3.Senna
Transcript of 3.Senna
Indian AlexandrianDried leaflets of
• Cassia angustifolia • Leguminosae
• Known as Tinnevelly Senna
• Indigenous to S.Arabia , cultivated in S.India
(Tinnevelly)
• Cassia acutifolia• Leguminosae
• Formerly exported from Alexandria but now from Port Sudan
• Cultivated in Nile territories
• Collected from wild sources
Indian – Cultivation • Requires irrigated land • Red loamy ,coarse gravel soil. Also grows in
alluvial loamy soil• Before sowing land ploughed twice , leveled• 1st sowing done in Feb – Mar • 2nd sowing in Oct – Nov by broadcasting
method• Seeds triturated with sand for early
germination• Allowed to grow for 5months till the growth of
flower stalks occur which were cut down to initiate branching
• N – fertilizers were supplied
Indian
• Harvesting done in 3 stages after 2 – 3 months of sowing 1st leaflets thick , full grown , greenish 2nd after 1month 3rd after 4wks
• Collected by women & dried • Packed in large bales using hydraulic pressure • Uprooted after 3rd collection
• The one cultivated after rice crop on the same land in the same season gives best yields
• If grown on dry land without irrigation poor yields
Alexandrian• Branches collected when fruits are fully formed but still
unripe • Rapidly dried in Sun & sold by Govt.auction• Graded into 1.Whole leaves
2.Whole & broken leaves 3.Siftings & pods
• Pods & large stalks are 1st sifted , pods separated by hand• That passing through the sieve is tossed in shallow trays
1.Leaves & fragments – surface 2.Heavier Stalks , sand – bottom3.Leaves separated from fragments & graded
by means of sieves , partly by hand picking – form siftings &mixed leaves
• Whole leaves are picked by hand if required • Packed in mats / bales without pressing• Whole leaves sold to public• Other grades used for galanical preparations
Description
• Indian• Yellowish color• Larger than Alexandrian• Less asymmetrical at
base• Less broken, flat• Shows impressions mid
vein of other leaves as it is in compressed bales
• Alexandrian • Greyish green color
• More asymmetric , unequal at base
• More broken , curled at edges• Few pressed markings• Small whitish hairs especially
near veins
Uniformly lanceolate shape , Characteristc odor Mucilaginous , bitter , unpleasant taste,Entire margin , Acute apex
Microscopy (isobilateral leaf)
• Epidermis polygonal , tubular, cells contain mucilage Scattered non lignified warty
trichomes , curved near base
Paracytic stomata• Mesophyll
palisade on both the surfaces Single layered . Upper cells longer than lower
Spongy parenchyma contain calcium oxalate
Midrib• Biconvex • Flat dorsal surface & convex ventral surface • Epidermis present on both the surfaces • Palisade continuous over midrib on upper side • Lower palisade replaced by collenchyma• V.B Collateral & occupy central part of midrib
Covered on both sides by sclerenchyma fibers
• Xylem towards upper side , phloem lower side • Sclerenchyma fibers covered by a layer of
parenchyma which contain calcium oxalate
Constituents
• 1st isolated aloe emodin & rhein• Sennosides A & B• Also contain yellow flavonol coloring matter
Kaempferol & its glucoside Kaempferin • Isorhamnetin , myricyl alcohol , sterol• Mucilage , calcium oxalate , resin • Water soluble lignan & polysaccharide • Sennoside A upon hydrolysis gives
Sennidin A (dextro form ) + 2 glucose
• Sennoside B upon hydrolysis gives
Sennidin B (meso form ) + 2 glucose
Sennoside R1 R2 10-10’
A COOH COOH TransB COOH COOH MesoC CH 2OH COOH TransD CH 2OH COOH Meso
R2
OHO
C 6 H 11O5 O
O OH
R1
C 6H 11O 5 O
10
10’
Structure
USES • Purgative
Both varieties are differentiated by
Alexandrian Indian
• Vein islet number 25-30 20-23 • Stomatal index 11.4-12.2-13 17.1-18.7-20
• Palisade ratio(U) 4.5-9.5-18 4-7.5-12
(L) 3.5-7-14.5 2.5-5.1-10.5
• Borntrager’s test