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Transcript of 48 What is multimedia Instruction? 1. /48 Two definitions presentation of material in more than one...
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What is multimedia Instruction?
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Two definitions
• presentation of material in more than one form (audio+video+pictures+text)
• Presentation of material using both words and pictures
Words = printed or spoken (Verbal)
Pictures = still or motion (Visual)
Are textbooks multimedia?2
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Why do we need multimedia?
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Why Mulitimedia
• For thousands of years, the major format of presenting instructional material has been words
(spoken word or printed words)• Humans have 2 information processing systems• With the advent of computers we are able to use
pictures extensively.
If we use words only we ignore our capacity to also process material in the visual mode.
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Why might two channels be better?
• 2 theories
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Quantitative Rational
• More material can be presented on two channels than one channel
Like more traffic can travel over two lanes than one lane
Presenting in both is like presenting the material twice
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Problem?
• It assumes that the verbal and visual channels are equivalent
• Words and pictures are simply two equivalent ways of presenting the same material
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Is this right?
Presenting the same thing twice
=
Presenting it without visual + presenting with a visual
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Qualitative rationale
• Words & pictures can complement one another
• Meaningful learning (understanding) happens when learners are able to build meaningful connections between visual and verbal presentations
• In the process of trying to make this connection, learners are able to create a deeper understanding.
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1000 Words
• Two channels are not equivalent
• Words are useful for presenting materials that are more abstract and require more effort to translate
• Pictures are more useful for materials which are more intuitive , natural
• Not always “A picture is worth a 1000 words”
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Example
• PowerPoint 1.0 was actually derived from a product called “Presenter” that was developed by Forethought Inc. in early 1987.
• Microsoft purchased Presenter in August of 1987 for $14 million.
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Example
• PowerPoint 1.0 was actually derived from a product called “Presenter” that was developed by Forethought Inc. in early 1987.
• Microsoft purchased Presenter in August of 1987 for $14 million.
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Good visual
• PowerPoint 1.0 was actually derived from a product called “Presenter” that was developed by Forethought Inc. in early 1987.
• Microsoft purchased Presenter in August of 1987 for $14 million.
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Terminology
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Two views of multimedia design
• Technology-centered
• Learner-centered
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Two views of multimedia design
• Technology-centered approaches (what can we do with multimedia?)
Get the technology first and then look for its applications
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Learner-centered
• Learner-centered approaches (how can we adapt multimedia to enhance human learning?)
• Find the problem first and then search for the right technology to fix the problem.
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Two Kinds of Research
• Media research
• Learner centered research
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Two Kinds of Research
• Media research – Comparing a new technology with traditional approach or with an older technology
It may lead to NSD
it does not tell us why technology works or does not work.
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Learner centered research
• Learner centered research
Relationship between design features and the human cognition. How computers can expand our cognitive capabilities?
change variables one at a time
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Examples
Group 1
Two months writing with spellchecker on
Group 2
Two months of writing no spellchecker
Mayer’s experiments
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Two views of learning
• Information acquisition
• Knowledge construction view
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Two views of learning
• Information acquisition (delivery): learning involves adding information to one’s memory
If your goal is to help people learn isolated fragments of information, there is nothing wrong with this view
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Example
• You don’t know what is the word “house” in French.
I tell you
You memorize it
• Is this “Leaning”?24
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Two views of learning
Knowledge construction view
• Learning is a sense-making activity
• Learner is active
• The learner tries to organize and integrate the presented material into a coherent mental representation.
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Constructive Learning
• You learn some nouns
• You learn some verbs
• You learn some adjectives
• You learn some rules
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Constructive Learning
• If you memorize all of the aboveThis is rote learning
However, if
You organize & integrate all of the above
You write a paragraph in French.
• This is constructive learning
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Hands on activities & Discovery Learning
• What is and what is not hands-on?
• Is it important? Why?
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Hands on vs, minds on
• Meaningful learning depends on the learners’ cognitive activity during learning rather than the learner’s behavioral activity during learning
• Well-designed multimedia instructional message can promote active cognitive processing, even when learners seem to be behaviorally inactive.
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Dual coding theory
• Human information processing system includes dual channels
• Two theories
Auditory & Visual
Verbal & Nonverbal
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Two theories
Presentation Mode (Paivio)
One channel processes verbal material and the other channel processes pictorial material and nonverbal sounds
• Verbal = spoken or printed words
• Nonverbal = pictures, video, sounds
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Two theories
Sensory modality (Baddeley)
One channel processes visually represented material and the other channel processes auditory represented material
• Auditory = spoken words, sounds
• Visual= pictures, video, printed words
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Dual coding theory
• Each channel has limited capacity
• Learning requires several coordinated set of processes
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Memory Span
• Although there are individual differences , average memory span is 5-7 chunks.
• 7148973567
• 714-897-3567
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Lets try your memory
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6 digits
• In the next slide you’ll see 6 digits. In a limited time try to memorize all 6 digits in order.
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8 2 4 5 3 9
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6 Digits
• The number was 8 2 4 5 3 9
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8 Digits
• In the next slide you’ll see 8 digits. In a limited time try to memorize all 8 digits in order.
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3 6 8 2 3 6 5 2
• The number was 3 6 8 2 3 6 5 2
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Chunks
• In the next slide try to remember as many letters as you can in 6 seconds
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XUB IAF STM AOS
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Now try the new chunk
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SAT USA IBM FOX
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Active processing
requires
Attention (Selection)- paying attention and selecting relevant words or pictures
Organization- building connections among selected items
Integration- with other knowledge
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Richard Mayer 2003
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Youtube video
Dual Code theory (last slide)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGkzuHrk9E0&feature=relatedCognitive load exercisehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Xr4tNwAftI&feature=relatedDual Code and Multimedia Effects (Class video)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5H0qaUqUbl0&feature=relatedDual coding theory (8 minutes)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJ7eP-OP_14Dual Code theory (Short) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKg2zCnuN1Y&feature=related
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Relation between channels
• Although information enters the human information system via one channel, learners may also be able to convert the representation for processing in the other channel
• Canada• Germany• Japan
• Bhutan• Croatia• Kiribati
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Sources of cognitive load
• Intrinsic load depends on the inherent difficulty of the material
• Extraneous load depends on the way the instructional message is designed
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