5 Minut es 1. Thinking about your current or desired partner, why do you like them? What drew you to...

The Formation of Relationships

PSYA3 Relationships

5 Minutes

To Start….

1. Thinking about your current

or desired partner, why do

you like them? What drew

you to them and why did

you start to date?

2. What factors do you think

matter in your decision to

stay with someone or to

break up?

3. Describe the physical

features of your ideal

romantic partner.

4. Do you believe in love?

Describe love in a couple of

sentences.

5. Do you believe you will get

married one day? What will

that decision be based on?

On a piece of paper answer the questions.

Answer the best you can from personal experience, they will remain private so be honest!

Put your answers in the envelope provided and seal it

We will look back on these at the end of the unit to see how the theories fit.

How will I know if I am learning?

By the end of the lesson…E Will be able to define Reward/Need

Satisfaction Theory.

C Will be able to explain how relationships are formed according to Reward/Need Satisfaction Theory.Will be able to evaluate Reward/Need Satisfaction Theory using basic A02 evaluation points.

A Will be able to evaluate Reward/Need Satisfaction Theory using the synoptic toolkit.

Formation of Relationships

Formation Maintenance Dissolution

(end!)

3 stages

Cycle of a Relationship

In pairs consider the lonely hearts adds.

1) Write down the most common things people are looking for in a partner.

2) Rank the things in order of importance.

3) Why are they the most important.

Extension: Consider what actually makes a relationship. What do relationships consist of?

10 minutes


What attracts us to a potential partner?

What are the most important attributes of a prospective partner

and why are they important in a relationship?


Reward/Need Satisfaction TheoryByrne & Clore (1970)

Based on the principles of Classical and Operant conditioning.


Attraction through Association How might we become attracted to someone through association?

What kind of factors might we associate them with?

Fill out the classical conditioning sheet with one of your ideas. What would be the UCS, UCR, CS and CR?

Formation of Relationships Reward/Need Satisfaction TheoryByrne & Clore (1970)

Before Conditioning During Conditioning After Conditioning

Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS)

Produces

Unconditioned Response

(UCR)


Is paired with

Neutral Stimulus

(NS)

Conditioned Stimulus

(CS)

Produces

Conditioned Response

(CR)

Reward/Need Satisfaction TheoryByrne & Clore (1970): Association

Before Conditioning

During Conditioning

After Conditioning


Pleasant Experience

Produces

Unconditioned Response

(UCR)

Happiness


Pleasant Experience

Is paired with

Neutral Stimulus

(NS)

Someone New (Potential Partner)

Conditioned Stimulus

(CS)

Potential Partner

Produces

Conditioned Response

(CR)

1. Happiness


Attraction through reward and punishment Operant Conditioning

Fill out the table with your ideas…

What features of a person or relationship are rewarding?

What features of a relationship might be negatively reinforcing?



Anything with reflect our unmet needs & make us happy. Company Financial Security Good Prospects FamilyAttractive partner Fun (sex)

Removal of stress, upset through support.



Anything which is rewarding produces positive feelings. We are more likely to repeat these experiences as they are positively reinforced.

Therefore we enter into relationships because the presence of some people is associated with the positive reinforcement they bring. They make us feel happy and we are more attracted to them.

Mutual attraction occurs when each partner meets the other partner’s needs e.g. the need for financial security or the need for affectionate love.


Task: Rebecca Smith

Rebecca is 30 years old. She’s a single mum. She like food and cooking and would like another child soon.

Look at her facebook profile. Write a suitable description of the kind of person she would be attracted to based on Reward/Need theory.

Think about: What kind of needs does she have? What would she find rewarding?


QuotesOmg this is actually made for me!!

Oooh loving Hugh Grant #whatadish

just wanted to let you all know that I am NOT engaged (or pregnant)........lol so many posts the last couple of weeks this is the only way I could join in#approaching30 #thefindrebeccaahusbandchallenge

Haha this is my wishful thinking!!

Right....I am sooo over internet bloody dating....just come across somebody else's HUSBAND!!! I'm staying single...FMFL..

https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/whatadish?source=feed_text&story_id=643232545794536



https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/approaching30?source=feed_text&story_id=643148172469640

https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/thefindchantelleahusbandchallenge?source=feed_text&story_id=643148172469640



Can you find a match?

Using what you learned on Reward/Need Satisfaction Theory from last lesson.

Try and find two possible matches from Match.com.

Be prepared to explain why you have matched them based on their rewards/needs.


A02 Studies Read the studies through. You can highlight them if you wish,

Decide whether they support or refute reward/need satisfaction theory and why.

Try to find at least one research methods evaluation for each of the studies.

Or

?


A02 Studies Griffit and Guay (1969). Participants were evaluated on a creative task by an experimenter and then ask to rate how much they liked the experimenter. The rating was highest when the experimenter had positively rewarded the participants performance on the task.

Participants also had to say how much they liked an onlooker. The onlooker was rated more highly in the condition where the performance of the participants had been positively evaluated by the experimenter.

Aron et al (2005) found that participants who measured very high on self report questionnaire of romantic love also showed strong activity in areas of the brain. Early stage love was associated with elevated levels of activity in reward centres of the brain.

Cate el al (1982) asked 337 individuals to assess their relationships in terms of reward and satisfaction. Results show that reward level was superior to all other factors in determining relationship satisfaction.

Or

?


A02 Synoptic Evaluation of Theory Using your synoptic toolkit to help you…

Lets start to evaluate the theory of Reward/Need Satisfaction Theory…As it is based on behaviourism, lets start with:

1) What are the general evaluation points of the behaviourist approach?

2) Now think a bit deeper and consider: What might other approaches say?Are there any issues?What debates could apply?


A02 Synoptic Evaluation: Speed Dating!!Now we are going to share ideas by speed dating.

Half of you will be A’s. You will stay seated.

The other half will be B’s you will move around the A’s in a clock wise motion.

You will have 1 minute with each person. In that time you each have to tell each other one evaluation point you have come up with.

When I ring the bell your minute is up and B’s need to move on to the next person.


What did we come up with?


Some Ideas:Cultural Bias = Does not account for cultural or gender differences in the formation of relationships. There is no mention of Culture! Perhaps in some cultures, the needs of people are different.

Evolutionary Approach = Aren’t relationships an evolutionary function – in order to survive and pass on our genes through reproduction?

Nature vs Nurture = This theory focuses too much on nurture. What about nature and evolution?

Ecological Validity = Most studies are carried out in labs, how far can we relate these results to real life? In a lab setting there may have been issues of social desirability!

Reductionist = Reducing relationships which are complex, down to simple stimulus – response behaviour!


Extension Task: PEEL

Point

Attraction to potential partners is actually a product of evolution, rather than in response to rewards or needs.

Evidence

Aron (2005) found that the reward system in our brains evolved in order for humans to select an appropriate mate to pass genes for survival.

Explain

This shows that evolution plays the main role when selecting a mate as it is important to select a mate quickly in order to reproduce.

Link

Therefore this evidence refutes the reward/need theory , arguing that relationship formation is just a product of evolution.


Elaboration: PEEL

PSYA3

Look at the mark scheme for a 24

marker and answer the questions..

Create a PEEL’s of your own.

Be prepared to share yours later!

Extension: Have you finished? Try creating a PEEL for an Evaluation A02 point…

Task: Rebecca Smith

Rebecca is 30 years old. She’s currently an actress who lives in Derby. She is very busy as she is about to star in a new show until it finishes and her contract ends. She would like to start a family in the next couple of years.

Look at her facebook profile. Write a suitable description of the kind of person she would be attracted to based on Reward/Need theory.

Think about: What kind of needs does she have? What would she find rewarding?


facebook

Name

Wall Photos Name Logout

Wall Info Photos

Information

Info

Photos

Current City: Hometown: Sex: Birthday: Relationship Status: Married to Name or Single or Widowed from NameEmployer: Education:Religion:Political Views:People Who Inspire:Favorite Quotations:Favorite Books: Activities:

Contact Information

Address: Street, City, State, Zip Code

Wall

Friends

The Filter Model


1) Do we have a set of criteria we use when choosing a partner?

2) How far do you agree that the statement ‘out of my league’ applies today..?

To Start…


By the end of the lesson…E Will be able to explain research evidence

of the Filter Model.

C Will be able to explain how the Filter Model explains formation of relationships. Will be able to evaluate the Filter Model using basic A02 evaluation points.

A Will be able to apply the Filter Model to real life examples of relationships.

Task 1: A01 Fill in the blanks, using the words. Try to work them out on your own. You can use words more than once.

People_________ possible mates from a range of eligible candidates. The theory suggests that people

use___________ methods at different levels of the process.

We start with__________ variables such as _______ or class. We then move to more individual and __________

values such as people’s ______________. For__________ variables we are likely to seek ____________

whereas for ___________ values it may be more important to seek ___________________ characteristics.

filterdifferent

social

raceinternal

personalitysocial similarity

internalcomplementary


filter different

social

race internalpersonality

similaritycomplementary

Task 2) 1) Using the cards in front of you, try to work out the

five factors Kerckhoff and Davis highlighted as being important in the filtering process. Match up the key term, the definition, and the symbol to help you remember.

2) Put the filters in order of importance, most important first! Factor Description Revision

Aid


Filters: Kerchkoff and Davies (1962)Factor Description Revision

Aid

Proximity

Most people will form a relationship with people close to them geographically. This is mainly due to chance they will meet, speak or generally become aware of one another.

Physical Attraction

How good looking someone is has been found to be one of the most important factors in initial relationship formation, as well as longer lasting relationships.

Similarity

Most people will come into contact with people from the same social or cultural background. This can also be the case for internal characteristics such as attitudes, or personality traits.

Complement of Needs

Not all personality characteristics need to be the same, we are often attracted to people who can give us what we lack. A dominating person may like a submissive person.

Competence

How intelligent and competent one appears can be influential in how attractive they are.

7/10 7/10


Filters: Kerchkoff and Davies (1962)

Field of desirables

Internal Variables.

Personality.

Similarity

Social variables. Proximity.

The first filter revolves around the fact that we only meet a very small fraction of people living in our area (proximity filter). Most of those we meet tend to be of a similar social class, education level and maybe even the same ethnicity or racial group (2nd similarity filter). The third filter is based on psychological (internal) factors. The chances of a short term relationship becoming more permanent depended most on shared beliefs and values, and personality variables.


Filters Model: Kerchkoff and Davies (1962)

To study the model, Kerkoff and Davies conducted a study using students in a relationship for less than 18 months (short term) with those in a relationship for over 18 months (long term). Using self-report questionnaires, the study found that attitude similarity was the most important factor up to 18 months. However in the long term couples complimenting each others needs became the most important factor.


Rebecca Smith (AGAIN!)

Based on the Filter Model…

Create a facebook profile for the perfect match to Rebecca Smith.

Annotate the blank template with your ideas. You MUST explain your decisions in relation to the Filter Model.

Use phrases such as..

‘We’ve picked this because…’

‘This supports ____ filter...’


Rebecca’s Perfect PartnerGet out your description of Rebecca’s partner from the Reward/Need Satisfaction theory.

Compare the two.

1)Did you create two similar matches? Why or why not?

2) How do the two theories compare?


Celebrity Couples 1) Look at these celebrity couples. Try to explain why their relationship

was formed according to the Filter Model. Write your explanation on a post it note with the names of the celebrities, and stick it on the board.


Re-Cap of Filter Theory According to Filter Model, who are likely to form a relationship?

“Female, 35, from Yateley- works as a waitress in a pub, friendly, confident and laid back, seeks a soul mate who will take care of me and who is a family man”

Female, 23, from London- attractive, slim, tall, loving and sensitive, who is qualified as a teacher, seeks caring,

high wage earning man with sense of humour, own home, for genuine

relationship”

“Male, 25, from London- high wage earner, trained as a doctor, sincere and genuine with a sense of humour, seeks attractive, caring young woman for genuine partnership”

“Male, 40, from Camberley- works in a garage, outgoing, very chilled out, seeks attractive, relaxed, positive person who is ready to settle down”

To Start…

Task: A02!Read each of the studies on your worksheet.

Decide which of the filters each of the studies provide support for and why.

Extension: How can we criticise these studies in terms of the methods they used? E.g. What are the advantages/disadvantages or using an observation method?

Proximity

Physical Attraction

Similarity

Complement of Needs

Competence


Festinger et al (1950) Observed friendships that formed in a block of apartments for married students. Students lived across 17 buildings. Students were 10 x’s as likely to form a friendship with people who lived in their own building. Interestingly the most popular people lived nearest to the staircases and post-boxes because they were most

likely to be ‘bumped’ into. This is called functional distance.

Aronson et al (1966) Using audio tapes they asked subjects to evaluate the attractiveness of four candidates being interviewed for

a famous quiz show. First one was nearly perfect, he answered 92% of the questions correctly, was an honours student in high

school, editor of the year book and member of the track team. Second one was nearly perfect too but spilt coffee on himself during the interview. Third one was mediocre, he answered 30% of the questions correctly, average grades in high school and a

proof reader for the yearbook. Fourth was also mediocre, and also spilt coffee. Order of attractiveness was 2,1,3,4. We like competent people but not too perfect!

Walster et al (1966) Advertised a “computer dance” for students during fresher’s week. As students arrived, four independent

judges assessed each student’s physical attractiveness. The participants were asked to fill in a questionnaire, for use in the computer pairing. In fact the

questionnaire was used to provide data about similarity and the pairing was random. During the dance, participants were asked to complete a questionnaire about the dance and their dates.

The more physically attractive students were liked more by their partners than the less attractive students. Attractiveness proved to be the most important factor in liking, above qualities such as intelligence and

personality and was also the best predictor of the likelihood that they would see each other again.

AO2: Proximity Evidence Festinger et al (1950) Observed friendships that formed in a block of

apartments for married students. Students lived across 17 buildings. Students were 10 x’s as likely to form a

friendship with people who lived in their own building.

Interestingly the most popular people lived nearest to the staircases and post-boxes because they were most likely to be ‘bumped’ into.

This is called functional distance.A03? How can we evaluate the methods used in this study?


AO2: Competency Evidence Aronson et al (1966) Using audio tapes they asked subjects to evaluate the

attractiveness of four candidates being interviewed for a famous quiz show.

First one was nearly perfect, he answered 92% of the questions correctly, was an honours student in high school, editor of the year book and member of the track team.

Second one was nearly perfect too but spilt coffee on himself during the interview.

Third one was mediocre, he answered 30% of the questions correctly, average grades in high school and a proof reader for the yearbook.

Fourth was also mediocre, and also spilt coffee. Order of attractiveness was 2,1,3,4. We like competent people but not too perfect!A03? How can we evaluate the methods used in this study?


AO2: Attractiveness Evidence

A03? How can we evaluate the methods used in this study?

Walster et al (1966) Advertised a “computer dance” for students during fresher’s

week. As students arrived, four independent judges assessed each student’s physical attractiveness.

The participants were asked to fill in a questionnaire, for use in the computer pairing. In fact the questionnaire was used to provide data about similarity and the pairing was random. During the dance, participants were asked to complete a questionnaire about the dance and their dates.

The more physically attractive students were liked more by their partners than the less attractive students.

Attractiveness proved to be the most important factor in liking, above qualities such as intelligence and personality and was also the best predictor of the likelihood that they would see each other again.


Synoptic A02Culture: Based on Western Culture where we

can interact with lots of people as we live in an urban setting. There are more opportunities.

Gender Roles: Have they changed dramatically in 50 years? How could this influence the filters? This may affect the validity of the theory.

Reductionism: What about biological factors? In Evolution, our ancestors chose a mate on the basis of survival. The men would seek a female who could give birth to and nurture their offspring in order to pass on the best genes.

Individual differences: Ignores the influence of early childhood experience and attachment style.


Synoptic A02Individual differences: What about

personality factors?Date: Outdated. The theory was created 50

years ago. Have relationships changed since then? There were less transport links and no internet. It is easier to be close in proximity and to be mobile today. Internet dating and long distance relationships common today!

Determinism: The theory assumes we make unconscious decisions based on the filters. What about being able to make conscious choices?

But lots of research support!


“Describe and evaluate two theories of the formation of relationships”

(24 Marks, A01 = 8 marks, A02/A03 = 16 marks)

5 Minut es 1. Thinking about your current or desired partner, why do you like them? What drew you to...

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