3grpess Ru10 Final

PLMN 3G Radio Planning Essentials

RN3154EN10GLA00


RN3154EN10GLA00 2009 Nokia Siemens Networks

II

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III

Sub-sections

PLMN 3G Radio Planning Essentials RN3154EN10GLA00

Introduction 1

WCDMA Fundamentals 2

RNWP Fundamentals 3

NSN RNW Solution 4

RNP Process 5

Coverage Dimensioning 6

Capacity HW Dimensioning 7

Coverage Capacity Planning 8

Configuration Planning 9

Initial Parameter Configuration 10



IV

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V

Sub-section reference Sub-section identification

1 RN31541EN10GLA0 Introduction 1 - 32 RN31542EN10GLA0 WCDMA Fundamentals 1 - 683 RN31543EN10GLA0 RNWP Fundamentals 1 - 674 RN31544EN10GLA0 NSN RNW Solution 1 - 505 RN31545EN10GLA0 RNP Process 1 - 276 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning 1 - 887 RN31547EN10GLA0 Capacity HW Dimensioning 1 - 998 RN31548EN10GLA0 Coverage Capacity Planning 1 - 899 RN31549EN10GLA0 Configuration Planning 1 - 74

10 RN3154AEN10GLA0 Initial Parameter Configuration 1 - 42

This document consists of 607 pages.



VI

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VII

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Furthermore I assure that no software will be copied on to the training PCs, without the explicit consent of the trainer.

With my signature on the attendance list, I confirm that I will adhere to both of the above requests.



VIII

RN31541EN10GLA0

Introduction

1

1 Nokia Siemens Networks RN31541EN10GLA0

3G Radio Planning Essentials3GRPESS - Introduction

RN31541EN10GLA0

Introduction

2


AGENDA Course Modules

M01 WCDMA fundamentals M02 Radio network planning fundamentals M03 NSN radio network solution M04 Radio network planning process M05 Coverage dimensioning M06 Capacity and HW dimensioning M07 Coverage and capacity planning M08 Configuration planning M09 Initial parameter configuration

RN31541EN10GLA0

Introduction

3


COURSE OBJECTIVES

Give participant knowledge and competence to perform fundamental radio network planning tasks

Radio network planning process Base station configuration planning Cell range and load estimation Network dimensioning Site selection and design Initial parameter configuration

RN31542EN10GLA0

WCDMA fundamentals

1

1 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0

WCDMA Fundamentals3GRPESS MODULE 1

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WCDMA fundamentals

2


Module 1 WCDMA Fundamentals

Objectives After this module the participant shall be able to:- Understand the main cellular standards and allocated

frequency bands Understand the main properties of WCDMA air interface

including HSPA technology Recognize the main NSN RRM functions and their main

tasks

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WCDMA fundamentals

3


Module Contents

Standardisation and frequency bands

Main properties of UMTS Air Interface

Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM)

HSPA technology

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WCDMA fundamentals

4


Module Contents

Standardisation and frequency bands Standardisation of 3G cellular networks IMT-2000 frequency allocations UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution



HSPA technology

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WCDMA fundamentals

5


Standardisation of 3G cellular networks

ITU (Global guidelines and recommendations) IMT-2000: Global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications

3GPP is a co-operation between standardisation bodiesETSI (Europe), ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), ATIS (North America) and TTA (South Korea)

GSM EDGE

UMTS WCDMA - FDD WCDMA - TDD

TD-SCDMA 3GPP2 is a co-operation between standardisation bodies

ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), TIA (North America) and TTA (South Korea) CDMA2000

CDMA2000 1x CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000) is the global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications as defined by the International Telecommunication Union.

TD-SCDMA (Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access) is a 3Gmobile telecommunications standard, being pursued in the People's Republic of Chinaby the Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Technology (CATT), Datang and Siemens AG

RN31542EN10GLA0

WCDMA fundamentals

6


IMT-2000 frequency allocations2200 MHz20001900 1950 2050 2100 21501850

JapanIMT-2000PHS IMT-2000

ITU

Mob

ile

Sate

llite

IMT-2000 IMT-2000

EuropeUMTS(FDD)DEC

T

UM

TS (T

DD

)

GSM1800

UM

TS (T

DD

)UMTS(FDD)

USA

PCS

unlic

ense

d

PCSPCS

UM

TS (T

DD

)IM

T-20

00 (T

DD

)

Mob

ile

Sate

llite

Mob

ile

Sate

llite

Mob

ile

Sate

llite

Mob

ile

Sate

llite

Mob

ile

Sate

llite

Mob

ile

Sate

llite

Mob

ile

Sate

llite

RN31542EN10GLA0

WCDMA fundamentals

7


UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution

Release 99 I 1920 1980 MHz 2110 2170 MHz UMTS only in Europe, Japan II 1850 1910 MHz 1930 1990 MHz US PCS, GSM1900

New in Release 5 III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz GSM1800

New in Release 6 IV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz US 2.1 GHz band V 824-849MHz 869-894MHz US cellular, GSM850 VI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHz Japan

New in Release 7 VII 2500-2570 MHz 2620-2690 MHz VIII 880-915 MHz 925-960 MHz GSM900 IX 1749.9-1784.9 MHz 1844.9-1879.9 MHz Japan

Not supported by RU10 RAN

The allocation of frequency bands for FDD WCDMA is specified by 3GPP in TS25.104.3GPP release 99 specifies operating bands I and II. Release 5 specifies operating bands I, II and III. Release 6 specifies operating bands I, II, III, IV, V and VI.Operating band I is at 2100 MHz and represents the core 3G spectrum allocation. Operating band II is at 1900 MHz and helps to satisfy the requirements of America. Operating band V is at 850 MHz and represents an extension band for future use.Duplex spacings vary from 45 MHz for operating bands V and VI, to 400 MHz for operating band IV. Larger spacings increase the importance of treating the uplink and downlink propagation separately.NSN supports WCDMA 2100 with RAN1.5.2.ED2, WCDMA 1900 with RAN04 (Node B software WN2.ED2) and WCDMA 850 with RAS05 (Node B software WN3).The UARFCN identifies the RF carrier on a 200 kHz raster. The 200 kHz raster can be used for fine tuning the position of the RF carrier. Operating bands II and IV, V and VI have additional RF carrier positions defined with a different UARFCN numbering scheme.Directed Emergency Call Inter-System Handover (EMISHO) is supported by NSN for WCDMA 1900 and 850. EMISHO allows GSM location based services to be used in American markets where there are stringent location based service requirements for emergency calls.NSNs solution for WCDMA 2100 supports both 20 W and 40 W WPA. NSNs solution for WCDMA 1900 and 850 supports only 40 W WPA.The majority of link budget assumptions are the same for all operating bands. Antenna gains and feeder losses tend to be lower at lower frequencies. Building penetration losses and indoor standard deviations can be assumed to be equal for each of the frequency bands although these assumptions tend to be country specific. The use of 40 W WPA for WCDMA 1900 and 850 means that downlink transmit powers are typically 3 dB greater. MHA may not be used in band V as a result of the reduced feeder loss at 850 MHz.The air-interface propagation loss is less for the lower operating bands. In the case of Okumura-Hata, the frequency dependant terms result in approximately 12 dB difference between the WCDMA 2100 and 850 path loss figures for a specific cell range. Propagation model, clutter dependant correction factors may be assumed to increase at lower frequencies, i.e. for WCDMA 850.

The NSN Flexi WCDMA Base Station will be available for frequencies 2100 MHz, 1700 MHz, 1800 MHz and 1700/2100 MHz in the second half of 2006. In the first half of 2007, further frequencies, including 850 MHz, 900 MHz and 1900 MHz will be available, where after other frequencies will be added based on market need.

RN31542EN10GLA0

WCDMA fundamentals

8


Module Contents


Main properties of UMTS Air Interface UMTS Air interface technologies WCDMA FDD WCDMA vs. GSM CDMA principle Processing gain WCDMA codes and bit rates


HSPA technology

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WCDMA fundamentals

9


UMTS Air Interface technologies

UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions WCDMA FDD WCDMA TDD

WCDMA FDD is the more widely used solution FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band

WCDMA TDD technology is currently used in limited number of networks

TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same frequency

Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands

This course concentrates on design principles of WCDMA FDD solution, basic planning principles apply to both technologies

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WCDMA fundamentals

10


WCDMA FDD technology

Multiple access technology is wideband CDMA (WCDMA) All cells at same carrier frequency Spreading codes used to separate cells and users Signal bandwidth 3.84 MHz

Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity Inter-Frequency functionality to support mobility between frequencies

Compatibility with GSM technology Inter-System functionality to support mobility between GSM and UMTS

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WCDMA fundamentals

11


WCDMA Technology

5 MHz

3.84 MHz

f

5+5 MHz in FDD mode5 MHz in TDD mode

Freq

uenc

y

TimeDirect Sequence (DS) CDMA

WCDMA Carrier

WCDMAWCDMA5 MHz, 1 carrier5 MHz, 1 carrier

TDMA (GSM)TDMA (GSM)5 MHz, 25 carriers5 MHz, 25 carriers

Users share same time and frequency

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WCDMA fundamentals

12


UMTS & GSM Network Planning

GSM900/1800: 3G (WCDMA):

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WCDMA fundamentals

13


Differences between WCDMA & GSM

WCDMA GSMCarrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHzFrequency reuse factor 1 118Power controlfrequency

1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower

Quality control Radio resourcemanagement algorithms

Network planning(frequency planning)

Frequency diversity 5 MHz bandwidth givesmultipath diversity with

Rake receiver

Frequency hopping

Packet data Load-based packetscheduling

Timeslot basedscheduling with GPRS

Downlink transmitdiversity

Supported forimproving downlink

capacity

Not supported by thestandard, but can be

applied

High bit rates

Services withDifferent qualityrequirements

Efficient packet data

RN31542EN10GLA0

WCDMA fundamentals

14


Multiple WCDMA carriers Layered network

F1

F2

F2

F3

F3

F3

Micro BTSMacro BTS

Pico BTSs

1 - 10 km

50 - 100 m200 - 500 m

RN31542EN10GLA0

WCDMA fundamentals

15


Spreading Code

Spread Signal

Data

Air Interface

Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips SF=8)

Baseband Data

-1

+1

+1

+1

+1

+1

-1

-1

-1

-1

ChipChip

Despreadi

ngDesp

reading

CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & Symbols

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WCDMA fundamentals

16


Energy Box

Freq

uenc

y Ban

d

Duration(t = 1/Rb)

Pow

er/H

z

Originating Bit Received BitEnergy per bit = Eb = const

Higher spreading factor Wider frequency band Lower power spectral densityBUT

Same Energy per Bit

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WCDMA fundamentals

17


FrequencyPow

er d

ensi

ty (W

atts

/Hz)

Unspread narrowband signal Spread wideband signal

Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)

User bitrateR

sec84.3MchipconstW ==

[ ]RWdBGp =Processing gain:

Spreading & Processing Gain

RN31542EN10GLA0

WCDMA fundamentals

18

18 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0Frequency (Hz)

Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)

Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

Pow

er d

ensi

ty (W

/Hz)

R

Frequency (Hz)

Gp=W/R=24.98dB

Pow

er d

ensi

ty (W

/Hz)

R

Gp=W/R=10 dB

Spreading sequences have a different length Processing gain depends on the user data rate

Processing Gain Examples

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WCDMA fundamentals

19


Transmission Power

Frequency

5MHz

Power density

Time

High bit rate user

Low bit rate user

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WCDMA fundamentals

20


WCDMA Codes

In WCDMA two separate codes are used in the spreading operation

Channelisation code Scrambling code

Channelisation code DL: separates physical channels of different users and common channels,

defines physical channel bit rate UL: separates physical channels of one user, defines physical channel bit

rate

Scrambling code DL: separates cells in same carrier frequency UL: separates users

RN31542EN10GLA0

WCDMA fundamentals

21


DL Spreading and Multiplexing in WCDMA

User 3

User 2

User 1

BCCH

Pilot X

CODE 1

X

CODE 2

X

CODE 3

X

CODE 4

X

CODE 5

+

X

SCRAMBLINGCODE

RF

SUM

User 2

User 1

BCCH

Pilot

Radio frame = 15 time slots

Time

User 3

3.84 MHzRF carrier

3.84 MHz bandwidth

CHANNELISATION codes:

P-CPICH

P-CCPCH

DPCH1

DPCH2

DPCH3

RN31542EN10GLA0

WCDMA fundamentals

22


DL & UL Channelisation Codes

Walsh-Hadamard codes: orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF codes)

SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512} SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}

Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation value for each code pair in the code set equals 0

In theoretical environment users of one cell do not interfere each other in DL In practical multipath environment orthogonality is partly lost Interference between

users of same cell Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation, where synchronisation

between different channels can be guaranteed Downlink channels under one cell Uplink channels from a single user

Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation properties and thus not suited in an asynchronous environment

Scrambling code required to separate signals between cells in DL and users in UL

RN31542EN10GLA0

WCDMA fundamentals

23


Channelisation Code Tree

C0(0)=[1]

C2(1)=[1-1]

C2(0)=[11]

C4(0)=[1111]

C4(1)=[11-1-1]

C4(2)=[1-11-1]

C4(3)=[1-1-11]

C8(0)=[11111111]

C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1]

C8(2)=[11-1-111-1-1]

C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]

C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1]

C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11]

C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11]

C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1]

C16(0)=[............]C16(1)=[............]

C16(15)=[...........]

C16(14)=[...........]

C16(13=[...........]

C16(12)=[...........]

C16(11)=[...........]

C16(10)=[...........]

C16(9)=[............]

C16(8)=[............]

C16(7)=[............]

C16(6)=[............]

C16(5)=[............]

C16(4)=[............]

C16(3)=[............]

C16(2)=[............]

SF=1

SF=2

SF=4

SF=8

SF=16

SF=256

SF=512

...

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WCDMA fundamentals

24


Spreading factor

Channel symbol

rate (ksps)

Channel bit rate

(kbps)

DPDCH channel bit rate range

(kbps)

Maximum user data rate with -

rate coding (approx.)

512 7.5 15 36 13 kbps 256 15 30 1224 612 kbps 128 30 60 4251 2024 kbps 64 60 120 90 45 kbps 32 120 240 210 105 kbps 16 240 480 432 215 kbps 8 480 960 912 456 kbps 4 960 1920 1872 936 kbps

4, with 3 parallel codes

2880 5760 5616 2.3 Mbps

Half rate speechFull rate speech

128 kbps384 kbps

2 Mbps

Symbolphyb RR = 2_SFWRSymbol =

(QPSK modulation)

Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)

Rb_phy includes DPDCH (User data + L3 control) + Error protection + DPCCH (L1 control)

RN31542EN10GLA0

WCDMA fundamentals

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Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL) - HSDPA

3GPP Release 5 standards introduced enhanced DL bit rates with High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology

Shared high bit rate channel between users High peak bit rates Simultaneous usage of up to 15 DL channelisation codes (In HSDPA SF=16) Higher order modulation scheme (16-QAM) Higher bit rate in same band

16-QAM provides 4 bits per symbol 960 kbit/s / code physical channel peak rate

Coding rateCoding rate

QPSKQPSK


1/41/4

2/42/4

3/43/4

5 codes5 codes 10 codes10 codes 15 codes15 codes

600 kbps600 kbps 1.2 Mbps1.2 Mbps 1.8 Mbps1.8 Mbps

1.2 Mbps1.2 Mbps 2.4 Mbps2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps3.6 Mbps


16QAM16QAM

2/42/4

3/43/4

4/44/4




HSDPA

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Physical Layer Bit Rates (UL) - HSUPA

3GPP Release 6 standards introduced enhanced UL bit rates with High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSUPA) technology

Fast allocation of available UL capacity for users High peak bit rates Simultaneous usage of up to 2+2 UL channelisation codes (In HSUPA SF=2

4)


1/21/2

3/43/4

4/44/4

1 x SF41 x SF4 2 x SF42 x SF4 2 x SF22 x SF2 2 x SF2 + 2 x SF4 2 x SF2 + 2 x SF4

480 kbps480 kbps 960 kbps960 kbps 1.92 Mbps1.92 Mbps 2.88 Mbps2.88 Mbps

720 kbps720 kbps 1.46 Mbps1.46 Mbps 2.88 Mbps2.88 Mbps 4.32 Mbps4.32 Mbps

960 kbps960 kbps 1.92 Mbps1.92 Mbps 3.84 Mbps3.84 Mbps 5.76 Mbps5.76 Mbps

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WCDMA fundamentals

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DL & UL Scrambling Codes

DL Scrambling Codes Pseudo noise codes used for cell separation

512 Primary Scrambling Codes

UL Scrambling Codes Two different types of UL scrambling codes are generated

Long scrambling codes of length of 38 400 chips = 10 ms radio frame Short scrambling codes of length of 256 chips are periodically repeated to

get the scrambling code of the frame length Short codes enable advanced receiver structures in future

Long scrambling codes created from the Gold pseudo-noise sequence (lengthof 38 400 chips)Short scrambling codes generated by the quaternary S(2) pseudo-noisesequence (256 chips are periodicaly repeted to get the scrambling code of theframe length)

For the common physical channels long scrambling codes must be usedFor the dedicated channels both long and short scrambling codes can be used

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Scrambling Codes & Multipath Propagation

Scrambling code C1

Scrambling code C2

C 1+ 3

C1+2C1+1

C2

UE has simultaneous connection to two cells (soft handover)

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WCDMA fundamentals

29


RAKE Receiver

Combination or multipath components and in DL also signals from different cells

Del

ay

1Code usedfor the

connection

Rx

Output

Finger

t

Cell-1

Cell-1

Cell-1

Cell-2

Rx

Rx

Rx

Finger

Finger

Finger

Del

ay

2

Del

ay

3

Code is the combines scrambling (cell 1 or 2) and spreading code (physical channel)

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WCDMA fundamentals

30


Channelisation code Scrambling code

Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data (DPDCH) and control channels (DPCCH) from same terminal

Downlink: Separation of downlink connections to different users within one cell

Uplink: Separation of mobile

Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)

Length 4256 chips (1.066.7 s) Downlink also 512 chips

Different bit rates by changing the length of the code

Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2) 66.7 s = 256 chips Option (2) can be used with advanced base station receivers

Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips

Number of codes Number of codes under one scrambling code = spreading factor

Uplink: 16.8 million

Downlink: 512

Code family Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Long 10 ms code: Gold code

Short code: Extended S(2) code family

Spreading Yes, increases transmission bandwidth No, does not affect transmission bandwidth

Channelisation and Scrambling Codes

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WCDMA fundamentals

31


Module Contents



Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM) Load control Admission Control Packet Scheduler Resource Manager Power Control Handover Control

HSPA technology

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WCDMA fundamentals

32


Radio Resource Management

RRM is responsible for optimal utilisation of the radio resources: Transmission power and interference Logical codes

The trade-off between capacity, coverage and quality is done all the time

Minimum required quality for each user (nothing less and nothing more) Maximum number of users

The radio resources are continuously monitored and optimised by several RRM functionalities service quality

cell coverage cell capacity

Optimizationand Tailoring

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RRM Functionalities

LC Load Control

AC Admission Control

PS Packet Scheduler

RM Resource Manager

PC Power Control

HC HO Control

PC

HCFor each connection/user

LC

ACFor each cell

PS

RM

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34


LC performs the function of load control in association with AC & PS

LC updates load status using measurements & estimations provided by AC and PS

Continuously feeds cell load information to PS and AC; Interference levels (UL)

BTS power level (DL)

LC

AC

PSNRT load

Load change info

Load status

Load Control (LC)

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WCDMA fundamentals

35


Load Control Load Status

Load thresholds set by radio network planning parameters

Overloadthreshold x

Load Targetthreshold y

Pow

er

Time

Load Margin

Overload

Normal load

Measured loadFree capacity

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Checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice planned coverage or quality of existing connections

Admission control handles three main tasks Admission decision of new connections

Take into account current load conditions (from LC) and load increase by the new connection

Real-time higher priority than non-real time In overload conditions new connections may be rejected

Connection QoS definition Bit rate, BER target etc.

Connection specific power allocation (Initial, maximum and minimum power)

Admission Control (AC)

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37


Packet Scheduler (PS)

PS allocates available capacity after real-time (RT) connections to non-real time (NRT) connections

Each cell separately Based on QoS priority level of the connection In overload conditions bit rates of NRT connections decreased

PS selects allocated channel type (common, dedicated or HSPA)

PS relies on up-to-date information from AC and LC

Capacity allocated on a needs basis using best effort approach RT higher priority

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38


Resource Manager (RM)

Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the RNC in co-operation with AC and PS

On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM allocates:

DL spreading code UL scrambling code

Code Type Uplink DownlinkScrambling codes

Spreading codes

User separation Cell separation

Data & control channels from same UEUsers within one cell

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39


Power control (PC) in WCDMA

Fast, accurate power control is of utmost importance particularly in UL;

UEs transmit continuously on same frequency Always interference between users

Poor PC leads to increased interference reduced capacity Every UE accessing network increases interference

PC target to minimise the interference Minimize transmit power of each link while still maintaining the link quality (BER)

Mitigates 'near far effect in UL by providing minimum required power for each connection

Power control has to be fast enough to follow changes in propagation conditions (fading)

Step up/down 1500 times/second

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40


Uplink power control target

Minimise required UL received power minimised UL transmit power and interference

UE1 UE2

min(Prx1)

min(Prx2)&

About equal whenRb1 = Rb2

Target:

Ptx1Ptx1

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41


Power Control types

Power control functionality can be divided to three main types

Open loop power control Initial power calculation based on DL pilot level/pathloss measurement by UE

Outer (closed) loop power control Connection quality measurement (BER, BLER) and comparison to QoS

target RF quality target (SIR target) setting for fast closed loop PC based on

connection quality

Fast closed loop power control Radio link RF quality (SIR) measurement and comparison to RF quality

target (SIR target) Power control command transmission based on RF quality evaluation Change of transmit power according to received power control command

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UL Outer LoopPower Control

Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)

Closed Loop Power Control

RNC

BS

MS

DL Outer LoopPower Control

Power Control types

BLER target

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Power control in HSPA

In HSDPA (DL) the transmit power from base station is kept constant and the signal modulation and coding is adapted according to the channel conditions

2 ms interval 500 Hz

In HSUPA (UL) The power control of HSUPA channels in UL utilises both

Fast closed loop power control Outer loop power control

Both work according to similar principles as the R99 power control

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Handover Control (HC)

HC is responsible for: Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE moves around the

network coverage area Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always served by strongest cell

Soft handover MS handover between different base stations

Softer handover MS handover within one base station but between different sectors

Hard handover MS handover between different frequencies or between WCDMA and GSM

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Soft/softer handover

UE is simultaneously connected to 2 to 3 cells during soft handover Soft handover is performed based on UE cell pilot power measurements and

handover thresholds set by radio network planning parameters Radio link performance is improved during soft handover Soft handover consumes base station and transmission resources

BS1

BS2

BS3Rec

eive

d sig

nal s

tren

gth

BS3Distance from BS1

Threshold

Soft handover

BS2

BS1

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46


Hard handover

Hard handovers are typically performed between WCDMA frequencies and between WCDMA and GSM cells

GSM/GPRSGSM/GPRSGSM/GPRSGSM/GPRS

f1f1

f2f2

f1f1

f2f2f2f2f2f2

Inter-System handovers (ISHO)

Inter-Frequency handovers (IFHO)

HHO also applies to same frequency Inter-RNC HO without Iur

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47


Module Contents




HSPA technology

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48


Module Contents

HSPA technology Channel types Physical Channels Principle of HSPA

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49


Node BU

plin

kan

d D

ownl

ink

Ded

icat

edC

hann

els

The introduction of 3G made use of uplink and downlink dedicated channels to transfer user plane and control plane data in CELL_DCH

Applicable to All 3GPP Releases

Uplink air-interface capacity defined by maximum planned increase in uplink interferenceDownlink air-interface capacity defined by downlink transmit power capability

Cell_DCH

CS and PS services

Channel Types for User Plane Data (R99)

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Node B

In R5 3G evolved to include HSDPA for transferring packet switched user plane data in the downlink direction

Applicable to

3GPP Release 05 NSN RAS05, RAS05.1HSDPA makes use of a downlink transmit power allocation and so has a direct impact upon downlink capacity

The resource shared between multiple HSDPA users is the HSDPA downlink transmit powerThe Node B scheduler assigns timeslots & codes to specific UE to allow access to the HSDPA downlink transmit power

Upl

ink

Ded

icat

edC

hann

els

Cell_DCH

HSD

PA

PS services CS services continue to use R99 dedicated channels


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Node B

3G has further evolved to include HSUPA for transferring packet switched user plane data in the uplink direction

Applicable to 3GPP Release 06 NSN RAS06, RU10

HSUPA makes use of a uplink interference allocation and so has a direct impact upon uplink capacity

The resource shared between multiple HSUPA users is the uplink interference

The Node B scheduler assigns transmit power ratios to specific UE to allow a contribution towards the total increase in uplink interference

HSU

PA

Cell_DCH

HSD

PA

PS services CS services continue to use R99 dedicated channels


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52


Module Contents


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53


Node B

DPD

CH

DPC

CH

UL CHANNELSDPCH includes

DPDCH DPCCH Pilot, TFCI, FBI, TPC

DPDCH encapsulates Signalling radio bearers User plane radio bearers

DL CHANNELSDPCH includes

DPDCH DPCCH - Pilot, TFCI, TPC


DPD

CH

DPC

CH

R99 DPCH

Dedicated

Physical Channels for R99 UE

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Node B

UL CHANNELSDPCH includes

DPDCH DPCCH Pilot, TFCI, FBI, TPC HS-DPCCH CQI, ACK/NACK



DPDCH DPCCH - Pilot, TFCI, TPC

DPDCH encapsulates Signalling radio bearers

HS-PDSCH encapsulates User plane radio bearers

HS-SCCH provides Channelisation code set, modulation scheme,

transport block size, HARQ process, redundancy and constellation version, new data indicator, UE identity

1-15

x H

S-PD

SCH

1-4

x H

S-SC

CH

DPD

CH

DPC

CH

HS-

DPC

CH

DPD

CH

DPC

CH

HSDPAAssociated DPCH

Dedicated Common

Physical Channels for Rel5 / Rel6 HSDPA UE

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55


Node B

1-15

x H

S-PD

SCH

1-4

x H

S-SC

CH

DPD

CH

DPC

CH

HS-

DPC

CH

1,2,

4 x

E-D

PDC

HE-

DPC

CH

F-D

PCH

Dedicated Common

E-D

CH

RG

CH

E-D

CH

AG

CH

E-D

CH

HIC

H

UL CHANNELSE-DPCH includes

E-DPDCH E-DPCCH E-TFCI, RSN, Happy Bit

DPCH includes DPDCH DPCCH Pilot, TFCI, FBI, TPC HS-DPCCH CQI, ACK/NACK

E-DPDCH encapsulates User plane radio bearers

DPDCH encapsulates Signalling radio bearers

Physical Channels for Rel6 HSPA UE (UL)

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Node B

1-15

x H

S-PD

SCH

1-3

x H

S-SC

CH

DPD

CH

DPC

CH

HS-

DPC

CH

1,2,

4 x

E-D

PDC

HE-

DPC

CH

F-D

PCH

Dedicated Common

E-D

CH

RG

CH

E-D

CH

AG

CH

E-D

CH

HIC

H


F-DPCH TPC E-DCH RGCH E-DCH HICH

E-DCH AGCH encapsulates Absolute grant value, absolute grant scope

HS-PDSCH encapsulates User plane radio bearers

HS-SCCH provides Channelisation code set, modulation

scheme, transport block size, HARQ process, redundancy and constellation version, new data indicator, UE identity

Physical Channels for Rel6 HSPA UE (DL)

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Module Contents


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HSxPA Motivation and General PrincipleImproved performance and spectral efficiency in DL and UL by introducing a shared channel principle: Significant enchancement with peak rates up to 14.4 Mbps (28 Mbps in Rel7) in DL, and 2

Mbps (11.5 Mbps with 16QAM) in UL Huge capacity increase per site; no site pre-planning necessary Improved end user experience: reduced delay/latency, high response time

HSDPA (3GPP Rel5)Fast pipe is shared among UEs

Sche

dulin

g A,B,

CHSUPA (3GPP Rel6)

Dedicated pipe for every UE in ULPipe (codes and grants) changing with timeE-DCH scheduling

E-DCH

- A

E-DCH

- B

E-DCH

- C

Rel. 99

DCH -

A

DCH -

B

DCH -

C

Dedicated pipe for every UE

HSDPA

HSDPA stands for High Speed Downlink Packet Access. As the name suggests, this is a piece of UMTS functionality designed to deliver downlink packet data at very high data rates. It is a release 5 feature. It achieves its aim by using the following techniques:

Use of shared channel conceptRather than constantly allocating and deallocating dedicated channels to individual users, users share a high bandwidth channel the HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel). This allows the system to operate with a fat pipe

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HSDPA Overview

15 CodeShared

transmission

16QAMModulation

TTI = 2 ms Hybrid ARQwith incr. redundancy

Fast Link Adaptation

AdvancedScheduling

BenefitHigher Downlink Peak rates: 14 Mbps

Higher Capacity: +100-200%Reduced Latency: ~75 ms

HSDPA



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HSDPA power is limited by the PtxMaxHSDPA parameter

Cell maximum TX power

Common chs

HSDPA

Maximum HSDPA power (PtxMaxHSDPA)

Non-HSDPA power

Ptx

Time

Cell maximum TX power

Common chs

HSDPA

Non-HSDPA power

Ptx

Time

HSDPA power is not limited, all available power can be allocated to HSDPA

Still PtxMaxHSDPA can be used to limit

HS-PDSCH Transmit powerThe Packet Scheduler is responsible for determining the transmission power on the HS-PDSCH channels Dynamic HSDPA power allocation is always used in BTS

HSDPA power can be limited with PtxMaxHSDPA HSDPA Dynamic Resource Allocation feature is activated with RNC parameter

HSDPADynamicResourceAllocation Disabled: PtxMaxHSDPA sent to BTS and used to limit the maximum HSDPA power Enabled: No power limitation sent to BTS, all available power allocated to HSDPA

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Maximum code allocation for HSDPA

SF=1

SF=2

SF=4

SF=8

SF=16

SF=32

SF=64

SF=128

SF=256

15 HS-PDSCH codes15 HS-PDSCH codes

Up to three HS-SCCH codesUp to three HS-SCCH codesCodes for common channels in the cellCodes for common channels in the cell

Codes for associated DCHs and non-HSDPA users

Codes for associated DCHs and non-HSDPA users

Used by 2 HSDPA UEs no SF256 available for the 3rd UE for

associated DCH

Used by AMR user only one SF128 code remains for associated

DCH

Used by HSDPA UE as associated DCH and HS-SCCH

Case1:

Case2:

Case1+2:

Code tree limitation makes it hard to have 15 codes allocated for HSDPA Still commonly 14 or 12 or lower amounts are easily available Note that current terminals support only 10 codes so 15 codes means more than 1 users per TTI

15 codes is available but not commonly for cells where has reasonable high traffic (noticing terminal limitation 10 codes, thus fully utilise 15 codes needs minimum 2 HSDPA users)

Case 1: Allocation of 15 is not possible when more than 2 HSDPA users are active (i.e. 3 HSDPA users) Case 2: Allocation of 15 is not possible (with two HSDPA users) when 1 AMR12.2 user exists in the cell

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HSDPA - UE Categories QPSK and 16QAM modulation with multicode transmission used to achieve high data rates 12 different UE categories defined, categories are characterised by

Number of parallel codes supported Minimum inter-TTI interval

Theoretical peak bit rate up to 14.4 Mbps for category 10 UE using 15 codes and 16QAM

HSDPA



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HS-PDSCHHS-PDSCHHS-PDSCHHS-PDSCH

HSDPA Code Multiplexing

With Code Multiplexing, maximum of three UEs can be scheduled during one TTI from single cell

Multiple HS-SCCH channels (max 3 in RAS06) One for each simultaneously receiving UE

Available HS-PDSCH codes and HS-PDSCH power of cell are divided between UEs

HS-PDSCH codes actually used depends on the channel conditions of a UE

Important when cell supports more codes than UEs do

Cell supports 15 HS-PDSCH codes, Cat6 and Cat8 UEs => 3 users can be scheduled on TTI

BTS must also be capable of 10/15 codes in order to dynamically adjust HS-PDSCH codes

HS-PDSCH

cat 6

HS-PDSCHHS-PDSCHHS-PDSCHHS-PDSCH

HS-PDSCH

HS-SCCH

HS-SCCH

cat 6 cat 6 cat 6cat 8

HS-SCCH

HS-PDSCHHS-PDSCHHS-PDSCHHS-PDSCHHS-PDSCH

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HSUPA Overview

TTI = 10 ms1-4 CodeMulti-Code

transmission

FastPower Control

Hybrid ARQwith incr. redundancy

NodeBControlledScheduling

BenefitHigher Uplink Peak rates: 2.0 Mbps

Higher Capacity: +50-100%Reduced Latency: ~50-75 ms

HSDPA



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HSUPA - UE Categories BPSK modulation with multicode transmission used to achieve high data rates 6 different UE categories defined, categories are characterised by

Number of parallel codes supported Support of 2ms TTI - 10ms TTI supported by all the HSUPA UEs

Theoretical peak bit rate up to 5.74 Mbps for category 6 UE using 2 ms TTI No coding and no retransmissions - all bits must be delivered correctly over the air

11484

20000

20000

5772

20000

14484

2798

14484

7110

Transport Block size

2 Mbps102 x SF24

2.89 Mbps22 x SF24

1.45 Mbps102 x SF42

1.40 Mbps22 x SF42

2 Mbps102xSF2 + 2xSF46

6

5

3

1

HSUPACategory

2

10

10

10

TTI

2xSF2 + 2xSF4

2 x SF2

2 x SF4

1 x SF4

Codes x Spreading

5.74 Mbps

2 Mbps

1.45 Mbps

0.71 Mbps

Data rate

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HSPA mobility

HSDPA Soft handover on associated DCH channels (signalling, UL data) Serving cell change for HSDPA data channel

Connected only to one cell at a time

HSUPA Soft handover utilised for uplink channels as required due to near-far problem Only Serving Cell can allocate more UL capacity/power

HS-SCCHHS-PDSCH

DPCH

DPCHServing HS-DSCH cell

Notice that soft/softer handoveris not supported for HS-SCCH/HS-PDSCH

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UL DCH vs HSDPA vs HSUPA Concepts

HSDPAHSDPA HSUPAHSUPA

ModulationModulation QPSK and 16-QAMQPSK and 16-QAM BPSK and Dual-BPSKBPSK and Dual-BPSK

Soft handoverSoft handover NoNo YesYes

HSUPA is like reversed HSDPA, except

Fast power control

Fast power control NoNo YesYes

SchedulingScheduling Point tomultipointPoint to

multipoint Multipoint to pointMultipoint to point

Non-scheduled transmission

Non-scheduled transmission NoNo Yes, for minimum/guaranteed bit rate

Yes, for minimum/guaranteed bit rate

Required for near-far avoidance

Efficient UE power amplifier

Scheduling cannot be as fast as in HSDPA

Similar to R99 DCH but with HARQ

HSUPA could be better described as Enhanced DCH in the uplink than reversed HSDPA

Feature

Variable spreading factor

Fast power control

Adaptive modulation

BTS based scheduling

DCH

Yes

Yes

No

No

HSUPA

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Fast L1 HARQ No Yes

HSDPA

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Multicode transmission Yes(No in practice) Yes Yes

HSUPA (E-DCH) is an uplink DCH with BTS-based HARQ and scheduling and true multicode support

Soft handover Yes Yes No(associated DCH only)

HSDPA



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Module 1 WCDMA Fundamentals

Summary Radio interface technology of UMTS is WCDMA with FDD and TDD

versions WCDMA networks can be built on European, US-based and

Asian/Japanese frequency bands WCDMA air interface utilises combination of two spreading codes Radio Resource Management is responsible of efficient utilisation of

radio resources while offering required quality of service to users HSPA technology can provide higher air interface efficiency

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1


Radio network planning fundamentals3GRPESS Module 2

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2


Module 2 Radio propagation fundamentals

Objectives After this module the participant shall be able to:- Understand basic radio propagation mechanisms Understand fading phenomena Calculate free space loss Understand basic concepts related to base station

end mobile station performance

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3


Module Contents

Propagation mechanisms

Multipath And Fading

Propagation Slope And Different Environments

Base station configuration and performance

Base station antenna line configuration

Mobile station performance

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4


Module Contents

Propagation mechanisms Basics: deciBel (dB) Radio channel Reflections Diffractions Scattering

Multipath And Fading Propagation Slope And Different Environments Base station configuration and performance Base station antenna line configuration Mobile station performance

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5


deciBel (dB) Definition

Power

Voltages

dB PP

PlinP dB

=

=10 100

10log [ ].( )

dB EE

ElinE dB

=

=20 100

20log [ ].( )

Plin.=Elin. / 2

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6


deciBel (dB) Conversion

Calculations in dB (deciBel) Logarithmic scaleAlways with respect to a reference dBW = dB above Watt dBm = dB above mWatt dBi = dB above isotropic dBd = dB above dipole dBV/m = dB above V/mRule-of-thumb: +3dB = factor 2 +7 dB = factor 5 +10 dB = factor 10 -3dB = factor 1/2 -7 dB = factor 1/5 -10 dB = factor 1/10

-30 dBm = 1 W-20 dBm = 10 W

-10 dBm = 100 W-7 dBm = 200 W-3 dBm = 500 W0 dBm = 1 mW+3 dBm = 2 mW+7 dBm = 5 mW

+10 dBm = 10 mW+13 dBm = 20 mW+20 dBm = 100mW

+30 dBm = 1 W+40 dBm = 10W

+50 dBm = 100W

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7


Radio Channel Main Characteristics

Linear In field strength

Reciprocal UL & DL channel same (if in same frequency)

Dispersive In time (echo, multipath propagation) In spectrum (wideband channel)

amplitude

delay time

direct path

echoes

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8


Free-space propagation Signal strength decreases exponentially with

distance

ReflectionSpecular reflectionamplitude A a*A (a < 1)phase f - fpolarisation material dependant

phase shift

Diffuse reflectionamplitude A a *A (a < 1)phase f random phasepolarisation random

specular reflection

diffuse reflection

D

Propagation Mechanisms (1/2)

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9


Propagation Mechanisms (2/2)

Absorption Heavy amplitude attenuation Material dependant phase shifts Depolarisation

Diffraction Wedge - model Knife edge Multiple knife edges

A A - 5..30 dB

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10


Scattering Macrocell

Scattering local to mobile Causes fading Small delay and large angle

spreads Doppler spread causes time

varying effects

Scattering local to base station No additional Doppler spread Small delay and angle spread

Remote scattering Independent path fading No additional Doppler spread Large delay spread Large angle spread

Scattering localto mobile

Scattering localto base station

Remote scattering

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11


Scattering Microcell

Many local scatterers: Large angle spread Low delay spread Medium or high Doppler spread

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Module Contents

Reflections, Diffractions And Scattering

Multipath and Fading Delay Time dispersion Angle Angular Spread Frequency Doppler Spread Fading Slow & Fast

Propagation Slope And Different Environments Base station configuration and performance Base station antenna line configuration Mobile station performance

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13


Multipath propagation

Radio signal propagates from A to B over multiple paths using different propagation mechanisms

Multipath Propagation Received signal is a sum of multipath signals

Different radio paths have different properties Distance Delay/Time Direction Angle Direction & Receiver/Transmitter Movement Frequency

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14


Delay Time dispersion

Multipath delays due to multipath propagation 1 s 300 m path difference

WCDMA Rake receiver to combine multipath components Components with delay separation more than 1 chip (0.26 s = 78 m) can be

separated and combined Standardized delay profiles in 3GPP specs:

TU3 typical urban at 3 km/h (pedestrians) TU50 typical urban at 50 km/h (cars) HT100 hilly terrain (road vehicles, 100 km/h) RA250 rural area (highways, up to 250 km/h)

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15


t

P

4.3.2.

1.1.

2.=>

f1

f1

f1

f1

BTS

1st floor

2nd floor

3rd floor

4th floor

Delay Spread

Multipath propagation

Channel impulse response

Delayed components in DAS (Distributed antenna systems)

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16


Delay Spread

Typical values

Environment Delay Spread (s)

Macrocellular, urban 0.5-3

Macrocellular, suburban 0.5

Macrocellular, rural 0.1-0.2

Macrocellular, HT 3-10

Microcellular < 0.1

Indoor 0.01...0.1

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17


Angle Angular Spread

Angular spread arises due to multipath, both from local scatterersnear the mobile and near the base station and remote scatterers

Angular spread is a function of base station location, distance and environment

Angular Spread has an effect mainly on the performance of diversity reception and adaptive antennas

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Macrocellular Environment= Macrocell Coverage Area

Microcellular Environment= Microcell Coverage Area

Microcell Antenna

Macrocell Antenna

Angular Spread

5 - 10 degrees in macrocellular environment >> 10 degrees in microcellular environment < 360 degrees in indoor environment

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19


Frequency Doppler Spread

With a moving transmitter or receiver, the frequency observed bythe receiver will change (Doppler effect)

Rise if the distance on the radio path is decreasing Fall if the distance in the radio path is increasing

The difference between the highest and the lowest frequency shift is called Doppler spread

fcvvfd ==

v: Speed of receiver (m/s)c: Speed of light (3*10^8 m/s)f: Frequency (Hz)

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20


Fading

Fading describes the variation of the total pathloss ( signal level) when receiver/transmitter moves in the cell coverage area

Fading is commonly categorised to two categories based on the phenomena causing it

Slow fading: Caused by shadowing because of obstacles Fast fading: Caused by multipath propagation

Time-selective fading: Short delay + Doppler Frequency-selective fading: Long delay Space-selective fading: Large angle

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21


time

power

2 sec 4 sec 6 sec

+20 dB

mean value

- 20 dB

lognormal fading

Rayleighfading

Fading Slow & Fast

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22


Slow Fading Gaussian Distribution

Measurement campaigns have shown that slow fading follows Gaussian distribution

Received signal strength in dB scale (e.g. dBm, dBW) Gaussian distribution is described by mean value m, standard

deviation 68% of values are within m 95% of values are within m 2

Gaussian distribution used in planning margin calculations

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23


Slow Fading Gaussian Distribution

d

Normal / Gaussian Distribution

Standard Deviation, = 7 dB

0.00000

0.01000

0.02000

0.03000

0.04000

0.05000

0.06000

0.07000

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25

Normal / Gaussian Distribution

22

1

+

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24


Fast Fading

Different signal paths interfere and affect the received signal Rice Fading the dominant (usually LOS) path exist

Rayleigh Fading no dominant path exist

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25


Fast Fading Rayleigh Distribution

It can be theretically shown that fast fading follows Rayleigh Distribution when there is no single dominant multipath component

Applicable to fast fading in obstructed paths Valid for signal level in linear scale (e.g. mW, W)

+10

0

-10

-20

-300 1 2 3 4 5 m

level (dB)

920 MHzv = 20 km/h

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26


Fast Fading Rician Distribution

Fast fading follows Rician distribution when there is a dominantmultipath component, for example line-of-sight component combined with in-direct components

Sliding transition between Gaussian and Rayleigh Rice-factor K = r/A: direct / indirect signal energy

K = 0 RayleighK >>1 Gaussian

K = 0(Rayleigh)

K = 1K = 5

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27


Module Contents

Reflections, Diffractions And Scattering Multipath And Fading

Propagation Slope And Different Environments Free Space Loss Received power with antenna gain Propagation slope

Base station configuration and performance Base station antenna line configuration Mobile station performance

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28


Free Space Loss

Free space loss proportional to 1/d2 Simplified case: isotropic antenna Which part of total radiated power is found within surface A? Power density S = P/A = P / 4 d2

Received power within surface A : P = P/A * A Received power reduces with square of distance

dSurface A = 4 * d2

assume surfaceA= 1m2

2d4d

A = 4*AA = 16*A

A

d

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Received power with antenna gain

Power density at the receiving end

Effective receiver antenna area

Received power

Reff GA 4

2

=

ss Gd

PS 24=

PP

G Gd

r

ss r=

4

2

PsAsGs

PrArGr

d

SAP effr =

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Propagation slope

The received power equation can be formulated as

Where C is a constant is the slope factor

Free space = 2 Practical propagation = 2.5 ... 5

2

4

=

C

= dCGGPP rssr

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Module Contents

Reflections, Diffractions And Scattering Multipath And Fading Propagation Slope And Different Environments

Base station configuration and performance

Base station antenna line configuration Mobile station performance

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Base station tasks

WCDMA base station is responsible of Common channel generation (Pilot, BCCH etc.) Physical layer processing

RF reception RF transmission Signal reception, de-spreading (Rake-receiver) Signal generation (spreading), channel multiplexing Error correction coding/de-coding Data detection

Fast closed loop power control Iub transmission Air interface load measurement, reporting to RNC

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Base station (RF) configuration options

The main options for the base station configuration are Number of sectors/cells Number of carriers per sector Number of Linear Power Amplifiers

E.g. multiple carriers per Linear Power Amplifiers Linear Power Amplifier transmit power Base band signal processing capacity

Required signal processing capacity depends on maximum number ofconnections and connection type (bit rate)

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Base station performance

Base station performance is related to its capability to transmit and receive radio signals

Transmit capability Total transmit power Transmit losses

Reception capability Minimum required signal level = Sensitivity

RF performance Baseband/algorithm performance

HW Capacity Signal processing capacity Transmission capacity

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WCDMA base station transmit power

In WCDMA base stations the transmit power is shared in cell level between All transmitted physical channels (Common channels, Users) Carriers, if multiple carriers are used Sectors

WCDMA signal requires linear power amplifier (PA) Linear modulation (QAM/16-QAM) Transmitted signal sum of multiple signals High peak to average ratio

Typical maximum PA output power levels are between 10 and 50 W In base station configuration large part of output power can be lost to external

antenna line losses (e.g. 2 6 dB) To be minimised Physical channel (user) specific maximum power is limited by

Total base station transmit power and amount of DL traffic (DL load) Channel specific power limitations defined by the system (In NSN RNC/AC)

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WCDMA base station transmit power HSDPA

Available DL power can be allocated to HSDPA transmission Depends on DL load conditions Maximum HSDPA power can be limited by RNC parameters

Base station transmit power can be fully utilised HSDPA No power control headroom required for HSDPA

Same power for all users Maximise DL capacity

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WCDMA base station sensitivity

Base station sensitivity depends on base station reception RF and base band performance

Base station reception RF performance is measured by receiver chain noise figure (NF)

Base station NF is typically measured at the base station input NF describes how much the signal quality (C/I) is degraded in the receiver

chain NF is affected by all noise figures, gains and losses in the receiver chain

Base station reception base band performance in measured by required signal quality (Eb/N0) for a given connection quality (BER, BLER)

Theoretical limit defined by channel conditions and signal configuration (e.g. channel coding)

Improvement can be achieved by efficient algorithms, e.g. Rake receiver performance, and implementation

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WCDMA base station sensitivity

The required received signal power can be calculated when the external noise and interference power IEXT is known

NFIPGN

EIICP EXTbTOTRX ==

1

0

min

)(0

min dBNFIPGIP EXTNETOTICRX b ++=+=

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Base station reception performance Eb/N0

In order to meet the defined quality requirements (BLER) a certain average bit-energy divided by total noise+interference spectral density (Eb/N0) is needed

Eb/N0 is defined at bit detection in the receiver baseband Eb/N0 depends on

Service and bearer Bit rate, BER requirement, channel coding

Radio channel Doppler spread (Mobile speed, frequency) Multipath, delay spread

Receiver/connection configuration Handover situation Diversity configuration Fast power control usage

Typically given Eb/N0 includes also overhead due to physical layer control signalling Higher bit rates Less overhead Lower Eb/N0

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Required Eb/N0

PGIC

RW

IC

NEb

==

0

NothownDL PIII ++= )1( NothownUL PIII ++=

Where:C = received powerR = bit rate (typically service bit rate)W = bandwidthPG = processing gainIown = total power received from the serving cell (excluding own signal)Ioth = total power received from other cellsPN = noise power = orthogonality factor

Energy per chip

Total power spectral density

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Required UL Eb/N0 Specifications and NSN

Specification requirements for UL for different Speeds Services Channel conditions

3GPP models With 2-port UL antenna

diversity Fast closed loop power

control used Include some NSN

corrections forimplementation margin,effect of speed, power controletc.

REF: Dimensioning and Configuring WCDMA RAN, dn0450427x4x0xen

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Required UL Eb/N0 - HSUPA

New set of Eb/No figures generated from link level simulations

Include the E-DPDCH, E-DPCCH and DPCCH

Eb/No values are included for Bit rates 32 kbps to 1920 kbps Target BLER 1, 5 and 10 % Propagation channels Pedestrian A 3

km/h and Vehicular A 30 km/h Target BLER figures are applicable to

each MAC-e transmission 10 % Target BLER corresponds to a

BLER of 0.01 % after 4 transmissions

Eb/No look-up tables

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Required Ec /I0

Required Ec/I0 is the required RF C/I needed in order to meet the baseband Eb/N0 criteria

Ec/N0 used often instead of Ec/I0 in same context NOTE: Pilot Ec/N0 different measure

Ec/I0 depends on the bit rate and Eb/N0

IC

WR

NE

IE bc

==

00

Energy per chip

Total power spectral density

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Base station performance in different frequency bands The specification requirements for base station sensitivity and transmit power is

same in all frequency bands

In reality we will have some changes on our overall performance via frequency change:

Node B noise figure (e.g. Flexi ~2 GHz 2 dB, ~900 MHz 2.3 dB), Node B antenna gain, same size (e.g. ~2 GHz =17.5 dBi, ~900MHz = 14.5 dBi), Cable loss (e.g. ~2 GHz = 5.9 dB/100 m, ~900MHz = 3.7 dB/100 m), User equipment noise figure, specification (e.g.~2 GHz 8 dB, ~900 MHz 11 dB) Propagation, lower frequency has better propagation performance. Thus carrier

frequency is affecting a lot on cell range calculations.

Operating Band

UL Frequencies UE transmit, Node B receive

DL frequencies UE receive, Node B transmit

I 1920 1980 MHz 2110 2170 MHz II 1850 1910 MHz 1930 1990 MHz III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz IV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz V 824 849 MHz 869-894 MHz VI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHz VII 2500-2570 MHz 2620-2690 MHz VIII 880 915 MHz 925 960 MHz IX 1749.9-1784.9 MHz 1844.9-1879.9 MHz

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Base station HW capacity

Base station HW capacity can be limited by signal processing andtransmission capacity

Signal processing capacity is shared between all users and common control channels under the same base stations

In NSN base stations the main signal processing capacity unit is a Channel element

Channel element corresponds signal processing power required for a speech call (

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Module Contents

Reflections, Diffractions And Scattering Multipath And Fading Propagation Slope And Different Environments Base station configuration and performance

Base station antenna line configuration

Mobile station performance

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Antenna System

The WCDMA UltraSite Antenna System contains the following components

Antennas WCDMA Masthead Amplifiers (MHA) Bias-T EMP Protector, lightning protection (only

needed if no Bias-T is used) Diplexers

combines/divides two bands such as WCDMA and GSM to a common feeder line)

Triplexers combines/divides three bands such as

WCDMA, GSM1800 and GSM900 to a common feeder line)

Feeder and Jumper cables, Grounding kits

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Antenna types

Vertical polarised antennas and cross-polarised antennas Omni-directional and 33/65/88 degree antennas WCDMA/GSM dual-band antennas (e.g. GSM900 & WCDMA2100)

Separate element for both bands, separate tilt possible Separate or common antenna connectors (internal duplexer)

WCDMA/GSM broadband antennas (e.g. GSM1800 & WCDMA2100) Antenna is designed to cover multiple frequency bands Single element and connector for multiple bands, same tilt

WCDMA/GSM triple-band antennas (e.g. GSM900&1800 & WCDMA2100) Smart Radio Concept (SRC) antennas

Antennas with two wideband X-pol elements Electrically tilted antennas

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Antenna structures Dual/single band

Two separate antenna arrays in dual-band antenna

900 MHz & 1800 MHz Different element sizes

Dual Single

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Antenna specification

Gain Antenna gain is proportional to the physical size, signal frequency and antenna

vertical and horizontal beamwidth Large size & High frequency Narrow beam High gain

In WCDMA2100 typical gains are between 12 dBi 20 dBi Horizontal beamwidth

Selection of horizontal frequency depends mainly on number of sectors Omni directional = 360 degrees 3-sectors = 60 90 degrees 6-sectors = 30 degrees

Vertical beamwidth Vertical beamwidth depends on the vertical dimension of the antenna

2 m 4.3 degrees 19.5 dBi, 1.3 m 6.7 degrees 18.5 dBi, 0.34 m 28 degrees 12.3 dBi

Narrow beamwidth antennas have higher gain and also tilting has more effect Electrical downtilt

Downtilt improves the dominance of the cell (more in coverage and capacity enhancement)

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WCDMA Panels

WCDMA Broadband Antennas

Antenna TypeDimensions

[mm]Weight

[kg]Frequency

Range [MHz]Gain [dBi]

Beam Width

Downtilt

CS72761.01 Xpol F-panel 342/155/69 2.0 1710-2170 12.5 65 2CS72761.02 Xpol F-panel 1302/155/69 6.0 1710-2170 18.5 65 2CS72761.05 Xpol F-panel 1302/155/69 7.5 1710-2170 17 88 0...8CS72761.07 Xpol F-panel 1942/155/69 10.0 1710-2170 19.5 65 0...6CS72761.08 Xpol F-panel 662/155/69 7.5 1710-2170 18 65 0...8CS72761.09 Xpol F-panel 1302/155/69 3.5 1710-2170 15.5 65 0...10

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WCDMA Panels

WCDMA Narrowbeam Antennas


[mm]Weight

[kg]Frequency


Beam Width

Downtilt

CS72762.01 Xpol F-panel 1302/299/69 12 1900-2170 21 30 0...8

WCDMA Omni Antennas


[mm]Weight

[kg]Frequency


Beam Width

Downtilt

CS72760 Omni 1570/148/112 5.0 1920/2170 11 360 --

WCDMA Dual Broadband Antennas (WCDMA/GSM 1800 or SRC)


[mm]Weight

[kg]Frequency


Beam Width

Downtilt

CS72764.01 Xpol F-panel 1302/299/69 12.0 1710-2170 18.5/18.5 85/85 0..8/0..8CS72761.09 Xpol F-panel 1302/299/69 12.0 1710-2170 17/17 65/65 0..8/0..8

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WCDMA panels in different frequency bands

BTS antenna gain is lower in WCDMA900 than in WCDMA2100 if the antenna physical sizes are kept the same

Vertical size limiting Vertical beam width increases when frequency decreases

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Upgrades to Current GSM Antennas

space diversity

space +

polarizationdiversity

polarization

diversity

2 x polarization

diversity within

one radome

1300 mm

150 mm 150 mm

260 mm

UpgradeUpgradeCurrent

Space diversity improves performance 0.5..1.0 dB compared to single radome. The gain of 2.5 dB assumes single radome.

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-119 dBm / 200 kHz-37 dBm / 200 kHz

ANT port in-band 5 dBmout-of-band 20 dBm

BTS port avg 46 dBm in-bandpeak 62 dBm in-band

65 dB71 dB

65 dB

200 - 300 mA100 msec

UMTS RX, 1920-1980

Alarm Setting ConditionsAlarm current range

Switch time

Critical Input RX filter rejections

Critical TX filter rejectionsUMTS TX, 2110-2170GSM1800, 1805-1880

Passive Intermodulation Products

PIM level in TX bandPIM level in RX band

Rated Power at Ports

+/- 0.5 dB room+/- 0.9 dB all temps

Insertion Loss 0.6 dB

Response, other freqs 0 dB within 20 MHz of passband

3rd-order intercept 10 dBm1dB compression -5 dBm

Noise Figure 2 dB

RX band 16 dBTX band 18 dB

Group delay distortion 20 ns over 5 MHZ

7.0 - 8.6V, UltraSite/MetroSite11 - 13 V , CoSited BTS

Nominal current 190 mAMax. current 350 mA

Insertion Loss 3 dBReturn Loss 12 dB

Voltage

Return Loss, ANT and BTS ports

MHA Input Dynamic Range

Bypass Mode

Nominal gain of 12 dBGain, RX band

Ripple

DC Power supplied

Mast Head AmplifierImproves base station system noise figure

Technical Data Sheet:

TX

RX

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56 NSN Siemens Net

3grpess Ru10 Final

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