4g3 01 Turner Ashtonbrook

8/13/2019 4g3 01 Turner Ashtonbrook

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Our G-enealogy

• Brief history of cellular wireless telephony – Radio technology: TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA

– Mobile core network architectures

• Demographics & market trends today

– 3.5G, WiMAX, LTE & 4G migration paths

• Implications for the next 2-5 years

How the history o f cel lu lar technology helps usunderstand 4G technology and business models

and their l ikely impact on wireless b roadband

Google

“3G Tutorial”

“4G Tutorial”


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Outrageous ideas

• 5 GHz spectrum better than 700 MHz

• 2020: LTE* >80%; WiMAX*


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Source: ITU World ICT Indicators, June 2008

Mobiles overtake fixed


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Mobile Generations

G Summary Data Rates1 Analog Typical 2.4 Kbps; max 22 Kbps

2 Digital – TDMA, CDMA 9.6 - 14.4 Kbps (circuit data)

2.5GPRS – mux packets in

voice timeslots 15 - 40 Kbps

3Improved modulation,using CDMA variants

50 – 144 Kbps (1xRTT);200 – 384 Kbps (UMTS);500 Kbps – 2.4 Mbps (EVDO)

3.5 More modulation tweaks2 –14 Mbps (HSPA), then 28 Mbps& 42/84 Mbps future evolution

4New modulation (OFDMA);Multi-path (MIMO); All IP

LTE: potentially >100 Mbps withadequate spectrum (20 MHz)


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Origins of Wireless Communications

• 1864: James Clark Maxwell – Predicts existence of radio waves

• 1886: Heinrich Rudolph Hertz – Demonstrates radio waves

• 1895-1901: Guglielmo Marconi – Demonstrates wireless communications over

increasing distances

• Also in the 1890s – Nikola Tesla, Alexander Stepanovich Popov,Jagdish Chandra Bose and others, demonstrateforms of wireless communications


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Cellular Mobile Telephony

Antenna diversity Cellular concept

● Bell Labs (1957 & 1960)

Frequency reuse

● typically every 7 cells

Handoff as caller moves

Modified CO switch● HLR, paging, handoffs

Sectors improve reuse● every 3 cells possible


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First Generation (nearly all retired)

• Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) – US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (’79) & US (’83)

– 800 MHz; two 20 MHz bands; TIA-553

• Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) – Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland

– Launched 1981

– 450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900)

• Total Access Communications System (TACS)

– British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985


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2nd Generation – digital systems

• Leverage technology to increase capacity – Speech compression; digital signal processing

• Utilize/extend ―Intelligent Network‖ concepts

– Improve fraud prevention; Add new services• Wide diversity of 2G systems

– IS-54/ IS-136 Digital AMPS; PDC (Japan)

– DECT and PHS; iDEN

– IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne)

– GSM


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2G “CDMA” (cdmaOne)

• Code Division Multiple Access – all users share same frequency band

– discussed in detail later as CDMA is basis for 3G

• Qualcomm demo in 1989

– claimed improved capacity & simplified planning

• First deployment in Hong Kong late 1994

• Major success in Korea (1M subs by 1996)

• Adopted by Verizon and Sprint in US

• Easy migration to 3G (same modulation)


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GSM – Global System for Mobile

• Originally ―Groupe Spécial Mobile ‖ – joint European effort beginning 1982

– Focus: seamless roaming all Europe

• Services launched 1991 – time division multiple access (8 users per 200KHz) – 900 MHz band; later 1800 MHz; then 850/1900 MHz

• GSM – dominant world standard today

– well defined interfaces; many competitors; lowestcost to deploy

– network effect took hold in late 1990s


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GSM Dominant Today

• GSM+3GSM used by 88% of subscribers worldwide• Asia leads with 42% of all mobile subscriptions

– AT&T and T-Mobile use GSM/3GSM in US today

Source: Wireless Intelligence / GSM Association

GSM Subscribers


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1G, 2G, 3G Multi-Access Technologies

Courtesy of Petri Possi, UMTS World

4G and future wireless systems optimize acombination of frequency, time and coding

e.g. OFDMA & SC-FDMA (discussed later)


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2G & 3G – Code Division Multiple Access

• Spread spectrum modulation – originally developed for the military

– resists jamming and many kinds of interference

– coded modulation hidden from those w/o the code

• All users share same (large) block of spectrum

– one for one frequency reuse

– soft handoffs possible

• All 3G radio standards based on CDMA – CDMA2000, W-CDMA and TD-SCDMA


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Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard


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The 3G Vision

• Universal global roaming – Sought 1 standard (not 7), (but got 3:

3GSM, CDMA 2000 & TD-SCDMA)

• Increased data rates

• Multimedia (voice, data & video)• Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient)

• Data-centric architecture (ATM at first, later IP)

• But deployment took much longer than expected – No killer data app; new spectrum costly; telecom bubble

burst; much of the vision was vendor-driven


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3G Radio technology today

• CDMA 2000 – Multi Carrier CDMA – Evolution of IS-95 CDMA; but now a dead end

• UMTS (W-CDMA, HSPA) – Direct Spread CDMA

–Defined by 3GPP

• TD-SCDMA – Time Division Synchronous CDMA

– Defined by Chinese Academy of TelecommunicationsTechnology under the Ministry of Information Industry

Paired spectrum bands

Single spectral band with time division duplexing


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Why CDMA 2000 lost out

• Had better migration story from 2G to 3G – Evolution from original Qualcomm CDMA (IS-95)

– cdmaOne operators didn’t need additional spectrum

• Higher data rates than UMTS, at least at first• Couldn’t compete with GSM’s critical mass

– Last straw when Verizon Wireless selected 3GPP’s

Long Term Evolution (LTE) for their 4G network

– Verizon selection 11/07 – Qualcomm abandons further development 11/08


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Japan

USA

3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)

• Partnership of 6 regional standards groups, whichtranslate 3GPP specifications to regional standards

• Controls evolution of GSM, 3GSM (UMTS, WCDMA, HSPA) & LTE

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UMTS (3GSM) is market leader

• GSM evolution: W-CDMA, HSDPA, HSPA, +… – leverages GSM’s dominant position

• Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere

• Requires substantial new spectrum – 5 MHz each way (symmetric) at a minimum

• Slow start (was behind CDMA 2000), but now theaccepted leader

– Network effect built on GSM’s >80% market share

– Surely LTE will benefit in the same fashion…


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TD-SCDMA

(Time division synchronous CDMA)

• Chinese development

– IPR bargaining tool with West? Late to market, butbig deployment plans

• Single spectral band – unpaired spectrum; as little as 1.6 MHz; time

division duplex (TDD) with high spectral efficiency;good match for asymmetrical traffic!

• Power amplifiers must be very linear – relatively hard to meet specifications


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China 3G

• Largest mobile market in world (630 M subs) – Largest population in world (1.3 billion)

• Home-brew 3G standard: TD-SCDMA

–3G licenses were delayed until TD-SCDMA worked – 2008 trials: 10 cities, 15K BSs & 60K handsets

• 3G granted January 2009

– China Mobile: TD-SCDMA

– China Unicom: 3GSM (UMTS)

– China Telecom: CDMA 2000


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3G Adoption – DoCoMo Japan

Potential to

discontinue

2G services

in 2010 …

2G: mova

3G: FOMA


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3G Subscribers (2Q 2008)

• 18% on 3G; 82% on 2G; 0.01% on 1G• EU & US 3G penetration approaching 30%

• US penetration rate soaring

Source: comScore MobiLens

3-month averagesending June 2008

& June 2007

All mobile

subscribers

ages 13+


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3G data-only subscribers

• Soaring adoption of 3G ―USB Data Modems‖ – 92% of all 3G data bytes in Finland in 2H07

• Informa on EU 3G devices, May 2008

– 101.5M 3G devices:64 M handsets, 37M 3G data modems

• In-Stat/ ABI Research

– In-Stat: 5M cellular modems in 2006

– ABI Research 300% growth in 2007, i.e. 20M?

Enormous growth, from a relatively small base…


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Diverse Mobile Wireless Spectrum


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Wireless Migration


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W i r

e l e s s c a p a c i t y /

t h r o u g h p u t

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

First cell

phones

AMPS

GSM

CDMA

Wi-Fi

WiMAX

LTE

UMTS/HSPA2G

3G

4G

OFDM

→OFDMAMIMO


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ITU-T Framework

3GPP – WWAN (wireless wide

area network)

IEEE 802.16 – WMAN (wirelessmetropolitan area network)

IEEE 802.11 – WLAN (wirelesslocal area network)

ITU-T – United Nationstelecommunications standards

organization Accepts detailed standards

contributions from 3GPP, IEEEand other groups

Pervasive connectivityWLAN - WMAN - WWAN

http://www.itu.int/home/index.htmlhttp://www.itu.int/home/index.htmlhttp://www.phonescoop.com/news/item.php?n=902


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ITU Mobile Telecommunications

• IMT-2000 – Global standard for third generation (3G) wireless

– Detailed specifications from 3GPP, 3GPP2, ETSI and others

• IMT-Advanced – New communications framework: deployment ~2010 to 2015

– Data rates to reach around 100 Mbps for high mobility and1 Gbps for nomadic networks (i.e. WLANs)

– High mobility case via either or both evolved LTE & WiMAX

– 802.11ac and 802.11adaddressing the nomadic case


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LTE highlights

• Sophisticated multiple access schemes – DL: OFDMA with Cyclic Prefix (CP)

– UL: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) with CP

• Adaptive modulation and coding

– QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM

– 1/3 coding rate, two 8-state constituent encoders,and a contention-free internal interleaver

• Advanced MIMO spatial multiplexing – (2 or 4) x (2 or 4) downlink and uplink


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4G Technology – OFDMA

• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access – Supercedes CDMA used in all 3G variants

• OFDMA = Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplexing (OFDM) plus statistical multiplexing

– Optimization of time, frequency & code multiplexing

• OFDM already deployed in 802.11a & 802.11g

– Took Wi-Fi from 11 Mbps to 54 Mbps & beyond


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Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing

– Many closely-spaced sub-carriers, chosen to be orthogonal,thus eliminating inter-carrier interference

– Varies bits per sub-carrier based on instantaneous receivedpower


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Statistical Multiplexing (in OFDMA)

• Dynamically allocate user data to sub-carriers basedon instantaneous data rates and varying sub-carriercapacities

• Highly efficient use of spectrum

• Robust against fading, e.g. for mobile operation


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FDMA vs. OFDMA

• OFDMA more frequency efficient• Dynamically map traffic to frequencies

based on their instantaneousthroughput

FDMA

ChannelGuardband

OFDMA


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4G Technology - MIMO

Multiple Input Multiple Output smart antenna technology Multiple paths improve link reliability and increase

spectral efficiency (bps per Hz), range and directionality


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Municipal Multipath Environment


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SDMA = Smart Antenna Technologies

• Beamforming – Use multiple-antennas to

spatially shape the beam

• Spatial Multiplexing a.k.a.Collaborative MIMO – Multiple streams transmitted

– Multi-antenna receiversseparate the streams toachieve higher throughput

– On uplink, multiple single-antenna stations can transmitsimultaneously

• Space-Time Codes – Transmit diversity such as

Alamouti code reduces fading

2x2 Collaborative MIMO

give 2x peak data rate bytransmitting two datastreams


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4G Technology – SC-FDMA

• Single carrier multiple access – Used for LTE uplinks

– Being considered for 802.16m uplink

• Similar structure and performance to OFDMA

– Single carrier modulation with DFT-spreadorthogonal frequency multiplexing and FDequalization

• Lower Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) – Improves cell-edge performance

– Transmit efficiency conserves handset battery life


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Key Features of WiMAX and LTE

• OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)

• Users are allocated a slice in time and frequency

• Flexible, dynamic per user resource allocation

• Base station scheduler for uplink and downlink resource allocation – Resource allocation information conveyed on a frame‐by frame basis

• Support for TDD (time division duplex) and FDD (frequency division

duplex)

DLUL

DL

UL

FDD

Paired channels

TDD: single frequency channel for uplink and downlink


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3G/4G Comparison

Peak Data Rate (Mbps) Access time

(msec)Downlink Uplink

HSPA (today) 14 Mbps 2 Mbps 50-250 msec

HSPA (Release 7) MIMO 2x2 28 Mbps 11.6 Mbps 50-250 msec

HSPA + (MIMO, 64QAMDownlink)

42 Mbps 11.6 Mbps 50-250 msec

WiMAX Release 1.0 TDD (2:1UL/DL ratio), 10 MHz channel

40 Mbps 10 Mbps 40 msec

LTE (Release 8), 5+5 MHz

channel

43.2 Mbps 21.6 Mbps 30 msec


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WiMAX vs. LTE

• Commonalities – IP-based

– OFDMA and MIMO

– Similar data rates and channel widths

• Differences – Carriers are able to set requirements for LTE

through organizations like NGMN and LSTI, butcannot do this as easily at the IEEE-based 802.16

– LTE backhaul is, at least partially, designed tosupport legacy services while WiMAX assumesgreenfield deployments


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Commercial Issues

LTE

• Deployments likelyslower than projected

But

• Eventual migration pathfor GSM/3GSM, i.e. for >80% share

• Will be lowest cost &dominant in 2020

WiMAX

• 2-3 year lead, likelymaintained for years

• Dedicated spectrum inmany countries

But

• Likely < 15% share by

2020 & thus more costly


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3G Partnership Project

Defines migration GSM to UMTS/ 3GSM to LTE

Release

Specs

complete

First

deployed Major new features defined

98 1998 Last purely 2G GSM release

99 1Q 2000 2003 W-CDMA air interface

4 2Q 2001 2004 Softswitching IP in core network

5 1Q 2002 2006 HSDPA & IP Multimedia System (IMS)

6 4Q 2004 2007 HSUPA, MBMS, GAN, PoC & WLAN integration

7 4Q 2007 future HSPA+, Better latency & QoS for VoIP

8 4Q 2008 future LTE, All-IP

W-CDMA – Wideband CDMA modulationHSxPA – High Speed (Download/Upload) Packet Access

MBMS – Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service

GAN – Generic Access Network

PoC – Push-to-talk over Cellular

LTE – Long Term Evolution, a new air interface based on OFDM modulation

*

* Rush job?


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Core Network Architectures

• Two widely deployed architectures today• 3GPP evolved from GSM-MAP

– Used by GSM & 3GSM operators (88% of subs globally)

– ―Mobile Application Part‖ defines signaling for mobility,authentication, etc.

• 3GPP2 evolved from ANSI-41 MAP – ANSI-41 used with AMPS, TDMA & CDMA 2000

– GAIT (GSM ANSI Interoperability Team) allowedinteroperation, i.e., roaming

• Evolving to common ―all IP‖ vision based on 3GPP


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Separation of Signaling & Transport

• Like PSTN, 2G mobile networks have one networkplane for voice circuits and another network plane forsignaling

• Some elements reside only in the signaling plane

– HLR, VLR, SMS Center, …

Transport Plane (Voice)

Signaling Plane (SS7)MSCHLR

VLRMSC

SMS-SC

MSC


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Signaling in Core Network

• Based on SS7 – ISUP and specific Application Parts

• GSM MAP and ANSI-41 services

– mobility, call-handling, O&M, authentication,supplementary services, SMS, …

• Location registers for mobility management

– HLR: home location register has permanent data

– VLR: visitor location register – local copy forroamers


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PSTN-to-Mobile Call

(STP)

(SCP)

PSTNPLMN

(SSP)(SSP)BSSMS

PLMN(Home)(Visitor)

(STP)

HLR

GMSC

(SSP)

VMSC

VLR

IAM

6

2

Where is the subscriber?

5

Routing Info

3 Provide Roaming

4

SCP

1

IAM

514 581 ...

ISUP

MAP/ IS41 (over TCAP)

Signaling

over SS7


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GSM 2G Architecture

BSS Base Stat ion System

BTS Base Transceiver Station

BSC Base Station Controller

MS Mobile Station

NSS Netwo rk Sub-System

MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller

VLR Visitor Location Register

HLR Home Location Register

AuC Authentication Server

GMSC Gateway MSC

GSM Global System for Mobi le comm unicat ion

SS7BTS

BSCMSC

VLR

HLRAuC

GMSC

BSS

PSTN

NSS

A

E

C

D

PSTNAbis

B

H

MS


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2.5G Architectural Detail

SS7BTS

BSCMSC

VLR

HLRAuC

GMSC

BSS

PSTN

NSS

A

E

C

D

PSTNAbis

B

H

MS




NSS Networ k Sub-System





GMSC Gateway MSC

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

IP

2G+ MS (voice&data)

PSDNGi

SGSN

Gr

Gb

Gs

GGSN

Gc

Gn

2G MS (voice only)


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3G rel99 Architecture (UMTS)

SS7

IP

BTS

BSCMSC

VLR

HLRAuC

GMSC

BSS

SGSN GGSN

PSTN

PSDN

CN

CD

GcGr

Gn Gi

Abis

Gs

B

H




RNS Radio Network System

RNC Radio Network Controller

CN Core Network





GMSC Gateway MSC

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

AE PSTN

2G MS (voice only)

2G+ MS (voice & data)

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

Gb

3G UE (voice & data)

Node B

RNC

RNS

Iub

IuCS

ATM

IuPS


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3GPP rel5 ― IP Multimedia

Gb/IuPS

A/IuCS

SS7

IP/ATM

BTS

BSCMSC Server

VLR

HSSAuC

GMSC server

BSS

SGSN GGSN

PSTN

CN

CD

GcGr

Gn Gi

Abis

Gs

B

H

IM IP Mult imedia sub-system

MRF Media Resource Function

CSCF Call State Control Function

MGCF Media Gateway Control Function (Mc=H248,Mg=SIP)

IM-MGW IP Multimedia-MGW

Nc

2G MS (voice only)

2G+ MS (voice & data)

Node B

RNC

RNS

Iub

3G UE (voice & data)

Mc

CS-MGW

CS-MGWNb

PSTNMc

IuCS

IuPS

ATM

IM

IPPSTN

Mc

MGCF

IM-MGW

MRF

CSCF

Mg

Gs

IP Network


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3GPP2 Defines IS-41 Evolution

• 3rd Generation Partnership Project ―Two‖ – Evolution of IS-41 to ―all IP‖ more direct (skips ATMstage), but not any faster

– Goal of ultimate merger (3GPP + 3GPP2) remains

• 1xRTT – IP packets (like GPRS)• 1xEVDO – Evolution data-optimized

• 1xEVDV – abandoned

• 3x – Triples radio data rates• Universal Mobile Broadband (UMB) –

abandoned


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NextGen Networks (NGN) Converging

3GPP2 — CDMA2000 multi-media domain (MMD) based on 3GPP IMS R5

TISPAN — evolves NGN architecture for fixed networks based on 3GPP IMS ITU-T NGN Focus Group — venue to make TISPAN NGN a global spec

ATIS NGN Focus Group — formally collaborating with ETSI as of April 2005

PacketCable Release 2.0 — aligning with portions of 3GPP

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

3GPP Release 4

3GPP IMS R53GPP IMS R6

TISPAN R1

3GPP2 MMD

ITU-T NGN FG

ATIS NGN FG

Packet Cable 2.0

3GPP IMS R7

Following 3GPP lead


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IMS / NGN Vision

• One core network for ―any access‖ – Based on IP, using IETF standards, with extensions

– Wireline and wireless transparency

• Access and bandwidth will be commodities;services are the differentiator

– Per-session control supports per-application qualityof service (QoS) and per-application billing

• Voice is just application – ―Easily‖ integrated with other applications…


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IMS Story: Convergence

Source: Team Analysis, Lucent

Traditional Services

TV Caller ID Phone Tools Push to Talk

WirelinePacketCable

Wireless WifiWiMax

O S S /

B S S

AccessDelivery

MediaFunctions

SubscriberData

Application

O S S /

B S S

AccessDelivery

MediaFunctions

SubscriberData

Application

O S S /

B S S

AccessDelivery

MediaFunctions

SubscriberData

Application

IMS Services

Subscriber Data

Media Functions

IP Multimedia Subsystem

O S S /

B S S

ApplicationApplication

Phone Tools Push to Talk

WirelinePacketCable

Wireless WifiWiMax

Application

TV Caller ID


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IMS / NGN Value Proposition

• Generate new revenue from new services – Per-session control allows IMS to guarantee QoS

for each IP session, and enables differential billingfor applications & content

• Reduce capital spending – Converge all services on common infrastructure

– Focus limited resources on core competencies

• To date, mobile operators have had noincentive to deploy IMS for voice services


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Long Term Parallels: IN & IMS

Intelligent Network• Free operators from equipment provider lock-in

• Separate applications from basic call control

• Open protocols and APIs for applicationsIntelligent Network Application Successes

• FreePhone, Mobile (HLR), Pre-paid, Voice mail, …

• 15 year summary:A few applications, very widely deployed


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LTE’s System Architecture Evolution (SAE)

Diagram by Huawei

RAN (Radio access network)

SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node)PCRF (policy and charging function)

HSS (Home Subscriber Server)

MME (Mobility Management Entity)

SAE (System Architecture Evolution)


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Mobile Service Revenues

• > $800 billion in 2007, growing 6%-7% per year – > $1 trillion by 2012

• Voice services dominate: 81%

• SMS services: 9.5% ; All other non-voice services: 9.5%

Source: Portio Research


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Images courtesy of Jon Stern


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The Internet is the killer platform

• Mobile Internet accessdriving 3G data usage

• Future business modelsan open question

• Slides from yesterday’s

Mobile Broadbanddiscussion, are available


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Outrageous ideas

• 5 GHz spectrum better than 700 MHz

• 2020: LTE* >80%; WiMAX*


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Thank you !

Brough [email protected]

http://blogs.broughturner.com
mailto:[email protected]://blogs.broughturner.com/http://blogs.broughturner.com/mailto:[email protected]

4g3 01 Turner Ashtonbrook

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