4 Mam Biblio vs Citation

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Bibliography

Bibliography (from Greek ,bibliographia , literally "book writing"), as a practice, is the

academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from

Greek - , -logia ). On the whole, bibliography is not concerned with the literary content of books, but

rather the sources of books ± how they were designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted and collected.

A bibliography, the product of the practice of bibliography, is a systematic list of books and other works

such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from "works cited" lists at the end of books and articles to

complete, independent publications. As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown

on the right, or computerised bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a

"bibliography," is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary

sources.

Bibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose, and can be generally divided

into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which

results in an overview of publications in a particular category, and analytical, or critical, bibliography, which

studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both

categories of bibliography cover works in other formats including recordings, motion pictures and videos,

graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.

[ed it] Etymology

The word bibliographia ( ) was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries AD to mean

the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for "the intellectual activity

of composing books". The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description

of books.

[ed it] Enum erativ e bibliography

A bibliography is a list of writings that share a common factor: this may be a topic, a language, a period, or

some other theme. The list may be comprehensive or selective. One particular instance of this is the list of

sources used or considered in preparing a work, sometimes called a reference list.

Citation formats vary, but an entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following information:

y author(s)

y title



Arachniography is a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference

list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from

arachne in reference to a spider and its web.

C itation

Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source).

More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression (e.g. [Newell84]) embedded in the

body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the

purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where

the citation appears. Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry

constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).

A prime purpose of a citation is intellectual honesty: to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the

correct sources, and to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports

the author's argument in the claimed way.

The forms of citations generally subscribe to one of the generally accepted citations systems, such as the

Oxford, Harvard, MLA, American Sociological Association (ASA), American Psychological Association

(APA), and other citations systems, as their syntactic conventions are widely known and easily interpreted

by readers. Each of these citation systems has its respective advantages and disadvantages relative to the

trade-offs of being informative (but not too disruptive) and thus should be chosen relative to the needs of the

type of publication being crafted. Editors will often specify the citation system to use.

Bibliographies, and other list-like compilations of references, are generally not considered citations because

they do not fulfill the true spirit of the term: deliberate acknowledgment by other authors of the priority of

one's ideas.

[ed it] C onc epts

y A bibliographic citation is a reference to a book, article, web page, or other published item. Citations shouldsupply sufficient detail to identify the item uniquely. [2] Different citation systems and styles are used in

scientific citation, legal citation, prior art, and the arts and the humanities.

[ed it] C itation cont ent

Citation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include:



y Book: author(s), book title, publisher, date of publication, and page number(s) if appropriate. [3][4]

y Journal: author(s), article title, journal title, date of publication, and page number(s).

y Newsp a pe r: author(s), article title, name of newspaper, section title and page number(s) if desired, date of

publication.

y W eb site : author(s), article and publication title where appropriate, as well as a URL, and a date when the

site was accessed.

y P lay: inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to

scene 4, line 452. For example, "In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only

decides he wants her when she is already married" (Pushkin 4.452-53). [5]

y P oem : spaced slashes are normally used to indicate separate lines of a poem, and parenthetical citations

usually include the line number(s). For example: "For I must love because I live / And life in me is what you

give." (Brennan, lines 15 16). [5]

Unique identifiers

Along with information such as author(s), date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also

include unique identifiers depending on the type of work being referred to.

y Citations of books may include an International Standard Book Number (ISBN).

y Specific volumes, articles or other identifiable parts of a periodical, may have an associated Serial Item and

Contribution Identifier (SICI).

y Electronic documents may have a digital object identifier (DOI).

y Biomedical research articles may have a PubMed Identifier (PMID).

y A citation number , used in some citation systems, is a number or symbol added inline and usually in

superscript, to refer readers to a footnote or endnote that cites the source. In other citation systems, an

inline parenthetical reference is used rather than a citation number, with limited information such as the

author's last name, year of publication, and page number referenced; a full identification of the source will

then appear in an appended bibliography.

C itation syst ems

Broadly speaking, there are two citation systems:[6][7][8]

No te systems

Note systems involve the use of sequential numbers in the text which refer to either footnotes (notes at the

end of the page) or endnotes (a note on a separate page at the end of the paper) which gives the source detail.

The notes system may or may not require a full bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used a

full note form or a shortened note form.



For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system w ithout a f ull bibliography could look

like this:

"The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance." 1

The note, located either at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote) would look like

this:

1. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, O n Dea th and Dy i ng (New York: Macmillan, 1969) 45 60.

In a paper which contains a full bibliography, the shortened note could look like this:

1. Kübler-Ross, O n Dea th and Dy i ng 45 60.

and the bibliography entry, which would be required with a shortened note, would look like this:

Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth. O n Dea th and Dy i ng . New York: Macmillan, 1969.

In the humanities, many authors use footnotes or endnotes to supply anecdotal information. In this way,

what looks like a citation is actually supplementary material, or suggestions for further reading. [9]

Pa renthetic al referencing

Parenthetical referencing also known as Harvard referencing where full or partial, in-text citations are

enclosed within parentheses and embedded in the paragraph, as opposed to the footnote style.

An example of a parenthetical reference would be:

(Smith 2010, p. 1)

Depending on the choice of style, fully cited parenthetical references may require no end section.

Alternately a list of the citations with complete bibliographical references may be included in an end section

sorted alphabetically by author's last name.

This section may be known as:

y References

y Bibliography

y Works cited

y Works consulted

C itation styl es



S tyle Guides

ACS S t yl e G u i d e

AMA M anual o f Style

T he A ssociated Press

T he Chicago M anual o f Style

T urabian

T he Elements o f Style

T he Elements o f T ypographic

IS O 690

MHRA Style Guide

MLA H andbook

MLA Style M anual

T he Ne w York T imes M anual

T he Oxf ord Guide to Style/Ne w H art's R ules

T he Publication M anual o f the A P A

T he A S A Style Guide

Y a h oo! S t yl e G u i d e

v · d · e

Main articles: APA style, MLA style, The Chicago Manual of Style, Bluebook, AL WD Citation Manual, ASA style,

Harvard referencing, and Vancouver system

Citation styles can be broadly divided into styles common to the Humanities and the Sciences, though there

is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as the Chicago Manual of Style, are quite flexible and cover

both parenthetical and note citation systems. Others, such as MLA and APA styles, specify formats within

the context of a single citation system. These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles.

The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page

numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis,

parenthesis, quotation marks, etc., particular to their style.

A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs; consequently, a number of different guides

exist. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long-

established as to have their own citation methods too: Stephanus pagination for Plato; Bekker numbers for

Aristotle; citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse; or Shakespeare notation by play, act and scene.

Some examples of style guides include:



Hum a nities

y The Chicago Style (CMOS) was developed and its guide is T he C hicago Manual of St yl e. It is most widely used

in history and economics as well as some social sciences. Its derivative is the closely related Turabian style

which is designed for student references and is distinguished from the CMOS by omission of quotation marks

in reference lists and mandatory access date citation.

y The Columbia Style was made by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citinginternet sources. Columbia Style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences.

y Ev i d ence Ex pla i ne d: C iti ng Hist ory Sour ces from A r ti facts t o C y be r sp a ce by Elizabeth Shown Mills covers

primary sources not included in CMOS, such as censuses, court, land, government, business, and church

records. Includes sources in electronic format. Used by genealogists and historians. [13]

y Harvard referencing (or author-date system) is a specific kind of parenthetical referencing. Parenthetical

referencing is recommended by both the British Standards Institution and the Modern Language Association.

Harvard referencing involves a short author-date reference, e.g., "(Smith, 2000)", being inserted after the

cited text within parentheses and the full reference to the source being listed at the end of the article.

y MLA style was developed by the Modern Language Association and is most often used in the arts and the

humanities, particularly in English studies, other literary studies, including comparative literature and literary

criticism in languages other than English ("foreign languages"), and some interdisciplinary studies, such as

cultural studies, drama and theatre, film, and other media, including television. This style of citations and

bibliographical format uses parenthetical referencing with author-page (Smith 395) or author-[short] title-

page (Smith, C on ti ng e ncies 42) in the case of more than one work by the same author within parentheses in

the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on a " Works Cited" page at the end of the paper, as well as

notes (footnotes or endnotes). See T he ML A S t yl e M anual and T he ML A Hand book for W r ite r s of Rese ar ch

P a pe r s, particularly Citation and bibliography format.

y The MHRA Style Guide is published by the Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA) and most

widely used in the arts and humanities in the United Kingdom, where the MHRA is based. It is available for

sale both in the UK and in the United States. It is similar to MLA style, but has some differences. For

example, MHRA style uses footnotes that reference a citation fully while also providing a bibliography. Some

readers find it advantageous that the footnotes provide full citations, instead of shortened references, so

that they do not need to consult the bibliography while reading for the rest of the publication details.

In some areas of the Humanities, footnotes are used exclusively for references, and their use for

conventional footnotes (explanations or examples) is avoided. In these areas, the term "footnote" is actually

used as a synonym for "reference", and care must be taken by editors and typesetters to ensure that they

understand how the term is being used by their authors.



So cial sciences

y The style of the American Psychological Association, or APA style, published in the Publication Manual of the

American Psychological Association, is most often used in social sciences. APA style uses Harvard referencing

within the text, listing the author's name and year of publication, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources at

the end of the paper on a References page.

y The American Political Science Association publishes both a style manual and a style guide for publications inthis field. [22] The style is close to the CMOS.

y The American Anthropological Association utilizes a modified form of the Chicago Style laid out in their

Publishing Style Guide.

y The ASA style of American Sociological Association is one of the main styles used in sociological publications.

C itation marks

In the case of direct citations, the boundaries of a citation are apparent from the quotation marks. However,

the boundaries of indirect citations are usually unknown. In order to clarify these boundaries, citation marks

( « ) can be used. Example:

This is sentence 1. This is sentence 2. This is sentence 3. (Smith et al., 2012)

Here, it becomes apparent from the citation marks that the citation refers to both sentence 2 and 3, but not to

sentence 1.

Issu es

In their research on footnotes in scholarly journals in the field of communication, Michael Bugeja and

Daniela V. Dimitrova have found that citations to online sources have a rate of decay (as cited pages are

taken down), which they call a "half-life," that renders footnotes in those journals less useful for scholarship

over time.

R efe r enc e

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from References)

For help in citing references, see Wikipedia:Citing sources. For the Wikipedia Reference Desk, see

Wikipedia:Reference desk.



This arti c

e n ¡ ¡ ds ¢ ddition ¢ l £ it ¢ tions fo ¤ v ¡ ¤ ifi £ ¢ tion . Please he lp impro ve thi s arti cle by adding r e liabl e

re¥

erences . Un sour ced mat erial ma y be chall eng ed and r emo ved. (A pr ¦ l 2010)

A reference , i der i ed from Middle Eng li re f erren , from Middle rench rè férer , from La tin re f erre , "to

carry back " formed from a pref i re - and f erre , "to bear " § ¨ © A large number of words der i e from this roo t,

including referee, reference, referendum, a ll retaining the bas ic mean ing of the or igina l Latin as "a po int,

place or source of or igin" that some thing of comparab le na ture can be def ined in terms of. A referee is the

prov ider of this source of or igin, and a referen t is the possessor of the source of or igin,whe ther it is

know ledge, ma tter or energy.

Because of its mean ing, the word reference is used in every sphere of human know ledge, adop ting shades of

mean ing par ticu lar to the con texts in wh ich it is used.

R eferences can take on many forms, includ ing: a though t, a sensory percep tion that is aud i ble

(onoma topoe ia), v isua l (text), o lfac tory, or tactile, emo tiona l state, re lationsh i p w ith o ther,[2] space time

coord inate, symbo lic or a l pha-numer ic, a phys ical ob ject or an energy pro jection; but, other concre te and

abs trac t con texts ex ist as me thods of def ining references w ithin the scope of the var ious f ields that requ ire

an or igin, po int of depar ture, or an or iginal form. h is includes me thods that intentiona lly h ide the reference

from some observers, as in cryp tography.

he fo llowing sec tions g ive spec if ic usages of re f erence in d ifferen t sub jects.

Co ntents

[hid e]

y 1 Knowl edg e

o 1.1 Systems

o 1.2 Data pro cess ing and comput er science

o 1.3 Comput er programming, program s & data

o 1.4 Bibliographi es

o 1.5 Librar y and information sciences

o 1.6 Encyclop edia s & book s of fa cts

o 1.7 Association s, organization s and mu se um s

o 1.8 N ews media, journali sm and publi shing

y 2 Philo soph y

o 2.1 Cau sation

o 2.2 Psycholog y



o 2.3 Humankind

o 2.4 Logic

y 3 Religion

y 4 Social Sciences

o 4.1 Social Processes

o 4.2 Culture and Institutions

o 4.3 Economics

y 5 Education

y 6 Law

o 6.1 Patent law

o 6.2 Canadian law

o 6.3 Mythology

o 6.4 Political science

o 6.5 Policy analysis

o 6.6 International Relations

o 6.7 Public administration

y 7 Military History and Science

y 8 Language

o 8.1 Semantics

8.1.1 Meaning

8.1.2 Absent referent

8.1.3 Linguistic sign

y 9 Natural sciences and mathematics

o 9.1 Astronomy

o 9.2 Mathematics

y 10 Technology (Applied Sciences)

o 10.1 Agriculture

o 10.2 Business

o 10.3 Construction

o 10.4 Engineering

o 10.5 Animal trainingo 10.6 Cooking

o 10. 7 Health and medicine

o 10. 8 Environmental engineering

o 10.9 Robotics

o 10.10 Risk management

y 11 The Arts

y 12 Literature and rhetoric



o 12 .1 Drama

o 12 .2 Science fiction

y 13 Geograph y

o 13 .1 Sur vey ing

y 14 Histor y

y 15 See also

y 16 Ref e rences

y 17 External link s

[ed it] Kn ow ledge

This sec tion r e uir es expan sion.

[e di

] Systems


[e di t ] Data p roc ess i an d co mp u te r s ci en ce

Main arti cle Ref erence (comput er scien ce

I n compu ter sc ience, references are da ta types that refer to an ob ject elsewhere in memory and are used to

cons truc t a w ide var iety of da ta s truc tures, such as linked lists. Genera lly, a reference is a va lue that enab les

a program to d irec tly access the par ticular da ta item. Most programm ing languages suppor t some form of reference.

[e di t ] Co mp u te r p ro r amm ing, p ro gr ams & d ata


T he C++ programm ing language has a spec if ic type of reference a lso referred to as a "reference "; see

reference ( C++ ).

[e di t ] Bib l io gr aph ies


Bi bliograph ies are spec ial reference works that are used to iden tify as many pub lished works on a g iven

sub ject as poss i ble, and serve as comp ilations for o ther au thors or researchers.



[e di t ] Libr a r y an d inf or mat io n s ci en ces

I n a li brary, "reference " may refer to a d ictionary, an encyc loped ia or o ther reference work, that con tains

many br ief ar ticles that cover a broad scope of know ledge in one book, or a se t of books. However, the word

re f erence is a lso used to mean a book tha t canno t be taken from the room, or from the bu ilding. Many of the

books in the re f erence depar t ent of a li brary are reference works, bu t some are books that are s imp ly too

large or va luab le to loan ou t. Converse ly, se lected reference works may be she lved w ith o ther c ircu lating books, and may be loaned ou t.

R eferences to many types of pr inted ma tter may come in an e lectron ic or mach ine-readab le form. or books,

there ex ists the IS B and for journa l ar ticles, the D igital ob ject iden tif ier (DO I) is ga ining re levance.

I nforma tion on the I nterne t may be referred to by a Un iform R esource I den tif ier (U R I ).

Li brar ians a lso conduc t reference interv iews a t the li brary reference desks, to he l p people f ind the

informa tion they seek. He l p may a lso be ava ilab le ou tside the li brary though v ir tual reference and d igital

reference serv ices.

[e di t ] En cyc l o pe di as & book s o f fa cts

This sec tion r e ! uir es expan sion.

S ome pub lished sources are produced as reference works that allow qu ick access toessen tial informa tion

abou t given sub jects, some times comp iled as top ical collections, and some times as genera l collections of

entr ies.

[e di t ] Ass oci at io ns, or gan iz at io ns an d m u se u ms

This sec tion r e " uir es expan sion.

[e di t ] News me di a, j our na l ism an d p ub l ish ing

This sec tion r e " uir es expan sion.

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[ed it] Ph ilosop hy

This sec tion r e # uir es expan sion.



[e di t ] Ca u sat io n

This sec tion r e $ uir es expan sion.

[e di t ] P sy ch o l o gy

This sec tion r e $ uir es expan sion.

I n terms of men tal process ing, a se lf-reference is used in psycho logy to es tab lish iden tif ication w ith a men tal

state dur ing se lf-ana lysis. T his seeks to a llow the individua l to deve lop own frames of reference in a grea ter

state of immed iate awareness. However, it can laso lead to c ircu lar reason ing, preven ting evo lution of

though t.[3]

[e di t ] % u man ki n d

This sec tion r e & uir es expan sion.

[e di t ] Lo gic

This sec tion r e & uir es expan sion.

[ed it] Re ligion

This sec tion r e ' uir es expan sion.

[ed it] S oci l Sc iences

This sec tion r e ' uir es expan sion.

[e di t ] Soci a l P roc esses

This sec tion r e ( uir es expan sion.

[e di t ] Cu l t ur e an d Inst it u t io ns


[e di t ] Eco n o m ic s




In the labour market, potential employers often ask job applicants for references or recommendations, so

that their suitability can be verified independently. The references can be a written letter, but are often just a

contact telephone number. Employers can ask for professional references, which are from former employers,

or for character references, which are from people of distinction such as doctors or teachers. The source of

the reference must be well-known to the applicant and able to vouch for their abilities during employment.

[ed it] E d ucation

In academics and scholarship, an author-title-date information in bibliographies and footnotes, specifying

complete works of other people. Copying of material by another author without proper citation or without

required permissions is plagiarism.

Keeping a diary allows an individual to use references for personal organization, whether or not anyone else

understands the systems of reference used. However, scholars have studied methods of reference because of

their key role in communication and co-operation between di ff erent people, and also because of misunderstandings that can arise. Modern academic study of reference has been developing since the 19th

Century. [4]

In scholarship, a reference may be a citation of a text that has been used in the creation of a piece of work

such as an essay, report, or oration. Its primary purpose is to allow people who read such work to examine

the author's sources, either for validity or to learn more about the subject. Such items are often listed at the

end of an article or book in a section marked "Bibliography" or "References". A bibliographical section

often contains works not cited by the author, but used as background reading or listed as potentially useful tothe reader. A reference section contains all of the works and only those works cited by the author(s) in the

main text.

[ed it] Law

In law, references are documents or people providing w itness to character . This connotation is also used in

employment.

[edit] Pa tent law

In patent law, a reference is a document that can be used to show the state of knowledge at a given time and

that therefore may make a claimed invention obvious or anticipated. Examples of references are patents of

any country, magazine articles, Ph.D. theses that are indexed and thus accessible to those interested in

finding information about the subject matter, and to some extent Internet material that is similarly

accessible.



[e di t ] Cana di an l aw

Main arti cle ) Ref erence qu es tion

A reference ques tion is a procedure through wh ich the governmen t of Canada can subm it lega l ques tions to

the S upreme Cour t of Canada and prov incial governmen ts to the prov incial cour ts of appea l.

[e di t ] Myth o l o gy

This sec tion r equir es expan sion.

[e di t ] P o l i t ic a l sci en ce

[e di t ] P o l ic y ana l ys is


[e di t ] Inte r nat io na l Re l at io ns


[e di t ] P ub l ic a d m in ist r at io n


[ed it] M ili tary H ist ory and Sc ience


[ed it] L anguage


[e di t ] Semant ic s

I n seman tics, reference is genera lly cons trued as the re lationsh i ps between nouns or pronouns and ob jects

that are named by them. Hence, the word " ohn " refers to John. T he word "it" refers to some prev ious ly

spec if ied ob ject. T he ob ject referred to is ca lled the "referen t" of the word.[5] S ome times the word-ob ject

relation is ca lled "deno tation"; the word deno tes the ob ject. T he converse re lation, the re lation from ob ject to

word, is ca lled "exemp lif ication"; the ob ject exemp lif ies wha t the word deno tes. I n syn tactic ana lysis, if a

word refers to a prev ious word, the prev ious word is ca lled the "anteceden t".

[ed it] Mean ing



Gottlob rege argued that reference canno t be trea ted as iden tica l with mean ing: "Hes perus " (an anc ient

Greek name for the even ing s tar) and " hosphorus " (an anc ient Greek name for the morn ing s tar) bo th refer

to Venus, bu t the as tronom ica l fac t that '"Hesperus " is " hosphorus "' can s till be informa tive, even if the

"mean ings " of "Hesperus " and " hosphorus " are a lready known. T his prob lem led rege to d istingu ish

be tween the sense and reference of a word. S ome cases seem to be too comp licated to be c lass if ied w ithin

this framework ; the accep tance of the no tion of secondary reference may be necessary to f ill the gap.

[ed it] bsent referent

Main arti cle 0 Abse nt r ef erent

W ords can of ten be mean ingfu l withou t hav ing a concre te here-and-now referen t. ictiona l and

mythologica l names such as "Bo-Peep " and "Hercu les" illustrate this poss i bilit y. S ign links w ith absen t

referen ts a lso a llow for d iscuss ing abs trac t ideas ( "love, " " peace ") as we ll as peop le and even ts of the pas t

and fu ture.

or those who argue that one canno t direc tly exper ience the d ivine (e.g. God), the s ign "God " can serve as

an examp le of a reference w ith an absen t referen t. Add itiona lly, cer tain sec ts of Juda ism and o ther re ligions

cons ider it sinfu l to wr ite, d iscard, or deface the name of the d ivine. T o avo id this prob lem, the s ignif ier G-d

is some times used, though this cou ld be seen as a s ign that refers to ano ther s ign w ith an absen t referen t.

[ed it] Li ngu ist ic s ign

Cer tain par ts of speech ex ist only to express reference, v i . anaphora, i.e., typica lly pronouns. T he subse t of

ref lexives expresses co-reference of agen t (ac tor) and pa tient (ac ted on), as in "T he man washed h imse lf ".

[ed it] Natura l sc iences and mathemat ics

[e di t ] Ast ro n o my


[e di t ] Mathemat ic s

I n ma thema tics, the absen t referen t can be seen w ith the symbo l for zero, " " or the emp ty se t, "{ }".

A reference po int in Geome try is a loca tion used to descr i be ano ther po int, by g iving the re lative pos ition.

S imilar ly there is the concep t of frame of reference (bo th in phys ics and f igura tively) and benchmark ( in

survey ing and f igura tively).

[ed it] Techn ology ( pp lied Sc iences)




[e di t ] Agricu l t ur e


[e di t ] Bu siness

I n bus iness adm inistration terms of reference descr i be the purpose and s truc ture of a pro ject, comm ittee,

mee ting, nego tiation, or any s imilar co llection of peop le who have agreed to work toge ther to accomp lish a

shared goa l. T he terms of reference of a pro ject are of ten referred to as the pro ject char ter.

[e di t ] Co nst ruc t io n


[e di t ] Eng inee ri ng


I n eng ineer ing a reference des ign is of ten used dur ing the pre-produc tion phase of des ign deve lopmen t to

test design fea tures aga inst or iginal spec if ications.

[e di t ] An ima l t r a in ing


[e di t ] Cooki ng


[e di t ] 1 ea l th an d me dici ne


[e di t ] Env iro nmenta l eng inee ri ng


[e di t ] Robo t ic s




[e di t ] Ris k management


[ed it] The rts


I n Ar t, a reference is an item from wh ich a work is based. T his may include :

y an existing artwork,

y a r eprodu ction (i. e ., photo),

y dir ec tly ob se rved ob jec t (i. e ., p erson), or

y th e arti st' s memor y.

Ano ther examp le of reference is samp les of var ious mus ical works be ing incorpora ted into a new one.

[ed it] Li terature and rhet or ic

I n academ ic literature, a reference is a prev ious ly pub lished wr itten work w ithin academ ic pub lishing that

has been used as a source for theory or c laims referred to that are used in the text. R eferences con tain

comp lete b i bliograph ic informa tion so the interes ted reader can f ind them in a li brary. R eferences can be

added e ither a t the end of the pub lication or as foo tnotes.

I n pub lishing, a reference is cit ati 2 n of a work, in a foo tnote, from wh ich an idea was taken.

[e di t ] Dr ama


[e di t ] Sci en ce f ic t io n


[ed it] Ge ogra phy




[e di t ] Sur vey ing


[ed it] H ist ory


4 Mam Biblio vs Citation

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Transcript of 4 Mam Biblio vs Citation