wire-rimmedglasses, and a pale blue dress. Officer Manleylooks at four other reports to see if the same wo-man fits as a suspect in the other four thefts.

Suspect in Theft#1: Female, white, 5'2", 105lbs., shoulder-length brownish hair, glasses,white sandals, stained pale-colored dress.

Suspect in Theft#2: Female, white, 5'3", 110lbs., with shoulder-length brown hair and wire-rimmed glasses, wearing a green dress.

Suspect in Theft#3: Female, white, 5'5", 125lbs., dyed light blond hair, blue dress, bare feet.

Suspect in Theft#4: Female, white, 5'2", 112lbs., light hair worn slightly below the shoulder,thin-framed metal glasses, light-colored sandals,black dress.

In which of the above thefts should OfficerManley suspect Alfonso's suspect?

a. 2, 3, 4b. 1, 2, 4c. 1, 2, 3d. 1, 3, 4

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346. Officers Roberts and Reed are on bicyclepatrol in the downtown area. Sergeant McElveytells them that a white male has been commit-ting robberies along the nearby bike path bystepping out of the bushes and threatening bi-cyclists with an iron pipe until they give himtheir bicycles. There have been three separateincidents and the suspect descriptions are fromthree different victims.

Robbery#1: Suspect is a white male, 2025 yearsold, 5'9", 145 pounds, with a shaved head, wear-ing a skull earring in the left ear, floppy white t-shirt, worn light blue jeans, and black combatboots.

Robbery#2: Suspect is a white male, 2530 yearsold, dark brown hair in a military-style crew cut,6'2", 200 pounds, wearing a white t-shirt withthe words Just Do It on the back, blue surgicalscrub pants, and black combat boots.

Robbery#3: Suspect is a white male, 23 yearsold, 5'10", skinny build, no hair, wearing aGrateful Dead t-shirt, blue baggy pants, darkshoes, and one earring.

Three days after Sergeant McElvey told the of-ficers about the robberies, Officer Reed arresteda suspect for attempting to take a woman'smountain bike from her on the bicycle path. Thedescription of the suspect is as follows:

Robbery#4: Suspect is a white male, 22 yearsold, 140 pounds, 5'10", with a shaved head andone pierced ear, wearing a plain white t-shirttwo sizes too large for him, faded baggy bluejeans, and scuffed black combat boots.

After comparing the suspect description withthose in the first three robberies, Officer Reedshould consider the arrested man as a suspect inwhich of the other robberies?

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a. Robbery#1, Robbery#2, and Robbery#3b. Robbery#1, but not Robbery#2 or Rob-bery#3c. Robbery#1 and Robbery#3, but not Rob-bery#2d. Robbery#1 and Robbery#2, but not Rob-bery#3

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Here's another type of verbal reasoning ques-tion. For each item in this set, you will be givena short, informational paragraph and four an-swer choices. Look for the statement that mustbe true according to the given information. Thebest way to approach this problem is to read theanswer choices in turn, going back each time tolook for that exact information in the shortpassage.

For Questions 347 through 357, find the state-ment that must be true according to the giveninformation.

347. Erin is twelve years old. For three years,she has been asking her parents for a dog. Herparents have told her that they believe a dogwould not be happy in an apartment, but theyhave given her permission to have a bird. Erinhas not yet decided what kind of bird she wouldlike to have.

a. Erin's parents like birds better than theylike dogs.b. Erin does not like birds.c. Erin and her parents live in an apartment.d. Erin and her parents would like to move.

348. Last summer, Mike spent two weeks at asummer camp. There, he went hiking, swim-ming, and canoeing. This summer, Mike looksforward to attending a two-week music camp,where he hopes to sing, dance, and learn to playthe guitar.

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a. Mike's parents want him to learn to playthe guitar.b. Mike prefers music to outdoor activities.c. Mike goes to some type of camp everysummer.d. Mike likes to sing and dance.

349. The Pacific yew is an evergreen tree thatgrows in the Pacific Northwest. The Pacific yewhas a fleshy, poisonous fruit. Recently, taxol, asubstance found in the bark of the Pacific yew,was discovered to be a promising new antican-cer drug.

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a. Taxol is poisonous when taken byhealthy people.b. Taxol has cured people from various dis-eases.c. People should not eat the fruit of the Pa-cific yew.d. The Pacific yew was considered worth-less until taxol was discovered.

350. On weekends, Mr. Sanchez spends manyhours working in his vegetable and flower gar-dens. Mrs. Sanchez spends her free time readingand listening to classical music. Both Mr.Sanchez and Mrs. Sanchez like to cook.

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a. Mr. Sanchez enjoys planting and growingvegetables.b. Mr. Sanchez does not like classical mu-sic.c. Mrs. Sanchez cooks the vegetables thatMr. Sanchez grows.d. Mrs. Sanchez enjoys reading nineteenth-century novels.

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351. On January 4, 1998, the city of Mitchelvillerecorded its lowest temperature since 1896. Thetemperature in Mitchelville on January 4 was 5degrees Fahrenheit. Two days earlier, twoinches of snow fell on the city, and this, too, wasan 102-year-old record.

a. The temperature in Mitchelville has nev-er reached 4 degrees Fahrenheit.b. Deep snow in Mitchelville is extremelyrare.c. Temperatures were not recorded inMitchelville prior to 1896.d. Mitchelville has mild winters and mildsummers.

352. When they saw that it was snowing, Sheilaand Bob Crandall decided to take the train tovisit Sheila's Aunt Janet. Aunt Janet lives 218miles from Sheila and Bob. The roundtrip traintickets cost $32.50 each. On all their other tripsto visit Aunt Janet, Sheila and Bob had driventheir car.

a. Aunt Janet persuaded Sheila and Bob totake the train.b. For Sheila and Bob, taking the train ischeaper than driving the car.c. Sheila and Bob will have to buy four dif-ferent train tickets.d. Based on the weather, Sheila and Bobmade a decision to take the train.

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353. Seahorse populations have declined every-where that seahorse are fished. During the pastfive years, seahorse populations have decreasedby 50 percent. Last year, biologists met to dis-cuss what might be done to reverse this trend.

a. Seahorses are likely to become extinctwithin five years.b. One way to increase seahorse popula-tions is to ban the fishing of seahorses.c. Biologists from all over the world areworking to save the seahorses.d. Seahorse fishermen have spoken outagainst the biologists.

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354. Vincent has a paper route. Each morninghe delivers 37 newspapers to customers in hisneighborhood. It takes Vincent 50 minutes todeliver all the papers. If Vincent is sick or hasother plans, his friend Thomas, who lives on thesame street, will sometimes deliver the papersfor him.

a. Vincent and Thomas live in the sameneighborhood.b. It takes Thomas more than 50 minutes todeliver the papers.c. It is dark outside when Vincent beginshis deliveries.d. Thomas would like to have his own pa-per route.

355. Georgia is older than her cousin Marsha.Marsha's brother Bart is older than Georgia.When Marsha and Bart are visiting with Geor-gia, all three like to play a game of Monopoly.Marsha wins more often than Georgia does.

a. When he plays Monopoly with Marshaand Georgia, Bart often loses.b. Of the three, Georgia is the oldest.c. Georgia hates to lose at Monopoly.d. Of the three, Marsha is the youngest.

356. Ten new television shows appeared duringthe month of September. Five of the shows weresitcoms, three were hour-long dramas, and twowere news-magazine shows. By January, onlyseven of these new shows were still on the air.Five of the shows that remained were sitcoms.

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a. Only one of the news-magazine showsremained on the air.b. Only one of the hour-long dramas re-mained on the air.c. At least one of the shows that was can-celled was an hour-long drama.d. Television viewers prefer sitcoms overhour-long dramas.

357. Sara lives in a large city on the East Coast.Her younger cousin Marlee lives in the Midwestin a small town with fewer than 1,000 residents.Marlee has visited Sara several times during thepast five years. In the same period of time Sarahas visited Marlee only once.

a. Marlee likes Sara better than Sara likesMarlee.b. Sara thinks small towns are boring.c. Sara is older than Marlee.d. Marlee wants to move to the East Coast.

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The next three sets contain short logic problems.Each problem consists of three statements.Based on the first two statements, the third state-ment may be true, false, or uncertain.

Logic problems may appear daunting at first.However, solving these problems can be done inthe most straightforward way. Simply translatethe abstract relationships in the questions intoreal-world relationships, so you can see the factsmore clearly. For example, if the problem iscomparing the ages of three people, make achart and list the names of the people and theirpossible ages according to the information giv-en. Or, create a diagram using symbols to rep-resent phrases like older than or greater than.

358. Randy is taller than Wendell.

Luis is taller than Randy.

Wendell is taller than Luis.

If the first two statements are true, the thirdstatement isa. trueb. falsec. uncertain

359. During the past year, Zoe read more booksthan Jane.

Jane read fewer books than Heather.

Heather read more books than Zoe.


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360. All of Joshua's white socks are100-percentcotton.

Joshua's blue socks are not 100-percentcotton.

All of Joshua's socks are either white orblue.


361. Walnuts cost more than peanuts.

Walnuts cost less than pistachios.

Pistachios cost more than both peanuts andwalnuts.

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362. All of the houses on Reynolds Road haveroofs made of shingles.

No shingles are purple.

None of the houses on Reynolds Road havepurple roofs.


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363. City A has a higher population than City B.

City C has a lower population than City B.

City A has a lower population than City C.


364. Whiskers weighs less than Paws.

Whiskers weighs more than Tabby.

Of the three cats, Tabby weighs the least.


365. All of Harriet's plants are flowering plants.

Some of Harriet's plants are succulents.

All succulents are flowering plants.


366. Rooms at the Cozy Inn cost less thanrooms at the Hide-Away Motel.

Rooms at the Hotel Victoria cost more thanrooms at the Hide-Away Motel.

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Of the three lodging places, the Hotel Vict-oria costs the most.


367. Girl Scout Troop 101 sold more cookiesthan Troop 102.

Troop 103 sold fewer cookies than Troop102.

Troop 101 sold more cookies than Troop103.

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368. Andre jumps higher than Rodney.

James jumps higher than Andre.

Rodney jumps higher than James.


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Some of the logic questions in this set ask youto determine the direction of a particular placein relation to other places. For these problems,instead of making a chart or grid, draw a verysimple map and label North, South, East, andWest to help you see where the places are loc-ated in relation to each other.

369. Oat cereal has more fiber than corn cerealbut less fiber than bran cereal.

Corn cereal has more fiber than rice cerealbut less fiber than wheat cereal.

Of the three kinds of cereal, rice cereal hasthe least amount of fiber.


370. On the day the Barton triplets are born,Jenna weighs more than Jason.

Jason weighs less than Jasmine.

Of the three babies, Jasmine weighs themost.


371. The temperature on Monday was lowerthan on Tuesday.

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The temperature on Wednesday was lowerthan on Tuesday.

The temperature on Monday was higherthan on Wednesday.


372. Spot is bigger than King and smaller thanSugar.

Ralph is smaller than Sugar and bigger thanSpot.

King is bigger than Ralph.

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373. A fruit basket contains more apples thanlemons.

There are more lemons in the basket thanthere are oranges.The basket contains more apples than or-anges.If the first two statements are true, the thirdstatement isa. trueb. falsec. uncertain

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374. The Shop and Save Grocery is south ofGreenwood Pharmacy.

Rebecca's house is northeast of GreenwoodPharmacy.

Rebecca's house is west of the Shop andSave Grocery.


375. Joe is younger than Kathy.

Mark was born after Joe.

Kathy is older than Mark.


376. All spotted Gangles have long tails.

Short-haired Gangles always have shorttails.

Long-tailed Gangles never have short hair.


377. Battery X lasts longer than Battery Y.

Battery Y doesn't last as long as Battery Z.

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Battery Z lasts longer than Battery X.


378. Martina is sitting in the desk behindJerome.

Jerome is sitting in the desk behind Bryant.

Bryant is sitting in the desk behind Martina.


379. Middletown is north of Centerville.

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Centerville is east of Penfield.

Penfield is northwest of Middletown.


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Here's your last set of true-false-uncertain prob-lems. Remember, the best way to answer ques-tions like this is usually to draw a quick diagramor take notes.

380. Taking the train across town is quicker thantaking the bus.

Taking the bus across town is slower thandriving a car.

Taking the train across town is quicker thandriving a car.


381. All Lamels are Signots with buttons.

No yellow Signots have buttons.

No Lamels are yellow.


382. The hotel is two blocks east of thedrugstore.

The market is one block west of the hotel.

The drugstore is west of the market.

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383. Tom puts on his socks before he puts on hisshoes.

He puts on his shirt before he puts on hisjacket.

Tom puts on his shoes before he puts on hisshirt.


384. Three pencils cost the same as two erasers.

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Four erasers cost the same as one ruler.

Pencils are more expensive than rulers.


385. A jar of jelly beans contains more redbeans than green.

There are more yellow beans than red.

The jar contains fewer yellow jelly beansthan green ones.


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386. Cloudy days tend to be more windy thansunny days.

Foggy days tend to be less windy thancloudy days.

Sunny days tend to be less windy thanfoggy days.


387. The bookstore has a better selection ofpostcards than the newsstand does.

The selection of postcards at the drugstoreis better than at the bookstore.

The drugstore has a better selection of post-cards than the bookstore or the newsstand.


388. At a parking lot, a sedan is parked to theright of a pickup and to the left of a sport utilityvehicle.

A minivan is parked to the left of thepickup.

The minivan is parked between the pickupand the sedan.

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389. A toothpick is useful.

Useful things are valuable.

A toothpick is valuable.


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The logic problems in this set present you withthree true statements: Fact 1, Fact 2, and Fact 3.Then, you are given three more statements(labeled I, II, and III), and you must determinewhich of these, if any, is also a fact. One or twoof the statements could be true; all of the state-ments could be true; or none of the statementscould be true. Choose your answer based solelyon the information given in the first three facts.

390. Fact 1: Jessica has four children.

Fact 2: Two of the children have blue eyesand two of the children have brown eyes.

Fact 3: Half of the children are girls.

If the first three statements are facts, whichof the following statements must also be afact?I. At least one girl has blue eyes.II. Two of the children are boys.III. The boys have brown eyes.

a. II onlyb. I and III onlyc. II and III onlyd. None of the statements is a knownfact.

391. Fact 1: All hats have brims.

Fact 2: There are black hats and blue hats.

Fact 3: Baseball caps are hats.

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If the first three statements are facts, whichof the following statements must also be afact?I. All caps have brims.II. Some baseball caps are blue.III. Baseball caps have no brims.

a. I onlyb. II onlyc. I, II, and IIId. None of the statements is a knownfact.

392. Fact 1: All chickens are birds.

Fact 2: Some chickens are hens.

Fact 3: Female birds lay eggs.

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If the first three statements are facts, whichof the following statements must also be afact?I. All birds lay eggs.II. Hens are birds.III. Some chickens are not hens.

a. II onlyb. II and III onlyc. I, II and IIId. None of the statements is a knownfact.

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393. Fact 1: Most stuffed toys are stuffed withbeans.

Fact 2: There are stuffed bears and stuffedtigers.

Fact 3: Some chairs are stuffed with beans.

If the first three statements are facts, whichof the following statements must also be afact?I. Only children's chairs are stuffed withbeans.II. All stuffed tigers are stuffed with beans.III. Stuffed monkeys are not stuffed withbeans.

a. I onlyb. II onlyc. II and III onlyd. None of the statements is a knownfact.

394. Fact 1: Pictures can tell a story.

Fact 2: All storybooks have pictures.

Fact 3: Some storybooks have words.

If the first three statements are facts, whichof the following statements must also be afact?I. Pictures can tell a story better than wordscan.II. The stories in storybooks are verysimple.III. Some storybooks have both words andpictures.

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a. I onlyb. II onlyc. III onlyd. None of the statements is a knownfact.

395. Fact 1: Robert has four vehicles.

Fact 2: Two of the vehicles are red.

Fact 3: One of the vehicles is a minivan.

If the first three statements are facts, whichof the following statements must also be afact?I. Robert has a red minivan.II. Robert has three cars.III. Robert's favorite color is red.

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396. Fact 1: Islands are surrounded by water.

Fact 2: Maui is an island.

Fact 3: Maui was formed by a volcano.

If the first three statements are facts, whichof the following statements must also be afact?I. Maui is surrounded by water.II. All islands are formed by volcanoes.III. All volcanoes are on islands.

a. I onlyb. III onlyc. I and II onlyd. None of the statements is a knownfact.

397. Fact 1: All drink mixes are beverages.

Fact 2: All beverages are drinkable.

Fact 3: Some beverages are red.

If the first three statements are facts, whichof the following statements must also be afact?I. Some drink mixes are red.II. All beverages are drink mixes.III. All red drink mixes are drinkable.

a. I onlyb. II onlyc. I and IIId. None of the statements is a knownfact.

398. Fact 1: Eyeglass frames cost between $35and $350.

Fact 2: Some eyeglass frames are made oftitanium.

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Fact 3: Some eyeglass frames are made ofplastic.

If the first three statements are facts, whichof the following statements must also be afact?I. Titanium eyeglass frames cost more thanplastic frames.II. Expensive eyeglass frames last longerthan cheap frames.III. Only a few eyeglass frames cost lessthan $35.

a. II onlyb. I and II onlyc. II and III onlyd. None of the statements is a knownfact.

399. Fact 1: Some pens don't write.

Fact 2: All blue pens write.

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Fact 3: Some writing utensils are pens.

If the first three statements are facts, whichof the following statements must also be afact?I. Some writing utensils don't write.II. Some writing utensils are blue.III. Some blue writing utensils don't write.

a. II onlyb. I and II onlyc. II and III onlyd. None of the statements is a knownfact.

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400. Fact 1: Mary said, Ann and I both havecats.

Fact 2: Ann said, I don't have a cat.

Fact 3: Mary always tells the truth, but Annsometimes lies.

If the first three statements are facts, whichof the following statements must also be afact?I. Ann has a cat.II. Mary has a cat.III. Ann is lying.

a. II onlyb. I and II onlyc. I, II, and IIId. None of the statements is a knownfact.

401. Fact 1: All dogs like to run.

Fact 2: Some dogs like to swim.

Fact 3: Some dogs look like their masters.

If the first three statements are facts, whichof the following statements must also be afact?I. All dogs who like to swim look like theirmasters.II. Dogs who like to swim also like to run.III. Dogs who like to run do not look liketheir masters.


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Here is yet another set of logic questions. Thelogic problems in this set are somewhat morecomplex than the ones in the previous sets, butyour approach should be the same. Make a chartor grid so that you can order the giveninformation.

402. Police officers are in pursuit of a stolenvehicle. Officer Baker is directly behind thestolen car. Officer Lopez is behind Baker; Of-ficer O'Malley is behind Lopez. Officer Reinhartis ahead of the stolen car and coming from theopposite direction. Officer Reinhart makes a U-turn and joins the pursuit. He pulls in behind Of-ficer Lopez. Officer Baker pulls up on thedriver's side of the stolen vehicle and OfficerLopez pulls up on the other side. Which officeris directly behind the vehicle?

a. Bakerb. Lopezc. O'Malleyd. Reinhart

403. Nurse Kemp has worked more night shiftsin a row than Nurse Rogers, who has workedfive. Nurse Miller has worked fifteen nightshifts in a row, more than Nurses Kemp and Ro-gers combined. Nurse Calvin has worked eightnight shifts in a row, less than Nurse Kemp.How many night shifts in a row has NurseKemp worked?

a. eightb. ninec. tend. eleven

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404. Four friends in the sixth grade were sharinga pizza. They decided that the oldest friendwould get the extra piece. Randy is two monthsolder than Greg, who is three months youngerthan Ned. Kent is one month older than Greg.Who should get the extra piece of pizza?

a. Randyb. Gregc. Nedd. Kent

405. The police are staking out a suspectedcrack house. Officer Michaels is in front of thehouse. Officer Roth is in the alley behind thehouse. Officer Jensen is covering the windowson the north side, Officer Sheen those on thesouth. If Officer Michaels switches places withOfficer Jensen, and Jensen then switches placeswith Officer Sheen, where is Officer Sheen?

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a. in the alley behind the houseb. on the north side of the housec. in front of the housed. on the south side of the house

406. In a four-day periodMonday throughThursdayeach of the following temporary officeworkers worked only one day, each a differentday. Ms. Johnson was scheduled to work onMonday, but she traded with Mr. Carter, whowas originally scheduled to work on Wednes-day. Ms. Falk traded with Mr. Kirk, who wasoriginally scheduled to work on Thursday. Afterall the switching was done, who worked onTuesday?

a. Mr. Carterb. Ms. Falkc. Ms. Johnsond. Mr. Kirk

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407. The high school math department needs to

appoint a new chairperson, which will be basedon seniority. Ms. West has less seniority thanMr. Temple, but more than Ms. Brody. Mr.Rhodes has more seniority than Ms. West, butless than Mr. Temple. Mr. Temple doesn't wantthe job. Who will be the new math departmentchairperson?

a. Mr. Rhodesb. Mr. Templec. Ms. Westd. Ms. Brody

408. Four people witnessed a mugging. Eachgave

a different description of the mugger. Which de-scription is probably right?

a. He was average height, thin, andmiddleaged.b. He was tall, thin, and middle-aged.c. He was tall, thin, and young.d. He was tall, of average weight, andmiddleaged.

409. Due to jail overcrowding, one prisonermust

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be moved from the city jail to the county jail.The officers have been instructed to move theprisoner who is charged with committing themost severe offense and who has the longest re-cord. Robb has been arrested this time for a mis-demeanor and has been arrested seven times be-fore. James has been arrested for a felony andhas been arrested fewer times than Robb. Bushhas been arrested for a more serious crime thanJames and has been arrested more times thanRobb. Michaels has been arrested for a misde-meanor, and it is his third offense. Who will bemoved to the county jail?

a. Robbb. Bushc. Michaelsd. James

410. Four defensive football players are chasingthe

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opposing wide receiver, who has the ball. Calvinis directly behind the ball carrier. Jenkins andBurton are side by side behind Calvin. Zeller isbehind Jenkins and Burton. Calvin tries for thetackle but misses and falls. Burton trips. A de-fensive player tackles the receiver. Which one?

a. Burtonb. Zellerc. Jenkinsd. Calvin

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411. The alarm goes off at the State NationalBank.

Officer Manson is patrolling in his squad car tenmiles away. Officer Fromme is patrolling fivemiles away, Officer Smith, seven miles. OfficerSexton is farther away than Fromme, but closerthan Smith. Approximately how far away fromthe bank is Sexton?

a. nine milesb. seven milesc. eight milesd. six miles

412. Ms. Forest likes to let her students choose

who their partners will be; however, no pair ofstudents may work together more than sevenclass periods in a row. Adam and Baxter havestudied together seven class periods in a row.Carter and Dennis have worked together threeclass periods in a row. Carter does not want towork with Adam. Who should be assigned towork with Baxter?

a. Carterb. Adamc. Dennisd. Forest

413. At the baseball game, Henry was sitting inseat 253. Marla was sitting to the right of Henryin seat 254. In the seat to the left of Henry wasGeorge. Inez was sitting to the left of George.Which seat is Inez sitting in?

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a. 251b. 254c. 255d. 256

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Questions that involve analytical reasoningbet-ter known as logic gamestend to inspire fear inmost test takers. These games give the mosttrouble to test takers who haven't defined a spe-cific method for solving these problems. Thebest way to attack logic games is to have a plan.When solving the problems in this set, try thefollowing strategy:

1. Know the rules of the logic game and whateach rule means.

2. Draw up an easy-to-reference diagram that in-cludes all of the game's information.

3. Look for common elements in the rules; youcan combine these to make deductions.

4. Read the questions carefully; be sure youknow what is being asked before you try to an-swer the question.

Now, try solving the logic games in this set.

Answer questions 414 through 416 on the basisof the information below.

The government of an island nation is in theprocess of deciding how to spend its limited in-come. It has $7 million left in its budget andeight programs to choose among. There is noprovision in the constitution to have a surplus,and each program has requested the minimumamount they need; in other words, no programmay be partially funded. The programs and theirfunding requests are:

Hurricane preparedness: $2.5 million

Harbor improvements: $1 million

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School music program: $0.5 million

Senate office building remodeling: $1.5 million

Agricultural subsidy program: $2 million

National radio: $0.5 million

Small business loan program: $3 million

International airport: $4 million

414. If the legislature decides to fund the agri-cultural subsidy program, national radio, and thesmall business loan program, the only othersingle program that can be funded is

a. hurricane preparednessb. harbor improvementsc. school music programd. senate office building remodelinge. international airport

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415. If the legislature decides to fund the agri-cultural subsidy program, national radio, and thesmall business loan program, what two otherprograms could they fund?

a. harbor improvements and internationalairportb.harbor improvements and school musicprogramc. hurricane preparedness and school musicprogramd. hurricane preparedness and internationalairporte. harbor improvements and hurricanepreparedness

416. Senators from urban areas are very con-cerned about assuring that there will be fundingfor a new international airport. Senators fromrural areas refuse to fund anything until moneyfor agricultural subsidies is appropriated. If thelegislature funds these two programs, on whichof the following could they spend the rest of themoney?

a. the school music program and nationalradiob.hurricane preparednessc. harbor improvements and the school mu-sic programd. small business loan programe. national radio and senate office buildingremodeling


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A weekly television show routinely stars six act-ors, J, K, L, M, N, and O. Since the show hasbeen on the air for a long time, some of the act-ors are good friends and some do not get alongat all. In an effort to keep peace, the directorsees to it that friends work together and enemiesdo not. Also, as the actors have become morepopular, some of them need time off to do otherprojects. In order to keep the schedule working,the director has a few things she must be awareof:

J will only work on episodes on which M isworking.

N will not work with K under anycircumstances.

M can only work every other week, in order tobe free to film a movie

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At least three of the actors must appear in everyweekly episode.

417. In a show about L getting a job at the samecompany J already works for and K used towork for, all three actors will appear. Which ofthe following is true about the other actors whomay appear?

a. M, N, and O must all appear.b. M may appear and N must appear.c. M must appear and O may appear.d. O may appear and N may appear.e. Only O may appear.

418. The next week, the show involves N's newcar and O's new refrigerator. Which of the fol-lowing is true about the other actors who mayappear?

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a. M, J, L, and K all may appear.b. J, L, and K must appear.c. Only K may appear.d. Only L may appear.e. L and K must appear.

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A cinema complex with six movie theaters nev-er shows the same movie in more than onetheater. None of the theaters is the same size asany other, with number 1 being the largest andgoing in order to number 6, the smallest. Thetheater also has the following rules:

It will never show more than two R-ratedmovies at once.

It will always show at least one G-rated movieand one PG-rated movie in the two middle-sizedtheaters (theaters 3 and 4).

It will never show more than one foreign film ata time and never in the biggest theater.

The starting times of movies will be staggeredby fifteen minutes and will always be on thequarter hour.

Employees need twenty minutes between show-ings to clean the theaters.

The cinema has the following films to choosefrom this particular week:

Shout, rated RQue Pasa, a Spanish film rated PGAbra Cadabra, rated G

Lessons, rated RJealousy, rated PGMist, a Swedish film rated R Trek, ratedNC-17Fly, rated G

419. Which one of the following is an accept-able listing of films to show this week?

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a. Shout, Mist, Trek, Que Pasa, Fly, andJealousyb. Shout, Mist, Trek, Fly, Jealousy, andAbra Cadabrac. Que Pasa, Lessons, Mist, Shout, AbraCadabra, and Trekd. Shout, Lessons, Mist, Trek, Fly, and Jeal-ousye. Shout, Fly, Trek, Lessons, Abra Cadabra,and Mist

420. If Shout starts at 8:30, Mist at 8:15, Trek at8:00, Fly at 7:45, Jealousy at 7:30, and AbraCadabra at 7:15, and each movie is exactly 2hours long, at what time will the next showingof Trek start?

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a. 10:00b. 10:15c. 10:30d. 10:45e. 11:00

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421. The movies this week are showing in thefollowing theaters:

Theater 1: ShoutTheater 2: TrekTheater 3: Abra CadabraTheater 4: JealousyTheater 5: FlyTheater 6: Mist

Shout is doing the most business, followedby Trek and, to the management's surprise,Mist. The management wants to move Mistto a larger theater. Which theater is themost logical?

a. Theater 1b. Theater 2c. Theater 3d. Theater 4e. Theater 5


The six top songs (not in order) of 1968were:

People Got to Be Free by The RascalsSittin' on the Dock of the Bay by Otis Red-dingHoney by Bobby GoldsboroSunshine of Your Love by CreamLove Is Blue by Paul Mauriat & HisOrchestraHey Jude by The Beatles

Here are some rules about the order of thesongs:

The Beatles and Cream do not appear next toeach other on the list.

The number-one song is not Love Is Blue.

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The songs by individual artists are numbers 3and 4.

The Rascals appear right before Cream and rightafter Otis Redding.

422. Which of the following is true?

a. Song #3 is Honey by Bobby Goldsborob. Song #6 is Hey Jude by the Beatlesc. Song #1 is Sittin' on the Dock of the Bayby Otis Reddingd. Song #1 is Sunshine of Your Love byCreame. Song #3 is Sittin' on the Dock of the Bayby Otis Redding

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423. Which of the following is the correct orderof songs?

a. Honey, Love is Blue, People Got To BeFree, Sunshine of Your Love, Sittin' on theDock of the Bay, Hey Judeb. Love is Blue, Hey Jude, Honey, Sittin' onthe Dock of the Bay, People Got to be Free,Sunshine of Your Lovec. Sunshine of Your Love, People Got to BeFree, Sittin' on the Dock of the Bay, Honey,Love is Blue, Hey Juded. Hey Jude, Love is Blue, Honey, Sittin' onthe Dock of the Bay, People Got to be Free,Sunshine of Your Lovee. Honey, Sittin' on the Dock of the Bay,Hey Jude, Sunshine of Your Love, PeopleGot to be Free, Love is Blue


If you're having trouble after the first set of logicgames, there's a bonus for youa complete ex-planation of questions 424 and 425 in the an-swers section, with a step-by-step explanation ofhow to set up a table to answer the questions.

Answer questions 424 and 425 on the basis ofthe information below.

At a Halloween party where people were askedto dress as an object that represented their pro-fessions, Quentin, Rachel, Sarah, Thomas, andUlysses were among the guests. The costumesincluded a flower, a pencil, a spoon, a camera,and a thermometer. The professions included aphotographer, a florist, a doctor, an accountant,and a chef.

Quentin is an accountant.

Neither Rachel nor Sarah was dressed as aspoon.

None of the men is a doctor.

Thomas is dressed as a camera.

Sarah is a florist.

424. Which person is dressed as a thermometer?

a. Quentinb. Rachelc. Sarahd. Thomase. Ulysses

425. What is Ulysses's profession?

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a. photographerb. floristc. doctord. accountante. chef


Evan is a waiter in a café. After he turns in or-ders for the six people sitting at the countereachof whom is eating alone and is sitting in chairsnumbered 1 through 6the cook opens a windowin the kitchen and the order slips get messed up.Here's what Evan remembers about the orders:

The entree orders are: fried eggs, a hamburger, acheeseburger, a vegetable burger, soup, and aham sandwich.

The two people who did not order sandwichesare sitting at spaces 3 and 4.

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The person who ordered the cheeseburger andthe one who ordered the hamburger are not sit-ting next to each other.

The person in space number 5 is a regular. Shewill not sit next to anyone who is eating ham.

The person eating the vegetable burger is notsitting in space 2, but is sitting between the per-son who ordered fried eggs and the one whoordered a cheeseburger.

The customer who ordered the hamburger is notsitting next to the customer who ordered soup.

426. To which customer should Evan serve thevegetable burger?

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a. the customer in chair 2b. the customer in chair 3c. the customer in chair 4d. the customer in chair 5e. the customer in chair 6

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427. To which customer should Evan serve thesoup?


428. To which customer should Evan serve theham sandwich?


Use the additional information below, alongwith the information before question 426, to an-swer questions 429 and 430.

Now Evan has to decide who gets which sidedish. Here is what he remembers, in addition tothe above information, about the orders, whichwere: cole slaw, hash browns, onion rings,potato salad, french fries, and lettuce salad.

The person who ordered soup did not orderfrench fries, hash browns, onion rings, or alettuce salad.

The person who ordered onion rings is sitting inchair 6

The person who ordered potato salad is sittingbetween the person who ordered cole slaw andthe one who ordered hash browns.

The person who ordered a vegetable burgerordered a lettuce salad.

The hash browns were ordered by the customerwho ordered fried eggs.

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429. With which entrée does the potato saladbelong?

a. soupb. hamburgerc. cheeseburgerd. fried eggse. ham sandwich

430. With which entrée do the french friesbelong?

a. soupb. cheeseburgerc. hamburgerd. fried eggse. ham sandwich

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At a small company, parking spaces are re-served for the top executives: CEO, President,Vice President, Secretary, and Treasurerwith thespaces lined up in that order. The parking lotguard can tell at a glance if the cars are parkedcorrectly by looking at the color of the cars. Thecars are yellow, green, purple, red, and blue, andthe executives' names are Alice, Bert, Cheryl,David, and Enid.

The car in the first space is red.

A blue car is parked between the red car and thegreen car.

The car in the last space is purple.

The secretary drives a yellow car.

Alice's car is parked next to David's.

Enid drives a green car.

Bert's car is parked between Cheryl's and Enid's.

David's car is parked in the last space.

431. What color is the vice-president's car?

a. greenb. yellowc. blued. purplee. red

432. Who is the CEO?

a. Aliceb. Bertc. Cheryld. Davide. Enid

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433. Who is the secretary?

a. Enidb. Davidc. Cheryld. Berte. Alice

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Remember, the best way to answer these logicgame questions is to attack the information sys-tematically. Make a diagram outlining all thegiven information. There's always at least onefact that can serve as your starting point, theplace to begin eliminating possibilities.


Five townsFulton, Groton, Hudson, Ivy, and Jer-seywhich are covered by the same newspaper,all have excellent soccer teams. The teams arenamed the Panthers, the Whippets, the Ante-lopes, the Kangaroos, and the Gazelles. Thesports reporter, who has just started at the news-paper, has to be careful not to get them con-fused. Here is what she knows:

The team in Fulton has beaten the Antelopes,Panthers, and Kangaroos.

The Whippets have beaten the teams in Jersey,Hudson, and Fulton.

The Antelopes are in Groton.

The team in Hudson is not the Kangaroos.

434. Where are the Whippets?

a. Fultonb. Grotonc. Hudsond. Ivye. Jersey

435.Where are the Panthers?

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a. Ivyb. Jerseyc. Fultond. Grotone. Hudson

436. What team is in Fulton?

a. Panthersb. Gazellesc. Whippetsd. Kangaroose. Antelopes

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Henri delivers flowers for a local florist. Onelovely day, he left the windows open on the de-livery van and the cards all blew off the bou-quets. He has to figure out who gets whichflowers. He has five bouquets, each of whichhas only one kind of flower: daisies, roses,carnations, iris, and gladioli. He has five cardswith names on them: a birthday card for Inez, acongratulations-on-your-promotion card forJenny, a graduation card for Kevin, an an-niversary card for Liz, and a housewarming cardfor Michael. Here's what Henri knows:

Roses are Jenny's favorite flower and what herfriends always send.

Gladioli are traditionally sent for ahousewarming.

Kevin is allergic to daisies and iris.

Liz is allergic to daisies and roses.

Neither Liz nor Inez has moved recently.

437. Which flowers should be delivered toKevin?

a. carnationsb. irisc. gladiolid. daisiese. roses

438. Who should get the housewarminggladioli?

a. Jennyb. Kevinc. Lizd. Michaele. Inez

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439. Which flowers should be delivered to Liz?

a. gladiolib. daisiesc. rosesd. carnationse. iris

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Five cities all got more rain than usual this year.The five cities are: Last Stand, Mile City, NewTown, Olliopolis, and Polberg. The cities arelocated in five different areas of the country: themountains, the forest, the coast, the desert, andin a valley. The rainfall amounts were: 12inches, 27 inches, 32 inches, 44 inches, and 65inches.

The city in the desert got the least rain; the cityin the forest got the most rain.

New Town is in the mountains.

Last Stand got more rain than Olliopolis.

Mile City got more rain than Polberg, but lessrain than New Town.

Olliopolis got 44 inches of rain.

The city in the mountains got 32 inches of rain;

the city on the coast got 27 inches of rain.

440. Which city is in the desert?

a. Last Standb. Mile Cityc. New Townd. Olliopolise. Polberg

441. Which city got the most rain?

a. Last Standb. Mile Cityc. New Townd. Olliopolise. Polberg

442. How much rain did Mile City get?

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a. 12 inchesb. 27 inchesc. 32 inchesd. 44 inchese. 65 inches

443. Where is Olliopolis located?

a. the mountainsb. the coastc. in a valleyd. the deserte. the forest

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Here's one more set of logic games. Remember,mapping out the game using all the given in-formation is the most efficient way to attack thistype of question.


Eleanor is in charge of seating the speakers at atable. In addition to the moderator, there will bea pilot, a writer, an attorney, and an explorer.The speakers' names are Gary, Heloise, Jarrod,Kate, and Lane.

The moderator must sit in the middle, in seat #3.

The attorney cannot sit next to the explorer.

Lane is the pilot.

The writer and the attorney sit on either side ofthe moderator.

Heloise, who is not the moderator, sits betweenKate and Jarrod.

The moderator does not sit next to Jarrod orLane.

Gary, who is the attorney, sits in seat #4.

444. Who is the moderator?

a. Laneb. Garyc. Heloised. Katee. Jarrod

445. Where does Jarrod sit?

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a. seat #1b. seat #2c. seat #3d. seat #4e. seat #5

446. What occupation does Jarrod hold?

a. a moderatorb. a pilotc. a writerd. an attorneye. an explorer

447. Who is the writer?

a. Garyb. Heloisec. Jarrodd. Katee. Lane

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Answer question 448 on the basis of the inform-ation below.

Zinnia has a small container garden on her bal-cony. Each spring, she only has room to plantthree vegetables. Because five vegetables areher favorites, she has worked out a schedule toplant each at least once every two years. The ve-getables are: beans, cabbage, carrots, peppers,and tomatoes.

Tomatoes are her favorites and she plants themevery year.

Each year, she plants only one vegetable that be-gins with the letter C.

She never plants carrots and peppers in the sameyear.

She will plant cabbage in the second year.

448. In what order does she plant the vegetablesin the next two years?

a. first year: tomatoes, carrots, cabbagesecond year: tomatoes, peppers, beansb. first year: tomatoes, peppers, beanssecond year: cabbage, carrots, tomatoesc. first year: tomatoes, carrots, pepperssecond year: tomatoes, cabbage, beansd. first year: tomatoes, carrots, beanssecond year: tomatoes, cabbage, pepperse. first year: tomatoes, cabbage, pepperssecond year: carrots, cabbage, beans


Five roommatesRandy, Sally, Terry, Uma, andVernoneach do one housekeeping taskmopping,sweeping, laundry, vacuuming, or dustingoneday a week, Monday through Friday.

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Vernon does not vacuum and does not do histask on Tuesday.

Sally does the dusting, and does not do it onMonday or Friday.

The mopping is done on Thursday.

Terry does his task, which is not vacuuming, onWednesday.

The laundry is done on Friday, and not by Uma.

Randy does his task on Monday.

449. When does Sally do the dusting?

a. Fridayb. Mondayc. Tuesdayd. Wednesdaye. Thursday

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450. What task does Terry do on Wednesday?

a. vacuumingb. dustingc. moppingd. sweepinge. laundry

451. What day is the vacuuming done?

a. Fridayb. Mondayc. Tuesdayd. Wednesdaye. Thursday

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452. What task does Vernon do?

a. vacuumingb. dustingc. moppingd. sweepinge. laundry

453. What day does Uma do her task?

a. Mondayb. Tuesdayc. Wednesdayd. Thursdaye. Friday


Each of the questions in this set contains a shortparagraph, and each paragraph presents an argu-ment. Your task is the read the paragraph care-fully and determine the main point the author istrying to make. What conclusion can be drawnfrom the argument? Each paragraph is followedby five statements. One statement supports theauthor's argument better than the others do. Thebest way to approach these questions is firstread the paragraph and then restate the author'smain argument, or conclusion, in your ownwords.

454. If you're a fitness walker, there is no needfor a commute to a health club. Your neighbor-hood can be your health club. You don't need alot of fancy equipment to get a good workouteither. All you need is a welldesigned pair ofathletic shoes.

This paragraph best supports the statementthata. fitness walking is a better form of exer-cise than weight lifting.b. a membership in a health club is a poorinvestment.c. walking outdoors provides a betterworkout than walking indoors.d. fitness walking is a convenient and valu-able form of exercise.e. poorly designed athletic shoes can causemajor foot injuries.

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455. It is well-known that the world urgentlyneeds adequate distribution of food, so thateveryone gets enough. Adequate distribution ofmedicine is just as urgent. Medical expertise andmedical supplies need to be redistributedthroughout the world so that people in emergingnations will have proper medical care.

This paragraph best supports the statementthata. the majority of the people in the worldhave never been seen by a doctor.b. food production in emerging nations hasslowed during the past several years.c. most of the world's doctors are selfishabout giving time and money to the poor.d. the medical-supply industry should stepup production of its products.e. many people who live in emerging na-tions are not receiving proper medical care.

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456. The criminal justice system needs tochange. The system could be more just if it al-lowed victims the opportunity to confront theperson who has harmed them. Also, mediationbetween victims and their offenders would givethe offenders a chance to apologize for the harmthey have done.

This paragraph best supports the statementthat victims of a crime shoulda. learn to forgive their offenders.b. have the right to confront their offenders.c. learn the art of mediation.d. insist that their offenders be punished.e. have the right to impose a sentence ontheir offenders.

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457. In the past, suggesting a gas tax has usuallybeen thought of as political poison. But thatdoesn't seem to be the case today. Several statesare pushing bills in their state legislatures thatwould cut income or property taxes and makeup the revenue with taxes on fossil fuel.

This paragraph best supports the statementthata. gas taxes produce more revenue than in-come taxes.b. states with low income tax rates are in-creasing their gas taxes.c. state legislators no longer fear increasinggas taxes.d. taxes on fossil fuels are more popularthan property taxes.e. all tax increases threaten the jobs oflawmakers.

458. A few states in this country are consideringlegislation that would prohibit schools from us-ing calculators before the sixth grade. Otherstates take a different position. Some states areinsisting on the purchase of graphing calculatorsfor every student in middle school.

This paragraph best supports the statementthat in this countrya. there are at least two opinions about theuse of calculators in schools.b. calculators are frequently a detriment tolearning math.c. state legislators are more involved in edu-cation than ever before.d. the price graphing calculators is lesswhen schools buy in bulk.e. the argument against calculators inschools is unfounded.

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459. One of the warmest winters on record hasput consumers in the mood to spend money.Spending is likely to be the strongest in thirteenyears. During the month of February, sales ofexisting single-family homes hit an annual re-cord rate of 4.75 million.

This paragraph best supports the statementthata. consumer spending will be higher thir-teen years from now than it is today.b. more people buy houses in the month ofFebruary than in any other month.c. during the winter months, the prices ofsingle-family homes are the lowest.d. there were about 4 million homes for saleduring the month of February.e. warm winter weather is likely to affectthe rate of home sales.

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460. One New York publisher has estimated that50,000 to 60,000 people in the United Stateswant an anthology that includes the completeworks of William Shakespeare. And what ac-counts for this renewed interest in Shakespeare?As scholars point out, his psychological insightsinto both male and female characters are amaz-ing even today.

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This paragraph best supports the statementthata. Shakespeare's characters are more inter-esting than fictional characters today.b. people today are interested inShakespeare's work because of the charac-ters.c. academic scholars are putting together ananthology of Shakespeare's work.d. New Yorkers have a renewed interestedin the work of Shakespeare.e. Shakespeare was a psychiatrist as well asa playwright.

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461. Today's work force has a new set of socialvalues. Ten years ago, a manager who wasoffered a promotion in a distant city would nothave questioned the move. Today, a manager inthat same situation might choose family happi-ness instead of career advancement.

This paragraph best supports the statementthata. most managers are not loyal to the cor-porations for which they work.b. businesses today do not understand theiremployees' needs.c. employees' social values have changedover the past ten years.d. career advancement is not important totoday's business managers.e. companies should require their employ-ees to accept promotions.

462. Generation Xers are those people bornroughly between 1965 and 1981. As employees,Generation Xers tend to be more challengedwhen they can carry out tasks independently.This makes Generation Xers the most entrepren-eurial generation in history.

This paragraph best supports the statementthat Generation Xersa. work harder than people from other gen-erations.b. have a tendency to be self-directed work-ers.c. have an interest in making history.d. tend to work in jobs that require risktak-ing behavior.e. like to challenge their bosses' workattitudes.

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463. In the last presidential election in the U.S.,fewer than fifty percent of all eligible voters casttheir votes. Rather than bemoan the low level ofparticipation in elections, we should make vot-ing compulsory. If citizens have a duty to vote,as they have a duty to pay their taxes, then therewould be a penalty for not voting. Because it islargely the poor who do not vote, the poorwould gain more political power.

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This paragraph best supports the statementthata. lower voter participation results in ineptleaders.b. voter participation is declining becausethere are more poor people in the U.S.c. citizens should cast their votes at thesame time as they pay their taxes.d. most democracies face the problem oflow voter turnout.e. eligible voters in the U.S. should be re-quired to vote in presidential elections.

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For more practice with logical reasoning, try an-other set of questions that contain short para-graphs that make a specific argument. Remem-ber that you are looking for the statement that isbest supported by the information given in thepassage.

464. Critical reading is a demanding process. Toread critically, you must slow down your read-ing and, with pencil in hand, perform specificoperations on the text. Mark up the text withyour reactions, conclusions, and questions.When you read, become an active participant.

This paragraph best supports the statementthata. critical reading is a slow, dull, but essen-tial process.b. the best critical reading happens at critic-al times in a person's life.c. readers should get in the habit of ques-tioning the truth of what they read.d. critical reading requires thoughtful andcareful attention.e. critical reading should take place at thesame time each day.

465. There are no effective boundaries when itcomes to pollutants. Studies have shown thattoxic insecticides that have been banned inmany countries are riding the wind from coun-tries where they remain legal.Compounds such as DDT and toxaphene havebeen found in remote places like the Yukon andother Arctic regions.

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This paragraph best supports the statementthata. toxic insecticides such as DDT have notbeen banned throughout the world.b. more pollutants find their way into polarclimates than they do into warmer areas.c. studies have proven that many countrieshave ignored their own anti-pollution laws.d. DDT and toxaphene are the two mosttoxic insecticides in the world.e. even a worldwide ban on toxic insect-icides would not stop the spread of DDTpollution.

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466. The Fourth Amendment to the Constitutionprotects citizens against unreasonable searchesand seizures. No search of a person's home orpersonal effects may be conducted without awritten search warrant issued on probable cause.This means that a neutral judge must approvethe factual basis justifying a search before it canbe conducted.

This paragraph best supports the statementthat the police cannot search a person'shome or private papers unless they havea. legal authorization.b. direct evidence of a crime.c. read the person his or her constitutionalrights.d. a reasonable belief that a crime has oc-curred.e. requested that a judge be present.

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467. During colonial times in America, jurieswere encouraged to ask questions of the partiesin the courtroom. The jurors were, in fact, ex-pected to investigate the facts of the case them-selves. If jurors conducted an investigationtoday, we would throw out the case.

This paragraph best supports the statementthata. juries are less important today than theywere in colonial times.b. jurors today are less interested in courtcases than they were in colonial times.c. courtrooms today are more efficient thanthey were in colonial times.d. jurors in colonial times were more in-formed than jurors today.e. the jury system in America has changedsince colonial times.

468. Mathematics allows us to expand our con-sciousness. Mathematics tells us about econom-ic trends, patterns of disease, and the growth ofpopulations. Math is good at exposing the truth,but it can also perpetuate misunderstandings anduntruths. Figures have the power to misleadpeople.

This paragraph best supports the statementthata. the study of mathematics is dangerous.b. words are more truthful than figures.c. the study of mathematics is more import-ant than other disciplines.d. the power of numbers is that they cannotlie.e. figures are sometimes used to deceivepeople.

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469. Human technology developed from the firststone tools about two and a half million yearsago. At the beginning the rate of developmentwas slow. Hundreds of thousands of yearspassed without much change. Today, new tech-nologies are reported daily on television and innewspapers.

The paragraph best supports the statementthata. stone tools were not really technology.b. stone tools were in use for two and a halfmillion years.c. there is no way to know when stone toolsfirst came into use.d. In today's world, new technologies areconstantly being developed.e. none of the latest technologies are as sig-nificant as the development of stone tools.

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470. During the past five years, scientists havemade significant progress in discovering someof the mechanisms that control human develop-ment. They have done this not by studying hu-mans but by studying the development of flies,mice, and other small creatures. Scientists havebeen able to identify certain genes that becomeactive in these animals' embryos or eggs.

This paragraph best supports the statementthata. by studying the development of mice,scientists have been able to learn moreabout human development.b. scientists have learned to control humandevelopment by studying insects and othersmall animals.c. certain genes that are active in the embry-os of insects have helped scientists toidentify the same genes in animals.d. real progress in the study of human de-velopment began only five years ago withthe study of small-animal development.e. scientists became interested in the devel-opment of human embryos through theirstudy of the development of smallercreatures.

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471. In the 1966 Supreme Court decision Mir-anda v. Arizona, the court held that before thepolice can obtain statements from a person sub-jected to an interrogation, the person must begiven a Miranda warning. This warning meansthat a person must be told that he or she has theright to remain silent during the police interrog-ation. Violation of this right means that anystatement that the person makes is not admiss-ible in a court hearing.

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This paragraph best supports the statementthata. police who do not warn persons of theirMiranda rights are guilty of a crime.b. a Miranda warning must be given beforea police interrogation can begin.c. the police may no longer interrogate per-sons suspected of a crime unless a lawyer ispresent.d. the 1966 Supreme Court decision in Mir-anda should be reversed.e. persons who are interrogated by policeshould always remain silent until their law-yer comes.

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472. Every few decades for more than 150years,the public library has endured anothercycle of change. We're in the middle of one ofthese cycles today as librarians try to be re-sponsive to the trends of the times. The Internetand CD-ROM technology have had their effecton the public library. This trend is changing lib-raries in a significant way.

The paragraph best supports the statementthata. public libraries today are not as respons-ive to the needs of readers as in past dec-ades.b. the Internet and CD-ROM should be partof any public library system.c. new technologies like the Internet andCD-ROM are changing public libraries.d. librarians are responsible for making theInternet and CD-ROM more popular.e. widespread use of computers is threaten-ing our public libraries.

473. Desktop videoconferencing may be today'snewest meeting technology, but it may not befor everyone. Before you recommend that yourcompany buy a desktop videoconferencing sys-tem, you need to examine your goals and needs.New technologies need to complement howpeople operate within a company.

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This paragraph best supports the statementthata. desktop videoconferencing is the wave ofthe future for most businesses.b. before buying a new technology, a com-pany should identify why and how it will beused.c. new technologies such as desktop video-conferencing are changing the role of thebusiness meeting.d. how people interrelate within a companyis one way of judging whether a companycan afford a new technology.e. many companies cannot afford to buy adesktop videoconferencing system.

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Here's one more set of questions based shortparagraphs that make a specific argument. Youwill sometimes have to use inferencereadingbetween the linesto see which statement is bestsupported by the passage.

474. Electronic mail (e-mail) has been in wide-spread use for more than a decade. E-mail sim-plifies the flow of ideas, connects people fromdistant offices, eliminates the need for meetings,and often boosts productivity. But e-mail shouldbe carefully managed to avoid unclear and inap-propriate communication. E-mail messagesshould be concise and limited to one topic.When complex issues need to be addressed,phone calls are still best.

This paragraph best supports the statementthat e-maila. is not always the easiest way to connectpeople from distant offices.b. has changed considerably since it firstbegan a decade ago.c. causes people to be unproductive when itis used incorrectly.d. is most effective when it is used to ad-dress uncomplicated matters.e. is most effective when it is used to ad-dress minor matters.

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475. During the last six years the number ofpracticing physicians has increased by abouttwenty percent. During the same time period,the number of health-care managers has in-creased by more than six hundred percent.These percentages mean that many doctors havelost the authority to make their own schedules,determine the fees that they charge, and decideon prescribed treatments.

This paragraph best supports the statementthat doctorsa. resent the interference of heath-care man-agers.b. no longer have adequate training.c. care a great deal about their patients.d. are less independent than they used to be.e. are making a lot less money than theyused to make.

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476. By the time they reach adulthood, mostpeople can perform many different activities in-volving motor skills. Motor skills involve suchdiverse tasks as riding a bicycle, threading aneedle, and cooking a dinner. What all theseactivities have in common is their dependenceon precision and timing of muscular movement.

This paragraph best supports the statementthata most adults have not refined their motorskills.b. all adults know how to ride a bicycle.c. refined motor skills are specifically lim-ited to adults.d. children perform fewer fine motor activ-ities in a day than adults do.e. threading a needle is a precise motorskill.

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477. Close-up images of Mars by the Mariner 9probe indicated networks of valleys that lookedlike the stream beds on Earth. These images alsoimplied that Mars once had an atmosphere thatwas thick enough to trap the sun's heat. If thiswere true, something happened to Mars billionsof years ago that stripped away the planet'satmosphere.

This paragraph best supports the statementthata. Mars now has little or no atmosphere.b. Mars once had a thicker atmosphere thanearth does.c. the Mariner 9 probe took the first picturesof Mars.d. Mars is closer to the sun than Earth is.e. Mars is more mountainous than Earth is.

478. Forest fires feed on decades-long accumu-lations of debris and leap from the tops of youngtrees into the branches of mature trees. Fires thatjump from treetop to treetop can be devastating.In old-growth forests, however, the shade of ma-ture trees keeps thickets of small trees fromsprouting, and the lower branches of maturetrees are too high to catch the flames.

This paragraph best supports the statementthata. forest fire damage is reduced in old-growth forests.b. small trees should be cut down to preventforest fires.c. mature trees should be thinned out to pre-vent forest fires.d. forest fires do the most damage in old-growth forests.e. old-growth forests have a larger accumu-lation of forest debris.

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479. Originating in the 1920s, the Pyramidscheme is one of the oldest con games going.Honest people are often pulled in, thinking thescheme is a legitimate investment enterprise.The first customer to fall for the Pyramidscheme will actually make big money and willtherefore persuade friends and relatives to joinalso. The chain then continues with the conartist who originated the scheme pocketing,rather than investing, the money. Finally thepyramid collapses, but by that time the scamartist will usually have moved out of town, leav-ing no forwarding address.

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This paragraph best supports the statementthata. it is fairly easy to spot a Pyramid schemein the making.b. the first customer of a Pyramid scheme isthe most gullible.c. the people who set up Pyramid schemesare able to fool honest people.d. the Pyramid scheme had its heyday in the1920s, but it's making a comeback.e. the Pyramid scheme got its name from itsstructure.

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480. Although romanticized in fiction, the job ofa private investigator is often actually boring.The real PI can spend hours or days looking intoa not-particularly-lucrative insurance fraudscheme or sitting outside a sleazy motel waitingto catch some not-particularlyattractive phil-andering husband or wife of a client in the act.In fact, there would be very few private invest-igators in detective fiction if their jobs had to beportrayed realistically.

This paragraph best supports the statementthat private investigatorsa. routinely do work related to industrial orfamily disputes.b. usually have disreputable clients.c. embellish their experience so they canwrite more exciting detective fiction.d. sometimes choose their line of work be-cause they think it will be romantic.e. are not usually very well-paid.

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481. The motives for skyjacking are as variousas the people who commit the crime. Motivesmay be political or personal, or there may ap-pear to be no motive at all. Skyjackers rangefrom well-organized groups of terrorists tolonely individuals who are mentally ill. Perpet-rators may be highly educated or barely able toread; they may be atheists or religious fanatics.This crime is one of the most unpredictable be-cause it is so difficult for law enforcement offi-cials to create an accurate profile of a skyjacker.

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This paragraph best supports the statementthata. people who commit skyjackings are un-predictable.b. only someone who is emotionally off-balance would commit a skyjacking.c. creating a good criminal profile dependson the perpetrators having traits in com-mon.d. skyjackers are particularly difficult to ap-prehend and prosecute.e. skyjackers are usually not people whohave a fear of flying.

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A typical logical reasoning question presents anargument and asks you to analyze it. You maybe asked to draw further conclusions from theargument, determine what strengthens or weak-ens the argument, find flaws in the argument, orjustify the argument. Success with these types ofquestions depends on your being able to under-stand the structure of the argument. Rememberthat every argument has a point of view. Everyargument draws a conclusion, and is generallysupported with evidence. Study each passage sothat you can determine how each sentence con-tributes to the argument the speaker is trying tomake. Then make sure you understand the ques-tion that is being asked before you choose fromthe five answer options.


According to last week's newspaper, doctors inlarge cities make more money than doctors insmall towns or rural areas. It does not seem fairthat, just because a doctor's office is in a fancybuilding or at a fancy address, he or she cancharge the patients more. Of course, some med-ical schools cost more than others, but basicallyall doctors spend a lot of money and a long timein school. There's no proof that graduates of themore expensive schools practice in big citiesand graduates of the less expensive schoolspractice in small towns. All doctors shouldcharge the same. Whether a patient goes to adoctor in a big city or small town, the costshould be the same.

482. A person seeking to refute the argumentmight argue that

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a. all doctors charge too much money andshould lower their fees.b. medical practices are more expensive tomaintain in large cities than in small townsand rural areas.c. doctors who owe student loans shouldcharge more than other doctors.d. medical care from small-town doctors isbetter than medical care from large-citydoctors.e. certain medical specialists should chargemore than others.

483. A major flaw in the argument is that thespeaker assumes that

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a. all doctors are specialists.b. all patients carry health insurance.c. all doctors have huge student loans.d. all patients take too much time.e. all doctors see the same number ofpatients.

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English ought to be the official language of theUnited States. There is no reason for the govern-ment to spend money printing documents in sev-eral different languages, just to cater to peoplewho cannot speak English. The government hasbetter ways to spend our money. People whocome to this country should learn to speak Eng-lish right away.

484. Which of the following, if true, wouldmake the speaker's argument stronger?

a. There is currently a law that says the gov-ernment must provide people with docu-ments in their native language.b. Most people in the United States who donot speak English were born here.c. Immigration rates have decreased in re-cent years.d. Many other countries have an officiallanguage.e. Canada has two official languages.

485. Which of the following, if true, wouldmake the speaker's argument weaker?

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a. The government currently translates offi-cial documents into more than twenty lan-guages.b. English is the most difficult language inthe world to learn.c. Most people who immigrate to the UnitedStates learn English within two years oftheir arrival.d. Making English the official language is apolitically unpopular idea.e. People who are bilingual are usuallyhighly educated.


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Some groups want to outlaw burning the flag.They say that people have fought and died forthe flag and that citizens of the United Statesought to respect that. But I say that respect can-not be legislated. Also, most citizens who haveserved in the military did not fight for the flag,they fought for what the flag represents. Amongthe things the flag represents is freedom ofspeech, which includes, I believe, the right for acitizen to express displeasure with the govern-ment by burning the flag in protest.

486. Which of the following best expresses the

main point of the passage?

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a. Only veterans care about the flag-burningissue.b. Flag burning almost never happens, sooutlawing it is a waste of time.c. Flag burning will be a very important is-sue in the next election.d. To outlaw flag burning is to outlaw whatthe flag represents.e. Burning the flag should only be illegalwhen it is done in foreign countries.

487. Which of the following, if true, wouldweaken the speaker's argument?

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a. An action is not considered a part of free-dom of speech.b. People who burn the flag usually commitother crimes as well.c. The flag was not recognized by the gov-ernment until 1812.d. State flags are almost never burned.e. Most people are against flag burning.

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488. Which of the following is similar to the ar-gument made by the speaker?

a. The rich should not be allowed to buypoliticians, so the Congress should enactcampaign finance reform.b. The idea of freedom of religion alsomeans the right not to participate in reli-gion, so mandated school prayer violatesfreedom of religion.c. The Constitution guarantees freedom toown property, so taxes should be illegal.d. Convicted felons should not have theirconvictions overturned on a technicality.e. In order to understand what may be con-stitutional today, one needs to look at whatthe laws were when the Constitution wasenacted.


Some logical reasoning questions ask you to de-termine the method the speaker is using when heor she presents the argument. Method-of-argu-ment questions ask you to demonstrate an un-derstanding of how a speaker's argument is puttogether. To determine the method of argument,again focus on the conclusion and on the evid-ence presented. What method does the speakeruse to link the two?

Answer question 489 on the basis of the inform-ation below.

I know that our rules prohibit members frombringing more than one guest at a time to theclub, but I think there should be an exception tothe rule on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, andThursdays. Members should be allowed to bringmultiple guests on those days, since the majorityof members use the club facilities on the otherfour days of the week.

489. The rules restricting the number of guests amember can bring to the club probably are in-tended to

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a. assure that members are not crowded bythe presence of guests.b. provide extra income for the club onslow days.c. allow members to bring guests to the clubfor special events.d. restrict guests to public areas of the club.e. control the exact number of people in theclub at any time.


A recent study on professional football playersshowed that this new ointment helps relievejoint pain. My mother has arthritis, and I toldher she should try it, but she says it probablywon't help her.

490. What argument should Mother use to pointout why the ointment probably will not help herarthritis?

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a. The ointment was just experimental.b. The ointment is expensive.c. Football players' joint pain is not the res-ult of arthritis.d. She has already tried another ointmentand it didn't work.e. Football players are generally youngerthan she is.

491. Which of the following, if true, wouldstrengthen the speaker's argument?

a. Mother used to be a professional bowler.b. Football players' injuries are rarely pain-ful.c. Mother's arthritis only flares up in badweather.d. Mother finds exercise helps her arthritis.e. Football players who are injured tend todevelop arthritis.

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Giving children computers in grade school is awaste of money and teachers' time. These chil-dren are too young to learn how to use com-puters effectively and need to spend time onlearning the basics, like arithmetic and reading.After all, a baby has to crawl before she canwalk.

492. Which of the following methods of argu-ment is used in the above passage?

a. a specific example that illustrates thespeaker's pointb. attacking the beliefs of those who dis-agree with the speakerc. relying on an analogy to prove thespeaker's pointd. displaying statistics that back up thespeaker's pointe. comparing different methods of learning

493. Which of the following, if true, wouldstrengthen the speaker's argument?

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a. studies showing computers are expensiveb. research on the effect of computer gameson childrenc. examples of high school students whouse computers improperlyd. proof that the cost of computers is com-ing downe. evidence that using computers makeslearning to read difficult


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a. a demonstration that computers can beused to teach reading and arithmeticb. analysis of the cost-effectiveness of newcomputers versus repairing old computersc. examples of adults who do not know howto use computersd. recent grade reports of students in thecomputer classese. a visit to a classroom where computersare being used

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The corner of Elm and Third needs to have astoplight. Children cross this intersection on theway to school and sometimes they do not checkfor traffic. I've seen several children almost gethit by cars at this corner. I know that stoplightsare not cheap, and I know that children cannotbe protected from every danger, but this is oneof the worst intersections in town. There needsto be a stop light here so that traffic will beslowed down and the children can walk moresafely.

495. Which of the following methods of argu-ment is used in the above passage?

a. analogycomparing the intersection tosomething dangerousb. emotionreferring to the safety of childrento get people interestedc. statistical analysisnoting the number ofchildren almost hit and the cost of a stoplightd. personalizationtelling the story of onechild's near accident at the intersectione. attackpointing out that people who areagainst the stoplight do not care aboutchildren


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a. Sometimes cars run red lights.b. Fewer children are injured at corners thathave stoplights.c. If parents teach their children basic trafficsafety, then they might remember to lookfor cars.d. Children from this neighborhood used totake the bus to a school farther away.e. In the last year, there have only beenthree minor accidents at the intersection andnone of them involved children.

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Another type of logical reasoning questionpresents you with two different speakers talkingabout the same issue. Sometimes the speakers'arguments overlap; in other words, they supporteach other. Sometimes the speakers are present-ing opposing viewpoints. For these items, makesure you understand the conclusion of bothspeakers before you attempt to answer thequestions.


Frances: Studies show that eating a healthybreakfast improves young children's ability tolearn. However, it is not the responsibility of theschools to provide this meal; it is the responsib-ility of each child's parents.

Lars: Although it would be nice if the schoolscould provide each child with a healthy break-fast, the cost of doing that takes money awayfrom other, more important learning resources,such as the purchase of new computers. In thelong run, children learn more when the schoolsconcentrate on the services they traditionallyprovide and the parents do what they are sup-posed to do.

497. In what way does Lars's comment relate toFrances's?

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a. It weakens Frances's argument by chan-ging the focus of the discussion.b. It strengthens Frances's argument byproviding support for her premise.c. It states the logical outcome of Frances'sviews.d. It cannot be true if Frances's assertionabout parental responsibility is true.e. It provides an argument that is the oppos-ite of Frances's views.

498. What main assumption underlies eachstatement?

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a. As teachers become more scarce, schoolswill have to learn to be more cost-effectivein recruiting new teachers.b. In the information age, the equipmentschools must purchase for their students isgetting more expensive.c. The study about students and breakfast isinconclusive at best, and more studiesshould be conducted to find out if schoolbreakfasts are healthy.d. Schools have never had the responsibilityfor supplying students with breakfast;rather, they spend their money on teachers,books, and other tangibles of education.e. Parents are not assuming enough re-sponsibility for their children's educationand should become more involved in schoolissues.

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Quinn: Our state is considering raising the ageat which a person can get a driver's license toeighteen. This is unfair because the age has beensixteen for many years and sixteen-year-oldstoday are no less responsible than their parentsand grandparents were at sixteen. Many youngpeople today who are fourteen and fifteen yearsold are preparing to receive their licenses bydriving with a learner's permit and a licenseddriver, usually one of their parents. It would notbe fair to suddenly say they have to wait twomore years.

Dakota: It is true that people have been allowedto receive a driver's license at sixteen for gener-ations. However, in recent years, the increase intraffic means drivers face more dangers thanever and must be ready to respond to a varietyof situations. The fact that schools can no longerafford to teach drivers' education results in toomany young drivers who are not prepared toface the traffic conditions of today.

499. What is the point at issue between Quinnand Dakota?

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a. whether sixteen-year-olds should be re-quired to take drivers' education before be-ing issued a licenseb. whether schools ought to provide drivers'education to fourteen-and fifteen-year-oldstudentsc. whether the standards for issuing drivers'licenses should become more stringentd. whether sixteen-year-olds are prepared todrive in today's traffic conditionse. whether parents are able to do a good jobteaching their children to drive

500. On what does Quinn rely in making herargument?

a. statisticsb. emotionc. fairnessd. anecdotese. actualities

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501. On what does Dakota rely in making herargument?

a. statisticsb. emotionc. fairnessd. anecdotese. actualities

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Answers

Set 1 (Page 6)

1. b. This is a simple addition series. Each num-ber increases by 3.

2. a. This is a simple subtraction series; eachnumber is 7 less than the previous number.

3. c. This is an alternation with repetition seriesin which each number repeats itself, and then in-creases by 6.

4. d. In this addition series, 1 is added to the firstnumber; 2 is added to the second number; 3 isadded to the third number; and so forth.

5. a. This is a simple subtraction series; eachnumber is 25 less than the previous number.

6. a. This is an alternating addition and subtrac-tion series. In the first pattern, 10 is subtractedfrom each number to arrive at the next. In thesecond, 5 is added to each number to arrive atthe next.

7. d. This is a simple addition series with a ran-dom number, 9, interpolated as every othernumber. In the series, 6 is added to each numberexcept 9, to arrive at the next number.

8. b. This is an alternating subtraction series.First 2 is subtracted, then 4, then 2, and so on.

9. c. In this simple alternating addition and sub-traction series, 2 is subtracted, then 1 is added,and so on.

10. d. This alternating addition series beginswith 3; then 1 is added to give 4; then 3 is addedto give 7; then 1 is added, and so on.

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11. a. This is a simple alternating subtractionseries, which subtracts 2, then 5.

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12. c. In this alternating repetition series, therandom number 21 is interpolated every othernumber into an otherwise simple addition seriesthat increases by 2, beginning with the number9.

13. b. In this series, each number is repeated,then 13 is subtracted to arrive at the nextnumber.

14. c. This is a simple multiplication series.Each number is 3 times more than the previousnumber.

15. a. This is a simple division series. Eachnumber is divided by 5.

16. b. This is a simple alternating addition andsubtraction series. In the first pattern, 3 is added;in the second, 2 is subtracted.

17. b. This is an alternating multiplication andsubtracting series: First, multiply by 2, and thensubtract 8.

18. c. In this simple addition series, each num-ber increases by 0.8.

19. d. In this simple subtraction series, eachnumber decreases by 0.4.

20. b. This is a simple division series; each num-ber is one-half of the previous number.

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Set 2 (Page 8)

21. d. In this simple subtraction series, eachnumber is 8 less than the previous number.

22. b. In this simple addition series, each num-ber is 5 greater than the previous number.

23. e. This is a simple subtraction with repeti-tion series. It begins with 19, which is repeated,then 2 is subtracted, resulting in 17, which is re-peated, and so on.

24. e. This is a simple addition series with a ran-dom number, 21, interpolated as every thirdnumber. In the series, 6 is added to each numberexcept 21, to arrive at the next number.

25. a. In this alternating repetition series, a ran-dom number, 33, is interpolated every thirdnumber into a simple addition series, in whicheach number increases by 2.

26. b. This is a simple addition series, which be-gins with 2 and adds 6.

27. a. This is an alternating subtraction serieswith the interpolation of a random number, 5, asevery third number. In the subtraction series, 3is subtracted, then 4, then 3, and so on.

28. e. This is a simple alternating addition andsubtraction series. First, 3 is added, then 1 issubtracted; then 3 is added, 1 subtracted, and soon.

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29. b. This is a simple subtraction series inwhich a random number, 85, is interpolated asevery third number. In the subtraction series, 10is subtracted from each number to arrive at thenext.

30. c. Here every other number follows a differ-ent pattern. In the first series, 6 is added to eachnumber to arrive at the next. In the secondseries, 10 is added to each number to arrive atthe next.

31. e. This is an alternating addition series, inwhich 10 is added, then 5, then 10, and so on.

32. a. This is a subtraction series with repetition.Each number repeats itself and then decreasesby 9.

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33. e. This is an alternating subtraction serieswith repetition. There are two different patternshere. In the first, a number repeats itself; then 3is added to that number to arrive at the nextnumber, which also repeats. This gives theseries 17,17,20,20,23, and so on. Every thirdnumber follows a second pattern, in which 3 issubtracted from each number to arrive at thenext: 34, 31, 28.

34. d. This is an alternating addition series, witha random number, 4, interpolated as every thirdnumber. In the main series 1 is added, then 2 isadded, then 1, then 2, and so on.

35. e. This is an alternating repetition series, inwhich a random number, 61, is interpolated asevery third number into an otherwise simplesubtraction series. Starting with the second num-ber, 57, each number (except 61) is 7 less thanthe previous number.

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36. d. Here is a simple addition series, which be-gins with 9 and adds 7.

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37. c. This is an alternating repetition series,with a random number, 22, interpolated as everythird number into an otherwise simple additionseries. In the addition series, 4 is added to eachnumber to arrive at the next number.

38. d. This is an alternating addition and sub-traction series. In the first pattern, 2 is added toeach number to arrive at the next; in the altern-ate pattern, 4 is subtracted from each number toarrive at the next.

39. d. In this simple addition series, each num-ber is 4 more than the previous number.

40. b. This is an alternating addition series, witha random number, 19, interpolated as every thirdnumber. The addition series alternates betweenadding 3 and adding 4. The number 19 appearsafter each number arrived at by adding 3.

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Set 3 (Page 10)

41. e. This is a simple subtraction series, inwhich 3 is subtracted from each number to ar-rive at the next.

42. e. This simple addition series adds 4 to eachnumber to arrive at the next.

43. d. This is a simple subtraction series, inwhich 4 is subtracted from each number to ar-rive at the next.

44. d. Here are two alternating patterns, one ad-dition and one subtraction. The first starts with 2and increases by 2; the second starts with 44 anddecreases by 3.

45. a. In this simple subtraction series, the num-bers decrease by 3.

46. b. In this simple addition with repetitionseries, each number in the series repeats itself,and then increases by 11 to arrive at the nextnumber.

47. b. This is an alternating addition and sub-traction series, in which the addition of 5 is al-ternated with the subtraction of 3.

48. e. Two patterns alternate here, with everythird number following the alternate pattern. Inthe main series, beginning with 2,3 is added toeach number to arrive at the next. In the altern-ating series, beginning with 28,8 is subtractedfrom each number to arrive at the next.

49. c. This is an alternating addition series thatadds 5, then 2, then 5, and so on.

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50. d. In this simple subtraction with repetitionseries, each number is repeated, then 3 is sub-tracted to give the next number, which is thenrepeated, and so on.

51. b. Here there are two alternating patterns,with every other number following a differentpattern. The first pattern begins with 13 andadds 2 to each number to arrive at the next; thealternating pattern begins with 29 and subtracts3 each time.

52. c. Here every third number follows a differ-ent pattern from the main series. In the mainseries, beginning with 16, 10 is added to eachnumber to arrive at the next. In the alternatingseries, beginning with 56, 12 is added to eachnumber to arrive at the next.

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53. a. This is an alternating addition series withrepetition, in which a random number, 66, is in-terpolated as every third number. The regularseries adds 2, then 3, then 2, and so on, with 66repeated after each add 2 step.

54. c. This is an alternating addition series, witha random number, 35, interpolated as every thirdnumber. The pattern of addition is to add 2, add5, add 2, and so on. The number 35 comes aftereach add 2 step.

55. e. This is an alternating subtraction series,which subtracts 5, then 2, then 5, and so on.

56. c. This is an alternating subtraction series inwhich 2 is subtracted twice, then 3 is subtractedonce, then 2 is subtracted twice, and so on.

57. a. This is a simple addition series with repe-tition. It adds 3 to each number to arrive at thenext, which is repeated before 3 is added again.

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58. c. Here are two alternating patterns. The firstbegins with 17 and adds 2; the second beginswith 32 and subtracts 3.

59. a. Two patterns alternate here. The first pat-tern begins with 10 and adds 2 to each numberto arrive at the next; the alternating pattern be-gins with 34 and subtracts 3 each time.

60. a. This is an alternating repetition series. Thenumber 32 alternates with a series in which eachnumber decreases by 2.

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Set 4 (Page 12)

61. a. This is a simple alternating addition andsub-traction series. The first series begins with10 and adds 2; the second begins with 34 andsubtracts 3.

62. d. In this simple addition with repetitionseries, each number in the series repeats itself,and then increases by 11 to arrive at the nextnumber.

63. b. This is a simple subtraction series inwhich a random number, 85, is interpolated asevery third number. In the subtraction series, 10is subtracted from each number to arrive at thenext.

64. a. Two series alternate here, with every thirdnumber following a different pattern. In themain series, 3 is added to each number to arriveat the next. In the alternating series, 8 is subtrac-ted from each number to arrive at the next.

65. d. This series alternates the addition of 5with the subtraction of 3.

66. a. In this series, 5 is added to the previousnumber; the number 70 is inserted as every thirdnumber.

67. d. This is an alternating division and addi-tion series: First, divide by 2, and then add 8.

68. c. This is a simple multiplication series.Each number is 2 times greater than the previ-ous number.

69. b. This is a multiplication series; each num-ber is 3 times the previous number.

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70. a. In this series, the letters progress by 1; thenumbers decrease by 3.

71. b. In this series, the letters progress by 2,and the numbers increase by 2.

72. c. The letters decrease by 1; the numbers aremultiplied by 2.

73. d. This is a simple addition series; eachnumber is 3 more than the previous number.

74. c. This is a simple subtraction series; eachnumber is 4 less than the previous number.

75. b. This is an alternating addition and sub-traction series. Roman numbers alternate withArabic numbers. In the Roman numeral pattern,each number decreases by 1. In the Arabic nu-meral pattern, each number increases by 1.

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Set 5 (Page 14)

76. a. This series consists of letters in a reversealphabetical order.

77. b. This is an alternating series in alphabetic-al order. The middle letters follow the orderABCDE. The first and third letters are alphabet-ical beginning with J. The third letter is repeatedas a first letter in each subsequent three-lettersegment.

78. b. Because the letters are the same, concen-trate on the number series, which is a simple2,3,4, 5,6 series, and follows each letter in order.

79. d. The second and forth letters in the series,L and A, are static. The first and third lettersconsist of an alphabetical order beginning withthe letter E.

80. c. The first two letters, PQ, are static. Thethird letter is in alphabetical order, beginningwith R. The number series is in descending or-der beginning with 5.

81. c. The first letters are in alphabetical orderwith a letter skipped in between each segment:C, E, G, I, K. The second and third letters are re-peated; they are also in order with a skipped let-ter: M, O, Q, S, U.

82. a. In this series, the third letter is repeated asthe first letter of the next segment. The middleletter, A, remains static. The third letters are inalphabetical order, beginning with R.

83. d. In this series, the letters remain the same:DEF. The subscript numbers follow this series:1,1,1;1,1,2; 1,2,2; 2,2,2; 2,2,3.

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84. c. There are two alphabetical series here.The first series is with the first letters only:VWXYZ. The second series involves the re-maining letters: AB, CD, EF, GH, IJ.

85. a. The middle letters are static, so concen-trate on the first and third letters. The series in-volves an alphabetical order with a reversal ofthe letters. The first letters are in alphabetical or-der: B, C, D, E, F. The second and forth seg-ments are reversals of the first and third seg-ments. The missing segment begins with a newletter.

86. a. This series consists of a simple alphabet-ical order with the first two letters of all seg-ments: L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U. The thirdletter of each segment is a repetition of the firstletter.

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87. d. There are three series to look for here.The first letters are alphabetical in reverse: Z, Y,X, W, V. The second letters are in alphabeticalorder, beginning with A. The number series is asfollows: 5,4,6, 3, 7.

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Set 6 (Page 15)

88. b. Look at each segment. In the first seg-ment, the arrows are both pointing to the right.In the second segment, the first arrow is up andthe second is down. The third segment repeatsthe first segment. In the fourth segment, the ar-rows are up and then down. Because this is analternating series, the two arrows pointing rightwill be repeated, so option b is the only possiblechoice.

89. b. Notice that in each segment, the figuresare all the same shape, but the one in the middleis larger than the two on either side. Also, noticethat one of the figures is shaded and that thisshading alternates first right and then left. Tocontinue this pattern in the third segment, youwill look for a square. Choice b is correct be-cause this choice will put the large squarebetween the two smaller squares, with the shad-ing on the right.

90. c. This is an alternating series. In the firstsegment, the letter E faces right, then down,then right. In the second segment, the letters allface down. To follow this pattern, in the fourthsegment, the letters must all face up.

91. c. In this series, the shaded part inside thecircle gets larger and then smaller.

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92. d. Look for opposites in this series of fig-ures. The first and second segments are oppos-ites of each other. The same is true for the thirdand fourth segments.

93. a. Look carefully at the number of dots ineach domino-like figure. The first segment goesfrom five to three to one. The second segmentgoes from one to three to five. The third seg-ment repeats the first segment.

94. c. All four segments use the same figures:two squares, one circle, and one triangle. In thefirst segment, the squares are on the outside ofthe circle and triangle. In the second segment,the squares are below the other two. In the thirdsegment, the squares on are the inside. In thefourth segment, the squares are above the tri-angle and circle.

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95. a. Look at each segment. You will noticethat in each, the figure on the right and the fig-ure on the left are the same; the figure inbetween is different. To continue this pattern inthe last segment, the diamond on the left will berepeated on the right. Choice a is the only pos-sible answer.

96. b. Each arrow in this continuing seriesmoves a few degrees in a clockwise direction.Think of these arrows as the big hand on aclock. The first arrow is at noon. The last arrowbefore the blank would be 12:40. Choice b, thecorrect answer, is at 12:45.

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97. c. Study the pattern carefully. In the firstsegment, two letters face right and the next twoface left. The first letter in the second segmentrepeats the last letter of the previous segment.The same is true for the third segment. But theforth segment changes again; it is the oppositeof the first segment, so the last two letters mustface right.

98. d. This sequence concerns the number ofsides on each figure. In the first segment, thethree figures have one side, and then two sides,and then three sides. In the second segment, thenumber of sides increases and then decreases. Inthe third segment, the number of sides continuesto decrease.

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99. a. In this series the figures increase theamount of shading by one-fourth and, once asquare is completely shaded, starts over with anunshaded square. In the second segment, youwill notice that the figure goes from completelyshaded to completely unshaded. This is whychoice a is the correct choice.

100. d. This is an alternating series. The firstand third segments are repeated. The secondsegment is simply upside down.

101. d. In each of the segments the figures al-ternate between one-half and one-fourth shaded.

Set 7 (Page 17)

102. c. A leopard, a cougar, and a lion all belongto the cat family; an elephant does not.

103. b. The couch, table, and chair are pieces offurniture; the rug is not.

104. a. The yarn, the twine, and the cord are allused for typing. The tape is not used in the sameway.

105. b. The flute, saxophone, and trumpet arewind instruments; the violin is a stringedinstrument.

106. d. Sleeve, pocket, and collar are all parts ofa shirt.

107. c. Pecans, walnuts, and cashews are alltypes of nuts. A kernel is not a type of nut.

108. d. Rayon, silk, and cotton are all types offabric. Cloth is not a fabric type.

109. b. The roof, door, and window are parts ofa house. The sidewalk is in front of the house,but it is not part of the building.

110. d. The first three choices are all synonyms.

111. a. The index, the glossary, and the chaptersare all parts of a book. Choice a does not belongbecause the book is the whole, not a part.

112. c. The noun, the preposition, and the ad-verb are classes of words that make up a sen-tence. Punctuation belongs in a sentence, butpunctuation is not a class of word.

113. d. The cornea, retina, and pupil are all partsof the eye.

114. d. Rye, sourdough, and pumpernickel aretypes of bread. A loaf is not a bread type.

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115. b. An ounce measures weight; the otherchoices measure length.

116. a. Freeway, interstate, and expressway areall high-speed highways; a street is for low-speed traffic.

117. b. Dodge, duck, and avoid are all synonymsmeaning evade. Flee means to run away from.

118. c. Heading, body, and closing are all partsof a letter; the letter is the whole, not a part.

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Set 8 (Page 19)

119. d. The core, the seeds, and the pulp are allparts of an apple. A slice would be a piece takenout of an apple.

120. b. Festive, joyous, and merry are all syn-onyms. Lucky has a different meaning.

121. c. Geology, zoology, and botany are allbranches of science. Theology is the study ofreligion.

122. a. The parallelogram, the square, and therectangle all have four sides. The sphere is a dif-ferent shape and has no angles.

123. a. Falter, hesitate, and waver are all syn-onyms; baffle does not mean the same thing.

124. d. Instruct, teach, and educate are allsynonyms.

125. a. The trout, sardine, and catfish are alltypes of fish; the lobster is a crustacean.

126. c. The scythe, the knife, and the saw are allcutting tools. Pliers are tools but they are notused for cutting.

127. b. Two, six, and eight are all even numbers;three is an odd number.

128. c. A peninsula, an island, and a cape are alllandforms; a bay is a body of water.

129. c. Seat, rung, and leg are all parts of achair. Not all chairs have cushions.

130. d. Fair, just, and equitable are all syn-onyms meaning impartial. Favorable means ex-pressing approval.

131. c. Defendant, prosecutor, and judge are allpersons involved in a trial. A trial is not aperson.

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132. b. Area, circumference, and quadrilateralare all terms used in the study of geometry.Variable is a term generally used in the study ofalgebra.

133. b. The mayor, governor, and senator are allpersons elected to government offices; the law-yer is not an elected official.

134. d. Acute, right, and obtuse are geometricterms describing particular angles. Parallelrefers to two lines that never intersect.

135. c. The wing, fin, and rudder are all parts ofan airplane.

136. a. The heart, liver, and stomach are all or-gans of the body. The aorta is an artery, not anorgan.

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Set 9 (Page 21)

137. b. The necessary part of a book is its pages;there is no book without pages. Not all booksare fiction (choice a), and not all books havepictures (choice c). Learning (choice d) may ormay not take place with a book.

138. d. A piano does not exist without a key-board, so the keyboard is an essential part of apiano. An orchestra is not necessary to a piano(choice a). Notes are byproducts of a piano(choice b). Piano playing can be learned withouta teacher (choice c).

139. a. All shoes have a sole of some sort. Notall shoes are made of leather (choice b); nor dothey all have laces (choice c). Walking (choiced) is not essential to a shoe.

140. c. A person or animal must take in oxygenfor respiration to occur. A mouth (choice a) isnot essential because breathing can occurthrough the nose. Choices b and d are clearlynot essential and can be ruled out.

141. b. An election does not exist withoutvoters. The election of a president (choice a) is abyproduct. Not all elections are held in Novem-ber (choice c), nor are they nationwide (choiced).

142. d. A diploma is awarded at graduation, sograduation is essential to obtaining a diploma.Employment may be a byproduct (choice c). Aprincipal and a curriculum (choices a and b)may play a role in the awarding of some diplo-mas, but they are not essential.

143. c. The necessary part of a lake is its water;without water there is no lake. The other choicesare elements that may or may not be present.

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144. a. Without soldiers, an army cannot exist;therefore, the soldiers are the essential part of anarmy. The other choices may be related, butthey are not essential.

145. d. Words are a necessary part of language.Slang is not necessary to language (choice b).Not all languages are written (choice c). Wordsdo not have to be spoken in order to be part of alanguage (choice a).

146. b. A desert is an arid tract of land. Not alldeserts are flat (choice d). Not all deserts havecacti or oases (choices a and c).

147. a. Lightning is produced from a dischargeof electricity, so electricity is essential. Thunderand rain are not essential to the production oflightning (choices b and d). Brightness may be abyproduct of lightning, but it is not essential(choice c).

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148. b. The essential part of a monopoly is thatit involves exclusive ownership or control.

149. d. In order to harvest something, one musthave a crop, which is the essential element forthis item. Autumn (choice a) is not the only timethat crops are harvested. There may not beenough of a crop to stockpile (choice b), andcrops may be harvested without a tractor (choicec).

150. a. A gala indicates a celebration, the neces-sary element here. A tuxedo (choice b) is not re-quired garb at a gala, nor is an appetizer (choicec) needed. A gala may be held without the bene-fit of anyone speaking (choice d).

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151. d. Pain is suffering or hurt, so choice d isthe essential element. Without hurt, there is nopain. A cut (choice a) or a burn (choice b) maycause pain, but so do many other types of injury.A nuisance (choice c) is an annoyance that maycause pain, but not necessarily.

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Set 10 (Page 23)

152. c. An infirmary is a place for the care of theinfirm, sick, or injured. Without patients, thereis no infirmary. Surgery (choice a) may not berequired for patients. A disease (choice b) is notnecessary because the infirmary may only seepatients with injuries. A receptionist (choice d)would be helpful but not essential.

153. b. A facsimile must involve an image ofsome sort. The image or facsimile need not,however, be a picture. A mimeograph and acopier machine are just a two of the ways thatimages may be produced, so they do not qualifyas the essential element for this item.

154. b. A domicile is a legal residence, so dwell-ing is the essential component for this item. Youdo not need a tenant (choice a) in the domicile,nor do you have to have a kitchen (choice c). Ahouse (choice d) is just one form of a domicile(which could also be a tent, hogan, van, camper,motor home, apartment, dormitory, etc.).

155. d. A culture is the behavior pattern of aparticular population, so customs are the essen-tial element. A culture may or may not be civilor educated (choices a and b). A culture may bean agricultural society (choice c), but this is notthe essential element.

156. a. A bonus is something given or paid bey-ond what is usual or expected, so reward is theessential element. A bonus may not involve araise in pay or cash (choices b and c), and it maybe received from someone other than an em-ployer (choice d).

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157. c. An antique is something that is belong-ing to, or made in, an earlier period. It may ormay not be a rarity (choice a), and it does nothave to be an artifact, an object produced orshaped by human craft (choice b). An antique isold but does not have to be prehistoric (choiced).

158. b. An itinerary is a proposed route of ajourney. A map (choice a) is not necessary tohave a planned route. Travel (choice c) is usu-ally the outcome of an itinerary, but not always.A guidebook (choice d) may be used to plan thejourney but is not essential.

159. c. An orchestra is a large group of musi-cians, so musicians are essential. Althoughmany orchestras have violin sections, violinsaren't essential to an orchestra (choice a).Neither a stage (choice b) nor a soloist (choiced) is necessary.

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160. d. Knowledge is understanding gainedthrough experience or study, so learning is theessential element. A school (choice a) is not ne-cessary for learning or knowledge to take place,nor is a teacher or a textbook (choices b and c).

161. d. A dimension is a measure of spatial con-tent. A compass (choice a) and ruler (choice b)may help to determine the dimension, but otherinstruments may also be used, so these are notthe essential element here. An inch (choice c) isonly one way to determine a dimension.

162. a. Sustenance is something, especiallyfood, that sustains life or health, so nourishmentis the essential element. Water and grains(choices b and c) are components of nourish-ment, but other things can be taken in as well. Amenu (choice d) may present a list of foods butis not essential to sustenance.

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163. c. An ovation is prolonged, enthusiastic ap-plause, so applause is necessary to an ovation.An outburst (choice a) may take place during anovation, bravo (choice b) may or may not beuttered, and an encore (choice d) would takeplace after an ovation.

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164. a. All vertebrates have a backbone. Rep-tiles (choice b) are vertebrates, but so are manyother animals. Mammals (choice c) are verteb-rates, but so are birds and reptiles. All verteb-rates (choice d) are animals, but not all animalsare vertebrates.

165. b. Provisions imply the general suppliesthat are needed, so choice b is the essential ele-ment. The other choices are byproducts, but theyare not essential.

166. d. A purchase is an acquisition ofsomething. A purchase may be made by trade(choice a) or with money (choice b), so thoseare not essential elements. A bank (choice c)may or may not be involved in a purchase.

Set 11 (Page 25)

167. a. A dome is a large rounded roof or ceil-ing, so being rounded is essential to a dome. Ageodesic dome (choice b) is only one type ofdome. Some, but not all domes, have copperroofs (choice d). Domes are often found on gov-ernment buildings (choice c), but domes exist inmany other places.

168. b. A recipe is a list of directions to makesomething. Recipes may be used to prepare food(choicea), among other things. One does notneed a cookbook (choice c) to have a recipe, andutensils (choice d) may or may not be used tomake a recipe.

169. d. A hurricane cannot exist without wind.A beach is not essential to a hurricane (choicea). A hurricane is a type of cyclone, which rulesout choice b. Not all hurricanes cause damage(choice c).

170. c. Without a signature, there is no auto-graph. Athletes and actors (choices a and b) maysign autographs, but they are not essential. Anautograph can be signed with something otherthan a pen (choice d).

171. a. Residents must be present in order tohave a town. A town may be too small to haveskyscrapers (choice b). A town may or may nothave parks (choice c) and libraries (choice d), sothey are not the essential elements.

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172. d. A wedding results in a joining, or a mar-riage, so choice d is the essential element. Love(choice a) usually precedes a wedding, but it isnot essential. A wedding may take place any-where, so a church (choice b) is not required. Aring (choice c) is often used in a wedding, but itis not necessary.

173. c. A faculty is made up of a group of teach-ers and cannot exist without them. The facultymay work in buildings (choice a), but the build-ings aren't essential. They may use textbooks(choice b) and attend meetings (choice d), butthese aren't essential either.

174. a. A cage is meant to keep something sur-rounded, so enclosure is the essential element. Aprisoner (choice b) or an animal (choice c) aretwo things that may be kept in cages, amongmany other things. A zoo (choice d) is only oneplace that has cages.

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175. b. A directory is a listing of names orthings, so choice b is the essential element. Atelephone (choice a) often has a directory asso-ciated with it, but is not essential. A computer(choice c) uses a directory format to list files,but is not required. Names (choice d) are oftenlisted in a directory, but many other things arelisted in directories, so this is not the essentialelement.

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176. a. An agreement is necessary in order tohave a contract. A contract may appear on adocument (choice b), but it is not required. Acontract may be oral as well as written, sochoice c is not essential. A contract can be madewithout an attorney (choice d).

177. b. A saddle is something one uses to sit onan animal, so it must have a seat (choice b). Asaddle often is used on a horse (choice a), butmay be used on other animals. Stirrups (choicec) are often found on a saddle but may not beused. A horn (choice d) is found on Westernsaddles, but not English saddles, so it is not theessential element here.

178. a. Something cannot vibrate without creat-ing motion, so motion is essential to vibration.

179. b. The essential part of a cell is its nucleus.Not all cells produce chlorophyll (choice a). Notall cells are nerve cells (choice c). All livingthings, not just humans (choice d), have cells.

180. c. Without a first-place win there is nochampion, so winning is essential. There may bechampions in running, swimming, or speaking,but there are also champions in many otherareas.

181. d. A glacier is a large mass of ice, and can-not exist without it. A glacier can move down amountain, but it can also move across a valleyor a plain, which rules out choicea. Glaciers ex-ist in all seasons, which rules out choice b.There are many glaciers in the world today,which rules out choice c.

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SET 12 (Page 27)

182. b. Coffee goes into a cup and soup goes in-to a bowl. Choices a and c are incorrect becausethey are other utensils. The answer is not choiced because the wordfood is too general.

183. d. The telephone is a means of communica-tion. The bus is a means of transportation. Avi-ation (choice a) is not the answer because it is atype of transportation, not a means. The answeris not choice b or choice c because neither ofthese represents a means of transportation.

184. c. A bicycle is put in motion by means of apedal. A canoe is put into motion by means ofan oar. The answer is not choice a because thesubstance water does not necessarily put the ca-noe into motion. Kayak (choice b) is incorrectbecause it is a type of boat similar to a canoe.Choice d is incorrect because a fleet is a groupof boats.

185. d. A window is made up of panes, and abook is made up of pages. The answer is notchoice a, because a novel is a type of book. Theanswer is not choice b, because glass has no re-lationship to a book. Choice c is incorrect be-cause a cover is only one part of a book; a bookis not made up of covers.

186. c. Scarcely is the opposite of mostly, andquietly is the opposite of loudly. Choices a and bare clearly not opposites of quietly. Choices dmeans the same as quietly.

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187. b. A baker makes bread; a congressmanmakes laws. The answer is not choice a becausea senator and a congressman both make laws.Choice c is incorrect because a congressmandoes not make a state. Politician (choice d) isalso incorrect because a congressman is apolitician.

188. b. An actor performs in a play. A musicianperforms at a concert. Choices a, c, and d are in-correct because none are people who perform.

189. a. Tactful and diplomatic are synonyms(they mean about the same thing). Bashful andtimid are also synonyms. The answer is notchoice b or c because neither of these means thesame as bashful. Choice d is incorrect becausebold means the opposite of bashful.

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190. d. A group of lions is called a pride. Agroup of fish swim in a school. Teacher (choicea) and student (choice b) refer to another mean-ing of the word school. The answer is not choicec because self-respect has no obvious relation-ship to this particular meaning of school.

191. a. Control and dominate are synonyms, andmagnify and enlarge are synonyms. The answeris not choice not choice b or d because neitherof these means the same as enlarge. Choice c isincorrect because decrease is the opposite ofenlarge.

192. b. A yard is a larger measure than an inch(a yard contains 36 inches). A quart is a largermeasure than an ounce (a quart contains 32ounces). Gallon (choice a) is incorrect because itis larger than a quart. Choices c and d are incor-rect because they are not units of measurement.

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193. c. A mouse is a type of rodent; an elm is atype of tree. Choices a and b are incorrect be-cause a leaf and a trunk are parts of a tree, nottypes of trees. A squirrel (choice d) is not arodent.

194. b. Elated is the opposite of despondent; en-lightened is the opposite of ignorant.

195. d. A marathon is a long race and hiberna-tion is a lengthy period of sleep. The answer isnot choice a or b because even though a bearand winter are related to hibernation, neither ofthese completes the analogy. Choice c is incor-rect because sleep and dream are notsynonymous.

196. a. If someone has been humiliated, theyhave been greatly embarrassed. If someone isterrified,

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they are extremely frightened. The answeris not choice b because an agitated person isnot necessarily frightened. Choices c and dare incorrect because neither word ex-presses a state of being frightened.

197. d. An odometer is an instrument used tomeasure mileage. A compass is an instrumentused to determine direction. Choices a, b, and care incorrect because none are instruments.

198. a. An optimist is a person whose outlook ischeerful. A pessimist is a person whose outlookis gloomy. The answer is not choice b because apessimist does not have to be mean. Choices cand d are incorrect because neither of these ad-jectives describes the outlook of a pessimist.

199. c. A sponge is a porous material. Rubber isan elastic material. Choice a is incorrect becauserubber would not generally be referred to asmassive. The answer is not choice b becauseeven though rubber is a solid, its most notice-able characteristic is its elasticity. Choice d isincorrect because rubber has flexibility.

200. d. Candid and indirect refer to opposingtraits. Honest and untruthful refer to opposingtraits. The answer is not choice a, because frankmeans the same thing as candid. Wicked (choiceb) is incorrect because even though it refers to anegative trait, it does not mean the opposite ofhonest. Choice c is incorrect because truthfuland honest mean the same thing.

201. d. A pen is a tool used by a poet. A needleis a tool used by a tailor. The answer is notchoice a, b, or c because none are people andtherefore cannot complete the analogy.

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202. d. A can of paint is to a paint brush as aspool of thread is to a sewing needle. This is arelationship of function. Both show the toolneeded to perform a task.

203. a. Grapes are to a pear as cheese is to but-ter. This relationship shows the grouping or cat-egory to which something belongs. Grapes andpears are fruit; cheese and butter are both dairyproducts.

204. d. An oar is to a canoe as a steering wheelis to a car. This is a functional relationship. Theoar helps to steer the canoe in the way that thesteering wheel steers the car.

205. a. Cup is to bowl as vacuum cleaner is tobroom. This is another relationship about func-tion. The cup and bowl are both used for eating.The vacuum cleaner and broom are both usedfor cleaning.

206. d. Sheep are to sweater as pine trees are tolog cabin. Wool comes from the sheep to makea sweater; wood comes from the trees to makethe log cabin.

207. a. Hand is to ring as head is to cap. A ringis worn on a person's hand; a cap is worn on aperson's head.

208. b. A palm tree is to a pine tree as a bathingsuit is to a parka. This relationship shows an op-positewarm to cold. Palm trees grow in warmclimates and pine trees grow in cold climates.Bathing suits are worn in warm weather; parkasare worn in cold weather.

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209. d. Batteries are to a flashlight as telephonewires are to a telephone. The batteries providepower to the flashlight; the wires send power tothe telephone.

210. d. A fish is to a dragonfly as a chicken is tocorn. Fish eat insects; chickens eat corn.

211. a. A telephone is to a stamped letter as anairplane is to a bus. A telephone and letter areboth forms of communication. An airplane andbus are both forms of transportation.

212. c. A trapeze performer is to a clown asswings are to a sliding board. This relationshipshows a classification. Trapeze performers andclowns are found at circuses; swings and slidingboards are found on playgrounds.

213. c. Camera is to photograph as tea kettle isto a cup of tea. The camera is used to make thephoto; the tea kettle is used to make the tea.

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214. b. Hat and mittens are to desert as snorkeland flippers are to snow. This relationshipshows an opposition. The hat and mittens arenot worn in the desert; the snorkel and flippersare not worn in the snow.

215. d. Car is to horse and buggy as computer isto pen and ink. This relationship shows the dif-ference between modern times and times past.

216. c. Leather boots are to cow as pearl neck-lace is to oyster. The leather to make the bootscomes from a cow; the pearls to make the neck-lace come from oysters.

217. b. A toddler is to an adult as a caterpillar isto a butterfly. This relationship shows the youngand the adult. The caterpillar is an early stage ofthe adult butterfly.

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218. b. Towel is to bathtub as chest of drawersis to bed. The towel and bathtub are both foundin a bathroom; the chest and the bed are bothfound in a bedroom.

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219. a. A snow-capped mountain is to a cro-codile as a cactus is to a starfish. This relation-ship shows an opposition. The crocodile doesnot belong on the mountain; the starfish doesnot belong in the desert.

220. c. A shirt is to a button as a belt is to a beltbuckle. A button is used to close a shirt; a beltbuckle is used to close a belt.

221. c. A penny is to a dollar as a small house isto a skyscraper. This relationship shows smallerto larger. A penny is much smaller than a dollar;a house is much smaller than a skyscraper.

Set 14 (Page 35)

222. b. Guitar is to horn as hammer is to saw.This relationship is about grouping. The guitarand horn are musical instruments. The hammerand saw are carpentry tools.

223. d. Tree is to leaf as bird is to feather. Thisrelationship shows part to whole. The leaf is apart of the tree; the feather is a part of the bird.

224. c. House is to tent as truck is to wagon. Thehouse is a more sophisticated form of shelterthan is the tent; the truck is a more sophisticatedmode of transportation than is the wagon.

225. c. Scissors is to knife as pitcher is to water-ing can. This relationship is about function. Thescissors and knife are both used for cutting. Thepitcher and watering can are both used forwatering.

226. b. A T-shirt is to a pair of shoes as a chestof drawers is to a couch. The relationship showsto which group something belongs. The T-shirtand shoes are both articles of clothing; the chestand couch are both pieces of furniture.

227. d. A bookshelf is to a book as a refrigeratoris to a carton of milk. The book is placed on abookshelf; the milk is placed in a refrigerator.

228. d. A squirrel is to an acorn as a bird is to aworm. A squirrel eats acorns; a bird eats worms.

229. b. An eye is to a pair of binoculars as amouth is to a microphone. This relationshipshows magnification. The binoculars help one tosee farther. The microphone helps one to speaklouder.

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230. a. Knitting needles are to sweater as a com-puter is to a report. This relationship shows thetool needed to make a product. The knittingneedles are used to create the sweater; the com-puter is used to write a report.

231. b. Bread is to knife as log is to ax. This re-lationship shows function. The knife cuts thebread; the ax chops the log.

232. b. Closet is to shirt as kitchen cabinets areto cans of food. The shirt is stored in the closet;the food is stored in the cabinets.

233. a. Pyramid is to triangle as cube is tosquare. This relationship shows dimension. Thetriangle shows one dimension of the pyramid;the square is one dimension of the cube.

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234. c. Toothbrush is to toothpaste as butterknife is to butter. This relationship shows func-tion. The toothbrush is used to apply the tooth-paste to teeth; the knife is used to apply butter tobread.

235. c. Fly is to ant as snake is to lizard. The flyand ant are both insects; the snake and lizard areboth reptiles.

236. a. Sail is to sailboat as pedal is to bicycle.The sail makes the sailboat move; the pedalmakes the bicycle move.

237. d. Hose is to firefighter as needle is tonurse. This relationship shows the tools of thetrade. A hose is a tool used by a firefighter; aneedle is a tool used by a nurse.

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238. c. A U.S. flag is to a fireworks display as aHalloween mask is to a pumpkin. This relation-ship shows symbols. The flag and fireworks aresymbols for the Fourth of July. The mask andpumpkin are symbols of Halloween.

239. d. Newspaper is to book as trumpet is tobanjo. The newspaper and book are to be read;the trumpet and banjo are musical instruments tobe played.

240. b. Dishes are to kitchen sink as car is tohose. Dishes are cleaned in the sink; the car iscleaned with the hose.

241. a. The United States is to the world as abrick is to a brick house. This relationshipshows part to whole. The United States is onepart of the world; the brick is one part of thehouse.

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Set 15 (Page 41)

242. b. The three above the line are all insects.The hamster and squirrel are rodents, so the cor-rect choice is b because the mouse is also a ro-dent. The other three choices are not rodents.

243. a. In the relationship above the line, theladder and hose are tools used by the firefighter.In the relationship below the line, the stetho-scope and thermometer are tools used by theveterinarian.

244. c. A table made of wood could come froman oak tree. A shirt made of cloth could comefrom a cotton plant. Choice a looks like a reas-onable answer if you apply the same sentence:A shirt made of cloth could come from sewing.But this is not the same relationship as the oneabove the line. The oak and the cotton are bothmaterials used to make the table and the shirt.

245. d. The words above the line show a con-tinuum: command is more extreme than rule,and dictate is more extreme than command.Below the line the continuum is as follows:sleep is more than doze, and hibernate is morethan sleep. The other choices are not related inthe same way.

246. a. A banquet and a feast are both largemeals; a palace and a mansion are both largeplaces of shelter.

247. b. A fence and a wall mark a boundary. Apath and an alley mark a passageway.

248. c. The objects above the line are all toolsused by a carpenter. The tools below the line areall used by a gardener.

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249. b. The relationship above the line is thatsnow on a mountain creates conditions for ski-ing. Below the line the relationship is thatwarmth at a lake creates conditions forswimming.

250. d. Above the line the relationship shows aprogression of sources of light. The relationshipbelow the line shows a progression of types ofhousing, from smallest to largest. Choice a is in-correct because a tent is smaller than a house.Choices b and c are wrong because they are notpart of the progression.

251. a. The relationship above the line is as fol-lows: aspirin is a medicine; medicine is sold in apharmacy. Below the line, the relationship is:lettuce is a vegetable; vegetables are bought in agrocery.

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252. d. The tadpole is a young frog; frogs areamphibians. The lamb is a young sheep; sheepare mammals. Animal (choice a) is incorrect be-cause it is too large a grouping: animals includeinsects, birds, mammal, reptiles, and amphibi-ans. Choices b and c are incorrect because theyare not part of the progression.

253. b. Walk, skip, and run represent a con-tinuum of movement: skipping is faster thanwalking; running is faster than skipping. Belowthe line, the continuum is about throwing. Pitchis faster than toss; hurl is faster than pitch.

254. c. The honeybee, angel, and bat all havewings; they are capable of flying. The kangaroo,rabbit, and grasshopper are all capable ofhopping.

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255. a. Above the line, the relationship is as fol-lows: a daisy is a type of flower, and a flower isa type of plant. Below the line, the relationshipis as follows: a bungalow is a type of house, anda house is a type of building.

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Set 16 (Page 43)

256. b. A leaf is a part of a tree; a shelf is a partof a bookcase.

257. d. A key is a part of a piano; a brick is partof a wall.

258. a. A group of wolves is a pack; a group oflions is a pride.

259. a. A ruler measures length; a scale meas-ures weight.

260. d. Broccoli is a kind of vegetable; Dalma-tian is a kind of canine.

261. e. An oar propels a canoe; a foot propels askateboard.

262. c. Fray and ravel are synonyms, as are joltand shake.

263. c. An elephant is a pachyderm; a kangaroois a marsupial.

264. e Depressed is an intensification of sad; ex-hausted is an intensification of tired.

265. a. A psychologist treats a neurosis; an oph-thalmologist treats a cataract.

266. e. A binding surrounds a book; a frame sur-rounds a picture.

267. b. One explores in order to discover; oneresearches in order to learn.

268. c. Upon harvesting, cotton is gathered intobales; grain is gathered into shocks

269. a. Division and section are synonyms; layerand tier are synonyms.

270. a. Pastoral describes rural areas: metropol-itan describes urban areas.

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271. d. A mechanic works in a garage; a surgeonworks in a hospital.

272. c. A chickadee is a type of bird; a Siameseis a type of cat.

273. e. To saunter is to walk slowly; to drizzle isto rain slowly.

274. c. A skein is a quantity of yarn; a ream is aquantity f paper.

275. b. To tailor a suit is to alter it; to edit amanuscript is to alter it.

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Set 17 (Page 45)

276. d. A conductor leads an orchestra; a skip-per leads a crew.

277. a. Jaundice is an indication of a liver prob-lem; rash is an indication of a skin problem.

278. b. A cobbler makes and repairs shoes; acontractor builds and repairs buildings.

279. e. To be phobic is to be extremely fearful;to be asinine is to be extremely silly.

280. c. Obsession is a greater degree of interest;fantasy is a greater degree of dream.

281. d. Devotion is characteristic of a monk;wanderlust is characteristic of a rover.

282. e. Slapstick results in laughter; horror res-ults in fear.

283. b. Verve and enthusiasm are synonyms; de-votion and reverence are synonyms.

284. c. A cacophony is an unpleasant sound; astench is an unpleasant smell.

285. a. A conviction results in incarceration; areduction results in diminution.

286. a. The deltoid is a muscle; the radius is abone.

287. d. Umbrage and offense are synonyms; ela-tion and jubilance are synonyms.

288. b. Being erudite is a trait of a professor; be-ing imaginative is a trait of an inventor.

289. d. Dependable and capricious are ant-onyms; capable and inept are antonyms.

290. a. A palm (tree) has fronds; a porcupine hasquills.

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291. e. A metaphor is a symbol; an analogy is acomparison.

292. d. A dirge is a song used at a funeral; ajingle is a song used in a commercial.

293. e. Feral and tame are antonyms; ephemeraland immortal are antonyms.

294. a. A spy acts in a clandestine manner; anaccountant acts in a meticulous manner.

295. c. Hegemony means dominance; autonomymeans independence.

296. e. An aerie is where an eagle lives; a houseis where a person lives.

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297. a. Mele means leather; broon means shoe;blenc means white, kaal means laces. Therefore,blenc-kaal means white laces.

298. b. Lilo means green; bix means soup; lernomeans vegetable; marj means paint. Therefore,lilolerno means green vegetable.

299. d. From yoologarn and yoologlink, you candetermine that yoola means red. Knowing this,you can determine that glink means wagon andnara means wheel. Therefore, narapluh is theonly choice that could mean wheelbarrow.

300. a. Jabber means pronounce; lota is thesame as the suffix -ment; enna is the same as theprefix mis-; havre means represent. Since theonly word that has not been defined is relm, it isreasonable to conclude that relmlota is the onlychoice that could mean appointment.

301. c. In this language, the adjective followsthe noun. From dionot and blyonot, you can de-termine that onot means oak. From blyonot andblycrin, you can determine that bly means leaf.Therefore, crin means maple. Because the ad-jective maple comes after the noun, patricrin isthe only possible choice.

302. c. In this language the noun appears firstand the adjectives follow. Since agnos meansspider and should appear first, choices a and dcan be ruled out. Choice b can be ruled out be-cause delano means snake.

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303. a. Myn means saddle; cabel means horse;cono means trail; and wir means ride. Therefore,cabelwir is the correct answer.

304. c. In this language, the adjective followsthe noun. From godabim and romzbim, you candetermine that bim means kidney. Fromromzbim and romzbako, you can determine thatromz means beans. Therefore, bako means wax.Because the adjective wax must come after thenoun in this language, wasibako is the onlychoice.

305. b. Tam means sky; ceno means blue; raxmeans cheese; apl means star; and mitl meansbright. So mitltam means bright sky.

306. d. Gorbl means fan; flur means belt; pixnmeans ceiling; arth means tile; and tusl meansroof. Therefore, pixnarth is the correct choice.

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307. d. Hapl means cloud; lesh means burst;srench means pin; och means ball; and resbomeans nine. Leshsrench (choice a) doesn't con-tain any of the words needed for cloud nine. Weknow that och means ball, so that rules outchoices c and d. When you combine hapl(cloud) with resbo (nine), you get the correctanswer.

308. d. Migen means cup; lasan means board;poen means walk; cuop means pull; and dansameans man. The only possible choices, then, arechoices a and d. Choice a can be ruled out be-cause migen means cup.

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Set 19 (Page 50)

309. c. Spasir means dog; quot means house; tormeans sheep; lann means skin. Choice c is theonly possible option.

310. b. According to this language, faur meansbring. The suffix -ing is represented by -y. Sincechoice b is the only one that ends in the letter y,this is the only possible option.

311. b. Bose means the root word mili-; the suf-fix -amint means the same as the English suffix-tant; the root word insic- means habit; bocameans the suffix -ual of habitual; and -amenemeans the suffix -able. (Because insica meanshabit, choices a, c, and d can easily be ruledout.)

312. a. Erane means ship; acal means shape; ar-ap means relation; and alon means mate. Arapmeans relation, so that rules out choices b and d.Acal means shape, so that rules out choice c.That leaves choice a as the only possibleanswer.

313. d. Shillen means time; acen means table;ablot means cloth; mica means ground; and er-ran means water. Therefore, erranacen meanswater table.

314. b. Jusl means obstacle; lagen meanscourse; namer means work; osto means college;and fifer means life. Because namer meanswork, it must be present in the answer, so thatrules out choice c. In choice a, jusl meansobstacle, so choice a is not the answer. In choiced, osto means college, so choice d cannot be theanswer. That leaves choice b as the only pos-sible answer.

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315. a. Hamo means last; mone means minute;moze means word; halli means good; gun meansthe suffix -ness. The only choice that uses thesuffix is choice a.

316. d. Affon means straw; goml means hat; naglmeans berry; and afton means rasp, in raspberry.In the word hatband, hat requires the word goml.That rules out choices a and c. Afton in choice bmeans rasp, so that rules out choice b. Thatleaves choice d the only possible choice.

317. a. Gero means false, mea means pretense,gene means clock, omo means radio, and gimmeans alarm. Thus, gerogim is the correctchoice.

318. d. Asta means stuffed; ose means chair; es-ta means leather; costa means lift; and fut meansoff. Thus, osecosta means chair lift.

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319. c. In this language, the root word maga,which means power, follows the affix (dwil, o-,or fer-). Therefore, in the word overpower, theroot word and the affix are reversed in the artifi-cial language. The only choice, then, ismagazen, because magafer would mean lesspower.

320. a. Haga means apple; upl means pie; portmeans juice; hogga means grape; and gropmeans jelly. Thus, hoggaport means grape juice.

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Set 20 (Page 53)

321. b. Jim broke into a vehicle without permis-sion from the owner and stole a purse out of thevehicle.

322. a. Ernie threatened to harm Harold bybreaking his legs if Harold reports a crimehisnose being brokento the police.

323. d. This is the only situation where noticehas

been given that no one is allowed on the prop-erty. No one can be arrested for trespassing forbeing in their own residence (choice a). Answerb is wrong because no verbal or written notice tostay off the property has been given. Answer cis wrong because Frank left the dealership oncehe knew he wasn't allowed to be there.

324. d. Emilio is on city property (the street) anda stranger asks him for money.

325. c. Fred intentionally damaged anotherperson's car without the owner's permission. Theactions in answers a and d are unintentional, andthe person in answer b is damaging his ownproperty.

326. b. Ed lied to a peace officer by filing a re-port with police, knowing that the statement hegave to police about his car being stolen wasmaterial to the investigation.

327. c. Sandra is the only one actually operatinga vehicle on a public street while intoxicated.

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328. b. Rudy threatens to bash out the headlightson Edward's car, thereby threatening to damageanother person's property. In the other options,there is no threat or apparent attempt to annoy,alarm, or torment anyone. The landlord in d iswithin his rights because the tenant is behind onher rent.

329. a. Greg possesses what he wants others tobelieve is a bomb and is using it in a mannercalculated to cause alarm. In option b, all weknow is that Stuart hears ticking noises comingfrom a package. There isn't enough informationto be able to assume that the package contains ahoax bomb, and there is no presumption of pos-session on Stuart's part simply because hepicked up the package. In choices c and d, thereis no apparent attempt to pass off the objects inquestion as bombs.

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330. c. Edith is trying to defraud the antiquedealer by claiming that she owns an original bya famous poet. In option a, there is nothing toindicate that Bess altered any item or that she in-tended to defraud or harm anyone. She is notlikely to expect anyone to believe that she is theBetsy Ross who created the first American flag.The same logic applies to option b. In option d,Wendell has not tried to alter an object to in-crease its value, nor has he tried to defraud orharm anyone.

331. d. Leo is guilty of stealing his new stereobecause he wrote a check on an account heknew no longer existed. In both options a and b,the writers of the bad checks made good on thechecks, in the case of a by way of an overdraftagreement with the bank. In c, even though Ja-cob closed his account, he has left enoughmoney in the account to pay the outstandingcheck.

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332. b. Vinnie's cymbal concert is clearly de-signed to disrupt the meeting. The other optionsprovide no serious obstruction or interference.

333. d. Brent clearly intends to burn hislandlord's vehicle. The other options provide ex-amples of people who may be careless but haveno intent to cause harm.

334. a. Alan and Terrence are in a public placeand are fighting. In choice b, the couple is ar-guing, not fighting. In choice c, the men are notin public. In choice d, there are only two incid-ents of physical contactnot enough to constitutea fight.

Set 21 (Page 59)

335. a. A truck with the motor running backedup to the rear door of a closed business at 2 a.m.is suspicious. Delivery vans owned by busi-nesses are commonly parked on store propertyafter hours (choice c). Window shoppers,whether elderly (choice b) or teenaged (choiced), aren't as likely to be burglars as the scene de-tailed in answer a.

336. c. The officer is looking for a suspectdressed in dark clothing who has been seenwalking up and down a residential street duringa specific time spana window peeper. The otheranswers suggest normal neighborhood activity,but there is no normal explanation for what theman in answer c is doing.

337. b. Seeing a teenager with a spray paint canis the most suspicious of the incidents describedsince Officer Yang is looking for graffiti artists.Spray paint is not an item most people carryaround with them and is suspicious given thecircumstances.

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338. d. Seeing a man running through the vacantlot with a bulky item under his shirt shouldmake the officer suspicious. A purse snatcherwould very likely choose to run through the va-cant lot to get away from the area and wouldvery likely want to hide an object as obvious asa woman's purse from view. Option a is not par-ticularly suspicious given that most car alarmsactivate the car horn and car alarms frequentlygo off in parking lots. In option b, a car with alltires on flat may indicate criminal mischief butisn't linked to the purse snatchings. In option c, awoman's voice raised in anger would be a plaus-ible thing to hear following a purse snatching,but it's not nearly as suspicious as the situationin answer d.

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339. b. A panel truck pulling out of a vacant lotnear a car dealership suffering from a rash oftheft of auto parts is suspicious. The truck wouldbe able to hold plenty of auto parts. The tworollerbladers in choice c aren't likely to be ableto carry off a new van running board without at-tracting some attention. The man in his earlytwenties in choice a appears to be doing what alot of people do late at night, which is look atnew cars without having to worry about salespersonnel. And it is not unusual for cleanupcrews to arrive late at night after everyone hasgone, as in option d.

340. c. The odd behavior and the location of thetwo figures should cause the officer to investig-ate, given the problems the school has beenhaving.

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341. a. The witnesses seem to agree that theplate starts out with the letter J. Three witnessesagree that the plate ends with 12L. Three wit-nesses think that the second letter is X, and adifferent three think that the third letter is K.The plate description that has all of these com-mon elements is answer a.

342. a. Three of the witness agree that the firstnumber is 9. Three agree that the second numberis 2. Three witnesses agree that the third numberis 6; three others agree that the fourth number isalso 6. Answer a is the best choice because it ismade up of the numbers that most of the wit-nesses agree that they saw.

343. d. Step 2 says the officer should have askedthe security guard to fill out a witness statementand a complaint form.

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344. c. Step 5 of the procedures for arrest andtransport specifies that the prisoner should betransported directly to the jail. Officer DeVeroshould not have stopped the woman who ran astop sign.

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345. b. The suspect described in Theft #3 doesnot match Alfonso's suspect description veryclosely. The women in 1, 2, and 4 all appear tobe the same woman Alfonso saw because of thesimilarities in height, weight, hair, and eyewear.

346. c. The suspect described in Robbery #2 hasa crew-cut hair style, is at least five inches tallerthan the other suspects, and is about 60 poundsheavier. The other three descriptions are muchmore likely to be of the same man because theyall describe a similar build and mention one ear-ring or a pierced ear.

Set 22 (Page 65)

347. c. Since Erin's parents think a dog wouldnot be happy in an apartment, we can reasonablyconclude that the family lives in an apartment.We do not know if Erin's parents dislike dogs(choice a), or if Erin dislikes birds (choice b).There is no support for choice d.

348. d. It is reasonable to conclude that Mikelikes singing and dancing because he looks for-ward to doing these things at music camp. Thereis no information that supports any of the otherthree choices.

349. c. Given the information presented, theonly statement that could be considered true isthat the fruit should not be eaten because it ispoisonous. There is no support that taxol is pois-onous or that taxol has cured anyone (choices aand b). Neither is there support for choice d.

350. a. Because Mr. Sanchez spends many hoursduring the weekend working in his vegetablegarden, it is reasonable to suggest that he enjoysthis work. There is no information to suggestthat he does not like classical music. AlthoughMrs. Sanchez likes to cook, there is nothing thatindicates she cooks vegetables (choice c). Mrs.Sanchez likes to read, but there is no informa-tion regarding the types of books she reads(choice d).

351. b. Since the two inches of snow was an102-year-old record, choice b is true. Choice acannot be verified because the temperature mayhave reached 4 degrees prior to 1896. There isno clear support for choices c and d.

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352. d. The first sentence and last sentencemake this statement true. There is no support forchoice a. There is no indication that the train ischeaper (choice b). The roundtrip tickets makechoice c untrue.

353. b. Since the seahorse populations have de-clined as a result of fishing, their populationswill increase if seahorse fishing is banned.There is no support for any of the other choices.

354. a. The fact that Vincent and Thomas liveon the same street indicates that they live in thesame neighborhood. There is no support for anyof the other choices.

355. d. If Georgia is older than Marsha and Bartis older than Georgia, then Marsha has to be theyoungest of the three. Choice b is clearly wrongbecause Bart is the oldest. There is no informa-tion in the paragraph to support either choice aor choice c.

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356. c. If there were seven shows left, and fivewere sitcoms, this means that only two of theshows could possibly be dramas. Choices a andb may be true, but there is no evidence to indic-ate this as fact. The fact that all of the sitcomsremained does not necessarily mean that view-ers prefer sitcoms (choice d).

357. c. Since the paragraph states that Marlee isthe younger cousin, Sara must be older thanMarlee. There is no information to support theother choices.

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Set 23 (Page 68)

358. b. Because the first two statements are true,Wendell is the shortest of the three, so the thirdstatement is false.

359. c. Because the first two statements are true,both Zoe and Heather read more books thanJane, but it is uncertain as to whether Zoe readmore books than Heather.

360. c. The first two statements give informationabout Joshua's white socks and blue socks. In-formation about socks of any other color cannotbe determined.

361. a. Because the first two statements are true,pistachios are the most expensive of the three.

362. a. If no shingles are purple and all of thehouses have roofs with shingles, none of thehouses has a purple roof.

363. b. From the first two statements we knowthat of the three cities, City A has the highestpopulation, so the third statement must be false.

364. a. According to the first two statements,Paws weighs the most and Tabby weighs theleast.

365. c. Although all of Harriet's succulents areflowering plants, it cannot be determined by theinformation given whether or not all succulentsare flowering plants.

366. a. Since the Hide-Away costs more thanthe Cozy Inn, and the Hotel Victoria costs morethan the Hide-Away, it is true that the HotelVictoria costs the most.

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367. a. From the first two statements, you knowthat Troop 101 sold the most cookies, so Troop101 would have sold more than Troop 103.

368. b. We know from the first two statementsthat James jumps highest. Therefore, the thirdstatement must be false.

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Set 24 (Page 70)

369. a. From the first statement, we know thatbran cereal has more fiber than both oat cerealand corn cereal. From the second statement weknow that rice cereal has less fiber than bothcorn and wheat cereals. Therefore, rice cerealhas the least amount of fiber.

370. c. We only know that Jasmine weighs morethan Jason. There is no way to tell whether Jas-mine also weighs more than Jenna.

371. c. We know from the first two statementsthat Tuesday had the highest temperature, butwe cannot know whether Monday's temperaturewas higher than Tuesday's.

372. b. Spot is bigger than King, and Ralph isbigger than Spot. Therefore, King must be smal-ler than Ralph.

373. a. There are fewer oranges than eitherapples or lemons, so the statement is true.

374. b. Because the first two statements are true,Rebecca's house is also northeast of the Shopand Save Grocery, which means that the thirdstatement is false.

375. a. Joe is younger than Kathy and older thanMark, so Mark must be younger than Kathy.

376. c. We know only that long-tailed Gangleshave spots. We cannot know for certain if long-tailed Gangles also have short hair.

377. c. The first two statements indicate thatBattery Y lasts the least amount of time, but itcannot be determined if Battery Z lasts longerthan Battery X.

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378. b. Given the information in the first twostatements, Bryant is sitting in front of bothJerome and Martina, so the third statement mustbe false.

379. b. Because the first two statements are true,Penfield is west of Centerville and southwest ofMiddletown. Therefore, the third statement isfalse.

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Set 25 (Page 72)

380. c. Both the car and the train are quickerthan the bus, but there is no way to make a com-parison between the train and the car.

381. a. We know that there are Signots with but-tons, or Lamels, and that there are yellowSignots, which have no buttons. Therefore,Lamels do not have buttons and cannot beyellow.

382. a. The market is one block west of thehotel. The drugstore is two blocks west of thehotel, so the drugstore is west of the market.

383. c. There is not enough information to veri-fy the third statement.

384. b. Rulers are the most expensive item.

385. b. The first two statements indicate thereare more yellow jelly beans than red and green.

386. c. Cloudy days are the most windy, butthere is not enough information to compare thewind on the foggy days with the wind on thesunny days.

387. a. Of the three, the drugstore has the bestselection of postcards.

388. b. This is the order of the cars from left toright: minivan, pickup, sedan, sport utilityvehicle.

389. a. To the extent that a toothpick is useful, ithas value.

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Set 26 (Page 74)

390. a. Since one-half of the four children aregirls, two must be boys. It is not clear whichchildren have blue or brown eyes.

391. d. All baseball caps have brims, since base-ball caps are hats (Fact 3) and all hats havebrims (Fact 1). This rules out Statement IIIbut itdoesn't follow that all caps, a category that mayinclude caps that are not baseball caps, havebrims (Statement I). Statement II cannot be con-firmed, either, since it is possible, given the in-formation, that all baseball caps are black.

392. b. The first statement cannot be true be-cause only female birds lay eggs. Statement II istrue because hens are chickens and chickens arebirds. Statement III is also true because if onlysome chickens are hens, then some must not behens.

393. d. None of the three statements is suppor-ted by the known facts.

394. c. Statements I and II are not supported bythe facts. Statement III is true because if allstorybooks have pictures and only some havewords, then some storybooks have both wordsand pictures.

395. d. There is not enough information to sup-port any of the statements. Robert is known tohave a minvan, but it is not known which of hisvehicles is red. Robert may have a pickup orsport utility vehicle, so the second statementcannot be supported. There is no way to knowwhat Robert's favorite color is (statement III).

396. a. Since Maui is an island and islands aresurrounded by water, Maui must be surroundedby water. There is not enough information tosupport statements II and III.

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397. c. If all drink mixes are beverages andsome beverages are red, then some drink mixesare red (statement I). Since all beverages aredrinkable and all drink mixes are beverages,then all red drink mixes must be drinkable(statement III). Statement II can be ruled out.

398. d. There is no information in the facts tosupport statements I or II. Statement III isclearly wrong because, according to Fact 1, noframes cost less than $35.

399. b. Since some pens don't write, some writ-ing utensils don't write (statement I). Since thereare blue pens and since pens are writing utensils,some writing utensils are blue (statement II).There is not enough information to supportstatement III.

400. c. If Mary always tells the truth, then bothAnn and Mary have cats (statements I and II),and Ann is lying (statement III).

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401. b. Statement II is the only true statement.Since all dogs like to run, then the ones who liketo swim also like to run. There is no support forstatement I or statement III.

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Set 27 (Page 78)

402. d. After all the switches were made, Rein-hart is directly behind the vehicle, Baker is onthe driver's side of the vehicle, Lopez is on thepassenger side, and O'Malley is behindReinhart.

403. b. Nurse Kemp has worked more shifts in arow than Nurse Calvin; therefore, Kemp hasworked more than eight shifts. The number ofKemp's shifts plus the number of Rogers' shifts(five) cannot equal fifteen or more, the numberof Miller's shifts. Therefore, Kemp has workednine shifts in a row (5 + 9 = 14).

404. c. If Randy is two months older than Greg,then Ned is three months older than Greg andone month older than Randy. Kent is youngerthan both Randy and Ned. Ned is the oldest.

405. c. After all the switches were made, OfficerSheen is in front of the house. Officer Roth is inthe alley behind the house. Officer Michaels ison the north side, Officer Jensen on the south.

406. d. After all the switches were made, Mr.Kirk worked on Tuesday. Mr. Carter worked onMonday, Ms. Johnson on Wednesday, and Ms.Falk on Thursday.

407. a. Mr. Temple has the most seniority, buthe does not want the job. Next in line is Mr.Rhodes, who has more seniority than Ms. Westor Ms. Brody.

408. b. Tall, thin, and middle-aged are the ele-ments of the description repeated most often andare therefore the most likely to be accurate.

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409. b. Bush committed the most serious of-fense, described as a more serious crime thanJames, who is the only person described as hav-ing been arrested for a felony, and Bush has alsoserved the most time of any of the prisoners.

410. c. After all the switching was done, Jenkinswas directly behind the receiver. Calvin andBurton had fallen. Zeller remained in the rear.

411. d. Sexton is farther away than Fromme,who is five miles away, and closer than Smith,who is seven miles away.

412. a. Baxter should be assigned to study withCarter. Baxter cannot be assigned with Adam,because they have already been together for sev-en class periods. If Baxter is assigned to workwith Dennis, that would leave Adam withCarter, but Carter does not want to work withAdam.

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413. a. If George is sitting at Henry's left,George's seat is 252. The next seat to the left,then, is 251.

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Set 28 (Page 81)

414. d. The total of the three programs (2 mil-lion + 0.5 million + 3 million) is 5.5 million.That leaves 1.5 million (7 million - 5.5 million),and the only single program needing thatamount is senate office building remodeling.

415. b. The only two programs that total 1.5million dollars are harbor improvements andschool music program.

416. a. The total cost of the school music pro-gram and national radio is 1 million dollars, theamount left after the international airport andagricultural subsidies are funded.

417. c. J will only work in episodes in which Mis working and there are no restrictions on O'sschedule. However, N will not work with K, soM must appear and O may appear.

418. d. K will not work with N, so choices c ande are incorrect. M can only work every otherweek, so choice a is incorrect. Since M is notworking, J will not work, so choice b isincorrect.

419. b. Only choice b contains no more than twoR-rated movies (Shout and Mist), at least one Gand one PG (Fly, Abra Cadadbra, and Jeal-ousy), and only one foreign film (Mist).

420. c. The first showing of Trek will be over at10:00. Then, the employees will need 20minutes to clean the theater, which is 10:20.Since the movies always start on the quarterhour, the second showing of Trek will be 10:30.

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421. e. Since Shout is doing the most businessand Trek the second most, they should remain inthe two largest theaters. Also, the theater nevershows a foreign film in the largest theater.Theaters 3 and 4 must show the movies that arerated G and PG, so the movies that are theremust stay there. The most logical choice is toput Mist in Theater 5 and Fly in Theater 6.

422. a. Honey and Sittin' on the Dock of the Bayare either 3 and 4 or 4 and 3. The Rascals appearon the list right after Otis Redding, who cannotbe #3 (or he would be followed by BobbyGoldsboro), so Honey is #3, and Sittin' on theDock of the Bay is #4; therefore choices c and eare incorrect. The Rascals are #5 (because theyare right after Otis Redding), and Cream appearsright after them, so choice d is incorrect. SinceCream has song #6, it cannot be Hey Jude, sochoice b is incorrect.

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423. d. In the previous question, it was determ-ined that #3 is Honey, #4 is Sittin' on the Dockof the Bay, #5 is People Got to be Free, and #6is Sunshine of Your Love. Since the #1 song isnot Love Is Blue, #1 is Hey Jude and #2 is LoveIs Blue.

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Set 29 (Page 86)

Here's a quick illustration of how to work logic gamepuzzles, using the situation in questions 424 and 425 asan example.

First, read the paragraph. Then construct a diagram ortable like the one below. Write down the letters thatrepresent the names of the people at the party. Next,add any other information that is given. You know thatQuentin is an accountant and Sarah is a florist; youknow which objects represent their type of work. Youalso know that Thomas is dressed as a camera, so hemust be the photographer.

Q accountant pencilRS florist flowerT photographer cameraU

Since none of the men is a doctor, Rachel must be thedoctor. That leaves Ulysses, who must be the chef.Once you've filled in your diagram and made the de-ductions, answering the questions is the easy part.

Q accountant pencilR doctor thermometerS florist flowerT photographer cameraU chef spoon

424. b. See the table above. The thermometer costumelogically would be worn by the doctor. According tothe information, none of the men is a doctor. Also,Sarah is a florist, so Rachel must be the doctor wearingthe thermometer costume.

425. e. Ulysses cannot be a doctor, because that isRachel. Quentin is an accountant, Thomas must be aphotographer, and Sarah is a florist. That leaves cheffor Ulysses. We also know the chef must be a man, be-cause neither of the women is dressed as a spoon.

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426. d. The person who ordered the vegetable burgercannot be sitting in spaces 1 or 6, because she is sittingbetween two people. She also cannot be sitting inspaces 3 or 4, because those customers did not ordersandwiches. Since she is not sitting in space 2, shemust be in space 5.

427. c. The customer who ordered soup must be inchair 3 or 4, where the non-sandwich orders go. Theother non-sandwich order is fried eggs, and that personis sitting next to the customer in chair 5 (who orderedthe vegetable burger), so the fried eggs go to chair 4and the soup to chair 3.

428. b. The orders that go to chairs 3, 4, 5, and 6 arealready determined, so the ham sandwich must go tochair 1 or 2. The customer who ordered the hamburgeris not sitting next to the person who ordered the soupin chair 3, so the ham-burger must go to chair 1 andthe ham sandwich to chair 2.

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429. a. The person who ordered potato salad cannot bein chair 1 or 6, since he is sitting between two people.The person who ordered fried eggs ordered hashbrowns and is sitting in chair 4. The person whoordered potato salad is on one side of chair 4, either 3or 5. He cannot be in chair 5 and still be next to boththe hash browns and the cole slaw, so he must be inchair 3, which is where the soup was ordered.

430. c. If the potato salad is with the soup and the hashbrowns are with the fried eggs, then the cole slaw mustbe with the ham sandwich, in chairs 2, 3, and 4. Thelettuce salad is with the vegetable burger in chair 5.The onion rings belong to the

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cheeseburger in chair 6, leaving the frenchfries for the hamburger in chair 1.

431. a. The vice president's car cannot be red,because that is the CEO's car, which is in thefirst space. Nor can it be purple, because that isthe treasurer's car, which is in the last space, oryellow, because that is the secretary's. Thepresident's car must be blue, because it is parkedbetween a red car (in the first space) and a greencar, which must be the vice president's.

432. c. The CEO drives a red car and parks inthe first space. Enid drives a green car; Bert'scar is not in the first space; David's is not in thefirst space, but the last. Alice's car is parked nextto David's, so Cheryl is the CEO.

433. e. Cheryl cannot be the secretary, sinceshe's the CEO, nor can Enid, because she drivesa green car, and the secretary drives a yellowcar. David's, the purple car, is in the last space.Alice is the secretary, because her car is parkednext to David's, which is where the secretary'scar is parked.

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Set 30 (Page 89)

434. d. The Whippets cannot be in Jersey, Hud-son, or Fulton, since they have beaten thoseteams. The Antelopes are in Groton, so theWhippets are in Ivy.

435. e. The Panthers cannot be in Ivy or Groton,because the Whippets and Antelopes are there.Fulton has beaten the Panthers, so they cannotbe in Fulton. Fulton has also beaten theKangaroos, so the only town left for theKangaroos is Jersey. That leaves Hudson for thePanthers.

436. b. Every team and town is matched up, ex-cept Fulton and the Gazelles, so the Gazellesmust be in Fulton.

437. a. Kevin is allergic to daisies and iris; he'snot getting gladioli because it's not his house-warming. The roses are going to Jenny, leavingthe carnations for Kevin.

438. d. Jenny is getting roses and Kevin is get-ting carnations. Neither Liz nor Inez would begetting a housewarming present. Michael is get-ting gladioli.

439. e. The only flowers unassigned are iris anddaisies. Liz is allergic to daisies, so she is get-ting the iris.

440. e. The city that got the least rain is in thedesert. New Town is in the mountains. LastStand got more rain than Olliopolis, so it cannotbe the city with the least rain; also, Mile Citycannot be the city with the least rain. Olliopolisgot 44 inches of rain. Therefore, Polberg is inthe desert and got 12 inches of rarn.

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441. a. Olliopolis got 44 inches of rain. LastStand got more rain than that, so it got 65inches, which is the most.

442. b. Olliopolis got 44 inches of rain, LastStand got 65, and Polberg got 12. New Town isin the mountains, and the city in the mountainsgot 32 inches of rain. Therefore, Mile City got27.

443. c. Olliopolis got 44 inches of rain, so it isnot in the desert or the forest. The city in themountains got 32 inches of rain; the coast 27.Therefore, Olliopolis is in a valley.

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Set 31 (Page 92)

444. d. The moderator sits in seat #3. It cannot,then, be Gary or Jarrod or Lane, who sit next tothe moderator. Heloise is not the moderator;therefore, the moderator is Kate.

445. a. Jarrod cannot sit in seat #3 because he isnot the moderator. Nor can he sit in seat #2 or#4, because he does not sit next to the moderat-or. Heloise cannot sit on an end, nor in seat #3or #4, so she is in seat #2, between the moderat-or (Kate) and Jarrod, who must be in seat #1.

446. e. Jarrod sits in seat #1 and is not the mod-erator; nor is he the pilot or the attorney. The at-torney sits in seat #4, and cannot sit next to theexplorer. Therefore, the pilot, Lane, is in seat#5, and the explorer must be in seat #1, Jarrod'sseat.

447. b. Jarrod is the explorer, Lane is the pilot,Kate is the moderator, and Gary is the attorney.Heloise must be the writer.

448. d. Zinnia plants tomatoes each year, sochoice e is incorrect. Each year she plants eithercarrots or cabbage, but not both. She will plantcabbage in the second year, so she will plantcarrots in the first. She never plants carrots andpeppers together, so the first year is tomatoes,carrots, beans and the second is tomatoes, cab-bage, peppers.

449. c. Dusting must be done on Tuesday, Wed-nesday, or Thursday. However, the mopping isdone on Thursday, and Terry does his task onWednesday. Therefore, Sally does the dustingon Tuesday.

450. d. Terry does not dust, mop, do laundry, orvacuum. Therefore, Terry does the sweeping onWednesday.

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451. b. Dusting is on Tuesday, sweeping is onWednesday, mopping is on Thursday, and laun-dry is on Friday. Therefore, the vacuuming isdone on Monday.

452. e. Vernon does not vacuum, dust, or sweep.Randy does the vacuuming, Sally does the dust-ing, Terry does the sweepingleaving laundry andmopping for Uma and Vernon. Uma does not dolaundry; therefore, she must mop, and Vernondoes the laundry.

453. d. Uma does the mopping, which is doneon Thursday.

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Set 32 (Page 95)

454. d. By stating that fitness walking does notrequire a commute to a health club, the authorstresses the convenience of this form of exer-cise. The paragraph also states that fitness walk-ing will result in a good workout. Choice a is in-correct because no comparison to weight liftingis made. Choice b may seem like a logical an-swer, but the paragraph only refers to peoplewho are fitness walkers, so for others, a healthclub might be a good investment. Choicec is notin the passage. Although choice e seems logical,the paragraph does not indicate that the wrongshoes will produce major injuries.

455. e. This answer is implied by the statementthat redistribution is needed so that people inemerging nations can have proper medical care.Choices a, b, andcare not mentioned in the pas-sage. Choice d is also incorrectthe passage in-dicates that the distribution of medicine, not itsproduction, is inadequate.

456. b. This answer is clearly stated in the firstsentence of the paragraph. There is no support inthe passage for choices a, d, ore. As for choice3, although mediation is mentioned, the state-ment does not indicate that victims should bethe mediators.

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457. c. This choice is supported as the best an-swer because the paragraph indicates that legis-lators once feared suggesting gas taxes, but nowmany of them are pushing bills in favor of thesetaxes. There is no indication that choice a istrue. Choice b is wrong because the paragraphdoesn't say why more gas taxes are being pro-posed. There is no support for choice d. Al-though choice e might be an attractive choice,the paragraph indicates that gas taxes are nolonger political poison.

458. a. The paragraph clearly states that thereare two differing opinions with regard to the useof calculators in the classroom. Although somepeople may believe that choice b is true, theparagraph does not indicate this. Choice c hasno relation to the paragraph. Choice d makes lo-gical sense, but the paragraph says nothingabout cost. Choice e is an opinion that is notgiven in the paragraph.

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459. e. This is clearly the best answer becausethe paragraph directly states that warm weatheraffects consumers' inclination to spend. It fur-thers states that the sales of single-family homeswas at an all-time high. There is no support forchoices a orc. Choice b is wrong because eventhough there were high sales for a particularFebruary, this does not mean that sales are nothigher in other months. Choice d presents a mis-leading figure of 4 million. The paragraph statesthat the record of 4.75 million was at an annual,not a monthly, rate.

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460. b. The last sentence in the paragraphclearly gives support for the idea that the in-terest in Shakespeare is due to the developmentof his characters. Choice a is incorrect becausethe writer never makes this type of comparison.Choicec is wrong because even though scholarsare mentioned in the paragraph, there is no in-dication that the scholars are compiling the an-thology. Choiced is wrong because there is nosupport to show that most NewYorkers are in-terested in this work. There is no support forchoice e either.

461. c. A change in employee social values overthepast ten years is implied in the whole para-graph, but particularly in the first sentence.Choice a is incorrect because the loyalty of themanagers to their corporations is never dis-

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cussed. There is no support for choice b. Inchoice d, perhaps career advancement isless important than it once was, but theparagraph does not indicate that advance-ment is unimportant to managers. Choiceeis an opinion that is not supported.

462. b. The support for choiceb is given in thesecond sentence of the paragraph. GenerationXers like to work independently, which meansthey are self-directed. No support is given foreither choice a or choice c. Choice d is not re-lated to the paragraph. Although the paragraphmentions that Generation Xers like to be chal-lenged, it does not say they like to challengetheir bosses' attitudes; therefore, choice e can beruled out.

463. e. The support for choice e is in the secondsentence: we should make voting compulsory.Choice a has no relation to the paragraph. Al-though payment of taxes is mentioned in theparagraph, there is no support for the opinionexpressed in choice c. Although the U.S. haslow voter turnout, there is no support for theidea that most democracies have the same prob-lem (choice d).

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Set 33 (Page 98)

464. d. This answer is implied by the wholeparagraph. The author stresses the need to readcritically by performing thoughtful and carefuloperations on the text. Choice a is incorrect be-cause the author never says that reading is dull.Choices b, c, and e are not supported by theparagraph.

465. a. The support for this choice is in thesecond sentence, which states that in somecountries toxic insecticides are still legal.Choice b is incorrect because even though polarregions are mentioned in the paragraph, there isno support for the idea that warmer regions arenot just as affected. There is no support forchoice c. Choice d can be ruled out becausethere is nothing to indicate that DDT andtoxaphene are the most toxic. Choice e isillogical.

466. a. The second and third sentence combineto give support to choice a. The statementstresses that there must be a judge's approval(i.e., legal authorization) before a search can beconducted. Choices b and d are wrong because itis not enough for the police to have direct evid-ence or a reasonable beliefa judge must author-ize the search for it to be legal. Choices c andeare not mentioned in the passage.

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467. e. The paragraph focuses on the idea thatthe jury system is different from what it was incolonial times. There is no support given forchoices a, b, or c. Choice d is incorrect because,even though jurors in colonial times were expec-ted to investigate and ask questions, this doesnot necessarily mean that they were more in-formed than today's jurors.

468. e. This answer is clearly stated in the lastsentence of the paragraph. Choice a can be ruledout because there is no support to show thatstudying math is dangerous. Words are not men-tioned in the passage, which rules out choice b.Choice d is a contradiction to the information inthe passage. There is no support for choice c.

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469. d. The last sentence states that new techno-logies are reported daily, and this implies thatnew technologies are being constantly de-veloped. There is no support for choice a. Withregard to choice b, stone tools were first usedtwo and a half million years ago, but they werenot necessarily in use all that time. Choice c isclearly wrong since the paragraph states whenstone tools first came into use. Although somemay agree that choice e is true, the author of theparagraph does not give support for this opinion.

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470. a. The support for this choice is in the firsttwo sentences, which state that scientists havemade progress in the study of human develop-ment by studying mice and other creatures.Choice b can be ruled out with a careful reading.There is no support in the paragraph to indicatethat scientists have learned to control human de-velopment; rather, they have learned about themechanisms that control development. There isno support for choice c in the paragraph.Choices d and e can be ruled out because theparagraph states that scientists have made signi-ficant progress during the past five years, but itdoes not state that their progress and their in-terest began only five years ago.

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471. b. This answer is clearly supported in thesecond sentence. Nothing in the paragraph sug-gests that it is a crime not to give a Mirandawarning, so choice a is incorrect. Choice c isalso wrong because police may interrogate aslong as a warning is given. There is no supportgiven for either choice d ore.

472. c. The last two sentences give direct sup-port for this response. Choice a is somewhat of acontradiction because the author believes thatlibrarians are trying to respond to the needs ofreaders. Choice b is attractive but is not in thepassage. There is no indication that librarianshave increased the popularity of CD-ROM andthe Internet (choice d). Choice e is not in thepassage.

473. b. The second sentence points out thatgoals and needs should be established before acompany purchases a new technology such asvideoconferencing. Choice a is incorrect be-cause the paragraph indicates that videoconfer-encing is happening now; it is not necessarilythe wave of the future. Choices c, d, and e areincorrect because neither of these is mentionedin the paragraph.

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Set 34 (Page 102)

474. d. The final sentence of the paragraph sup-ports choiced. The other choices are not in thepassage. Choice e may seem attractive at first,but the paragraph says that e-mail should beconcise and limited to one topic; it does not saythat topic must be minor.

475. d. The author of this statement suggeststhat doctors are less independent. The authorstresses that many doctors have lost authority.There is no support for the opinion that doctorsresent the health-care managers, howeverwhichrules out choice a. The doctors' training is nevermentioned (choice b). Doctors may care abouttheir patients (choice c), but this information isnot part of the paragraph. Choice e is notmentioned.

476. e. The second sentence states that threadinga needle involves motor skill. The other choicesare not in the paragraph.

477. a. The paragraph states that Mars once hada thick atmosphere but that it was stripped away.The other choices, true or not, cannot be foundin the passage.

478. a. The last sentence provides direct supportfor choice a. The author never suggests that anytrees should be cut down or thinned out, whicheliminates choices b andc. Choice d contradictsthe author's opinion. The author suggests thatold growth forests have less debris, which rulesout choice e.

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479. c. The fact that the Pyramid scheme is setup by a con artist suggests that the honest peoplewho invest have been fooled. Choices a and bare contradicted in the passage. The paragraphsays that the Pyramid scheme originated in the1920s, but does not say it had its heyday then;thus choice d is incorrect. Choice e is a fact butis not mentioned in the passage.

480. a. This is expressed in the second sentence.Choice b is wrong because even though thepeople being investigated might be disreputable,the clients who have hired the investigator arenot necessarily so. Choice c may be attractive,but the paragraph does not say that private in-vestigators actually write detective fiction. Theother choices are not in the passage.

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481. c. The statement that it is difficult to createan accurate profile of a skyjacker comes imme-diately after a discussion of the extreme differ-ences between skyjackers and their motives.Choicea is wrong because, although the para-graph says that the crime of skyjacking is unpre-dictable, it does not say that each individual sky-jacker is unpredictable. The other choices arenot in the passage.

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Set 35 (Page 105)

482. b. If it is more expensive to run a medicalpractice in a large city than a small town, itwould make sense for doctors to charge more inlarge cities. Choicesa, c, and e are incorrect be-cause the information in these statements is ex-traneous to the author's argument. Choice d iswrong because it supports, rather than refutes,the author's argument.

483. e. The passage states that doctors in largecities make more money than doctors in smalltowns or rural areas. The speaker then assumesthat if doctors all charge the same, they will allearn the same, but if doctors in large cities seemore patients, they will still earn more money.

484. a. The argument is based on the idea thatthe government spends a great deal of moneytranslating documents into different languages.Choices b and e make the argument somewhatweaker. Choice c offers no support for the argu-ment. Choice d may offer some support, butchoice a makes the argument much stronger.

485. c. If most people learn English within ashort period of time, making English the officiallanguage is unnecessary.

486. d. The speaker maintains that to burn a flagis an act of freedom of speech, which is amongthe things the flag represents.

487. a. If an action is not included under free-dom of speech, the speaker's main argument isincorrect.

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488. b. This is the best choice because it relatesto a situation where a proposed law would actu-ally violate the part of the Constitution it is in-tended to protect.

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Set 36 (Page 108)

489. a. Because the speaker is arguing that mul-tiple guests should be allowed when fewermembers are present, the purpose of the rule isto make sure members are not crowded by thepresence of guests. There is no support forchoices b, c, ord. Choice e is attractive, but it isnot the best choice because there is no way theclub could control which members would be atthe club at any one time.

490. c. Joint pain caused by physical activityand that caused by arthritis may not respond thesame way to medication.

491. e. This would indicate that the conditionsof the 4football players and the speaker's motherare similar.

492. c. The speaker uses analogies to comparecrawling with learning arithmetic and readingand to compare walking with using a computer.The speaker is making the point that, in bothcases, a child needs to learn one before learningthe other.

493. e. This evidence would back up thespeaker's contention that young students shouldlearn the basics before learning computers.Choices a and d, which are both about cost,would have no effect on the argument. Choicesb and c are too vague.

494. a. If computers enhance the learning ofarithmetic and reading, the speaker's argument isnot as strong.

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495. b. The speaker refers to the safety of chil-dren because most people are concerned aboutthat. The speaker does not make a comparison(choice a). Choice c can be ruled out becausethe speaker does not give a specific number.Choices d and e are incorrect because the speak-er doesn't give an account of any specific child,nor does he or she use any method of attack.

496. e. Since the speaker is basing the argumenton the safety of children, if there are only a fewaccidents and none involved children, the argu-ment is weaker.

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501 challenging

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