Initial Environmental Examination December 2012

NEP: Second Small Towns Water Supply and

Sanitation Sector Project- Mukundapur Town

Project

Prepared by Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Ministry of Urban Development for the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 30 January 2013)

Currency unit – nepali rupees (NPR)

NPR1.00 = $0.01164 $1.00 = NPR85.8500

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank amsl – above mean sea level CMA – Community Medical Auxiliary DI – ductile iron Dia. – diameter DSC – Design and Supervision Consultant DWSS – Department of Water supply and Sewerage EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan EPA – Environment Protection Act EPR – Environment Protection Rule GI – galvanized iron GoN – Government of Nepal HDPE – high density polyethylene pipe HHs – households IEE – Initial Environmental Examination lpcd – liter per capita per day lps – liters per second MOUD – Ministry of Urban Development NDWQS – National Drinking Water Quality Standard NEA – Nepal Electricity Authority NGO – Non Government Organization Nrs. – Nepali Rupees O&M – operation & maintenance OD – outer diameter PMC – Project Management Consultant PMO – Project Management Office TDF – Town Development Fund VAT – Value Added Tax VDC – Village Development Committee WHO – World Health Organization WSSDO – Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office WUSC – Water User’s and Sanitation Committee

NOTES

(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Nepal and its agencies ends on 15 July. “FY” before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, e.g., FY2011 ends on 15 July 2011.

(ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated. This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Government of Nepal

Ministry of Urban Development

Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

Second Small Towns Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Project

Project Management Office Panipokhari, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu

OOff

MMuukkuunnddaappuurr TToowwnn WWaatteerr SSuuppppllyy aanndd SSaanniittaattiioonn PPrroojjeecctt,,

NNaawwaallppaarraassii

((BBaattcchh IIII,, PPaacckkaaggee IIII))

December 2012

RReeppoorrtt oonn

IInniittiiaall EEnnvviirroonnmmeennttaall EExxaammiinnaattiioonn ((IIEEEE))

i

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ii

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iii

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iv

Executive Summary

Proponent

This IEE Report has been prepared for the construction of water supply and sanitation scheme in

Mukundapur Town. Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (STWSSSP) of

Government of Nepal, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS), Ministry of Urban

Development (MoUD) is the executing agency and the proponent of the Initial Environmental

Examination (IEE) study for Mukundapur Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Nawalparasi

District.

Background

In January 2000 the Government endorsed the 15-year Development Plan for Small Towns Water

Supply and Sanitation in order to improve health and economic and environmental living conditions

of people in small towns in Nepal. The project embraces the community managed demand responsive

approach, where the community is involved in all aspects of planning and implementation of the town

projects. Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been providing financial assistance to this sector

project.

Project Description

The proposed Mukundapur Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project lies in Mukundapur VDC,

Nawalparasi district of Lumbini zone and Western Development region of Nepal. The proposal is to

provide water supply facility to all the settlements of Mukundapur VDC. There are three more water

supply systems, one covering ward no. 2 and the other covering ward no. 2, 5 & 6. Each of these three

schemes has independent Water Users’ Committee. There are 2692 households in the project area.

The total population is 13868 including rental (rental population-120) population. The population of

male is 6997(51%) and female population is 6751(49%). The male and female ratio is 1:0.99. The

average family size is 5.1.

Relevancy of the Proposal

IEE preparation and approval is a legal requirement before its implementation as per the provision of

Rule 3, Schedule 1, Ai (Drinking Water Sector) of the Environmental Protection Rules, (EPR, 1997

with amendments). Thus the IEE study of the Proposal is mandatory as per this provision.

Methodology

The findings and conclusions of the report are based on the analysis of the information collected from

the field by undertaking a walk-through environmental survey along the proposed area and secondary

information supplemented by information collected by the social and technical teams working on the

detail survey. Public consultation was done during the field visit with the local people living around

the project area, members of WUSC, teachers and local leaders.

Existing environmental condition

The project area is spread within Dun valley and Terai Plain and has sandy clay/ clayey sand soil to

rounded gravel mix soil. No rock structure is noticed within the project area. The Project area lies in

Tropical Climatic Zone. Narayani River is the major river of the project area where all the catchment

water is drained and lies towards south. Other streams around the project area are Baldia Khola, Rani

Khola, Kapersot Khola etc.

v

Major tree species of the forest are Sal (Shorea robusta), Jamun (Eugenia jambolana), Karam (Adina

cordifolia), Chilaune (Schima wallichii), Bhorla (Bauhinia vahlii), etc. dominated by Sal trees. Bagh

(Patnthera tigris), Chituwa (Panthers pardus), Dumsi (Hystrix indica), Kharayo (Caprolaus

hispidus), Langur (Presbytis entollus) etc. are the animal species dwellings in the forest.

The total population of the proposed area is 13748. The largest group of population falls under the age

group of 16-39 with 46%, the population with age group of 40-59 covers 25% and age group

belonging to below 5 year covers only 3%. The majority of the beneficiaries population has been

covered by Bramin/Chhetri which covers 44% and second largest group is Janajati with 32%.

Similarly, the population of Dalits and Others (Muslim and Madhesi) consists of 15% and

9%.respectively.

The main occupation of the people residing in the zone of influence (ZoI) of the proposed road

alignment is agriculture and livestock. People are also carrying out other economic activities like

working as labor, employment in government and non government organizations, business and

cottage industries. A significant section of the economically active male population goes out to

various foreign countries mainly in India to obtain employment. Earnings of people going to foreign

countries play significant role in the livelihood of the people.

Beneficial Impacts

Implementation of the Project will provide drinking water facility in Mukundapur VDC. This will

lead in improved health and sanitation condition of the project area. Time required in collecting water

mainly for women and children will be reduced.

Adverse Impacts

No any significant adverse environmental impacts have been predicted. The predicted negative

impacts are of local in nature and low in magnitude. There are very little possibilities of adverse

impact on biological and socio economical environment of project area too. There may be some

impact due to air, water and noise pollution, soil erosion, and disturbances to community during

construction. During operation phase, there may be impact due to contaminated water in the

distribution system and toxic chemical hazards.

Mitigation Measures

Though small in magnitude, there are some possibilities of producing adverse environmental impacts,

which must be mitigated as possible. Use of labor intensive construction techniques, preservation of

vegetation, safe guarding of trees, allowing frequent movement of vehicles and pedestrian along the

existing roads within construction period etc. are some of the measures prescribed for the mitigation

of impacts. Similarly, construction activities in close and active participation of local beneficiaries,

adequate training to local people is also prescribed for the mitigations.

Environmental Management Plan and Monitoring

An action plan with clear roles and responsibilities of stakeholders and time schedule has been

developed. The Design and Supervision Consultant (DSC), Water Users Committee (WUC), Project

Implementation Unit (PIU), Contractors, Mukundapur VDC are some of the major stakeholders of the

project, responsible for the action plan.

A well defined mechanism for the monitoring of Environment Management Action Plan and the

indicators for the Monitoring of the work has been formulated.

vi

Conclusion and Recommendation

The IEE study of the proposed water supply project reveals that the benefits from the implementation

of the proposed project are more significant and long term in nature against the adverse impacts most

of which could be mitigated or avoided. Therefore, this IEE is sufficient for approval of the proposed

project. This project is recommended for the implementation with incorporation of mitigation

measures and environmental monitoring plan.

vii

Table of Contents

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z .............................................................................................................................................. i

Executive Summary............................................................................................................................... iv

Table of Contents.................................................................................................................................. vii

List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................... x

List of Figures......................................................................................................................................... x

Annexes .................................................................................................................................................. x

List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. xi

CHAPTER I............................................................................................................................................ 1

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Name and Address of the Individual Institution Preparing the Report......................................... 1

1.1.1 Name of the Proposal............................................................................................................. 1

1.1.2 Name and Address of the Proponent ..................................................................................... 1

1.1.3 Consultancy Preparing the Report ......................................................................................... 1

1.2 Basis and Extent of the IEE Study................................................................................................ 1

1.2.1 ADB Policy............................................................................................................................ 2

1.2.2 National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines ................................ 3

1.2.3 Objectives and Scope of Environmental Study ..................................................................... 7

1.2.4 Relevancy of the Project ........................................................................................................ 7

1.2.5 Approach and Methodology .................................................................................................. 9

Chapter II .............................................................................................................................................. 11

Description of the Project ..................................................................................................................... 11

2.1 Existing Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage Infrastructure................................................. 11

2.1.1 Water Supply ....................................................................................................................... 11

2.1.2 Health and Sanitation........................................................................................................... 11

2.1.3 Roads and Surface Drainages .............................................................................................. 12

2.2 Type, Category and Need of the Subprojects ............................................................................. 12

2.3 Size or Magnitude of Operation.................................................................................................. 12

2.4 Proposed Schedule for Implementation ...................................................................................... 13

2.5 Description of Subprojects.......................................................................................................... 13

2.5.1 Water Source ....................................................................................................................... 13

2.5.2 Water Treatment Facilities................................................................................................... 14

2.5.3 Service Reservoirs ............................................................................................................... 14

2.5.4 Pipe Line.............................................................................................................................. 15

2.5.5 Other System Appurtenance ................................................................................................ 15

Chapter III............................................................................................................................................. 17

Description of the Environment............................................................................................................ 17

3.1 Physical Resources ..................................................................................................................... 17

3.1.1 Topography.......................................................................................................................... 17

viii

3.1.2 Geology and Soils, Seismology ........................................................................................... 17

3.1.3 Climate and Air Quality....................................................................................................... 17

3.1.4 Water Resources .................................................................................................................. 17

3.2 Ecological Resources.................................................................................................................. 18

3.2.1 National Parks and Protected Areas..................................................................................... 18

3.2.2 Forests.................................................................................................................................. 18

3.3 Social and Cultural Resources .................................................................................................... 19

3.3.1 Population and Communities............................................................................................... 19

3.3.2 Health Facilities ................................................................................................................... 19

3.3.3 Educational Facilities........................................................................................................... 19

3.3.4 Socio-economic conditions.................................................................................................. 19

3.3.5 Physical or Cultural Heritage............................................................................................... 19

3.3.6 Employment......................................................................................................................... 20

3.3.7 Slums and Squatter Settlements........................................................................................... 20

3.4 Economic Development and Prospects for Growth.................................................................... 20

3.4.1 Land Use.............................................................................................................................. 20

3.4 2 Infrastructure........................................................................................................................ 20

3.4.3 Economic Characteristics .................................................................................................... 21

3.4.4 Development Organizations ................................................................................................ 21

3.4.5 Major Environmental Problems........................................................................................... 21

3.4.6 Health and Sanitation........................................................................................................... 22

CHAPTER IV....................................................................................................................................... 23

ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ..................... 23

4.1 Pre-Construction Phase............................................................................................................... 23

4.2 Construction Phase ..................................................................................................................... 24

4.2.1 Physical Environment .......................................................................................................... 24

4.2.2 Biological Environment....................................................................................................... 25

4.2.3 Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment ........................................................................ 26

4.3 Operation Phase .......................................................................................................................... 28

CHAPTER V ........................................................................................................................................ 35

ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT SITUATIONS................... 35

5.1 Alternative in Project Location................................................................................................... 35

5.2 Alternative in Technology, Implementation Procedure and Raw Materials............................... 35

5.3 No Project Option ....................................................................................................................... 35

CHAPTER VI....................................................................................................................................... 36

INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ............................... 36

6.1 Public Consultation..................................................................................................................... 36

6.2 Information Disclosure ............................................................................................................... 36

CHAPTER VII...................................................................................................................................... 37

ix

GRIEVANCE AND REDRESS MECHANISM.................................................................................. 37

CHAPTER VIII .................................................................................................................................... 38

MATTERS TO BE MONITORED DURING IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT................. 38

8.1 Mitigation and Monitoring.......................................................................................................... 38

8.1.1 Construction Phase .............................................................................................................. 38

8.1.2 Operation Phase ................................................................................................................... 38

8.2 Environmental Procedures and Institutions ................................................................................ 45

8.3 Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures ...................................................................... 46

8.4 Reporting Procedure ................................................................................................................... 46

8.5 Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates ........................................................................................ 46

8.6 Work Plan ................................................................................................................................... 47

CHAPTER IX....................................................................................................................................... 49

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................. 49

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 50

x

List of Tables

Table 1: Criteria for Requirement of IEE and/or EIA for Drinking Water Supply Projects as per

Annex 1 and Schedule G and Annex 3 Schedule H of Environment Protection

Regulation 1997 Amendment 2007 Compared with the Situation of the Project 8

Table 2: Proposed Implementation Schedule ....................................................................................... 13

Table 3: Infrastructures needed for the Project..................................................................................... 15

Table 4: Existing Irrigation Tube wells at Amrapuri cluster, Nawalparasi .......................................... 18

Table 5: Evaluation of Anticipated Environmental Impacts................................................................. 29

Table 6: Mitigation measures, responsible agencies and cost required ................................................ 32

Table 7: Monitoring Plan and Cost during construction Phase ............................................................ 39

Table 8: Monitoring Plan and Cost during Operation Phase ................................................................ 43

Table 9: Annual Environmental Cost ................................................................................................... 47

Table 10: Sub-project implementation schedule .................................................................................. 48

List of Figures

Figure 1: Flow Diagram for Surface Water Treatment......................................................................... 14

Figure 2: Flow Diagram for Ground Water Treatment......................................................................... 14

Figure 3: Organization of EMP ............................................................................................................ 46

Annexes

Annex I: Approved TOR

Annex II: REA Checklist

Annex III: Location Map

Annex IV: Public Notice

Annex V: Deed of Inquiry

Annex VI: Minutes of Public Consultation

Annex VII: Recommendation Letter

Annex VIII: Survey Questionnaire

Annex IX: Water Quality Test Reports

xi

List of Abbreviations

ADB : Asian Development Bank

amsl : Above Mean Seal Level

CMA : Community Medical Auxiliary

DI : Ductile Iron

Dia. : Diameter

DSC : Design and Supervision Consultant

DWSS : Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP : Environmental Management Plan

EPA : Environmental Protection Act

EPR : Environmental Protection Rule

GI : Galvanized Iron

GoN : Government of Nepal

HDPE : High Density Polyethylene Pipe

HHs : Households

IEE : Initial Environmental Examination

lpcd : Liter per capita per day

lps : Liter per second

MoUD : Ministry of Urban Development

MRM : Mahendra Raj Margh

NDWQS : National Drinking Water Quality Standard

NEA : Nepal Electricity Authority

NGO : Non-government Office

Nrs. : Nepalese Rupees

O&M : Operation and Maintenance

OD : Outer diameter

PMC : Project Management Consultant

PMO : Project Management Office

SSTWSSSP : Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

TDF : Town Development Fund

VAT : Value Added Tax

VDC : Village Development Committee

WHO : World Health Organization

WSSDO : Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office

WUSC : Water User’s and Sanitation Committee

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Name and Address of the Individual Institution Preparing the Report

1.1.1 Name of the Proposal

1. The Name of the Proposal is Mukundapur Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project

1.1.2 Name and Address of the Proponent

2. The project proponent, Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (STWSSSP) of

Government of Nepal, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS), Ministry of Urban

Development (MoUD), is responsible for the preparation of IEE report.

Name of Proponent:

Project Management Office

Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

Ministry of Urban Development

Government of Nepal

Address of the Proponent:

Panipokari, Kathmandu

Tel: 977 1 442388, 977 1 4412348

Fax: 977 1 4413280

E-mail: info@stwsssp.gov.np

Website: www.sstwsssp.gov.np

1.1.3 Consultancy Preparing the Report

3. The Proponent has awarded Integrated Development & Research Services (P) Ltd. for IEE

Study. Its address is as follow:

Address of the Consultant

Integrated Development & Research Services (P) Ltd.

Baneswor, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Phone No: 4109185/4109165,

Fax: 977-1-4109165

P. O. Box 2216,

Email: irds@wlink.com.np

1.2 Basis and Extent of the IEE Study

4. In January 2000 the Government endorsed the 15-year Development Plan for Small Towns

Water Supply and Sanitation in order to improve health and economic and environmental living

conditions of people in small towns in Nepal. The project embraces the community managed

2

demand responsive approach, where the community is involved in all aspects of planning and

implementation of the town projects. Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been providing

financial assistance to this sector project. Department of Water Supply and Sanitation (DWSS) is

the implementing agency whereas the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) is the executive

agency.

5. The first phase of the project, whose duration was 2001 – 2008, has already been completed and

the people of 29 such small towns has been benefitted by the project. Upon the completion of the

first phase and after being felt the positive impact of the project, Government of Nepal has

decided to implement the second phase also, with the name, Second Small Town Water Supply

and Sanitation Sector Project (SSTWSSSP). For the implementation, formulation and operation

and maintenance of the project, SSTWSSSP aims to have full participation of the users of the

respective towns. The cost will also be shared equally by the users and GON.

6. Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) is the implementing agency of the project

whereas Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) is the executive agency. The project has

many stakeholders such as WUSC, Project Management Office (PMO) of DWSS, District

Division Office, Town Development Fund (TDF), Design and Supervision Consultant (DSC),

and local NGO responsible for social mobilization, health and hygiene programme and

preparation of social profiles. Therefore the effective coordination among all stakeholders is

very much desirable.

7. Both the Nepali law and ADB policy require that the environmental implications of individual

developments are taken into account in the planning and decision making processes and that

action is taken to reduce the impacts to acceptable levels. This is done through environmental

assessment process, which has become an integral part of lending operations and project

development and implementation worldwide.

1.2.1 ADB Policy

8. ADB's environmental and social safeguards are a cornerstone of its support to inclusive

economic growth and environmental sustainable growth. The Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS)

2009 governs the environmental and social safeguards of ADB’s operations. The SPS builds

upon the three previous safeguard policies on the environment, involuntary resettlement and

indigenous peoples, and brings them into one single policy that enhances consistency and

coherence, and more comprehensively addresses environmental and social impacts and risks.

The SPS aims to promote sustainability of project outcomes by protecting the environment and

people from projects' potential adverse impacts by avoiding adverse impacts of projects on the

environment and affected people, where possible; minimizing, mitigating, and/or compensating

for adverse project impacts on the environment and affected people when avoidance is not

possible; and helping borrowers/clients to strengthen their safeguard systems and develop the

capacity to manage environmental and social risks.

9. ADB’s Environment Policy requires environmental considerations to be incorporated into ADB

operations. Environmental assessment is the primary administrative tool to integrate

environmental considerations into decision-making of all types of development initiatives such

as formulating policies, programs, and development plans or projects to ensure that proposed

development will have minimal environmental impacts and be environmentally sound.

10. The nature of the assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its

environmental impacts, which are related to the type and location of the project, the sensitivity,

scale, nature and magnitude of its potential impacts, and the availability of cost-effective

3

mitigation measures. Projects are screened for their expected environmental impacts and are

assigned to either category A, B or C.

11. According to preliminary environmental screening and REA, the project is found to fall under

category B according to ADB Guideline (Category B projects are those, which are judged to

have some adverse environmental impacts but of lesser degree and/or significance than those for

category A projects). For these types of projects IEE is required to determine whether or not

significant environmental impacts warranting and EIA are likely. If an EIA is not needed, the

IEE is regarded as the final environmental assessment report.)

1.2.2 National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines

12. Different national and international documents, legal provisions, conventions, plans and policies

have been reviewed under desk study.

13. Government of Nepal has adopted various acts, regulations and guidelines to ensure the

integration of development and conservation of environment. Similarly ADB has also developed

different environmental and social guidelines and frameworks. Following acts, rules and

guidelines were found to guide the environmental study of the project and hence have been

reviewed.

Law

Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 B.S. (2007 A.D.)

14. The Interim Constitution of Nepal made the provision to every person has the right to live in a

clean environment. It also made provision in Article 35[5] the State shall make necessary

arrangements to maintain the natural environment. The State shall give priority to special

protection of the environment, and rare wildlife, and prevent further damage due to physical

development activities, by increasing awareness of the general public about environmental

cleanliness. Provision shall be made for the protection of the forest, vegetation and biodiversity,

their sustainable use and for equitable distribution of the benefits derived from them.

Plan/Policies

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation National Policy, Strategy and Action Plan 2060 B.S. (2004

A.D.)

15. This provides guidance on water supply and sanitation service provision in rural areas using

community led participatory approaches. While partially relevant in the urban context,

particularly around the integration of inputs and local capacity building, it generally fails to

address the complex operational challenges to be faced by Municipal authorities in

implementing and managing urban services.

Second Three Year Interim Plan 2068-71 B.S.

16. The second three year interim plan has identified EIA as a priority area, and it emphasizes on

environmental monitoring of the project that have undergone EIA process. The Plan focuses on

the need for setting-up national environmental standards with the strategy of internalizing

environmental management into the development programs. The Plan has also realized to

carryout Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) with the long term policy of promoting

environmental governance. The Plan emphasized on the local participation in environment

conservation, according to the Local Self Governance Act 2055, through the local bodies, make

them responsible and capable to manage local natural resources.

4

Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Policy 2066 B.S. (2009 A.D.)

17. This policy was recently formulated to provide an overall policy support and guidance towards

achieving equity in service delivery by ensuring that the financially marginalized households

within the system areas are mainstreamed as valid customers of service through design and

implementation of financial incentives where so required.

ADB’s “Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS)” 2066 B.S. (2009 A.D.)

18. ADB’s Safeguard Policy Framework consists of three operational policies on the Environment,

Indigenous people and involuntary resettlement. It requires that (i) impacts are identified and

assessed early in the project cycle, (ii) plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate or compensate for the

potential adverse impacts are developed and implemented and (iii) affected people are informed

and consulted during project preparation and implementation

Acts and Regulations

Land Acquisition Act 2034 B.S. (1977 A.D.) and Rules 2026 (1969)

19. Land Acquisition Act, 2034 (1977) with amendment in 2049 (1993) guides the compulsory

acquisition of land in the country. The Land Acquisition Act and the Land Acquisition Rules are

the two main legal instruments that specify procedural matters of land acquisition and

compensation. Government can acquire land at any place in any quantity by giving

compensation pursuant to the Act for the land acquired for any public purposes or for operation

of any development project initiated by government institutions (Section 3 and 4). The powers

given under these sections are very broad as government is empowered to acquire any land in

the name of public works. The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007 in its Article 19 (2) directs

the state to provide compensation for any property requisitioned, acquired or encumbered by the

State in implementing scientific land reform program or in public interest in accordance with

law.

Solid Waste Management Act 2011 (2068 BS)

20. The Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Centre has prepared a 'Solid Waste

Management Act' for managing increasing garbage in the city. The Act is related for sustainable

management of garbage and to minimize the negative impacts of garbage on environment and

public health. According to the act, the local agency will manage garbage under the public and

private partnership concept. The Act has provisions for segregation of garbage according to its

nature and for managing hazardous, industrial, medical and domestic wastes accordingly.

Provisions of complete responsibility to local bodies and strict punishment have also been

proposed in the act for effective monitoring system.

Water Resources Act 2049 B.S. (1992 A.D.) and Regulation, 2050 B.S. (1993A.D.)

21. Water Resource Act is an umbrella act governing water resource management. It declares the

order of priority of water use; vests ownership of water in the state; prohibits water pollution;

and provides for the formation of Water User Association and system of licensing. The

Regulation sets out the procedure to register a WUA and to obtain a license and sets out the

rights and obligations of WUA and license holders.

5

Water Tax Act 2023 (1966)

22. Under the Act, the water user who use water through a tap distributed by the government is

obliged to pay water tax as fixed by prevalent laws and charges are levied if the tax is not paid

within the time as fixed by the law.

Labor Act 2048 B.S. (1992 A.D.)

23. The Labor Act, 1992, which is executed by Ministry of Labor, is the main regulation regulating

the working environment. Chapter 5 of this Act deals with occupational health and safety.

Section 27 of Chapter 5 requires the management to make certain arrangements such as the

removal of waste accumulated during production process and prevention of accumulation of

dust, fume, vapor, and other impure materials, which would adversely affect health of workers.

Sections 28 and 29 require management to provide protective clothing and devices to workers

handling chemical substances and other hazardous and explosive substances. In order to prevent

accidents, section 30 of the Act requires the proprietor to make arrangements for fire safety

equipment and emergency equipment while section 31 requires the placement of sturdy fences

around hazardous machines and equipment operated by energy.

Forest Act 2049 (1992 A.D.) and Regulations 2050 (1993 A.D.)

24. The Forest Act, 1992 (with amendments) and its Rules 1993 contains several provisions to

ensure the development, conservation, management and sustainable use of forest resources. The

Act categories the forest into five categories viz.; state managed forest, community forest,

leasehold forest, private forest and religious forest.

25. The Act in general, prohibits the use of forest areas for development projects, but its Article 68

empowers GoN to issue permission to use the required portion of forest for development with

the assurance that it does not significantly affect the environment. Based on Forest Legislation,

GoN has legally protected thirteen plant species. The Regulation further elaborates legal

measures for the conservation of forests and wild animals.

Environmental Protection Act 2053 B.S. (1997 A.D.) Regulations 2054 (1997 A.D.) with

Amendment

26. The act requirement prescribed developmental projects to carry out Initial Environmental

Examination and such projects cannot be implemented without approval from the Ministry of

Urban Development. The proponent is required to submit Proposal with the report and the

Ministry has to grant approval of the proposal after opinions and suggestions by the general-

public and by an expert committee formed by the Ministry. The act also has the provision such

that nobody can create pollution beyond prescribed limits or standards; or nobody can cause

significant adverse impacts to the environment to safeguard to public life and health. The EPR

elaborates provisions to prepare and submit the Terms of Reference (TOR) and IEE report for

approval and includes public consultation processes. As per the EPR, the Environmental

Assessment report, in general, should include detailed information on impacts and

environmental protection measures, including implementation plan, monitoring and evaluation.

Public consultation is a pre-requisite in all the prescribed projects. The provisions of the act and

regulations are directly related to the project and hence these provisions have been considered in

the design and proposed implementation.

6

Local Self Governance Act 2055 B.S. (1999 A.D.) and Regulations 2056 B.S. (2000 A.D.)

27. The Local Self-Governance Act, 1999 empowers the local bodies for the conservation of soil,

forest, and other natural resources and implementation of environmental conservation activities.

The Village Development Committees (VDCs), Municipalities and District Development

Committees (DDCs) are mandated to take up the responsibilities of formulation and

implementation of programme relating to protection of environment and bio-diversity, and to

give adequate priority for the protection of environment during the formulation of local level

plans and programme. The Regulation has provisions for VDCs, District Development

Committee DDCs and municipalities to coordinate and implement development

projects/programs and to provide approval or clearance of the proposed project.

Drinking Water Regulations 2055 B.S. (1998 A.D.)

28. This regulation regulates the use of drinking water and deals with the control of water pollution

and maintenance of quality standards for drinking water. It also sets out the conditions of service

utilization by consumers.

Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation Act 2056 B.S. (2001 A.D.)

29. Section 3 of the act prohibits a child from engaging in work, sub clause 1 of the clause 3 states

“Nobody shall engage in work a child who has not completed fourteen years of age as a labor

and sub clause 2 states “Nobody shall engage a child in a risk full occupation or work set forth in

the Schedule”. The section 4 states “Child not to be engaged in work against his will by

temptation or fear or pressure or by any other means”.

Town Development Act 2045 (1988 A.D.)

30. The Act has provisions about the formation of town development committee in any town area to

implement town planning and in carrying out the developmental and reconstruction work of that

town.

31. Clauses 9 of town development act empowers the town development committee to regulate,

control or prohibit any act which has an adverse effect on public health or the aesthetics of the

town, or in any way pollutes the environment. It contains penalty provision in the form of fines

for the violation of the Act.

Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act 1989 (and amendments) & Water Supply Management

Board Act, 2006 & Water Supply Tariff Fixation Commission Act 2006

32. These acts facilitate the improved management of water and sanitation services. They establish

the legal basis for private sector management of schemes and independent fee setting and

regulation applicable to all urban schemes.

Standards and Guidelines

National EIA Guidelines 2050 B.S. (1993 A.D.)

33. GON has developed and adopted National EIA guidelines in 1993, under which projects and

programs are categorized as either requiring Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). This also includes scoping, preparation of ToR for

IEE/EIA, Methods of IEE/EIA report, Impact identification, prediction, impact mitigation

measures, review of draft EIA report, impact monitoring, evaluation of impact studies, impact

auditing, community participation and schedules & annexes to IEE and EIA. Environmental

Protection Act, 1997 and the Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997, were brought into

7

force aiming at mainstreaming of the integration of environmental aspects in development

projects and programs.

National Drinking Water Quality Standards 2062 B.S (2005 A.D.)

34. These standards provide details of the water quality standards to be applied to all water supply

schemes. These set out the water quality parameters, which the water suppliers should adhere to.

The directives also ensures that the water sampling, testing and analysis procedures used to

certify that the drinking water supplied or to be supplied conforms to the NDWQS and also sets

the monitoring and surveillance procedures to certify that the quality of supplied water conforms

to the standards.

Water Resources Strategy, 2055 B.S. (2002 A.D.)

35. In order to make water resource development comprehensive, systematized and accelerate the

process of development, Government of Nepal issued Water Resource Strategy in 2002. With

the goal of meeting its water supply needs and achieving long-term sustainability, the Water

Resources Strategy aims to meet this need by providing a systematic framework for water

resources development and identifying action plans to avoid and resolve conflicts, and achieve

Nepal’s water-related development objectives.

1.2.3 Objectives and Scope of Environmental Study

36. The main objective of the proposal is to provide water supply and sanitation facility to all the

settlements of Mukundapur VDC. The main objective of the IEE study is to identify the impacts

of physical, biological, socioeconomic and cultural environment of the sub-project area and to

propose mitigation measures to avoid, mitigate, reduce and minimize such impacts. The specific

objectives of the proposed IEE study include to:

• identify the major issues that may arise as a result of proposed works on bio-physical, socioeconomic and cultural environment of the project area, • recommend practical and site specific environmental mitigation and enhancement measures, prepare and implement environmental monitoring plan for the sub-project, • make sure that IEE is sufficient for the proposed water supply sub-project, and • provide information on the general environmental setting of the Mukundapur VDC area as baseline data.

1.2.4 Relevancy of the Project

37. The Proposed Water Supply and Sanitation Project is intended to serve entire wards of

Mukundapur VDC. It is expected that on implementation of the project the users of the area will

be able to avail from adequate amount of safe drinking water and need not resort the use of tube

wells and arsenic content water to fulfill their water needs. The project needs to go through IEE

process as stipulated in EPR 1997 (Amendments 1999 and 2007). The proposed project depends

both on stream and ground water source. On the basis on information in Mukundapur the

average depth of the wells is 100m and screen length of 24 m. the safe yield form a well size

300/200 mm should be 20 liters per second. The Project does not involve construction of any

tunnels; relocation of people or households, there is no need to settle any households above the

gravity source, and construction of river training works is not more than 1 km. the project is

expected to benefit a design population of about 35,672. The ground water abstraction for the

proposed drinking water augmentation is very miniscule compared to the available ground water

resources of the aquifer.

8

38. As the proposed project falls within the definitions provided in the EPR 1997 (Amendments

1999 and 2007) Annex 1(G) for drinking water projects; only an IEE shall be necessary. The

regulation stated in Annex 1 (H) shall only be applicable, if the proposal does not fall under

categories (A) through (H) of Annex 3. Table 2.1 compares the status of the project point by

point against the conditions defined by EPA 1997 and EPR 1997 (and its amendments 2007) for

which a drinking water would require IEE or EIA.

Table 1: Criteria for Requirement of IEE and/or EIA for Drinking Water Supply Projects as

per Annex 1 and Schedule G and Annex 3 Schedule H of Environment Protection Regulation

1997 Amendment 2007 Compared with the Situation of the Project

S.N. Condition described in the

Act and Regulations

IEE Required

as per the

Regulation

Annex 1 G

EIA Required

as per the

Regulation

Annex 3 H

Conditions in the

Project

1 River Control (Training) Up to 1

Kilometer

Over 1

Kilometer

Within the Limit

2 Channeling water from one

watershed to another

Applicable Applicable NA

3 Rain water collection and use

of spewing wetland

Up to 200

hectares

More than 200

hectares

NA

4 Supply of water in dry season

from surface water with a safe

yield of

Up to 1 cusec

and utilizing up

to 50% of the

available

quantity

More than 1

cusec and

utilizing the total

available

quantity

Within the Limit

5 Ground water Recharge Up to 50% of

total aquifer

More than 50%

of aquifer

NA

6 Water Treatment Up to 25 liter per

sec

More than 25

liter per sec

Within the Limit

7 Construction of tunnel for

Channeling drinking water

Tunnel

constructed

Not constructed

8 Water Resource Development

which displaces people

permanent residents

25 to 100 people Over 100 people NA

9 Settlement of people upstream

of water source

Settlement of up

to 500 people

Settlement of

above 500

people

NA

10 Supply of water to a

population of

5,000 to 50,000 Over 50,000 The water supply

system is designed

for distribution of

water to a total of

35,672 population

11 Connection of New Source to

supply water to existing water

supply system for a population

of

10,000 – 100,000 More than

100,000

The current

population of the

project is 13,748 and

the design population

is 35,672

9

S.N. Condition described in the

Act and Regulations

IEE Required

as per the

Regulation

Annex 1 G

EIA Required

as per the

Regulation

Annex 3 H

Conditions in the

Project

12 Operation of a drinking water

supply system with inclusion

of sewage disposal system

with sewage treatment system

Applicable On site sanitation

with sludge drying

bed is proposed to

install within the

VDC itself.

13 Extraction of ground water

from sources which are located

at point and non-point sources

of biological and chemical

pollution and/or their

influenced areas

NA Extracted No non point and

point sources of

pollution is present in

the vicinity of the

water source

14 Operation of water supply

project included in a

multipurpose project utilizing

a source of 25 liter per sec

water. (Construction of

Multiple Purpose Reservoir

Required)

NA Applicable This is not a

multipurpose project

and is solely for water

supply.

Considering this, it is required to conduct IEE study as per the GoN/ EPR.

1.2.5 Approach and Methodology

39. The present Initial Environmental Examination report has been prepared based on the Terms of Reference (TOR) approved by the Ministry of Urban Development, of the Government of Nepal.

The study has followed the provisions outlined in the Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and

Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997 and SPS, 2009 of the Asian Development Bank

(ADB). Data collection was initiated in April/May 2012 by the consultancy’s Environmental

team along with Civil engineer and Sociologist. The major activities undertaken during the

preparation of IEE are outlined below.

Desk Study and Literature Review

40. A desk review was carried out with the following steps:

Collection and review of secondary sources of information from various sources

41. Secondary information was collected through published and unpublished reports and

interpretation of maps and photographs. The sources of information were District Development

Committee (DDC), District Forest Office (DFO), other line agencies, related NGOs and other

project offices in the district.

Delineation of the geographical boundary of the Zone of Influence area on the topo-map

42. For the geographical boundary of the Zone of Influence (ZoI), whole Mukundapur VDC is

taken. Construction areas including intake structures, reservoir tanks, transmission and

distribution pipes lying areas, office building and operator/guard house, toilets and sludge drying

beds are considered to be under direct influence area and remaining whole Mukundapur VDC is

considered to be under indirectly influenced area.

10

Preparation of a project specific checklist

43. A checklist was prepared as per REA checklist of ADB along with survey questionnaire to

collect physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment-related information in the

field, as given in Annex II and Annex VIII.

Field survey and Data Collection

44. Primary data was collected through the field survey within the different settlements of

Mukundapur VDC. The field survey comprised of a walkthrough survey, consultations with

community, site inspection and observation. The following tools/research instruments were used

for the collection of primary data:

• Public consultation - To conduct consultation with the local communities at different settlements, with key informants and other knowledgeable persons. This was managed to

collect biological, socio-economic and cultural environment-related information using a

survey questionnaire as given in Annex VIII. • Topographical map - This map was used to show environmental features on the map during the walkthrough survey. • Photographs - Necessary photographs were taken to show different environmental features and affected structures.

Compilation of existing information, impact identification and prediction

45. The information collected from different sources were processed and analyzed according to the

physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment within the ZoI. The secondary

data collected was used as the major source for verification and crosschecking of primary data

during the field survey. The generated information from the primary source was analyzed and

tabulated.

46. Based on identification of the impacts, their predictions were done to forecast the changes in

local environment. The methods adopted in impact predictions were done by using various

methods, such as trend analysis, cause and effect relationship, expert judgment, etc. The

assessment of environmental impact was derived exclusively in terms of magnitude, duration

and extent. The significance of positive and negative impacts associated with construction and

subsequent operation of the water supply were identified and predicted considering the ZoI.

Mitigation Measures and Management Plan

47. Based on the identified impacts, their nature, extent and magnitude, the mitigation and

monitoring prescriptions were developed. A realistic approach was applied for the application of

the mitigation measures in the local context. An environmental monitoring and management

plan was developed to assess the effectiveness of the mitigation measures and implementation

status.

11

Chapter II

Description of the Project

2.1 Existing Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage Infrastructure

2.1.1 Water Supply

48. There are a number of schemes covering different wards of Mukundpur VDC like Mukundpur

Water Supply Scheme, Bhaisakhori Water Supply Scheme, Pitauji Water Supply Scheme and

Madkuri Water Supply Scheme. These schemes were constructed at different times with funding

provided by different agencies.

49. However, only the main Mukundpur Water Supply System covering ward numbers 1, 3, 4, 7, 8

and 9 is properly functioning but most of the households in the wards of the main Mukundpur

system are not connected to the distribution networks and the tap water is not their main source

of drinking water supply. Many parts of the service areas of the main Mukundpur system are in

need of extension of distribution networks. Most of the distribution pipes have come out to be

small because large number of houses is connected in the distribution network primarily

designed and constructed for public stand post supply. The demand for house connections is

growing with growing population. Most houses at the end of distribution areas are not at all

having any water in their taps. Many households have applied for water connection and waiting

for their turn as the WUSC approves small number of connections each year.

50. The other 3 systems serving ward numbers 2, 5 and 6 are at neglectful state and beyond revival

state. A few public stand posts are still running in these systems which are largely unattended.

Most of the households in these wards dependent on dug well and hand pumps for their domestic

water supplies.

51. Only 20.04 % of the households of Mukundapur VDC have private connection and 12.11 % of

households obtain their drinking water from public/community taps. Accordingly 39.3 percent of

the households fetch their water from wells and 28 percent from tube wells with hand pumps.

Majority of the wells and hand pumps are privately owned and some of them are fitted with

electric motor to pump the water on the roof water tanks.

2.1.2 Health and Sanitation

52. There is a health post at Pitauji of Mukundapur VDC. There are 7 medical stores in Mukundapur

VDC with CMA level health persons. Most of people go to nearby medical stores and health

post for ordinary illness and to Narayanghat and Kathmandu for serious health problems.

53. Majority of the houses in the VDC have in-house and/or backyard toilet facilities. About 97% of

the total households have toilet facility. 93% of the toilets are water seal pour-flush, 2% are

ventilated pit latrines and 2% are just pit latrines. As the VDC does not have a water-borne

sewerage system septic tanks are the primary mean of treatment and disposal of human waste.

Septic tank sludge are periodically cleaned manually when overflow problem appears. The

sludge with high content of gray water is buried in a pit dug on nearby land.

12

2.1.3 Roads and Surface Drainages

54. Surface drains do not exist on the sides of most of the black topped and graveled roads. At

present provision of surface drainage in not a felt need of the community as mostly houses led

their household wastewater into the kitchen gardens and soak pits located in and around their

premises. About 44% of households use their domestic wastewater for kitchen gardening and

about 54% of the household dispose of their wastewater through soak pit. The hot climate of the

VDC helps evaporate the waste water quickly. During monsoon the household waste water gets

diluted with storm water which passes over land and flows into natural water courses leading to

Narayani River.

55. However, densely built up areas along the highway and other roads with rising commercial

activities will soon develop in to dense populated areas inevitably requiring road-side surface

drains. Buildings and houses in such areas will not have adequate space to discharge increased

wastewater as a result of improved water supplies and will be forced to discharge household

wastewater along the road sides.

2.2 Type, Category and Need of the Subprojects

56. The Mukundapur Small Town WSP has been conceptualized as a piped, gravity water supply

system as well as ground water extraction and distribution system. Piped, gravity water supply

system is undertaken considering surface water at Kaparsot Khola (Surface Water Source) as the

source with conventional treatment system plan including grit removal chamber, sedimentation

tank and slow sand filter treatment system with ground reservoirs for distribution. Ground water

supply system is undertaken considering ground water pumping at Bhedabari along with

aeration with pressure filter. The system has been formulated to provide reliable and continuous

24 hours drinking water supply in adequate quantity and quality to the consumers at desired

service level.

57. With the expansion of the population due to rapid urbanization, the supply of water from the

existing scheme that was installed 17 years has become too low as compared to the demand. The

quality of water supplied is also not satisfactory especially during the rainy season when the

turbidity is very high. Moreover treatment of any kind has not been incorporated in the system.

Even chlorination is not used.

58. The WUSC and members of different political parties expressed that need of drinking water is

their top priority and they assured that beneficiaries are ready to pay their part of contribution.

The study of the project area indicates that the community in the project area is aware of quality

of water for drinking purpose and are paying requisite tariff as affixed by WUSC. They are not

satisfied in terms of quality and quantity of water delivered.

2.3 Size or Magnitude of Operation

59. The scheme is designed for a base population of 16,116 in 2620 households (year 2015) and a

design year population of 35672 in 5501 households (in the year 2029). Water will be tapped

from Kaparsot stream and ground water for providing the service area for whole Mukundapur

VDC. Currently there are 4 schemes in the VDC viz. Mukundapur water supply scheme,

Vaisakhori Water supply scheme, Pitauji Water supply scheme and Matkuri Water supply

scheme. The proposal is to upgrade Mukundapur water supply scheme adding ground water to

provide sufficient water to whole VDC and remove other water supply schemes.

13

2.4 Proposed Schedule for Implementation

60. Major project activities are construction and installation of

• Surface sources and intakes • Deep Boring and Pumping system • Generator and Generator shed • Transmission mains • Treatment facilities • Reservoirs • Distribution mains • House connection • Water quality testing facility • Office building • Guard Quarter/Operator House • Boundary wall etc.

61. The work will be contracted to a contractor, the standard procedure for selection and tendering

will be followed as per the norms of the Fiscal Act and Regulations. These will comprise of

tendering and approval of contract; presentation of security performance, field mobilization of

workers, technicians, and professional of the contractor; procurement and transportation of

materials, installation of structural works, mechanical works, pipe works and commissioning

works. The proposed schedule is presented in bar char

Table 2: Proposed Implementation Schedule

2.5 Description of Subprojects

2.5.1 Water Source

62. The ground water source and surface water source both will be used for this project. Ground

water will be extracted at Vedabari and surface water from Kaparsot Khola will be extracted at

nearby Ale village. The new pumping systems will be installed at Vedabari. Five numbers of

pumps including one stand-by are proposed to pump water from two ground reservoir of 500

14

cum and 200 cum capacity to overhead reservoir of 450 cum capacity having discharge of 20 lps

per pump with total delivery head of 30m.

2.5.2 Water Treatment Facilities

63. For treatment of surface water; Grit Removal Tank, Plain Sedimentation tank, Roughening Filter

and Slow Sand Filter have been proposed. Chlorination will be done while water passes through

Slow Sand Filter to 200 cum ground reservoir tank.

64. For treatment of ground water; Aeration and Pressure Filter have been proposed. Chlorination

will be done while water passes through Pressure Filter to 500 cum ground reservoir tank.

Figure 1: Flow Diagram for Surface Water Treatment

Figure 2: Flow Diagram for Ground Water Treatment

2.5.3 Service Reservoirs

65. For ground water, a ground reservoir of 500 cum is provided to balance the inflow from the tube

well and outflow to the overhead reservoir. The ground reservoir will also provide sufficient

contact time for chlorine as well as optimize the pumping requirements. The overhead reservoir

shall be of 450 cum capacity. For surface water, a ground reservoir of 200 cum is provided to

balance the inflow from the river intake and outflow to the supply system. All the reservoirs will

be circular reinforced concrete tank having dome type roof.

15

2.5.4 Pipe Line

66. Alignments of the proposed pipelines have been fixed. The distribution network follows the

tracks and roads as far as possible and no any land acquisition is needed for the project.

Transmission Line

67. For surface water total of 1140 m including 125 mm dia GI pipe of 224 m, 100 mm dia GI pipe

of 590 m, 110/6 kgf HDPE pipe of 200 m and 110/10 kgf HDPE pipe of 126 m long are needed.

68. For Ground water total of 931 m including 150 mm dia DI pipe of 642 m, 200 mm dia DI pipe

of 262 m, 250 mm dia DI pipe of 27 m long are needed.

Distribution Networks

69. The Distribution pipe line passes mainly along the roadside and crosses the road in many places,

No difficult terrain and major crossing exist along the distribution system. Distribution network

covering the entire area has been designed as looped system with 15 years design period. HDPE

pipe of 50 to 160 mm and DI pipes of 150 and 300 mm diameter are proposed. The wider roads

and paved roads are provided with pipelines at both the sides to avoid the pavement demolition

and reinstatement during the construction and future connection requirements. However to

reduce the initial investment, all other roads are provided with only one pipe at the either side of

the road, which ultimately need to be complimented by additional parallel pipes as the demand

increases and the roads are paved. The total length of the distribution system for scheme is

estimated at 78 km.

2.5.5 Other System Appurtenance

70. Four fire hydrants are proposed to be installed at critical locations preferably at the junctions,

major market areas and institutional areas and where there are pipes with 150 mm or bigger

diameter.

71. The proposed chlorination unit shall be attached to the ground reservoir which uses drip type

chlorination with bleaching powder solution.

72. Two guard house including an electrical room is proposed on each treatment plant site.

73. Masonry boundary wall with barbed fencing at top is proposed.

Table 3: Infrastructures needed for the Project

Infrastructure Function Description Location

Intake Structures Tapping and diversion

of water from surface

water source

A Weir to take in water

from the stream and a

settlement tank for

insoluble particles

Ratanpur VDC ward 8

and Mukundapur VDC

Ward 3

Treatment Facilities Remove turbidity and

bacteria from water

Different chambers and

tanks like Grit removal

tank, Sedimentation

Tank, Roughening

Filter and Slow Sand

Filter for surface water

and Aeration and

Pressure Filter for

ground water

Ward 3

16

Infrastructure Function Description Location

Reservoirs Collect and store water Covered RCC tanks Ground Reservoir in

Ward 3 and Overhead

Reservoir in ward 7 of

Mukundapur VDC

Transmission Mains Transfer water from the

source to the Treatment

/storage tank

GI, DI and HDPE

pipes of size 100 to

250 mm

Ward 3 of

Mukundapur VDC

Distribution Mains Transmission of water

from the

Storage/distribution

tanks to the service area

houses

GI, DI and HDPE

pipes of size 50 to 300

mm

All over Mukundapur

VDC

House Connection Connecting households

with distribution mains

GI pipe of size 15 to 25

mm

All over Mukundapur

VDC

Office Building Administrative purpose One and half storey

building with five

rooms

Ward 7 of

Mukundapur VDC

Guard/Operator House House for guard and

other operating works

One storey with three

rooms including toilet

One at ward 7 and

other at ward 3 of

Mukundapur VDC

Public Toilet with

Septic Tank

Prevent the open

defecation in market

area due to

unavailability of public

toilet.

4 Public toilets having

separate provision for

male and female with

urinals each with

capacity of 100

persons

Pitauji, Vedabari,

Beldiya and Harkapur

of Mukundapur VDC

Sludge Drying Bed Processing septage

prior to discharge to the

streamlet

Flat bed for sun drying

of sludge

Ward 8 of

Mukundapur VDC

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Chapter III

Description of the Environment

3.1 Physical Resources

3.1.1 Topography

74. Mukundpur is a VDC in Nawalparasi District. A proposal to merge this VDC with the adjacent

VDCs Gaidakot and Amarapuri to form a Municipality is under consideration of the

Government of Nepal. The VDC falls along the north and south of Mahendra Rajmarg between

10km to 18 km (8 km stretch of the highway) from Narayangarh. The VDC stretches between

Narayani River in the south and Chure hill range in the north. The main market centre is

Mukundapur on the highway at the altitude of 180 m above mean sea level and approximately

located at 27.70°N Latitude and 84.31°E Longitude. Location map and topo map of the project

area is given in Annex III.

3.1.2 Geology and Soils, Seismology

75. The project area is spread within Dun valley and Indo-Gangatic Plain and has Sandy clay/

Clayey Sand soil to rounded gravel mix soil. No rock structures are noticed exposed within the

project area. No any landslide possibility is noticed in nearby vicinity.

3.1.3 Climate and Air Quality

76. The Project area lies in Tropical Climatic Zone with average yearly minimum and maximum

temperatures being 15o and 34

o respectively. Average annual rainfall of the project area is about

2000 mm per year. July is the wettest and November is the driest month in the year. There are no

records concerning local air pollution within the project location.

3.1.4 Water Resources

Surface water and Quality

77. In case of surface water, Narayani River is the major source of water within the project area

where all the catchment water is drained and lies towards south. This is also a major river of the

country with enormous flow having good potentiality of water supply round the year to the

VDC. The physical and chemical quality of the river water will be good most part of the year. In

monsoon the river water becomes very turbid with load of silt and dissolved organic and

inorganic impurities rendering the pumping of raw water to treatment plants difficult. Pumping

raw water with heavy load of silt and sand would inevitably clog impellers of the pumps

damaging the pumps completely. Even the raw water with smaller loads of sand and silt would

abrade the impeller blades quickly warranting costly repairs and interruption in supplies.

78. Another source of surface water within the project area is Kaparsot Khola. The Kaparsod Khola

is the existing stream source of Mukundapur water supply. The stream flows through the

community protected dense forest in the Chure hill range in the north of the VDC at relatively

close proximity of the community. The source is a perennial and yields good quality of water

18

most part of the year. The intake is located at a safe and secure place. The downstream water of

the stream is used for irrigation purposes there has not been any conflict on the use of water for

water supply. Most of the households are common beneficiaries of both the water supply and

irrigation facilities. The physical and chemical quality of water is good most part of the year. In

the monsoon, however, the stream water will carry heavy loads of silt and dissolved impurities

which render the supply water highly turbid and undrinkable. To meet the national drinking

water quality standards the stream water must undergo though an elaborate treatment in a

conventional treatment plant. The Communities have agreed to continue the use of the source in

the new proposed unified system of water supply in light of its good characteristics and

availability of water by gravity.

79. Other streams around the project area are Baldia Khola, Rani Khola, Kapersot Khola etc. but are

not good source for water supply purpose.

Groundwater and Quality

80. Mukundapur VDC is rich in ground water resources also. The area near to Mukundapur is called

Amrapuri which has six irrigation tube wells. The area of Mukundapur is very similar and the

tube well can have the same discharge. The data of Amrapuri cluster tube well is in the

following table: (Data from GWRDB, Branch Office, Butwal).

Table 4: Existing Irrigation Tube wells at Amrapuri cluster, Nawalparasi

Well

No. Location

Total

Drill

Depth

(m)

Total

Lowering

Depth(m)

Length

of

Screen

Pumping Rate

(lps) Remarks

1 Amrapuri 133 72 27 27

2 Amrapuri 90 78.98 25 26

3 Amrapuri 107 91 26 25

4 Amrapuri 95 93 27 25

5 Amrapuri 88 81.50 30 25

6 Amrapuri 85 81.5 30 26

All the tube well

size is 250/140mm

Static water level

varies from 9-21m

Drawn varies from

11-24m

Water quality of surface water and ground water is given in Annex IX.

3.2 Ecological Resources

3.2.1 National Parks and Protected Areas

81. There are no any National Parks or protected areas within the Project locality. However the

Project lies within buffer zone of Chitwan National Park.

3.2.2 Forests

82. All the project activities lie in settlement region, agricultural area and barren land. It is noticed

that there are some community forest within the VDC that can be affected by project activities.

Flora

83. Major tree species of the forest are Sal (Shorea robusta), Jamun (Eugenia jambolana), Karam

(Adina cordifolia), Chilaune (Schima wallichii), Bhorla (Bauhinia vahlii), etc. dominated by Sal

trees.

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Fauna

84. Bagh (Patnthera tigris), Chituwa (Panthers pardus), Dumsi (Hystrix indica), Kharayo

(Caprolaus hispidus), Langur (Presbytis entollus) etc. are the animal species dwellings in the

forest.

3.3 Social and Cultural Resources

3.3.1 Population and Communities

85. The project area consist 40 settlements covering whole area of Mukundapur VDC. In total 2692

households are being benefited by the project with total population of 13868 including rental

(rental population-120) populations. The male population is 6997 (51%) and female population

is 6751(49%) with male and female ratio to be 1:0.99. The average family size of the project

area is 5.1. Majority of the population is covered by Bramhin /Chhetri with 44% coverage

followed by Janajati covering 31% and rest of others include Dalit, Muslim and Madhesi

community.

3.3.2 Health Facilities

86. There is a health post at Pitauji of Mukundapur VDC and 7 medical stores with CMA level

health persons in the project area. Most of people refer medical stores and health post nearby

their home for ordinary illness and for serious problems; they refer to hospitals at Narayanghat.

3.3.3 Educational Facilities

87. There are 11 educational institutions in project area, two higher secondary school, one secondary

school, three lower secondary school and rest of all primary school. The number of students is

estimated to be 3564 and the number of teacher is estimated to be 138. Educational status of the

people of project area is better than national figure. The illiterate percentage of the population is

found to be only 11%. Majority of the population have secondary level education status.

Similarly, the population with graduation is 8% and population with Master degree is 3%.

3.3.4 Socio-economic conditions

88. Most of the households are depended in agriculture in service area. The study (socio economic

survey-2069) shows 32% households are fully dependent in agriculture. The land ownership

status of household is satisfactory, i.e. 88% have land ownership similarly 30 % houses in

service area are found to be pakki, 56% semi pakki and 14% kachi. The income level of people

is also better, 47% household have more than NRs.15000 monthly income, as well as 24%

household earn NRs. 6000 to 10000 per month and rest of all have low income level. Similarly

47% household get sufficient food from agriculture for whole year, 19% household get food for

6 months and 34% get food only for 3 months.

3.3.5 Physical or Cultural Heritage

89. The service area of the project is newly growing area and most of the people have migrated from

uphill sides of Nepal. There are no remarkable cultural and physical heritage sites except few

newly constructed temples and river bank of Narayani.

20

3.3.6 Employment

90. Agriculture is the major source of livelihood. The people of service area are being shifting from

subsistence agriculture to commercial type, ie cow farming, buffalo farming, poultry farming

and commercial vegetable and banana farming. Remittance is another attractive source of

income, 7% people are depended in remit. Similarly 14% people are being engaged in various

services inside country.

3.3.7 Slums and Squatter Settlements

91. The project area is a growing area and holds rural characteristic and slums and squatter area are

not remarked. A small settlement near Gorkha Brewery of ward no 6 is developed, similarly

encroachment towards riverbanks of Narayani River and adjoining areas of forest at northern site

can be noticed.

3.4 Economic Development and Prospects for Growth

3.4.1 Land Use

92. The agriculture land is being fragmenting regularly due to population growth, land planning for